1 6473 173 TO DO ONE AND TO GET MORE: PART II. DIABETES AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASES. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS CHARACTERIZED BY INABILITY OF FAULTY PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS TO SECRET A NORMAL AMOUNT OF INSULIN TO MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY CONSUMPTION, AND/OR PERIPHERAL TISSUE HAS A DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSULIN, RESULTING IN HYPERGLYCEMIA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. SIMILAR TO OTHER CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, DM IS A RESULT FROM DYSREGULATED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ETHNIC, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, IMMUNOREGULATORY, HORMONAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THEREFORE, IT IS RATIONAL TO SUPPOSE THE CONCEPT AS "TO DO ONE AND TO GET MORE", WHILE USING ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS (ADA), A MAIN PHARMACOLOGIC AGENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF DM, CAN PROVIDE AN EXTRAGLYCEMIA EFFECT ON COMORBIDITIES OR CONCOMITTENT COMORBIDITIES TO DM. IN THIS REVIEW, BASED ON THE MUCH STRONG CORRELATION BETWEEN DM AND METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASES (MAFLD) SHOWN BY SIMILAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND A HIGH PREVALENCE OF DM IN MAFLD AND ITS VICE VERSA (A HIGH PREVALENCE OF MAFLD IN DM), IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE THE STRATEGY TO TARGET BOTH DISEASES SIMULTANEOUSLY. WE FOCUS ON A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF ADA, SUCH AS GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP1R) AGONIST AND SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER-2 (SGLT-2) INHIBITORS TO SHOW THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF EXTRAGLYCEMIC EFFECT ON MAFLD. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE MANAGEMENT OF DM PATIENTS, ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE WHO NEED ADA AS ADJUVANT THERAPY SHOULD INCLUDE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION TO OVERCOME THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, CONTRIBUTING TO THE URGENT NEED OF AN EFFECTIVE WEIGHT-REDUCTION STRATEGY. GLP1R AGONIST IS ONE OF EFFECTIVE BODY WEIGHT-LOWERING MEDICATIONS, WHICH MAY BE A BETTER CHOICE FOR DM COMPLICATED WITH MAFLD OR ITS-ASSOCIATED SEVERE FORM AS METABOLIC ASSOCIATED STEATOHEPATITIS (MASH), ALTHOUGH THE ROLE OF SGLT-2 INHIBITORS IS ALSO IMPRESSIVE. THE PRESCRIPTION OF THESE TWO CLASSES OF ADA MAY SATISFY THE CONCEPT "TO DO ONE AND TO GET MORE", BASED ON SUCCESSFUL SUGAR-LOWERING EFFECT FOR CONTROLLING DM AND EXTRAGLYCEMIA BENEFITS OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY IN DM PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2 6607  51 TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LINKS. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS A COMMON METABOLIC DISORDER PREDISPOSING TO DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD), WHICH COULD LEAD TO HEART FAILURE THROUGH A VARIETY OF MECHANISMS, INCLUDING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CHRONIC PRESSURE OVERLOAD. PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS, MAINLY LINKED TO HYPERGLYCEMIA AND CHRONIC SUSTAINED HYPERINSULINEMIA, INCLUDE CHANGES IN METABOLIC PROFILES, INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS, ENERGY PRODUCTION, REDOX STATUS, INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ISCHEMIA, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX REMODELING. THE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPE 2 DM AND CVD HAS LED TO THE COMMON SOIL HYPOTHESIS, POSTULATING THAT BOTH CONDITIONS SHARE COMMON GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THIS ASSOCIATION. HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH THE COMMON RISK FACTORS OF BOTH CVD AND TYPE 2 DM, SUCH AS OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, DYSLIPIDEMIA, INFLAMMATION, AND THROMBOPHILIA, CAN BE IDENTIFIED IN THE MAJORITY OF AFFECTED PATIENTS, LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW THESE FACTORS INFLUENCE BOTH CONDITIONS, SO THAT EFFORTS ARE STILL NEEDED FOR A MORE COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THIS RELATIONSHIP. THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS OF BOTH TYPE 2 DM AND CVD HAVE BEEN MORE RECENTLY STUDIED AND UPDATED. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE SELDOM BEEN INVESTIGATED WITHIN THE BROADER SHARED BACKGROUND, BUT RATHER STUDIED IN THE SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF TYPE 2 DM OR CVD, SEPARATELY. AS THE PRECISE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL LINKS BETWEEN TYPE 2 DM AND CVD ARE NOT ENTIRELY UNDERSTOOD AND MANY ASPECTS STILL REQUIRE ELUCIDATION, AN INTEGRATED DESCRIPTION OF THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES INVOLVED IN THE CONCOMITANT DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH DISEASES IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE TO SHED NEW LIGHT ON THE INTERLINKS BETWEEN TYPE 2 DM AND CVD. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF OVERLAPPING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ASPECTS IN TYPE 2 DM AND CVD, INCLUDING MICRORNAS AND LONG NON-CODING RNAS, WHOSE ABNORMAL REGULATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN BOTH DISEASE CONDITIONS, EITHER ETIOLOGICALLY OR AS CAUSE FOR THEIR PROGRESSION. UNDERSTANDING THE LINKS BETWEEN THESE DISORDERS MAY HELP TO DRIVE FUTURE RESEARCH TOWARD AN INTEGRATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH AND TO PROVIDE FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THE FIELD.	2018	

3 6103  48 THE EMERGING ROLE OF HDACS: PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN DIABETES MELLITUS. DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL MANIFESTATIONS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS PREVALENCE WITH MODERN LIFESTYLE IS INCREASING INCESSANTLY. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA CAN INDUCE SEVERAL VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS THAT WERE REFERRED TO BE THE MAJOR CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN DM. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND ACCESSED CLINICALLY, THE IMMINENT RISK OF DM AND ITS PREVALENCE ARE STILL ASCENDING. SUBSTANTIAL PIECES OF EVIDENCE REVEALED THAT HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ISOFORMS CAN REGULATE VARIOUS MOLECULAR ACTIVITIES IN DM VIA EPIGENETIC AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION OF SEVERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. TO DATE, 18 HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN MAMMALS THAT WERE CATEGORIZED INTO FOUR DIFFERENT CLASSES. CLASSES I, II, AND IV ARE REGARDED AS CLASSICAL HDACS, WHICH OPERATE THROUGH A ZN-BASED MECHANISM. IN CONTRAST, CLASS III HDACS OR SIRTUINS DEPEND ON NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD(+)) FOR THEIR MOLECULAR ACTIVITY. FUNCTIONALLY, MOST OF THE HDAC ISOFORMS CAN REGULATE BETA CELL FATE, INSULIN RELEASE, INSULIN EXPRESSION AND SIGNALING, AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM. MOREOVER, THE ROLES OF HDAC MEMBERS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE REGULATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, INFLAMMATION, APOPTOSIS, FIBROSIS, AND OTHER PATHOLOGICAL EVENTS, WHICH SUBSTANTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO DIABETES-RELATED VASCULAR DYSFUNCTIONS. THEREFORE, HDACS COULD SERVE AS THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN DM TOWARDS DEVELOPING NOVEL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES. THIS REVIEW SHEDS LIGHT ON THE EMERGING ROLE OF HDACS/ISOFORMS IN DIABETIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EMPHASIZED THE SCOPE OF THEIR TARGETING IN DM FOR CONSTITUTING NOVEL INTERVENTIONAL STRATEGIES FOR METABOLIC DISORDERS/COMPLICATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4 2208  53 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND NON-CODING RNA IN DIABETES-MELLITUS-INDUCED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL LINK AND NEW THERAPEUTIC FRONTIERS. DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS A GLUCOSE METABOLISM DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA RESULTING FROM A DEFICIT OF INSULIN PRODUCTION AND/OR ACTION. DM AFFECTS MORE THAN 1 IN 10 ADULTS, AND IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) ACCOUNTS FOR TWO THIRDS OF THE OVERALL DEATHS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS, WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD) AND ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AS THE MAIN CONTRIBUTORS. HYPERGLYCEMIC DAMAGE ON VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS LEADING TO ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION REPRESENTS THE MAIN INITIATING FACTOR IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS; HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS ARE STILL NOT ENTIRELY UNDERSTOOD. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL LINKS BETWEEN DM AND CAD WITH A FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND NONCODING RNA CONTROL. INCREASED KNOWLEDGE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAS CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS ("EPIDRUGS") WITH EPIGENETIC TARGETS, ALTHOUGH THESE APPROACHES PRESENT SEVERAL CHALLENGES. SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS MAY ALSO BE USED TO PREDICT OR DETECT THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETES COMPLICATIONS. FURTHER STUDIES ON DIABETES AND CAD EPIGENETICS ARE NEEDED IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND ADVANCE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE WITH THE PREDICTION OF INDIVIDUAL DRUG RESPONSES AND MINIMIZATION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5 6067  52 THE DIABETES MELLITUS-ATHEROSCLEROSIS CONNECTION: THE ROLE OF LIPID AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. DIABETES MELLITUS COMPRISES A GROUP OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM DISORDERS THAT SHARE A COMMON MAIN FEATURE OF CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA THAT RESULTS FROM DEFECTS OF INSULIN SECRETION, INSULIN ACTION, OR BOTH. INSULIN IS AN IMPORTANT ANABOLIC HORMONE, AND ITS DEFICIENCY LEADS TO VARIOUS METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES IN PROTEINS, LIPIDS, AND CARBOHYDRATES. ATHEROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPS AS A RESULT OF A MULTISTEP PROCESS ULTIMATELY LEADING TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. ALTERATION OF LIPID METABOLISM IS A RISK FACTOR AND CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. POSSIBLE LINKS BETWEEN THE TWO CHRONIC DISORDERS DEPENDING ON ALTERED METABOLIC PATHWAYS HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED IN NUMEROUS STUDIES. IT WAS SHOWN THAT BOTH TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS CAN ACTUALLY INDUCE ATHEROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPMENT OR FURTHER ACCELERATE ITS PROGRESSION. ELEVATED GLUCOSE LEVEL, DYSLIPIDEMIA, AND OTHER METABOLIC ALTERATIONS THAT ACCOMPANY THE DISEASE DEVELOPMENT ARE TIGHTLY INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AT ALMOST EVERY STEP OF THE ATHEROGENIC PROCESS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS CURRENTLY CONSIDERED AS ONE OF THE KEY FACTORS IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPMENT AND IS PRESENT STARTING FROM THE EARLIEST STAGES OF THE PATHOLOGY INITIATION. IT MAY ALSO BE REGARDED AS ONE OF THE POSSIBLE LINKS BETWEEN ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND DIABETES MELLITUS. HOWEVER, THE DATA AVAILABLE SO FAR DO NOT ALLOW FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES THAT WOULD STOP ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESION PROGRESSION OR INDUCE LESION REDUCTION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE MAIN ASPECTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS THAT POSSIBLY AFFECT THE ATHEROGENIC PROCESS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE ESTABLISHED PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES THAT LINK ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND DIABETES MELLITUS, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE STRESS, ALTERED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING, AND THE ROLE OF CERTAIN MIRNA AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 6380  41 THE ROLE OF OBESITY AND DIABETES IN DEMENTIA. CHRONIC CONDITIONS SUCH AS OBESITY, DIABETES, AND DEMENTIA ARE INCREASING IN THE UNITED STATES (US) POPULATION. KNOWLEDGE OF THESE CHRONIC CONDITIONS, PREVENTATIVE MEASURES, AND PROPER MANAGEMENT TACTICS IS IMPORTANT AND CRITICAL TO PREVENTING DISEASE. THE OVERLAP BETWEEN OBESITY, DIABETES, AND DEMENTIA IS BECOMING FURTHER ELUCIDATED. THESE CONDITIONS SHARE A SIMILAR ORIGIN THROUGH THE COMPONENTS OF INCREASING AGE, GENDER, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS, DEPRESSION, AND A HIGH-FAT WESTERN DIET (WD) THAT ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE INFLAMMATORY STATE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY, DIABETES, AND DEMENTIA. THIS INFLAMMATORY STATE LEADS TO THE DYSREGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. OBESITY IS OFTEN THE CORNERSTONE THAT LEADS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES AND, SUBSEQUENTLY, IN THE CASE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM), PROGRESSION TO "TYPE 3 DIABETES MELLITUS (T3DM)". OBESITY AND DEPRESSION ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES. HOWEVER, DEMENTIA CAN BE AVOIDED WITH LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, BY SWITCHING TO A PLANT-BASED DIET (E.G., A MEDITERRANEAN DIET (MD)), AND INCREASING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. DIET AND EXERCISE ARE NOT THE ONLY TREATMENT OPTIONS. THERE ARE SEVERAL SURGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS AVAILABLE FOR PREVENTION. CURRENT AND FUTURE RESEARCH WITHIN EACH OF THESE FIELDS IS WARRANTED AND OFFERS THE CHANCE FOR NEW TREATMENT OPTIONS AND A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF EACH CONDITION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7 1341  44 DETANGLING THE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN MAFLD, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND KEY HORMONES. METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE (MAFLD) HAS INCREASINGLY BECOME A SIGNIFICANT AND HIGHLY PREVALENT CAUSE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, DISPLAYING A WIDE ARRAY OF RISK FACTORS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF WHICH ONLY A FEW HAVE SO FAR BEEN CLEARLY ELUCIDATED. A BIDIRECTIONAL INTERACTION BETWEEN HORMONAL DISCREPANCIES AND METABOLIC-RELATED DISORDERS, INCLUDING OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM), AND POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME (PCOS) HAS BEEN DESCRIBED. SINCE THE CHANGE IN NOMENCLATURE FROM NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) TO MAFLD IS BASED ON THE CLEAR IMPACT OF METABOLIC ELEMENTS ON THE DISEASE, THE RECIPROCAL INTERACTIONS OF HORMONES SUCH AS INSULIN, ADIPOKINES (LEPTIN AND ADIPONECTIN), AND ESTROGENS HAVE STRONGLY POINTED TO THE INTRINSIC LINKS THAT LEAD TO THE HETEROGENEOUS EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, AND RISK FACTORS INVOLVED IN MAFLD IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK IS TWOFOLD. FIRSTLY, THERE IS A BRIEF DISCUSSION REGARDING THE CHANGE IN NOMENCLATURE AS WELL AS EPIDEMIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OTHER THAN HORMONAL EFFECTS, WHICH INCLUDE NUTRITION AND THE GUT MICROBIOME, AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES. SECONDLY, WE REVIEW THE BASIS OF THE MOST IMPORTANT HORMONAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MAFLD THAT ACT BOTH INDEPENDENTLY AND IN AN INTERRELATED MANNER.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8  776  48 CELL- AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM) IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERGLYCAEMIA, WHICH CAN CAUSE MICRO- AND MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY BE THE CAUSE AND RESULT OF T2DM, AND ITS RELATED COMPLICATIONS AS AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN PRO- AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES CAN AFFECT IMMUNE FUNCTIONS. APART FROM GENETIC CHANGES OCCURRING WITHIN THE BODY RESULTING IN INFLAMMATION IN T2DM, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN MODIFY GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CUES SUCH AS AN UNHEALTHY DIET, LACK OF EXERCISE AND OBESITY. THE MOST WIDELY STUDIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, DNA METHYLATION (DNAM), REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION AND MAY MANIPULATE INFLAMMATORY GENES TO INCREASE OR DECREASE INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH T2DM. THIS REVIEW EXPLORES THE STUDIES RELATED TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES, MORE SPECIFICALLY DNAM, ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN T2DM, AT BOTH THE CELL AND TISSUE LEVELS. STUDYING EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, AS A RESULT OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS, CREATES OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF "EARLY DETECTION/RELATIVE RISK" TESTS TO AID IN PREVENTION OF T2DM. UNDERSTANDING INFLAMMATION IN T2DM AT THE GENE LEVEL IN INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED CELLS AND TISSUES MAY PROVIDE FURTHER INSIGHT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THE DISORDER.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9   44  47 A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON HIGH -FAT DIET-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS: AN EPIGENETIC VIEW. MODERN LIFESTYLE, GENETICS, NUTRITIONAL OVERLOAD THROUGH HIGH-FAT DIET ATTRIBUTED PREVALENCE AND DIABETES OUTCOMES WITH VARIOUS COMPLICATIONS PRIMARILY DUE TO OBESITY IN WHICH ENERGY-DENSE DIETS FREQUENTLY AFFECT METABOLIC HEALTH. ONE POSSIBLE ISSUE USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED CHRONIC FAT INTAKE IS INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND HYPERGLYCEMIA CONSTITUTES AN IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN ALTERING THE CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS METABOLISM. SIMILARLY, IN ASSESSING HUMAN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO WEIGHT GAIN AND OBESITY, GENETIC VARIATIONS PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE, CONTRIBUTING TO KEEN INTEREST IN IDENTIFYING THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS AS A MEDIATOR OF GENE-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS INFLUENCING THE PRODUCTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS RELATED CONCERNS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCEPTANCE OF A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS FACTORS IN RESPONSE TO ENERGY INTAKE AND EXPENDITURE IMBALANCES COMPLEMENT GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND LEAD TO THE PRODUCTION AND ADVANCEMENT OF METABOLIC DISORDERS SUCH AS DIABETES AND OBESITY. METHYLATION OF DNA, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF NON-CODING RNAS CAN RESULT IN REDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF KEY BETA-CELL GENES THUS CREATING INSULIN RESISTANCE. EPIGENETICS CONTRIBUTE TO CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE UNDERLYING INSULIN RESISTANCE AND INSUFFICIENCY GENE NETWORKS, ALONG WITH LOW-GRADE OBESITY-RELATED INFLAMMATION, INCREASED ROS GENERATION, AND DNA DAMAGE IN MULTIORGANS. THIS REVIEW FOCUSED ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND METABOLIC REGULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD)-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10 3748  48 INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN MISFOLDING IN DIABETES MELLITUS. BACKGROUND: DIABETES MELLITUS IS A METABOLIC DISORDER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE RESULTING FROM DEFECTS IN INSULIN SECRETION, INSULIN ACTION, OR BOTH. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH ARE DEFINED AS INHERITED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT OCCUR WITHOUT CHANGES IN GENE SEQUENCE, ARE INVOLVED IN THE ETIOLOGY OF DIABETES. METHODS: IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUSED ON THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN MISFOLDING AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. RESULTS: CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN PARTICULAR ARE HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES. PROTEIN FUNCTION IS DEPENDENT ON THEIR PROPER FOLDING IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. DEFECTIVE PROTEIN FOLDING AND CONSEQUENTLY THEIR FUNCTIONS HAVE ALSO BEEN REPORTED TO PLAY A ROLE. EARLY TREATMENT OF DIABETES HAS PROVEN TO BE OF GREAT BENEFIT, AS EVEN TRANSIENT HYPERGLYCEMIA MAY LEAD TO PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND COMPLICATIONS LATER ON. THIS HAS BEEN EXPLAINED BY THE THEORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A METABOLIC MEMORY IN DIABETES. THE BASIS FOR THIS METABOLIC MEMORY WAS ATTRIBUTED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, NON-ENZYMATIC GLYCATION OF PROTEINS AND IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THIS HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF LINKING NEW THERAPEUTICS TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WITH TRADITIONAL ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS. CONCLUSION: ALTHOUGH NEW DATA IS EVOLVING ON THE RELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION, PROTEIN MISFOLDING, AND THE ETIOLOGY OF DIABETES, MORE STUDIES ARE REQUIRED FOR DEVELOPING NEW RELEVANT DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPEUTICS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11 2163  43 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DIABETIC VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THERE HAS BEEN A RAPID INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE OF DIABETES AS WELL THE ASSOCIATED VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THESE PATHOLOGIES. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THE COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENES AND THE ENVIRONMENT. ACTIONS OF MAJOR PATHOLOGICAL MEDIATORS OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS SUCH AS HYPERGLYCAEMIA, OXIDANT STRESS, AND INFLAMMATORY FACTORS CAN LEAD TO DYSREGULATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT AFFECT CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND GENE EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, PERSISTENCE OF THIS ALTERED STATE OF THE EPIGENOME MAY BE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO A 'METABOLIC MEMORY' THAT RESULTS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETES EVEN AFTER ACHIEVING GLYCAEMIC CONTROL. FURTHER EXAMINATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS BY ALSO TAKING ADVANTAGE OF RECENTLY DEVELOPED NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES CAN PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOLOGY OF DIABETES AND ITS COMPLICATIONS AND LEAD TO THE DISCOVERY OF MUCH NEEDED NEW DRUG TARGETS FOR THESE DISEASES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN DIABETES AND ITS VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS, AND RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES THAT HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY ACCELERATED THE FIELD.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
12 4195  35 METABOLIC MEMORY: MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY. CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA OF DIABETES LEADS TO MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS THAT SEVERELY IMPACT QUALITY OF LIFE. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY (DR) MAY BE THE MOST COMMON OF THESE AND IS A LEADING CAUSE OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND BLINDNESS AMONG WORKING AGE ADULTS IN DEVELOPED NATIONS. MANY LARGE-SCALE TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT EARLY INTENSIVE GLYCEMIC CONTROL CAN REDUCE THE INCIDENCE AND PROGRESSION OF MICRO AND MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. ON THE OTHER HAND, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND PROSPECTIVE DATA HAVE REVEALED THAT THE STRESSORS OF DIABETIC VASCULATURE PERSIST BEYOND THE POINT WHEN GLYCEMIC CONTROL HAS BEEN ACHIEVED. THESE KINDS OF PERSISTENT ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HYPERGLYCEMIA ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF COMPLICATIONS HAS BEEN DEFINED AS "METABOLIC MEMORY", AND OXIDATIVE STRESS, ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PROCESS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT SUCH "HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY" MAY ALSO INFLUENCE DR, SUGGESTING THAT MANIPULATION OF HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY MAY PROVE A BENEFICIAL APPROACH TO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE EVIDENCE FROM DR-RELATED CLINICAL TRIALS AND MECHANISTIC STUDIES TO INVESTIGATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF METABOLIC MEMORY IN DR AND UNDERSTAND ITS POTENTIAL AS A TARGET OF MOLECULAR THERAPEUTICS AIMED AT REVERSING HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13 5821  46 STRESS IN OBESITY AND ASSOCIATED METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS. OBESITY HAS SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTHCARE, SINCE IT IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR BOTH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME. THIS SYNDROME IS A COMMON AND COMPLEX DISORDER COMBINING OBESITY, DYSLIPIDEMIA, HYPERTENSION, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR RISK, WHICH CAN ONLY PARTIALLY BE EXPLAINED BY ITS COMPONENTS. THEREFORE, TO EXPLAIN HOW OBESITY CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS, MORE AND BETTER INSIGHT IS REQUIRED INTO THE EFFECTS OF PERSONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS ON DISEASE PROCESSES. IN THIS PAPER, WE SHOW THAT OBESITY IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, WHICH HAS MANY MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN COMMON WITH ATHEROSCLEROSIS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME. WE DISCUSS HOW SEVERAL STRESS CONDITIONS ARE RELATED TO INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ASSOCIATION WITH OBESITY AND ITS COMPLICATIONS. WE ALSO EMPHASIZE THE RELATION BETWEEN STRESS CONDITIONS AND THE DEREGULATION OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL MECHANISMS BY MEANS OF MICRORNAS AND SHOW HOW THIS IMPAIRMENT FURTHER CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY, CLOSING THE VICIOUS CIRCLE. FINALLY, WE DISCUSS THE LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT ANTI-INFLAMMATION AND ANTIOXIDANT THERAPY TO TREAT OBESITY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14 1384  45 DIABETES AND KIDNEY DISEASE: EMPHASIS ON TREATMENT WITH SGLT-2 INHIBITORS AND GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. KIDNEY DISEASE IS A FREQUENT MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATION OF BOTH TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. HISTORIC TRIALS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT A TIGHT GLYCAEMIC CONTROL IS THE MOST POWERFUL APPROACH TO DECREASE THE CHANCES OF DEVELOPING DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. HOWEVER, HAVING AN HBA1C < 7% DOES NOT COMPLETELY SUPPRESS THE RISK OF KIDNEY DISEASE. THE OBSERVED RESIDUAL RISK IS LIKELY ASCRIBABLE TO TWO PHENOMENA: 1- THE PRESENCE OF RISK FACTORS AND ALTERATIONS ADDITIVE TO AND INDEPENDENT OF GLYCAEMIA, AND 2- THE ACTIVATION OF LONG-LASTING IMBALANCES BY PERIODS OF EXPOSURE TO UNCONTROLLED GLYCEMIA, A PHENOMENON REFERRED TO AS METABOLIC MEMORY OR LEGACY EFFECT. LONG-LASTING OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AND THE RESULTING CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION ARE ALL CANDIDATE MECHANISMS EXPLAINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROPATHY DESPITE PROPER CONTROL OF RISK FACTORS. RECENTLY, TWO CLASSES OF DRUGS, I.E. GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE (GLP) 1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS (RA) AND SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS (SGLT-I) HAVE CHANGED THIS SCENARIO. INDEED, CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOME AND OTHER TRIALS HAVE CLEARLY SHOWN A RENOPROTECTIVE EFFECT FOR THESE DRUGS, WELL-BEYOND THEIR GLUCOSE-LOWERING PROPERTIES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE: 1- SELECTED KEY TRIALS AND MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND 2- THE RESULTS RELATIVE TO RENAL ENDPOINTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS OF GLP-1 RA AND SGLT-2I. THEN, WE BRIEFLY DISCUSS SOME OF THE HYPOTHESES POSITED TO EXPLAIN THE MARKED RENOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF THESE TWO CLASSES, EVIDENCING THE STILL EXISTING GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE AND PROPOSING FUTURE DIRECTIONS TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT THE USE OF THESE POWERFUL, DISEASE-MODIFYING DRUGS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15 6335  41 THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS A CHRONIC CONDITION CHARACTERISED BY BETA CELL DYSFUNCTION AND PERSISTENT HYPERGLYCAEMIA. THE DISORDER CAN BE DUE TO THE ABSENCE OF ADEQUATE PANCREATIC INSULIN PRODUCTION OR A WEAK CELLULAR RESPONSE TO INSULIN SIGNALLING. AMONG THE THREE TYPES OF DM, NAMELY, TYPE 1 DM (T1DM), TYPE 2 DM (T2DM), AND GESTATIONAL DM (GDM); T2DM ACCOUNTS FOR ALMOST 90% OF DIABETES CASES WORLDWIDE.EPIGENETIC TRAITS ARE STABLY HERITABLE PHENOTYPES THAT RESULT FROM CERTAIN CHANGES THAT AFFECT GENE FUNCTION WITHOUT ALTERING THE GENE SEQUENCE. WHILE EPIGENETIC TRAITS ARE CONSIDERED REVERSIBLE MODIFICATIONS, THEY CAN BE INHERITED MITOTICALLY AND MEIOTICALLY. IN ADDITION, EPIGENETIC TRAITS CAN RANDOMLY ARISE IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OR CERTAIN GENETIC MUTATIONS OR LESIONS, SUCH AS THOSE AFFECTING THE ENZYMES THAT CATALYSE THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION, A TYPE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF T2DM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 2964  37 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ARSENIC-ASSOCIATED DIABETES MELLITUS: A PERSPECTIVE OF THE CURRENT EVIDENCE. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS (DM), A DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA RESULTING FROM DYSREGULATION OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES FOUR MAJOR MECHANISMS BY WHICH ARSENIC INDUCES DIABETES, NAMELY INHIBITION OF INSULIN-DEPENDENT GLUCOSE UPTAKE, PANCREATIC BETA-CELL DAMAGE, PANCREATIC BETA-CELL DYSFUNCTION AND STIMULATION OF LIVER GLUCONEOGENESIS THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDIES. ADDITIONALLY, THE ROLE OF POLYMORPHIC VARIANTS ASSOCIATED WITH ARSENIC TOXICITY AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ARSENIC EXPOSURE, ARE CONSIDERED IN THE CONTEXT OF ARSENIC-ASSOCIATED DM. TAKEN TOGETHER, IN VITRO, IN VIVO AND HUMAN GENETIC/EPIGENETIC STUDIES SUPPORT THAT ARSENIC HAS THE POTENTIAL TO INDUCE DM PHENOTYPES AND IMPAIR KEY PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17 1913  54 ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO DIABETES. DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT HYPERGLYCEMIA. ITS TWO MOST COMMON FORMS ARE TYPE 1 DIABETES (T1D) AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D), FOR WHICH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ACT IN SYNERGY. BECAUSE IT OCCURS IN CHILDREN AND INVOLVES INFECTIOUS, AUTOIMMUNE OR TOXIC DESTRUCTION OF THE INSULIN-SECRETING PANCREATIC BETA-CELLS, TYPE 1 DIABETES HAS BEEN CALLED JUVENILE OR INSULIN-DEFICIENT DIABETES. IN TYPE 2, PATIENTS CAN STILL SECRETE SOME INSULIN BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS MAY BE ATTENUATED BY 'INSULIN RESISTANCE.' THERE IS ALSO A GROUP OF RARE FORMS OF DIABETES IN THE YOUNG WHICH ARE INHERITED AS MONOGENETIC DISEASES. WHETHER ONE CALLS THE UNDERLYING PROCESS 'GENES VS. ENVIRONMENT' OR 'NATURE VS NURTURE', DIABETES OCCURS AT THE INTERFACE OF THE TWO DOMAINS. TOGETHER WITH OUR GENETIC BACKGROUND WE ARE BORN TABULA RASA-A BLANK SLATE UPON WHICH THE STORY OF LIFE, WITH ALL ITS ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS WILL BE WRITTEN. THERE IS ONE PROVISO: THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE MUST ALSO BE CONSIDERED. THUS, IN THE CREATION OF DATABASES THAT INCLUDE "BIG DATA" ORIGINATING FROM GENOMIC AS WELL AS EXPOSOME (DEFINED AS: THE TOTALITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE FROM CONCEPTION TO DEATH), A BROAD PERSPECTIVE IS CRUCIAL AS THESE FACTORS ACT IN CONCERT IN SUCH CHRONIC ILLNESSES AS DIABETES THAT, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE LIKELY TO REQUIRE ADOPTION OF AN APPROPRIATE LIFESTYLE CHANGE. ALSO, IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY EVIDENT THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS CAN MODULATE THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENES AND ENVIRONMENT. CONSEQUENTLY, THROUGHOUT THE LIFE OF AN INDIVIDUAL NATURE AND NURTURE INTERACT IN A COMPLEX MANNER IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES. THIS REVIEW ADDRESSES THE QUESTION OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF GENE AND ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR INTERACTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18 6204  48 THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETICS AND INFLAMMATION ON CARDIOMETABOLIC RISKS. CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES INCLUDE METABOLIC SYNDROME, OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND HYPERTENSION. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PARTICIPATE IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES THROUGH SEVERAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING INFLAMMATION, VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH ENCOMPASS ALTERATIONS TO GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT MUTATING THE DNA SEQUENCE, HAVE GAINED MUCH ATTENTION IN RECENT YEARS, SINCE THEY HAVE BEEN CORRELATED WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES AND MAY BE TARGETED FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE GREATLY INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND POLLUTION. SOME MODIFICATIONS ARE HERITABLE, INDICATING THAT THE BIOLOGICAL EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY BE OBSERVED ACROSS GENERATIONS. MOREOVER, MANY PATIENTS WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES PRESENT WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, WHICH CAN BE INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS. THE INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT WORSENS THE PROGNOSIS OF CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES AND FURTHER INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, PREDISPOSING PATIENTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER METABOLISM-ASSOCIATED DISEASES AND COMPLICATIONS. A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES IS NECESSARY TO IMPROVE OUR DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITIES, PERSONALIZED MEDICINE APPROACHES, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING MAY ALSO ASSIST IN PREDICTING DISEASE OUTCOMES, ESPECIALLY IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES UNDERLYING CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES, AND FURTHER DISCUSSES ADVANCES IN THE RESEARCH FIELD WITH A FOCUS ON SPECIFIC POINTS FOR INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  394  39 AN UPDATE IN EPIGENETICS IN METABOLIC-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE. METABOLIC-ASSOCIATED FATTY LIVER DISEASE (MAFLD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY HEPATIC STEATOSIS ACCOMPANIED BY ONE OF THREE FEATURES: OVERWEIGHT OR OBESITY, T2DM, OR LEAN OR NORMAL WEIGHT WITH EVIDENCE OF METABOLIC DYSREGULATION. IT IS DISTINGUISHED BY EXCESSIVE FAT ACCUMULATION IN HEPATOCYTES, AND A DECREASE IN THE LIVER'S ABILITY TO OXIDIZE FATS, THE ACCUMULATION OF ECTOPIC FAT, AND THE ACTIVATION OF PROINFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS. CHRONIC DAMAGE WILL KEEP THIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC CYCLE ACTIVE CAUSING PROGRESSION FROM HEPATIC STEATOSIS TO CIRRHOSIS AND EVENTUALLY, HEPATOCARCINOMA. EPIGENETICS AFFECTING GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING DNA SEQUENCE ALLOWS US TO STUDY MAFLD PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FROM A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE, IN WHICH DNA METHYLATION PROCESSES, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND MIRNAS EXPRESSION HAVE BEEN CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH MAFLD PROGRESSION. HOWEVER, THESE CONSIDERATIONS ALSO FACED US WITH THE CIRCUMSTANCE THAT MODIFYING THOSE EPIGENETICS PATTERNS MIGHT LEAD TO MAFLD REGRESSION. CURRENTLY, EPIGENETICS IS AN AREA OF GREAT INTEREST BECAUSE IT COULD PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS IN THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND NON-INVASIVE BIOMARKERS. THIS REVIEW COMPRISES AN UPDATE ON THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC PATTERNS, AS WELL AS INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND BIOMARKERS IN MAFLD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20 4891  41 OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN PREDIABETES AND DIABETES. PREDIABETES IS A STATE OF ELEVATED PLASMA GLUCOSE IN WHICH THE THRESHOLD FOR DIABETES HAS NOT YET BEEN REACHED AND CAN PREDISPOSE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. INSULIN RESISTANCE AND IMPAIRED BETA-CELL FUNCTION ARE OFTEN ALREADY PRESENT IN PREDIABETES. HYPERGLYCEMIA CAN UPREGULATE MARKERS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CONTRIBUTE TO INCREASED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) GENERATION, WHICH ULTIMATELY CAUSE VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION. CONVERSELY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION CAN LEAD TO INSULIN RESISTANCE AND IMPAIRED INSULIN SECRETION. PROPER TREATMENT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA AND INHIBITION OF ROS OVERPRODUCTION IS CRUCIAL FOR DELAYING ONSET OF DIABETES AND FOR PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. THUS, IT IS IMPERATIVE TO DETERMINE THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION FROM PREDIABETES TO DIABETES INCLUDING A CLARIFICATION OF HOW OLD AND NEW MEDICATIONS AFFECT OXIDATIVE AND IMMUNE MECHANISMS OF DIABETES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND HYPERGLYCEMIA ALONG WITH LINKS BETWEEN INFLAMMATION AND PREDIABETES. ADDITIONALLY, THE EFFECTS OF HYPERGLYCEMIC MEMORY, MICROVESICLES, MICRO-RNA, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION ON INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STATE, AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL ARE HIGHLIGHTED. ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ARE ALSO BRIEFLY REVIEWED. FINALLY, THE ROLE OF IMMUNE-TARGETED THERAPIES AND ANTI-DIABETIC MEDICATION ON GLYCEMIC CONTROL AND OXIDATIVE STRESS ARE DISCUSSED.	2019