1 6461 134 TIME-COURSE PROGRESSION OF WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOME EXPRESSION CHANGES OF TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA COMPARED TO DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IN RATS EXPOSED TO NERVE INJURY. MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) ARE COMPLEX WITH MULTIPLE GENES, THEIR INTERACTIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS BEING IMPLICATED. TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN THE TRIGEMINAL (TG) AND DORSAL ROOT (DRG) GANGLIA HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF NP. DESPITE EFFORTS TO UNRAVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NP, MANY REMAIN UNKNOWN. ALSO, MOST OF THE STUDIES FOCUSED ON THE SPINAL SYSTEM. ALTHOUGH THE SPINAL AND TRIGEMINAL SYSTEMS SHARE SOME OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, DIFFERENCES EXIST. WE USED RNA-SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES (DEGS) IN THE TG AND DRG AT BASELINE AND 3 TIME-POINTS FOLLOWING THE INFRAORBITAL OR SCIATIC NERVE INJURIES, RESPECTIVELY. PATHWAY ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED PATHWAYS. ADDITIONALLY, UPSTREAM REGULATOR EFFECTS WERE INVESTIGATED IN THE TWO SYSTEMS. DEG (DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES) ANALYSES IDENTIFIED 3,225 GENES TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN TG AND DRG IN NAIVE ANIMALS, 1,828 GENES FOUR DAYS POST INJURY, 5,644 AT DAY 8 AND 9,777 DEGS AT 21 DAYS POST INJURY. COMPARISON OF TOP ENRICHED CANONICAL PATHWAYS REVEALED THAT A NUMBER OF SIGNALING PATHWAY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED IN THE TG AND ACTIVATED IN THE DRG AT 21 DAYS POST INJURY. FINALLY, CORT UPSTREAM REGULATOR WAS PREDICTED TO BE INHIBITED IN THE TG WHILE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CSF1 UPSTREAM REGULATOR WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ELEVATED IN THE DRG AT 21 DAYS POST INJURY. THIS STUDY PROVIDES A BASIS FOR FURTHER IN-DEPTH STUDIES INVESTIGATING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES, PATHWAYS, AND UPSTREAM REGULATION IN TG AND DRG IN RATS EXPOSED TO PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
2 3141  47 GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ANIMAL MODELS OF PERSISTENT PAIN. BACKGROUND: EFFORTS TO UNDERSTAND GENETIC VARIABILITY INVOLVED IN AN INDIVIDUAL'S SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC PAIN SUPPORT A ROLE FOR UPSTREAM REGULATION BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: TO EXAMINE THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC BASIS OF CHRONIC PAIN THAT RESIDES IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, WE USED RNA-SEQ AND ATAC-SEQ OF THE RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) TO IDENTIFY NOVEL MOLECULAR PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN TWO WELL-STUDIED PERSISTENT PAIN MODELS INDUCED BY CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) OF THE SCIATIC NERVE AND INTRA-PLANTAR INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) IN RATS. RESULTS: OUR RNA-SEQ STUDIES IDENTIFY A VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESS RELATED TO SYNAPSE ORGANIZATION, MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT, AND ION BINDING. INTERESTINGLY, GENES THAT ENCODE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS WERE DISPROPORTIONATELY DOWNREGULATED IN BOTH MODELS. OUR ATAC-SEQ DATA PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY CHANGES IN THE DRG. A TOTAL OF 1123 REGIONS SHOWED CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY IN ONE OR BOTH MODELS WHEN COMPARED TO THE NAIVE AND 31 SHARED DIFFERENTIALLY ACCESSIBLE REGIONS (DAR)S. FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION OF THE DARS IDENTIFIED DISPARATE MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS ENRICHED FOR EACH PAIN MODEL WHICH SUGGESTS THAT CHROMATIN STRUCTURE MAY BE ALTERED DIFFERENTLY FOLLOWING SCIATIC NERVE INJURY AND HIND PAW INFLAMMATION. MOTIF ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED 17 DNA SEQUENCES KNOWN TO BIND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN THE CCI DARS AND 33 IN THE CFA DARS. TWO MOTIFS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN BOTH MODELS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY THAT OCCUR IN CHRONIC PAIN STATES MAY IDENTIFY REGULATORY GENOMIC ELEMENTS THAT PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN MODULATING GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3 3194  36 HDAC INHIBITORS ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS) INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ARE KNOWN TO HAVE ANALGESIC PROPERTIES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THESE COMPOUNDS COULD ALSO AFFECT NEUROPATHIC PAIN. DIFFERENT CLASS I HDACIS WERE DELIVERED INTRATHECALLY INTO RAT SPINAL CORD IN MODELS OF TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURY AND ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (STAVUDINE, D4T). MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ATTENUATED BY 40% TO 50% AS A RESULT OF HDACI TREATMENT, BUT ONLY IF STARTED BEFORE ANY INSULT. THE DRUGS GLOBALLY INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD, BUT APPEARED TO HAVE NO MEASURABLE EFFECTS IN RELEVANT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IN THIS TREATMENT PARADIGM, SUGGESTING THAT ANY POTENTIAL MECHANISM SHOULD BE SOUGHT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF DORSAL CORD RNA REVEALED THE SIGNATURE OF THE SPECIFIC COMPOUND USED (MS-275) AND SUGGESTED THAT ITS MAIN EFFECT WAS MEDIATED THROUGH HDAC1. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUPPORT A ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE EMERGENCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4 4617  36 NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT DNA METHYLATION REPROGRAMMING IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLION. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED HYPERACTIVITY OF PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) CONTRIBUTES TO CHRONIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT, BUT THE UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE WE DETERMINED GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. SPINAL NERVE LIGATION (SNL), BUT NOT PACLITAXEL TREATMENT, IN MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS INDUCED A CONSISTENT LOW-LEVEL HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE CPG SITES IN THE DRG DURING THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC PHASES OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. DNA METHYLATION REMODELING IN THE DRG OCCURRED EARLY AFTER SNL AND PERSISTED FOR AT LEAST 3 WEEKS. SNL CAUSED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT 8% OF CPG SITES WITH PREVAILING HYPOMETHYLATION OUTSIDE OF CPG ISLANDS, IN INTRONS, INTERGENIC REGIONS, AND REPETITIVE SEQUENCES. IN CONTRAST, SNL CAUSED MORE GAINS OF METHYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. THE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE INJURED DRGS RECAPITULATED DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING AT THE NEONATAL STAGE. METHYLATION REPROGRAMMING WAS CORRELATED WITH INCREASED GENE EXPRESSION VARIABILITY. A DIET DEFICIENT IN METHYL DONORS INDUCED HYPOMETHYLATION AND PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR RG108 CAUSED LONG-LASTING PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. DNA METHYLATION REPROGRAMMING IN THE DRG THUS CONTRIBUTES TO NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHRONIC PAIN. RESTORING DNA METHYLATION MAY REPRESENT A NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO TREAT NEUROPATHIC PAIN.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN AFTER NERVE INJURY. HOWEVER, GENOME-WIDE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THEIR ROLES IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEVELOPMENT REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE WE USED DIGITAL RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS OF METHYLATION TO QUANTITATIVELY DETERMINE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES CAUSED BY NERVE INJURY. WE SHOWED THAT NERVE INJURY CAUSED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT 8% OF CPG SITES WITH PREVAILING HYPOMETHYLATION OUTSIDE OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION. REDUCING DNA METHYLATION INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY, WHEREAS INCREASING DNA METHYLATION ATTENUATED NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THESE FINDINGS EXTEND OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND SUGGEST NEW STRATEGIES TO TREAT NERVE INJURY-INDUCED CHRONIC PAIN.	2018	

5  345  42 ALTERED BRAIN EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION EPIGENETIC ENZYMES IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC PAIN AT THE SUPRASPINAL LEVEL IS YET TO BE FULLY CHARACTERIZED. DNA HISTONE METHYLATION IS CRUCIALLY REGULATED BY DE NOVO METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1-3) AND TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION DIOXYGENASES (TET1-3). EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT METHYLATION MARKERS ARE ALTERED IN DIFFERENT CNS REGIONS RELATED TO NOCICEPTION, NAMELY THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA, THE SPINAL CORD, AND DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS. DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN THE DRG, THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND THE AMYGDALA, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED DNMT1/3A EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, INCREASED METHYLATION LEVELS AND MRNA LEVELS OF TET1 AND TET3 WERE LINKED TO AUGMENTED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ALLODYNIA IN INFLAMMATORY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS. SINCE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGULATION AND COORDINATION OF VARIOUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS DESCRIBED IN CHRONIC PAIN STATES, WITH THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF TET1-3 AND DNMT1/3A GENES IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN SEVERAL BRAIN AREAS. IN A SPARED NERVE INJURY RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, 21 DAYS AFTER SURGERY, WE FOUND INCREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND DECREASED EXPRESSION IN THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN AND THE AMYGDALA; TET2 WAS UPREGULATED IN THE MEDIAL THALAMUS; TET3 MRNA LEVELS WERE REDUCED IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN; AND DNMT1 WAS DOWNREGULATED IN THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN AND THE MEDIAL THALAMUS. NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED WITH DNMT3A. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST A COMPLEX FUNCTIONAL ROLE FOR THESE GENES IN DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS IN THE CONTEXT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE NOTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION BEING CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC AND NOT TISSUE SPECIFIC, AS WELL AS THE POSSIBILITY OF CHRONOLOGICALLY DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEUROPATHIC OR INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODELS, OUGHT TO BE ADDRESSED IN FUTURE STUDIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 2253  33 EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF WNT SIGNALING CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE WNT/BETA?CATENIN SIGNALING PATHWAY IS CRITICAL TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN CAUSED BY PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION AND NERVE DAMAGE. EMERGING EVIDENCE FROM RECENT STUDIES SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY ALSO BE CRITICAL TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC PAIN. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ALTERED WNT SIGNALING AND THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN CCI?INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RAT SCIATIC NERVES. THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY DEMONSTRATED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF WNT3A IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE RATS WITH CCI. IN ADDITION, A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN CYTOSINE METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF WNT3A WAS OBSERVED IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE RATS WITH CCI. INTRATHECAL APPLICATION OF XAV939, WHICH ACTS AS AN INHIBITOR OF WNT SIGNALING, SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ACTIVE BETA?CATENIN, AND ATTENUATED THE RAT BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PAIN STIMULI. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC UPREGULATION OF WNT3A IN THE DORSAL HORN CONTRIBUTES TO THE MAINTENANCE OF PAIN?INDUCED BEHAVIOR IN RATS WITH CCI.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 2756  40 EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN ADULT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IS CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC AND UP REGULATED IN A RODENT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPEREXCITABILITY AND INTRINSIC FIRING OF DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) NEURONS. THESE PHENOTYPICAL CHANGES CAN BE LONG LASTING, POTENTIALLY SPANNING THE ENTIRE LIFE OF ANIMAL MODELS, AND DEPEND ON ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS PROTEINS, INCLUDING MANY ION CHANNELS. YET, HOW DRGS MAINTAIN LONG-TERM CHANGES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN NEUROPATHIC CONDITIONS REMAINS UNCLEAR. DNA METHYLATION IS A WELL-KNOWN MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION AND IS ACHIEVED BY THE ACTION OF THREE ENZYMES: DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1, 3A, AND 3B, WHICH HAVE BEEN STUDIED PRIMARILY DURING DEVELOPMENT. WE FIRST PERFORMED IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS TO ASSESS WHETHER THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPRESSED IN ADULT RAT DRGS (L4-5) AND FOUND THAT DNMT1 IS EXPRESSED IN BOTH GLIA AND NEURONS, DNMT3A IS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN GLIA AND DNMT3B IS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN NEURONS. A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN WAS THEN USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER NERVE INJURY MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DRGS AT MULTIPLE TIME POINTS AFTER PAIN ONSET. REAL-TIME RT PCR ANALYSIS REVEALED ROBUST AND TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN DNMT TRANSCRIPT EXPRESSION IN IPSILATERAL DRGS FROM SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) BUT NOT SHAM RATS. INTERESTINGLY, DNMT3B TRANSCRIPT SHOWED A ROBUST UPREGULATION THAT APPEARED ALREADY 1 WEEK AFTER SURGERY AND PERSISTED AT 4 WEEKS (OUR ENDPOINT); IN CONTRAST, DNMT1 AND DNMT3A TRANSCRIPTS SHOWED ONLY MODERATE UPREGULATION THAT WAS TRANSIENT AND DID NOT APPEAR UNTIL THE SECOND WEEK. WE SUGGEST THAT DNMT REGULATION IN ADULT DRGS MAY BE A CONTRIBUTOR TO THE PAIN PHENOTYPE AND MERITS FURTHER STUDY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8 2736  42 EXPLORING THE TRANSCRIPTOME OF RESIDENT SPINAL MICROGLIA AFTER COLLAGEN ANTIBODY-INDUCED ARTHRITIS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED A SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC ROLE OF SPINAL GLIAL CELLS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RODENT MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. WE HAVE USED THE COLLAGEN ANTIBODY-INDUCED ARTHRITIS (CAIA) MOUSE MODEL TO EXAMINE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES IN THE CONTEXT OF SPINAL REGULATION OF ARTHRITIS-INDUCED PAIN. WE HAVE FOCUSED ON THE LATE PHASE OF THIS MODEL WHEN JOINT INFLAMMATION HAS RESOLVED, BUT MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY PERSISTS. ALTHOUGH THE INTENSITY OF SUBSTANCE P, CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE, AND GALANIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD WAS NOT DIFFERENT FROM CONTROLS, THE INTENSITY OF MICROGLIA (IBA-1) AND ASTROCYTE (GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN) MARKERS WAS ELEVATED IN BOTH MALES AND FEMALES. INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE GLIAL INHIBITORS MINOCYCLINE AND PENTOXIFYLLINE REVERSED MECHANICAL THRESHOLDS IN MALE, BUT NOT IN FEMALE MICE. WE ISOLATED RESIDENT MICROGLIA FROM THE LUMBAR DORSAL HORNS AND OBSERVED A SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER NUMBER OF MICROGLIAL CELLS IN FEMALES BY FLOW CYTOMETRY ANALYSIS. HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH GENOME-WIDE RNA SEQUENCING RESULTS POINTED TO SEVERAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MICROGLIA, NO CONVINCING DIFFERENCES WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN CONTROL AND CAIA GROUPS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THERE ARE SUBTLE SEX DIFFERENCES IN MICROGLIAL EXPRESSION PROFILES INDEPENDENT OF ARTHRITIS. OUR EXPERIMENTS FAILED TO IDENTIFY THE UNDERLYING MRNA CORRELATES OF MICROGLIAL ACTIONS IN THE LATE PHASE OF THE CAIA MODEL. IT IS LIKELY THAT TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES ARE EITHER SUBTLE AND HIGHLY LOCALISED AND THEREFORE DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY WITH BULK ISOLATION TECHNIQUES OR THAT OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS CHANGES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ARE AT PLAY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9 3082  46 GENOME-WIDE REDISTRIBUTION OF MECP2 IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. BACKGROUND: METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2), A PROTEIN WITH AFFINITY FOR METHYLATED CYTOSINES, IS CRUCIAL FOR NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. MECP2 REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH ACTIVATION, REPRESSION AND CHROMATIN REMODELING. MUTATIONS IN MECP2 CAUSE RETT SYNDROME, AND THESE PATIENTS DISPLAY IMPAIRED NOCICEPTION. WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN MECP2 EXPRESSION IN MOUSE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. THE FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATION OF INCREASED MECP2 IS LARGELY UNKNOWN. TO IDENTIFY REGIONS OF THE GENOME BOUND BY MECP2 IN THE DRG AND THE CHANGES INDUCED BY NERVE INJURY, A CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION OF MECP2 FOLLOWED BY SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) WAS PERFORMED 4 WEEKS AFTER SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI). RESULTS: WHILE THE NUMBER OF BINDING SITES ACROSS THE GENOME REMAINED SIMILAR IN THE SNI MODEL AND SHAM CONTROL, SNI INDUCED THE REDISTRIBUTION OF MECP2 TO TRANSCRIPTIONALLY RELEVANT REGIONS. TO DETERMINE HOW DIFFERENTIAL BINDING OF MECP2 CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG, WE INVESTIGATED MMU-MIR-126, A MICRORNA LOCUS THAT HAD ENRICHED MECP2 BINDING IN THE SNI MODEL. ENRICHED MECP2 BINDING TO MIR-126 LOCUS AFTER NERVE INJURY REPRESSED MIR-126 EXPRESSION, AND THIS WAS NOT MEDIATED BY ALTERATIONS IN METHYLATION PATTERN AT THE MIR-126 LOCUS. DOWNREGULATION OF MIR-126 RESULTED IN THE UPREGULATION OF ITS TWO TARGET GENES DNMT1 AND VEGFA IN NEURO 2A CELLS AND IN SNI MODEL COMPARED TO CONTROL. THESE TARGET GENES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN MECP2-NULL MICE COMPARED TO WILD-TYPE LITTERMATES, INDICATING A REGULATORY ROLE FOR MECP2 IN ACTIVATING DNMT1 AND VEGFA EXPRESSION. INTRATHECAL DELIVERY OF MIR-126 WAS NOT SUFFICIENT TO REVERSE NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, BUT DECREASED DNMT1 AND VEGFA EXPRESSION IN THE DRG. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SHOWS A REGULATORY ROLE FOR MECP2 IN THAT CHANGES IN GLOBAL REDISTRIBUTION CAN RESULT IN DIRECT AND INDIRECT MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DRG. ALTERATIONS IN GENOME-WIDE BINDING OF MECP2 THEREFORE PROVIDE A MOLECULAR BASIS FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION-INDUCED MOLECULAR CHANGES UNDERLYING NERVE INJURY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10  885  49 CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY-INDUCED CHANGES IN CIRCULAR RNA EXPRESSION PROFILING OF THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN (NP) HAS NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. GENE CHANGES IN DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NP. CIRCULAR RNAS (CIRCRNAS) ARE A CLASS OF ENDOGENOUS NONCODING RNAS THAT FORM COVALENTLY CLOSED LOOP STRUCTURES AND ARE CRUCIAL FOR GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT CIRCRNA CHANGES IN DRG NEURONS AFTER PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. METHODS: A SCIATIC NERVE CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED TO INDUCE NEUROPATHIC PAIN. WE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE CIRCRNA ANALYSIS OF FOUR PAIRED DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) SAMPLES (L4-L5) FROM CCI AND NEGATIVE CONTROL (NC) RATS USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY. THE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED CIRCRNAS (DECIRCRNAS) WERE IDENTIFIED BY DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION ANALYSIS, AND THE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF CIRCRNAS WAS VALIDATED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR. GENE ONTOLOGY AND KYOTO ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GENES AND GENOMES ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED TO PREDICT THE FUNCTION OF DECIRCRNAS. RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 374 DECIRCRNAS WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN CCI AND NC RATS USING CIRCRNA HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING. AMONG THEM, 290 WERE UPREGULATED AND 84 WERE DOWNREGULATED IN THE CCI GROUP. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF NINE DECIRCRNAS WERE VALIDATED BY QPCR. FUNCTIONAL ANNOTATION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE DECIRCRNAS WERE MAINLY ENRICHED IN PATHWAYS AND FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING 'DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSE,' 'RENIN SECRETION,' 'MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING PATHWAY,' AND 'NEUROGENESIS.' COMPETING ENDOGENOUS RNA ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE TOP 50 CIRCRNAS EXHIBITED INTERACTIONS WITH FOUR PAIN-RELATED MICRORNAS (MIRNAS). CIRC:CHR2:33950934-33955969 WAS THE LARGEST NODE IN THE CIRCRNA-MIRNA INTERACTION NETWORK. CONCLUSIONS: PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY-INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN LED TO CHANGES IN THE COMPREHENSIVE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF CIRCRNAS IN THE DRG OF RATS. DECIRCRNAS MAY ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 3337  42 HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS PREVENT PERSISTENT HYPERSENSITIVITY IN AN OROFACIAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. CHRONIC OROFACIAL PAIN IS A SIGNIFICANT HEALTH PROBLEM REQUIRING IDENTIFICATION OF REGULATING PROCESSES. INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT IS REPORTED FOR HINDLIMB NEUROPATHIC PAIN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS, HOWEVER, IS LESS WELL STUDIED IN CRANIAL NERVE PAIN MODELS. THREE INDEPENDENT OBSERVATIONS REPORTED HERE ARE THE (1) EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN MOUSE TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA (TG) AFTER TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION (TIC) NERVE INJURY MOUSE MODEL DETERMINED BY GENE EXPRESSION MICROARRAY, (2) H3K9 ACETYLATION PATTERN IN TG BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, AND (3) EFFICACY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS TO ATTENUATE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY. AFTER TIC INJURY, IPSILATERAL WHISKER PAD MECHANICAL SENSITIZATION DEVELOPS BY DAY 3 AND PERSISTS WELL BEYOND DAY 21 IN CONTRAST TO SHAM SURGERY. GLOBAL ACETYLATION OF H3K9 DECREASES AT DAY 21 IN IPSILATERAL TG . THIRTY-FOUR GENES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY ( P < 0.05) OVEREXPRESSED IN THE IPSILATERAL TG BY AT LEAST TWO-FOLD AT EITHER 3 OR 21 DAYS POST-TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION INJURY. THE THREE GENES MOST OVEREXPRESSED THREE DAYS POST-TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION NERVE INJURY ARE NERVE REGENERATION-ASSOCIATED GENE ATF3, UP 6.8-FOLD, AND TWO OF ITS REGENERATION-ASSOCIATED GENE EFFECTOR GENES, SPRR1A AND GAL, UP 174- AND 25-FOLD, RESPECTIVELY. ALTHOUGH TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF 25 OF 32 GENES SIGNIFICANTLY OVEREXPRESSED THREE DAYS POST-TRIGEMINAL INFLAMMATORY COMPRESSION RETURN TO CONSTITUTIVE LEVELS BY DAY 21, THESE THREE REGENERATION-ASSOCIATED GENES REMAIN SIGNIFICANTLY OVEREXPRESSED AT THE LATER TIME POINT. ON DAY 21, WHEN TISSUES ARE HEALED, OTHER DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES INCLUDE 39 OF THE TOP 50 UPREGULATED AND DOWNREGULATED GENES. REMARKABLY, PREEMPTIVE MANIPULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION WITH TWO HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACI'S), SUBERANILOHYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) AND MS-275, REDUCES THE MAGNITUDE AND DURATION OF WHISKER PAD MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND PREVENTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSISTENT PAIN STATE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT TRIGEMINAL NERVE INJURY LEADS TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS FAVORING OVEREXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN NERVE REGENERATION AND THAT MAINTAINING TRANSCRIPTIONAL HOMEOSTASIS WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFYING DRUGS COULD HELP PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN.	2018	
                                                                   
12  226  33 ACUTE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AT T12 AFTER RAT T10 SPINAL CORD CONTUSIVE INJURY. SPINAL CORD INJURY IS A SEVERELY DEBILITATING CONDITION AFFECTING A SIGNIFICANT POPULATION IN THE USA. SPINAL CORD INJURY PATIENTS OFTEN HAVE INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING PERSISTENT NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS BEYOND THE PRIMARY LESION CENTER LATER IN THEIR LIFE. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM CONFERRING TO THE "LATENT" DAMAGES AT DISTAL TISSUES, HOWEVER, REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE, WE STUDIED MOLECULAR CHANGES CONFERRING ABNORMAL FUNCTIONALITY AT DISTAL SPINAL CORD (T12) BEYOND THE LESION CENTER (T10) BY COMBINING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (RNA- AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING), SUPER-RESOLUTION MICROSCOPY, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING AT 7 DAYS POST INJURY. WE OBSERVED SIGNIFICANT TRANSCRIPTOMIC CHANGES PRIMARILY ENRICHED IN NEUROINFLAMMATION AND SYNAPTOGENESIS ASSOCIATED PATHWAYS. TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TFS) THAT REGULATE NEUROGENESIS AND NEURON PLASTICITY, INCLUDING EGR1, KLF4, AND MYC, ARE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED. ALONG WITH GLOBAL CHANGES IN CHROMATIN ARRANGEMENTS AND DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING 5-METHYLCYTOSINE (5MC) AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE (5HMC), BISULFITE SEQUENCING FURTHER REVEALS THE INVOLVEMENT OF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN REGULATING CYTOKINE, GROWTH FACTOR, AND ION CHANNEL EXPRESSION. COLLECTIVELY, OUR RESULTS PAVE THE WAY TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC MECHANISM IN CONFERRING LONG-TERM DISEASE RISKS AT DISTAL TISSUES AWAY FROM THE PRIMARY LESION CENTER AND SHED LIGHT ON POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT GOVERN THE REGULATORY MECHANISM AT DISTAL SPINAL CORD TISSUES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13 2785  44 EZH2 REGULATES SPINAL NEUROINFLAMMATION IN RATS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN. ALTERATION IN GENE EXPRESSION ALONG THE PAIN SIGNALING PATHWAY IS A KEY MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO THE GENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. ACCUMULATING STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN NOCICEPTIVE PROCESS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN. IN THIS PRESENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG-2 (EZH2), A SUBUNIT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2, IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN THE GENESIS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS INDUCED BY PARTIAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION. EZH2 IS A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE, WHICH CATALYZES THE METHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 ON K27 (H3K27), RESULTING IN GENE SILENCING. WE FOUND THAT LEVELS OF EZH2 AND TRI-METHYLATED H3K27 (H3K27TM) IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN WERE INCREASED IN RATS WITH NEUROPATHIC PAIN ON DAY 3 AND DAY 10 POST NERVE INJURIES. EZH2 WAS PREDOMINANTLY EXPRESSED IN NEURONS IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS. THE NUMBER OF NEURONS WITH EZH2 EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED AFTER NERVE INJURY. MORE STRIKINGLY, NERVE INJURY DRASTICALLY INCREASED THE NUMBER OF MICROGLIA WITH EZH2 EXPRESSION BY MORE THAN SEVENFOLD. INTRATHECAL INJECTION OF THE EZH2 INHIBITOR ATTENUATED THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN RATS WITH NERVE INJURY. SUCH ANALGESIC EFFECTS WERE CONCURRENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE REDUCED LEVELS OF EZH2, H3K27TM, IBA1, GFAP, TNF-ALPHA, IL-1BETA, AND MCP-1 IN THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN IN RATS WITH NERVE INJURY. OUR RESULTS HIGHLY SUGGEST THAT TARGETING THE EZH2 SIGNALING PATHWAY COULD BE AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 2297  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15 5007  34 PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC, REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MANY CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS INCLUDING LOW BACK PAIN AND FIBROMYALGIA. THE MAGNITUDE OF THESE CHANGES CORRELATES WITH THE DURATION AND/OR THE INTENSITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES REPORT CHANGES IN COMMON AREAS INVOLVED IN PAIN MODULATION, INCLUDING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), AND PAIN-RELATED PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PFC CAN BE REVERSED WITH EFFECTIVE TREATMENT. WHILE THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE CHANGES ARE UNKNOWN, THEY MUST BE DYNAMICALLY REGULATED. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT IS REVERSIBLE AND DYNAMIC. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PATHOLOGICAL GENE EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. DNA METHYLATION MIGHT ALSO BE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN THE BRAIN. WE THEREFORE TESTED A) WHETHER ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION ARE FOUND IN THE BRAIN LONG AFTER CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS INDUCED IN THE PERIPHERY USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY MODAL AND B) WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY INTERVENTIONS THAT REVERSE THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. SIX MONTHS FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, ABNORMAL SENSORY THRESHOLDS AND INCREASED ANXIETY WERE ACCOMPANIED BY DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION IN THE PFC AND THE AMYGDALA BUT NOT IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OR THE THALAMUS. ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ATTENUATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REVERSED THE CHANGES IN GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH MECHANICAL AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY IN NEUROPATHIC MICE. IN SUMMARY, INDUCTION OF CHRONIC PAIN BY PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. THESE CHANGES ARE DETECTED LONG AFTER THE ORIGINAL INJURY, AT A LONG DISTANCE FROM THE SITE OF INJURY AND ARE REVERSIBLE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATION. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS MAY THEREFORE BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 3754  36 INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF OMICS DATA REVEAL AP-1 AS A POTENTIAL REGULATION HUB IN THE INFLAMMATION-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA RAT MODEL. INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC PAIN IS A GLOBAL CLINICAL PROBLEM, AFFECTING MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC PAIN REMAIN UNCLEAR. A RAT MODEL OF CUTANEOUS INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) HAS BEEN WIDELY USED AS AN INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY MODEL. WE PRESENT THE TRANSCRIPTOMICS PROFILE OF CFA-INDUCED INFLAMMATION IN THE RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) VIA AN APPROACH THAT TARGETS GENE EXPRESSION, DNA METHYLATION, AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. WE IDENTIFIED 418 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MRNAS, 120 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), AND 2,670 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS), WHICH WERE ALL HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE INFLAMMATION-RELATED PATHWAYS, INCLUDING NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND INTERFERON (IFN) SIGNALING PATHWAYS. AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS FURTHER DEMONSTRATED THAT THE ACTIVATOR PROTEIN 1 (AP-1) NETWORK, WHICH MAY ACT AS A REGULATOR OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, IS REGULATED AT BOTH THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS. WE BELIEVE OUR DATA WILL NOT ONLY PROVIDE DRUG SCREENING TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN AND INFLAMMATION BUT WILL ALSO SHED LIGHT ON THE MOLECULAR NETWORK ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17 2061  26 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN BY THE DE NOVO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT3A2. CHRONIC PAIN IS A PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATION OF NEURONAL PLASTICITY SUPPORTED BY ALTERED GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN SPINAL CORD NEURONS THAT RESULTS IN LONG-LASTING HYPERSENSITIVITY. RECENTLY, THE CONCEPT THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS MIGHT BE IMPORTANT IN PATHOLOGICAL PAIN HAS EMERGED, BUT A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PLAYERS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS IS STILL LACKING. IN THIS STUDY, WE LINKED DNMT3A2, A SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY-REGULATED DE NOVO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. WE OBSERVED THAT DNMT3A2 LEVELS ARE INCREASED IN THE SPINAL CORD OF ADULT MICE FOLLOWING PLANTAR INJECTION OF COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT, AN IN VIVO MODEL OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. IN VIVO KNOCKDOWN OF DNMT3A2 EXPRESSION IN DORSAL HORN NEURONS BLUNTED THE INDUCTION OF GENES TRIGGERED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT INJECTION. AMONG THE GENES WHOSE TRANSCRIPTION WAS FOUND TO BE INFLUENCED BY DNMT3A2 EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD IS PTGS2, ENCODING FOR COX-2, A PRIME MEDIATOR OF PAIN PROCESSING. LOWERING THE LEVELS OF DNMT3A2 PREVENTED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LONG-LASTING INFLAMMATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY. THESE RESULTS IDENTIFY DNMT3A2 AS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATOR NEEDED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CENTRAL SENSITIZATION. TARGETING EXPRESSION OR FUNCTION OF DNMT3A2 MAY BE SUITABLE FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18  710  32 C-TERMINAL DOMAIN SMALL PHOSPHATASE 1 (CTDSP1) REGULATES GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION AND AXONAL REGENERATION IN PERIPHERAL NERVE TISSUE. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY (PNI) REPRESENTS A MAJOR CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC BURDEN. DESPITE THE ABILITY OF PERIPHERAL NEURONS TO REGENERATE THEIR AXONS AFTER AN INJURY, PATIENTS ARE OFTEN LEFT WITH MOTOR AND/OR SENSORY DISABILITY AND MAY DEVELOP CHRONIC PAIN. SUCCESSFUL REGENERATION AND TARGET ORGAN REINNERVATION REQUIRE COMPREHENSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN BOTH INJURED NEURONS AND SUPPORT CELLS LOCATED AT THE SITE OF INJURY. THE EXPRESSION OF MOST OF THE GENES REQUIRED FOR AXON GROWTH AND GUIDANCE AND FOR SYNAPSIS FORMATION IS REPRESSED BY A SINGLE MASTER TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR, THE REPRESSOR ELEMENT 1 SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST). SUSTAINED INCREASE OF REST LEVELS AFTER INJURY INHIBITS AXON REGENERATION AND LEADS TO CHRONIC PAIN. AS TARGETING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS CHALLENGING, WE TESTED WHETHER MODULATION OF REST ACTIVITY COULD BE ACHIEVED THROUGH KNOCKDOWN OF CARBOXY-TERMINAL DOMAIN SMALL PHOSPHATASE 1 (CTDSP1), THE ENZYME THAT STABILIZES REST BY PREVENTING ITS TARGETING TO THE PROTEASOME. TO TEST WHETHER KNOCKDOWN OF CTDSP1 PROMOTES NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION IN BOTH SUPPORT CELLS LOCATED AT THE SITE OF INJURY AND IN PERIPHERAL NEURONS, WE TRANSFECTED MESENCHYMAL PROGENITOR CELLS (MPCS), A TYPE OF SUPPORT CELLS THAT ARE PRESENT AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS AT THE SITE OF INJURY, AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS WITH REST OR CTDSP1 SPECIFIC SIRNA. WE QUANTIFIED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION BY RT-QPCR AND WESTERN BLOT, AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) RELEASE IN THE CELL CULTURE MEDIUM BY ELISA, AND WE MEASURED NEURITE OUTGROWTH OF DRG NEURONS IN CULTURE. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CTDSP1 KNOCKDOWN PROMOTES NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION IN BOTH DRG NEURONS AND THE SUPPORT CELLS MPCS, AND PROMOTES DRG NEURON REGENERATION. THERAPEUTICS TARGETING CTDSP1 ACTIVITY MAY, THEREFORE, REPRESENT A NOVEL EPIGENETIC STRATEGY TO PROMOTE PERIPHERAL NERVE REGENERATION AFTER PNI BY PROMOTING THE REGENERATIVE PROGRAM REPRESSED BY INJURY-INDUCED INCREASED LEVELS OF REST IN BOTH NEURONS AND SUPPORT CELLS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19 1631  37 DNMT3A METHYLATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BACKGROUND: MU OPIOID RECEPTOR (MOR) PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN MEDIATING ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS AND IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOLOGIES OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE REPORTED THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY DOWNREGULATES MOR EXPRESSION, BUT THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REMAIN UNKNOWN. OBJECTIVE: THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE3A (DNMT3A) EXPRESSION OR METHYLATION CHANGES WITHIN MOR PROMOTER IN THE SPINAL CORD IN A NEUROPATHIC PAIN INDUCED BY A CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY (CCI) MOUSE MODEL AND FURTHER DETERMINED WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS. METHODS: A CCI MOUSE MODEL WAS ESTABLISHED AND TISSUE SPECIMENS OF LUMBAR SPINAL CORDS WERE COLLECTED. THE NOCICEPTION THRESHOLD WAS EVALUATED BY A MODEL HEATED 400 BASE. DNMT3A AND MOR MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL WERE DETECTED BY REAL-TIME-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. METHYLATION OF DNMT3A GENE WAS MEASURED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. RESULTS: OUR DATA SHOWED THAT CHRONIC NERVE INJURY LED TO A SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED METHYLATION OF MOR GENE PROMOTER AND DECREASED MOR PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE SPINAL CORD. INHIBITION OF DNMT3A CATALYTIC ACTIVITY WITH DNMT INHIBITOR RG108 SIGNIFICANTLY BLOCKED THE INCREASE IN METHYLATION OF THE MOR PROMOTER, AND THEN UPREGULATED MOR EXPRESSION AND ATTENUATED THERMAL HYPERALGESIA IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MICE. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT AN INCREASE OF DNMT3A EXPRESSION AND MOR METHYLATION EPIGENETICALLY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN. TARGETING DNMT3A TO THE PROMOTER OF MOR GENE BY DNMT INHIBITOR MAY BE A PROMISING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NEUROPATHIC PAIN THERAPY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20 6246  33 THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE REVERSES THE DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MOUSE FRONTAL CORTEX. CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT BUT REVERSIBLE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC). THIS STABLE YET MALLEABLE PLASTICITY IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, AS A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR OF CHRONIC PAIN-INDUCED CORTICAL PATHOLOGY. WE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE (SAM) ATTENUATES LONG-TERM PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND ALTERS GLOBAL FRONTAL CORTICAL DNA METHYLATION. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC GENES AND PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RESOLUTION OF CHRONIC PAIN BY SAM REMAIN UNEXPLORED. OBJECTIVE: TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURE TO SAM ON THE DNA METHYLATION OF INDIVIDUAL GENES AND PATHWAYS IN A MOUSE NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. METHODS: MALE CD-1 MICE RECEIVED SPARED NERVE INJURY OR SHAM SURGERY. THREE MONTHS AFTER INJURY, ANIMALS RECEIVED SAM (20 MG/KG, ORAL, 3X A WEEK) OR VEHICLE FOR 16 WEEKS FOLLOWED BY EPIGENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF FRONTAL CORTEX. RESULTS: PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 4000 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENOMIC REGIONS THAT WERE ENRICHED IN INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING, CELL MOTILITY AND MIGRATION, CYTOSKELETAL STRUCTURE, AND CELL ADHESION PATHWAYS. A THIRD OF THESE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS WERE REVERSED BY SAM TREATMENT (1415 REGIONS REPRESENTING 1013 GENES). MORE THAN 100 GENES WITH KNOWN PAIN-RELATED FUNCTION WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED AFTER NERVE INJURY; 29 OF THESE WERE REVERSED BY SAM TREATMENT INCLUDING SCN10A, TRPA1, NTRK1, AND GFAP. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST A ROLE FOR THE EPIGENOME IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN AND ADVANCE EPIGENETIC MODULATORS SUCH AS SAM AS A NOVEL APPROACH TO TREAT CHRONIC PAIN.	2021