1 6435 190 THE XPB SUBUNIT OF THE TFIIH COMPLEX PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION AND XPB INHIBITION BY SPIRONOLACTONE PREVENTS HIV-1 REACTIVATION FROM LATENCY. HIV TRANSCRIPTION REQUIRES ASSEMBLY OF CELLULAR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AT THE HIV-1PROMOTER. THE TFIIH GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FACILITATES TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION BY OPENING THE DNA STRANDS AROUND THE TRANSCRIPTION START SITE AND PHOSPHORYLATING THE C-TERMINAL DOMAIN FOR RNA POLYMERASE II (RNAPII) FOR ACTIVATION. SPIRONOLACTONE (SP), AN FDA APPROVED ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST, TRIGGERS THE PROTEASOMAL DEGRADATION OF THE XPB SUBUNIT OF TFIIH, AND CONCURRENTLY SUPPRESSES ACUTE HIV INFECTION IN VITRO HERE WE INVESTIGATED SP AS A POSSIBLE BLOCK-AND-LOCK AGENT FOR A FUNCTIONAL CURE AIMED AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF THE VIRAL RESERVOIR. THE LONG-TERM ACTIVITY OF SP WAS INVESTIGATED IN PRIMARY AND CELL LINE MODELS OF HIV-1 LATENCY AND REACTIVATION. WE SHOW THAT SP RAPIDLY INHIBITS HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION BY REDUCING RNAPII RECRUITMENT TO THE HIV-1 GENOME. SHRNA KNOCKDOWN OF XPB CONFIRMED XPB DEGRADATION AS THE MECHANISM OF ACTION. UNFORTUNATELY, LONG-TERM PRE-TREATMENT WITH SP DOES NOT RESULT IN EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF HIV UPON SP TREATMENT INTERRUPTION, SINCE VIRUS RAPIDLY REBOUNDS WHEN XPB REEMERGES; HOWEVER, SP ALONE WITHOUT ART MAINTAINS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL SUPPRESSION. IMPORTANTLY, SP INHIBITS HIV REACTIVATION FROM LATENCY IN BOTH CELL LINE MODELS AND RESTING CD4(+)T CELLS ISOLATED FROM AVIREMIC INFECTED INDIVIDUALS UPON CELL STIMULATION WITH LATENCY REVERSING AGENTS. FURTHERMORE, LONG-TERM TREATMENT WITH CONCENTRATIONS OF SP THAT POTENTLY DEGRADE XPB DOES NOT LEAD TO GLOBAL DYSREGULATION OF CELLULAR MRNA EXPRESSION. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT XPB PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN HIV TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION AND XPB DEGRADATION BY SP STRENGTHENS THE POTENTIAL OF HIV TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS IN BLOCK-AND-LOCK HIV CURE APPROACHES.IMPORTANCE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) EFFECTIVELY REDUCES AN INDIVIDUAL'S HIV LOADS TO BELOW THE DETECTION LIMIT, NEVERTHELESS RAPID VIRAL REBOUND IMMEDIATELY ENSUES UPON TREATMENT INTERRUPTION. FURTHERMORE, VIRALLY SUPPRESSED INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCE CHRONIC IMMUNE ACTIVATION FROM ONGOING LOW-LEVEL VIRUS EXPRESSION. THUS, THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING NOVEL THERAPEUTICS TO EXPLORE IN BLOCK-AND-LOCK HIV FUNCTIONAL CURE APPROACHES, AIMED AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF THE VIRAL RESERVOIR TO BLOCK REACTIVATION FROM LATENCY. WE INVESTIGATED THE POTENTIAL OF REPURPOSING THE FDA-APPROVED SPIRONOLACTONE (SP), AS ONE SUCH DRUG. SP TREATMENT RAPIDLY DEGRADES A HOST TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SUBUNIT, XPB, INHIBITING HIV TRANSCRIPTION AND BLOCKING REACTIVATION FROM LATENCY. LONG-TERM SP TREATMENT DOES NOT AFFECT CELLULAR VIABILITY, CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION OR GLOBAL CELLULAR TRANSCRIPTION. SP ALONE BLOCKS HIV TRANSCRIPTION IN THE ABSENCE OF ART BUT DOES NOT DELAY REBOUND UPON DRUG REMOVAL AS XPB RAPIDLY REEMERGES. THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTS XPB AS A NOVEL DRUG TARGET IN BLOCK-AND-LOCK THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2021	

2 6209  47 THE INTERFERON-STIMULATED GENE TRIM22: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD IN HIV-1 INFECTION. INFECTION OF TARGET CELLS BY THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE-1 (HIV-1) IS HAMPERED BY CONSTITUTIVELY EXPRESSED HOST CELL PROTEINS PREVENTING OR CURTAILING VIRUS REPLICATION AND THEREFORE DEFINED AS "RESTRICTION FACTORS". AMONG THEM, MEMBERS OF THE TRIPARTITE MOTIF (TRIM) FAMILY HAVE EMERGED AS IMPORTANT PLAYERS ENDOWED WITH BOTH ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS AND MODULATORY CAPACITY OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE. TRIM5ALPHA AND TRIM19 (I.E. PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, PML) ARE AMONG THE BEST-CHARACTERIZED FAMILY MEMBERS; HOWEVER, IN THIS REVIEW WE WILL FOCUS ON THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ANOTHER FAMILY MEMBER, I.E. TRIM22, A FACTOR STRONGLY INDUCED BY INTERFERON STIMULATION, IN HIV INFECTION IN VIVO AND IN VITRO IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS BROADER ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS. WE WILL ALSO FOCUS ON THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF TRIM22 IN HIV-1-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS SPECULATING ON ITS DUAL ROLE IN CONTROLLING VIRUS REPLICATION AND MORE COMPLEX ROLE IN CHRONIC INFECTION. AT THE MOLECULAR LEVELS, WE WILL REVIEW THE EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF A RELEVANT ROLE OF TRIM22 AS EPIGENETIC INHIBITOR OF HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION ACTING BY PREVENTING THE BINDING OF THE HOST CELL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SP1 TO THE VIRAL PROMOTER. THESE EVIDENCES SUGGEST THAT TRIM22 SHOULD BE CONSIDERED A POTENTIAL NEW PLAYER IN EITHER THE ESTABLISHMENT OR MAINTENANCE OF HIV-1 RESERVOIRS OF LATENTLY INFECTED CELLS UNAFFECTED BY COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3 6077  34 THE EFFECT OF CD4 RECEPTOR DOWNREGULATION AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING MOLECULES ON HIV-1 LATENCY. HIV-1 CAN ESTABLISH A LATENT INFECTION IN MEMORY CD4+T CELLS TO EVADE THE HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE. CD4 MOLECULES CAN ACT NOT ONLY AS THE HIV-1 RECEPTOR FOR ENTRY BUT ALSO AS THE TRIGGER IN AN INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING CASCADE FOR T-CELL ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION VIA PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASES. NOVEL CHRONIC HIV-1-INFECTED A3.01-DERIVED (NCHA) CELLS WERE USED TO EXAMINE THE INVOLVEMENT OF CD4 DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING IN HIV-1 LATENCY. CD4 RECEPTORS IN NCHA CELLS WERE DRAMATICALLY DOWNREGULATED ON ITS SURFACE BUT WERE SLIGHTLY DECREASED IN WHOLE-CELL LYSATES. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF CD4 DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING MOLECULES, INCLUDING P56(LCK), ZAP-70, LAT, AND C-JUN, WERE SHARPLY DECREASED IN NCHA CELLS. THE LOWERED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF H3K4ME3 AND H3K9AC CORRELATED WITH THE DOWNREGULATION OF P56(LCK), ZAP-70, AND LAT IN NCHA CELLS. AP-1 BINDING ACTIVITY WAS ALSO REDUCED IN NCHA CELLS. LAT AND C-JUN SUPPRESSED IN NCHA CELLS WERE HIGHLY INDUCED AFTER PMA TREATMENT. IN EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS, OTHER SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MOLECULES WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE AND/OR LATENT HIV-1 INFECTION SHOWED NORMAL STATES IN HIV-1 LATENTLY INFECTED CELLS COMPARED TO A3.01 CELLS. IN CONCLUSION, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE HIV-1 LATENT STATE IS SUSTAINED BY THE REDUCTION OF DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING MOLECULES VIA THE DOWNREGULATION OF CD4 AND THE ATTENUATED ACTIVITY OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AS AP-1. THE HIV-1 LATENCY MODEL VIA T-CELL DEACTIVATION MAY PROVIDE SOME CLUES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW ANTIRESERVOIR THERAPY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 3390  44 HOPX PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY. PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV (PLWH) HAVE TO TAKE AN ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) FOR LIFE AND SHOW NONCOMMUNICABLE ILLNESSES SUCH AS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IMMUNE ACTIVATION, AND MULTIORGAN DYSREGULATION. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT LONG-TERM USE OF ART INDUCES COMORBID CONDITIONS AND IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE IN PLWH. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS (ARVS) INDUCED HEART FAILURE IS UNCLEAR. TO DETERMINE THE MECHANISM OF ARVS INDUCED CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION, WE PERFORMED GLOBAL TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILING OF ARVS TREATED NEONATAL RAT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOCYTES IN CULTURE. DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY RNA-SEQUENCING. OUR DATA SHOW THAT ARVS TREATMENT CAUSES UPREGULATION OF SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOTOXICITY, HYPERTROPHY, AND HEART FAILURE. GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION DATA WERE VALIDATED IN CARDIAC TISSUE ISOLATED FROM HIV PATIENTS HAVING A HISTORY OF ART. INTERESTINGLY, WE FOUND THAT HOMEODOMAIN-ONLY PROTEIN HOMEOBOX (HOPX) EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN CARDIOMYOCYTES TREATED WITH ARVS AND IN THE HEART TISSUE OF HIV PATIENTS. FURTHERMORE, WE FOUND THAT HOPX PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN ARVS MEDIATED CELLULAR HYPERTROPHY. MECHANISTICALLY, WE FOUND THAT HOPX PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION, THROUGH DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE, WHILE THE HDAC INHIBITOR, TRICHOSTATIN A, CAN RESTORE THE ACETYLATION LEVEL OF HISTONE 3 IN THE PRESENCE OF ARVS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5 6059  33 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSITIVE FLUORESCENT PROTEIN-BASED TRANSCRIPT REPORTER FOR HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING OF NEGATIVE MODULATORS OF LNCRNAS. WHILE THE HUMAN GENOME IS PERVASIVELY TRANSCRIBED, <2% OF THE HUMAN GENOME IS TRANSCRIBED INTO PROTEIN-CODING MRNAS, LEAVING MOST OF THE TRANSCRIPTS AS NONCODING RNAS, SUCH AS MICRORNAS AND LONG-NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS), WHICH ARE CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. LNCRNAS ARE EMERGING AS CRITICAL REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND GENOMIC STABILITY. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN ABOUT HOW LNCRNAS ARE REGULATED. HERE, WE DEVELOP A HIGHLY SENSITIVE AND DYNAMIC REPORTER THAT ALLOWS US TO IDENTIFY AND/OR MONITOR NEGATIVE MODULATORS OF LNCRNA TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN A HIGH THROUGHPUT FASHION. SPECIFICALLY, WE ENGINEER A FLUORESCENT FUSION PROTEIN BY FUSING THREE COPIES OF THE PEST DESTRUCTION DOMAIN OF MOUSE ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE (MODC) TO THE C-TERMINAL END OF THE CODON-OPTIMIZED BILIRUBIN-INDUCIBLE FLUORESCENT PROTEIN, DESIGNATED AS DBIFP, AND SHOW THAT THE DBIFP PROTEIN IS HIGHLY DESTABILIZED, COMPARED WITH THE COMMONLY-USED EGFP PROTEIN. WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATE THAT THE DBIFP SIGNAL IS EFFECTIVELY DOWN-REGULATED WHEN THE DBIFP AND MOUSE LNCRNA H19 CHIMERIC TRANSCRIPT IS SILENCED BY MOUSE H19-SPECIFIC SIRNAS. THEREFORE, OUR RESULTS STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT THE DBIFP FUSION PROTEIN MAY SERVE AS A SENSITIVE AND DYNAMIC TRANSCRIPT REPORTER TO MONITOR THE INHIBITION OF LNCRNAS BY MICRORNAS, SYNTHETIC REGULATORY RNA MOLECULES, RNA BINDING PROTEINS, AND/OR SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS SO THAT NOVEL AND EFFICACIOUS INHIBITORS TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC CIRCUIT CAN BE DISCOVERED TO TREAT HUMAN DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISORDERS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6 3948  39 LNCRNA-CD160 DECREASES THE IMMUNITY OF CD8(+) T CELLS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. THE TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE, THEREFORE INVESTIGATING THE KEY REGULATORS OF CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE CHRONIC HBV TREATMENT. BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION WERE USED TO CONFIRM THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HBV INFECTION STAGE AND CD160 RECEPTOR EXPRESSION LEVELS IN CD8(+) T CELLS, THE CD8(+) T CELLS ARE USED TO RESEARCH THE MECHANISM OF T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATION, MOREOVER, C3H/HEN MICE WITH REDUCED CD160 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LONG NON-CODING (LNC)RNA-CD160 AND HBV INFECTION. LONG NON-CODING (LNC)RNA-CD160 AND HISTONE-MODIFICATION ENZYME GENE HISTONE DEACETYLASE 11 (HDAC11) EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH CD160 EXPRESSION. LNCRNA-CD160 CAN INHIBIT THE SECRETION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA THROUGH HDAC11 RECRUITMENT AND BIND TO HDAC11 TO FORM A COMPLEX ON THE PROMOTERS OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA. THE HDAC11, IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA FORM A COMPLEX AND ENHANCE THE METHYLATION OF H3K9ME1, CHROMATIN CHANGES INTO THE HETEROCHROMATIN AND THE TRANSCRIPTION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA IS BLOCKED; MOREOVER, THE HDAC11/IFN-GAMMA/TNF-ALPHA COMPLEX CAN ALSO INHIBIT THE SECRETION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA IN CD160(-) CD8(+) T CELLS AND SUPPRESSES THE FUNCTION OF CD8(+) T CELLS. FURTHERMORE, SMALL INTERFERING RNA TARGETING LNCRNA-CD160 CAN BLOCK HBV INFECTION PROGRESSION. LNCRNA-CD160 ACTS AS AN IMMUNE SUPPRESSIVE FACTOR AND IS EXPRESSED AT A HIGH LEVEL IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CD8(+) T CELLS OF HBV INFECTED PATIENTS. FURTHERMORE, HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF LNCRNA-CD160 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE INHIBITION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA SECRETION IN CD8(+) T CELLS AND DECREASE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF CD8(+) T CELLS. THEREFORE, LNCRNA-CD160 MAY BECOME A NEW TARGET FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CHRONIC HBV INFECTION IN THE FUTURE AND MAY PROVIDE A NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF HBV INFECTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7 3728  36 INHIBITION OF REPLICATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS USING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT TARGET THE VIRAL DNA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A SERIOUS GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS OCCURS AS A RESULT OF STABILITY OF THE REPLICATION INTERMEDIATE COMPRISING COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA). DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF DISABLING THIS CCCDNA IS VITAL. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE AN EPIGENETIC APPROACH TO INACTIVATING VIRAL DNA, WE ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT COMPRISE AN HBV DNA-BINDING DOMAIN OF TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR LIKE EFFECTORS (TALES) AND A FUSED KRUPPEL ASSOCIATED BOX (KRAB). THESE REPRESSOR TALES (RTALES) TARGETED THE VIRAL SURFACE OPEN READING FRAME AND WERE PLACED UNDER TRANSCRIPTION CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE OR LIVER-SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. RESULTS: EVALUATION IN CULTURED CELLS AND FOLLOWING HYDRODYNAMIC INJECTION OF MICE REVEALED THAT THE RTALES SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED PRODUCTION OF MARKERS OF HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF HEPATOTOXICITY. INCREASED METHYLATION OF HBV DNA AT CPG ISLAND II SHOWED THAT THE RTALES CAUSED INTENDED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HBV DNA IS A NEW AND EFFECTIVE MEANS OF INACTIVATING THE VIRUS IN VIVO. THE APPROACH HAS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND AVOIDS POTENTIALLY PROBLEMATIC UNINTENDED MUTAGENESIS OF GENE EDITING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8 1806  48 EFFECT OF TRANSCRIPTION INHIBITION AND GENERATION OF SUPPRESSIVE VIRAL NON-CODING RNAS. BACKGROUND: HIV-1 PATIENTS RECEIVING COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (CART) SURVIVE INFECTION BUT REQUIRE LIFE-LONG ADHERENCE AT HIGH EXPENSE. IN CHRONIC CART-TREATED PATIENTS WITH UNDETECTABLE VIRAL TITERS, CELL-ASSOCIATED VIRAL RNA IS STILL DETECTABLE, POINTING TO LOW-LEVEL VIRAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEAKINESS. TO DATE, THERE ARE NO FDA-APPROVED DRUGS AGAINST HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT F07#13, A THIRD GENERATION TAT PEPTIDE MIMETIC WITH COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY AGAINST CDK9/T1-TAT BINDING SITES, INHIBITS HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. RESULTS: HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF F07#13 (0.01, 0.1, 1 MICROM) CAUSE A DECREASE IN TAT LEVELS IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER BY INHIBITING THE CDK9/T1-TAT COMPLEX FORMATION AND SUBSEQUENT UBIQUITIN-MEDIATED TAT SEQUESTRATION AND DEGRADATION. OUR DATA INDICATE THAT COMPLEXES I AND IV CONTAIN DISTINCT PATTERNS OF UBIQUITINATED TAT AND THAT TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITION INDUCED BY F07#13 CAUSES AN OVERALL REDUCTION IN TAT LEVELS. THIS REDUCTION MAY BE TRIGGERED BY F07#13 BUT ULTIMATELY IS MEDIATED BY TAR-GAG VIRAL RNAS THAT BIND SUPPRESSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (SIMILAR TO 7SK, NRON, HOTAIR, AND XIST LNCRNAS) TO ENHANCE TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING AND LATENCY. THESE RNAS COMPLEX WITH PRC2, SIN3A, AND CUL4B, RESULTING IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. FINALLY, WE OBSERVED AN F07#13-MEDIATED DECREASE OF VIRAL BURDEN BY TARGETING THE R REGION OF THE LONG TERMINAL REPEAT (HIV-1 PROMOTER REGION, LTR), PROMOTING BOTH PAUSED POLYMERASES AND INCREASED EFFICIENCY OF CRISPR/CAS9 EDITING IN INFECTED CELLS. THIS IMPLIES THAT GENE EDITING MAY BE BEST PERFORMED UNDER A REPRESSED TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATE. CONCLUSIONS: COLLECTIVELY, OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT F07#13, WHICH CAN TERMINATE RNA POLYMERASE II AT DISTINCT SITES, CAN GENERATE SCAFFOLD RNAS, WHICH MAY ASSEMBLE INTO SPECIFIC SETS OF "RNA MACHINES" THAT CONTRIBUTE TO GENE REGULATION. IT REMAINS TO BE SEEN WHETHER THESE EFFECTS CAN ALSO BE SEEN IN VARIOUS CLADES THAT HAVE VARYING PROMOTER STRENGTH, MUTANT LTRS, AND IN PATIENT SAMPLES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9  222  34 ACUTE LIVER STEATOSIS TRANSLATIONALLY CONTROLS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR MIER1 TO PROMOTE LIVER REGENERATION IN A STUDY WITH MALE MICE. THE EARLY PHASE LIPID ACCUMULATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIVER REGENERATION. HOWEVER, WHETHER THIS ACUTE LIPID ACCUMULATION CAN SERVE AS SIGNALS TO DIRECT LIVER REGENERATION RATHER THAN SIMPLY PROVIDING BUILDING BLOCKS FOR CELL PROLIFERATION REMAINS UNCLEAR. THROUGH IN VIVO CRISPR SCREENING, WE IDENTIFY MIER1 (MESODERM INDUCTION EARLY RESPONSE 1) AS A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT BRIDGES THE ACUTE LIPID ACCUMULATION AND CELL CYCLE GENE EXPRESSION DURING LIVER REGENERATION IN MALE ANIMALS. PHYSIOLOGICALLY, LIVER ACUTE LIPID ACCUMULATION INDUCES THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF EIF2S1(EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 2), WHICH CONSEQUENTLY ATTENUATED MIER1 TRANSLATION. MIER1 DOWNREGULATION IN TURN PROMOTES CELL CYCLE GENE EXPRESSION AND REGENERATION THROUGH CHROMATIN REMODELING. IMPORTANTLY, THE LIPIDS-EIF2S1-MIER1 PATHWAY IS IMPAIRED IN ANIMALS WITH CHRONIC LIVER STEATOSIS; WHEREAS MIER1 DEPLETION SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVES REGENERATION IN THESE ANIMALS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR STUDIES IDENTIFY AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM BY WHICH THE EARLY PHASE LIPID REDISTRIBUTION FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE TO LIVER DURING REGENERATION IMPACTS HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION, AND SUGGEST A POTENTIAL STRATEGY TO BOOST LIVER REGENERATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10 1966  33 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF PRKCDBP IN COLORECTAL CANCERS AND ITS IMPLICATION IN TUMOR CELL RESISTANCE TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. PURPOSE: PRKCDBP IS A PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN WHICH ALTERATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN SEVERAL HUMAN CANCERS. WE INVESTIGATED EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF PRKCDBP IN COLORECTAL CELLS AND TISSUES TO EXPLORE ITS CANDIDACY AS A SUPPRESSOR IN COLORECTAL TUMORIGENESIS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF PRKCDBP AND ITS EFFECT ON TUMOR GROWTH WERE EVALUATED. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING WAS DEFINED BY LUCIFERASE REPORTER AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: PRKCDBP EXPRESSION WAS HARDLY DETECTABLE IN 29 OF 80 (36%) PRIMARY TUMORS AND 11 OF 19 (58%) CELL LINES, AND ITS ALTERATION CORRELATED WITH TUMOR STAGE AND GRADE. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION WAS COMMONLY FOUND IN CANCERS. PRKCDBP EXPRESSION INDUCED THE G(1) CELL-CYCLE ARREST AND INCREASED CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO VARIOUS APOPTOTIC STRESSES. PRKCDBP WAS INDUCED BY TNFALPHA, AND ITS LEVEL CORRELATED WITH TUMOR CELL SENSITIVITY TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. PRKCDBP INDUCTION BY TNFALPHA WAS DISRUPTED BY BLOCKING NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING WHILE IT WAS ENHANCED BY RELA TRANSFECTION. THE PRKCDBP PROMOTER ACTIVITY WAS INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA, AND THIS RESPONSE WAS ABOLISHED BY DISRUPTION OF A KAPPAB SITE IN THE PROMOTER. PRKCDBP DELAYED THE FORMATION AND GROWTH OF XENOGRAFT TUMORS AND IMPROVED TUMOR RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSIONS: PRKCDBP IS A PROAPOPTOTIC TUMOR SUPPRESSOR WHICH IS COMMONLY ALTERED IN COLORECTAL CANCER BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION, AND ITS GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS DIRECTLY ACTIVATED BY NF-KAPPAB IN RESPONSE TO TNFALPHA. THIS SUGGESTS THAT PRKCDBP INACTIVATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY REDUCING CELLULAR SENSITIVITY TO TNFALPHA AND OTHER STRESSES, PARTICULARLY UNDER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11 5918  33 TARGETING BMI-1 IN B CELLS RESTORES EFFECTIVE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES AND CONTROLS CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. INEFFECTIVE ANTIBODY-MEDIATED RESPONSES ARE A KEY CHARACTERISTIC OF CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION. HOWEVER, OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTRINSIC MECHANISMS THAT DRIVE THIS DYSREGULATION ARE UNCLEAR. HERE, WE IDENTIFY THAT TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIER BMI-1 IN MICE IMPROVES HUMORAL RESPONSES TO CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS. BMI-1 WAS UPREGULATED BY GERMINAL CENTER B CELLS IN CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTION, CORRELATING WITH CHANGES TO THE ACCESSIBLE CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE, COMPARED TO ACUTE INFECTION. B CELL-INTRINSIC DELETION OF BMI1 ACCELERATED VIRAL CLEARANCE, REDUCED SPLENOMEGALY AND RESTORED SPLENIC ARCHITECTURE. DELETION OF BMI1 RESTORED C-MYC EXPRESSION IN B CELLS, CONCOMITANT WITH IMPROVED QUALITY OF ANTIBODY AND COUPLED WITH REDUCED ANTIBODY-SECRETING CELL NUMBERS. SPECIFICALLY, BMI-1-DEFICIENCY INDUCED ANTIBODY WITH INCREASED NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY AND ENHANCED ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT EFFECTOR FUNCTION. USING A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR TO MURINE BMI-1, WE COULD DEPLETE ANTIBODY-SECRETING CELLS AND PROHIBIT DETRIMENTAL IMMUNE COMPLEX FORMATION IN VIVO. THIS STUDY DEFINES BMI-1 AS A CRUCIAL IMMUNE MODIFIER THAT CONTROLS ANTIBODY-MEDIATED RESPONSES IN CHRONIC INFECTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12 6448  50 THERAPEUTIC SHUTDOWN OF HBV TRANSCRIPTS PROMOTES REAPPEARANCE OF THE SMC5/6 COMPLEX AND SILENCING OF THE VIRAL GENOME IN VIVO. OBJECTIVE: THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES SILENCING AND REDUCING THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) RESERVOIR, THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO CURE CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF SMALL INTERFERRING RNA (SIRNA) TARGETING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS OR PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALPHA (PEG-IFNALPHA) ON THE VIRAL REGULATORY HBX PROTEIN AND THE STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOME 5/6 COMPLEX (SMC5/6), A HOST FACTOR SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION. IN PARTICULAR, WE ASSESSED WHETHER INTERVENTIONS LOWERING HBV TRANSCRIPTS CAN ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN SILENCING OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION IN VIVO. DESIGN: HBV-INFECTED HUMAN LIVER CHIMERIC MICE WERE TREATED WITH SIRNA OR PEG-IFNALPHA. VIROLOGICAL AND HOST CHANGES WERE ANALYSED AT THE END OF TREATMENT AND DURING THE REBOUND PHASE BY QUALITATIVE PCR, ELISA, IMMUNOBLOTTING AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. RNA IN SITU HYBRIDISATION WAS COMBINED WITH IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO DETECT SMC6 AND HBV RNAS AT SINGLE CELL LEVEL. THE ENTRY INHIBITOR MYRCLUDEX-B WAS USED DURING THE REBOUND PHASE TO AVOID NEW INFECTION EVENTS. RESULTS: BOTH SIRNA AND PEG-IFNALPHA STRONGLY REDUCED ALL HBV MARKERS, INCLUDING HBX LEVELS, THUS ENABLING THE REAPPEARANCE OF SMC5/6 IN HEPATOCYTES THAT ACHIEVED HBV-RNA NEGATIVISATION AND SMC5/6 ASSOCIATION WITH THE CCCDNA. ONLY IFN REDUCED CCCDNA LOADS AND ENHANCED IFN-STIMULATED GENES. HOWEVER, THE ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS DID NOT PERSIST OFF TREATMENT AND SMC5/6 WAS AGAIN DEGRADED. REMARKABLY, THE BLOCKADE OF VIRAL ENTRY THAT STARTED AT THE END OF TREATMENT HINDERED RENEWED DEGRADATION OF SMC5/6. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT THERAPEUTICS ABROGATING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS INCLUDING HBX PROMOTE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF THE HBV MINICHROMOSOME, WHEREAS STRATEGIES PROTECTING THE HUMAN HEPATOCYTES FROM REINFECTION ARE NEEDED TO MAINTAIN CCCDNA SILENCING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13 1902  33 ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE LAP2 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS IN NORMAL AND MALIGNANT ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES. EXTENSIVE RESEARCH IN RECENT YEARS HAS BROADENED THE FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPE PROTEINS BEYOND SIMPLY STABILIZING THE NUCLEUS ARCHITECTURE. PARTICULARLY, INTEGRAL NUCLEAR MEMBRANE PROTEINS, SUCH AS THE ALTERNATIVE SPLICED ISOFORMS OF LAMINA-ASSOCIATED POLYPEPTIDE 2 (LAP2), HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE IMPORTANT FOR THE INITIATION OF REPLICATION AND REPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION. THE LATTER IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES, INDUCED BY THE BINDING OF LAP2BETA TO HISTONE DEACETYLASE-3 (HDAC3), RESULTING IN HISTONE H4 DEACETYLATION. INVOLVEMENT OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPE PROTEINS IN PATHOLOGICAL PROLIFERATIVE CONDITIONS, MAINLY THOSE INVOLVING ABNORMAL RECRUITMENT AND ACTIVATION OF HDACS, IS STILL UNKNOWN. IN THIS PAPER, WE SHOW THAT VARIOUS NUCLEAR ENVELOPE PROTEINS ARE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN NORMAL AND MALIGNANT ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES. SPECIFICALLY, RAPIDLY REPLICATING CELLS OF VARIOUS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES HIGHLY EXPRESS LAP2BETA, WHILE SLOWLY PROLIFERATING MALIGNANT CELLS OF CHRONIC MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES DO NOT. TAKING TOGETHER THE ELEVATED EXPRESSION OF LAP2BETA IN HIGHLY PROLIFERATIVE MALIGNANT CELLS WITH ITS KNOWN ABILITY TO MODIFY HISTONES THROUGH BINDING WITH HDAC3 RAISES THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS ROLE IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES INVOLVING ABERRANT ACTIVITY OF HDAC3. BASED ON OUR PRESENTED RESULTS, WE BELIEVE THAT THE LAP2-HDAC REGULATORY PATHWAY SHOULD BE STUDIED AS A NEW TARGET FOR RATIONAL THERAPY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14 6294  37 THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TNFALPHA INDUCES DNA DEMETHYLATION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF INTERLEUKIN-32 EXPRESSION. IL-32 IS A CYTOKINE INVOLVED IN PROINFLAMMATORY IMMUNE RESPONSES TO BACTERIAL AND VIRAL INFECTIONS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN THE REGULATION OF IL-32 GENE EXPRESSION IS UNDERSTUDIED. HERE WE SHOW THAT IL-32 IS REPRESSED BY DNA METHYLATION IN HEK293 CELLS. USING CHIP SEQUENCING, LOCUS-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ANALYSIS, CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED GENOME EDITING, AND RT-QPCR (QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR) AND IMMUNOBLOT ASSAYS, WE FOUND THAT SHORT-TERM TREATMENT (A FEW HOURS) WITH THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) ACTIVATES IL-32 IN A DNA DEMETHYLATION-INDEPENDENT MANNER. IN CONTRAST, PROLONGED TNFALPHA TREATMENT (SEVERAL DAYS) INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND A CPG ISLAND IN THE IL-32 GENE IN A TET (TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION) FAMILY ENZYME- AND NF-KAPPAB-DEPENDENT MANNER. NOTABLY, THE HYPOMETHYLATION STATUS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN IL-32 WAS MAINTAINED FOR A LONG TIME (SEVERAL WEEKS), CAUSING ELEVATED IL-32 EXPRESSION EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF TNFALPHA. CONSIDERING THAT IL-32 CAN, IN TURN, INDUCE TNFALPHA EXPRESSION, WE SPECULATE THAT SUCH FEEDFORWARD EVENTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE TRANSITION FROM AN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  984  35 CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS PROMOTING CHROMATIN REMODELING, BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION. CHRONIC STRESS IS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED ABDOMINAL PAIN (VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY), BUT THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HOW CHRONIC STRESS INDUCES VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM A RAT MODEL USING RNA-SEQUENCING TO EXAMINE STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES TO THE TRANSCRIPTOME. FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS, THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED GENES INCLUDED ATG16L1, COQ10B, DCAF13, NAT2, PTBP2, RRAS2, SPINK4 AND DOWN-REGULATED GENES INCLUDING ABAT, CITED2, CNNM2, DAB2IP, PLEKHM1, SCD2, AND TAB2. THE PRIMARY ALTERED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES REVEALED BY NETWORK ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS WERE INFLAMMATION/IMMUNE RESPONSE, TISSUE MORPHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT, AND NUCLEOSOME/CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY. THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED PROCESS WAS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT/FUNCTION, WHEREAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED PROCESSES WERE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, ORGANISMAL INJURY, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING MEDIATED BY H3K9 METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, A SUBPOPULATION OF STRESSED RATS DEMONSTRATED VERY SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPT ISOFORMS, ENRICHED FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, INCLUDING UPREGULATION OF CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION COUPLED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF EPITHELIAL ADHERENS AND TIGHT JUNCTION MRNAS. IN SUMMARY, THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THAT CHRONIC STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES, THEIR DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAYS COUPLED TO DYSREGULATION OF INTESTINAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELING LIKELY PLAYS A PROMINENT ROLE IN THIS PROCESS. RESULTS ALSO SUGGEST THAT SUPER ENHANCERS PLAY A PRIMARY ROLE IN CHRONIC STRESS-ASSOCIATED INTESTINAL BARRIER DYSFUNCTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16   64  54 A HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING ASSAY FOR SILENCING ESTABLISHED HIV-1 MACROPHAGE INFECTION IDENTIFIES NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS THAT PERTURB H3K9ME3 ON PROVIRAL GENOMES. HIV-INFECTED MACROPHAGES ARE LONG-LIVED CELLS THAT REPRESENT A BARRIER TO FUNCTIONAL CURE. ADDITIONALLY, LOW-LEVEL VIRAL EXPRESSION BY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) MACROPHAGES CONTRIBUTES TO NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS THAT DEVELOP DESPITE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). WE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED H3K9ME3 AS AN ATYPICAL EPIGENETIC MARK ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HIV INFECTION IN MACROPHAGES. THUS, STRATEGIES ARE NEEDED TO SUPPRESS HIV-1 EXPRESSION IN MACROPHAGES, BUT THE UNIQUE MYELOID ENVIRONMENT AND THE RESPONSIBLE MACROPHAGE/CNS-TROPIC STRAINS REQUIRE CELL/STRAIN-SPECIFIC APPROACHES. HERE, WE GENERATED AN HIV-1 REPORTER VIRUS FROM A CNS-DERIVED STRAIN WITH INTACT AUXILIARY GENES EXPRESSING DESTABILIZED LUCIFERASE. WE EMPLOYED THIS REPORTER VIRUS IN POLYCLONAL INFECTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES (MDM) FOR A HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREEN (HTS) TO IDENTIFY COMPOUNDS THAT SUPPRESS VIRUS EXPRESSION FROM ESTABLISHED MACROPHAGE INFECTION. SCREENING ~6,000 KNOWN DRUGS AND COMPOUNDS YIELDED 214 HITS. A SECONDARY SCREEN WITH 10-DOSE TITRATION IDENTIFIED 24 MEETING CRITERIA FOR HIV-SELECTIVE ACTIVITY. USING THREE REPLICATION-COMPETENT CNS-DERIVED MACROPHAGE-TROPIC HIV-1 ISOLATES AND VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION READOUT IN MDM, WE CONFIRMED THE EFFECT OF THREE PURINE ANALOGS, NELARABINE, FLUDARABINE, AND ENTECAVIR, SHOWING THE SUPPRESSION OF HIV-1 EXPRESSION FROM ESTABLISHED MACROPHAGE INFECTION. NELARABINE INHIBITED THE FORMATION OF H3K9ME3 ON HIV GENOMES IN MACROPHAGES. THUS, THIS NOVEL HTS ASSAY CAN IDENTIFY SUPPRESSORS OF HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION IN ESTABLISHED MACROPHAGE INFECTION, SUCH AS NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS AND HDAC INHIBITORS, WHICH MAY BE LINKED TO H3K9ME3 MODIFICATION. THIS SCREEN MAY BE USEFUL TO IDENTIFY NEW METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC AGENTS THAT AMELIORATE HIV-DRIVEN NEUROINFLAMMATION IN PEOPLE ON ART OR PREVENT VIRAL RECRUDESCENCE FROM MACROPHAGE RESERVOIRS IN STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE ART-FREE REMISSION. IMPORTANCE MACROPHAGES INFECTED BY HIV-1 ARE A LONG-LIVED RESERVOIR AND A BARRIER IN CURRENT EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE HIV CURE AND ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO NEUROCOGNITIVE COMPLICATIONS IN PEOPLE DESPITE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART). SILENCING HIV EXPRESSION IN THESE CELLS WOULD BE OF GREAT VALUE, BUT THE REGULATION OF HIV-1 IN MACROPHAGES DIFFERS FROM T CELLS. WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREEN FOR COMPOUNDS THAT CAN SILENCE ESTABLISHED INFECTION OF PRIMARY MACROPHAGES, AND IDENTIFIED AGENTS THAT DOWNREGULATE VIRUS EXPRESSION AND ALTER PROVIRUS EPIGENETIC PROFILES. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS ASSAY IS THE POTENTIAL TO IDENTIFY NEW DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE UNIQUE MACROPHAGE ENVIRONMENT ON RELEVANT VIRAL STRAINS, WHICH MAY CONTRIBUTE TO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT FOR HIV-ASSOCIATED NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS AND/OR PREVENT VIRAL REBOUND IN EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE ART-FREE REMISSION OR CURE.	2023	
                                                                                   
17   26  35 A 6-ALKYLSALICYLATE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR INHIBITS HISTONE ACETYLATION AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE PRECISION-CUT LUNG SLICES. LYSINE ACETYLATIONS ARE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF CELLULAR PROTEINS, THAT ARE CRUCIAL IN THE REGULATION OF MANY CELLULAR PROCESSES. LYSINE ACETYLATIONS ON HISTONE PROTEINS ARE PART OF THE EPIGENETIC CODE REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION AND ARE INSTALLED BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES. OBSERVATIONS THAT INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES, SUCH AS ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, ARE CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY INDICATE THAT DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR THESE ENZYMES MIGHT BE A VALUABLE APPROACH TOWARDS NEW THERAPIES FOR THESE DISEASES. THE 6-ALKYLSALICYLATE MG149 IS A CANDIDATE TO EXPLORE THIS HYPOTHESIS BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO INHIBIT THE MYST TYPE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES. IN THIS STUDY, WE DETERMINED THE K(I) VALUE FOR INHIBITION OF THE MYST TYPE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE KAT8 BY MG149 TO BE 39 +/- 7.7 MUM. UPON INVESTIGATING WHETHER THE INHIBITION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES BY MG149 CORRELATES WITH INHIBITION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN MURINE PRECISION-CUT LUNG SLICES, INHIBITION OF ACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED USING AN LC-MS/MS BASED ASSAY ON HISTONE H4 RES 4-17, WHICH CONTAINS THE TARGET LYSINE OF KAT8. FOLLOWING UP ON THIS, UPON TREATMENT WITH MG149, REDUCED PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND INTERFERON GAMMA STIMULATED MURINE PRECISION-CUT LUNG SLICES. BASED ON THIS, WE PROPOSE THAT 6-ALKYLSALICYLATES SUCH AS MG149 HAVE POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS APPLICATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
18 2395  31 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN MIST1(-/-) MICE PREDICTS THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO CERULEIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS. GENE EXPRESSION IS AFFECTED BY MODIFICATIONS TO HISTONE CORE PROTEINS WITHIN CHROMATIN. CHANGES IN THESE MODIFICATIONS, OR EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, CAN DICTATE CELL FATE AND PROMOTE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS THAT OCCURS FOLLOWING ABLATION OF MIST1 (MIST1(-/-) ), WHICH IS REPRESSED IN PANCREATIC DISEASE. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOR TRIMETHYLATION OF LYSINE RESIDUE 4 ON HISTONE 3 (H3K4ME3) IN PURIFIED ACINAR CELLS FROM WILD TYPE AND MIST1(-/-) MICE WAS FOLLOWED BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) OR CHIP-QPCR. H3K4ME3-ENRICHED GENES WERE ASSESSED FOR EXPRESSION BY QRT-PCR IN PANCREATIC TISSUE BEFORE AND AFTER INDUCTION OF CERULEIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS. WHILE MOST OF H3K4ME3-ENRICHMENT IS RESTRICTED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES, >25% OF ENRICHMENT SITES ARE FOUND WITHIN, DOWNSTREAM OR BETWEEN ANNOTATED GENES. LESS THAN 10% OF THESE SITES WERE ALTERED IN MIST1(-/-) ACINI, WITH MOST CHANGES IN H3K4ME3 ENRICHMENT NOT REFLECTING ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF GENES DIFFERENTIALLY-ENRICHED FOR H3K4ME3 REVEALED AN ASSOCIATION WITH PANCREATITIS AND PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN MIST1(-/-) TISSUE. MOST OF THESE GENES WERE NOT DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BUT SEVERAL WERE READILY INDUCED BY ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL PANCREATITIS, WITH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED EXPRESSION IN MIST1(-/-) TISSUE RELATIVE TO WILD TYPE MICE. WE SUGGEST THAT THE CHRONIC CELL STRESS OBSERVED IN THE ABSENCE OF MIST1 RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF GENES INVOLVED IN PROMOTING PANCREATITIS TO A POISED STATE, THEREBY INCREASING THE SENSITIVITY TO EVENTS THAT PROMOTE DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 3195  38 HDAC INHIBITORS AUGMENTED CELL MIGRATION AND METASTASIS THROUGH INDUCTION OF PKCS LEADING TO IDENTIFICATION OF LOW TOXICITY MODALITIES FOR COMBINATION CANCER THERAPY. PURPOSE: HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) ARE ACTIVELY EXPLORED AS NEW-GENERATION EPIGENETIC DRUGS BUT HAVE LOW EFFICACY IN CANCER MONOTHERAPY. TO REVEAL NEW MECHANISM FOR COMBINATION THERAPY, WE SHOW THAT HDACI INDUCE CELL DEATH BUT SIMULTANEOUSLY ACTIVATE TUMOR-PROGRESSIVE GENES TO RUIN THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY. COMBINED TREATMENTS TO TARGET TUMORIGENESIS AND HDACI-ACTIVATED METASTASIS WITH LOW TOXIC MODALITIES COULD DEVELOP NEW STRATEGIES FOR LONG-TERM CANCER THERAPY. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: BECAUSE METASTASIS IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER MORTALITY, WE MEASURED CELL MIGRATION ACTIVITY AND PROFILED METASTASIS-RELATED GENE EXPRESSIONS IN HDACI-TREATED CANCER CELLS. WE DEVELOPED LOW TOXIC COMBINATION MODALITIES TARGETING TUMORIGENESIS AND HDACI-ACTIVATED METASTASIS FOR PRECLINICAL THERAPIES IN MICE. RESULTS: WE SHOWED THAT CELL MIGRATION ACTIVITY WAS DRAMATICALLY AND DOSE DEPENDENTLY ENHANCED BY VARIOUS CLASSES OF HDACI TREATMENTS IN 13 OF 30 EXAMINED HUMAN BREAST, GASTRIC, LIVER, AND LUNG CANCER CELL LINES. TUMOR METASTASIS WAS ALSO ENHANCED IN HDACI-TREATED MICE. HDACI TREATMENTS ACTIVATED MULTIPLE PKCS AND DOWNSTREAM SUBSTRATES ALONG WITH UPREGULATED PROAPOPTOTIC P21. FOR TARGETING TUMORIGENESIS AND METASTASIS WITH IMMEDIATE CLINICAL IMPACT, WE SHOWED THAT NEW MODALITIES OF HDACI COMBINED DRUGS WITH PKC INHIBITORY AGENT, CURCUMIN OR TAMOXIFEN, NOT ONLY SUPPRESSED HDACI-ACTIVATED TUMOR PROGRESSIVE PROTEINS AND CELL MIGRATION IN VITRO BUT ALSO INHIBITED TUMOR GROWTH AND METASTASIS IN VIVO. CONCLUSION: TREATMENTS OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL CLASSES OF HDACI SIMULTANEOUSLY INDUCED CELL DEATH AND PROMOTED CELL MIGRATION AND METASTASIS IN MULTIPLE CANCER CELL TYPES. SUPPRESSION OF HDACI-INDUCED PKCS LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF LOW TOXIC AND LONG-TERM THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO POTENTIALLY TREAT CANCER AS A CHRONIC DISEASE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20 2340  39 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF LEUKOCYTE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR PRODUCTION DICTATES STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS CRANIOTOMY INFECTION OUTCOME. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IS A COMMON CAUSE OF SURGICAL-SITE INFECTIONS, INCLUDING THOSE ARISING AFTER CRANIOTOMY, WHICH IS PERFORMED TO ACCESS THE BRAIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF TUMORS, EPILEPSY, OR HEMORRHAGE. CRANIOTOMY INFECTION IS CHARACTERIZED BY COMPLEX SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT AND MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION. WE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED UNIQUE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES OF THESE IMMUNE POPULATIONS DURING S. AUREUS CRANIOTOMY INFECTION. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ALLOW RAPID AND REVERSIBLE CONTROL OVER GENE TRANSCRIPTION; HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS INFLUENCE IMMUNITY TO LIVE S. AUREUS. AN EPIGENETIC COMPOUND LIBRARY SCREEN IDENTIFIED BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRATERMINAL DOMAIN-CONTAINING (BET) PROTEINS AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) AS CRITICAL FOR REGULATING TNF, IL-6, IL-10, AND CCL2 PRODUCTION BY PRIMARY MOUSE MICROGLIA, MACROPHAGES, NEUTROPHILS, AND GRANULOCYTIC MYELOID-DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELLS IN RESPONSE TO LIVE S. AUREUS. CLASS I HDACS (C1HDACS) WERE INCREASED IN THESE CELL TYPES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO DURING ACUTE DISEASE IN A MOUSE MODEL OF S. AUREUS CRANIOTOMY INFECTION. HOWEVER, SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTIONS IN C1HDACS WERE OBSERVED DURING CHRONIC INFECTION, HIGHLIGHTING TEMPORAL REGULATION AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT FOR DICTATING C1HDAC EXPRESSION. MICROPARTICLE DELIVERY OF HDAC AND BET INHIBITORS IN VIVO CAUSED WIDESPREAD DECREASES IN INFLAMMATORY MEDIATOR PRODUCTION, WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BACTERIAL BURDEN IN THE BRAIN, GALEA, AND BONE FLAP. THESE FINDINGS IDENTIFY HISTONE ACETYLATION AS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR REGULATING CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE PRODUCTION ACROSS DIVERSE IMMUNE CELL LINEAGES THAT IS CRITICAL FOR BACTERIAL CONTAINMENT. ACCORDINGLY, ABERRANT EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY BE IMPORTANT FOR PROMOTING S. AUREUS PERSISTENCE DURING CRANIOTOMY INFECTION.	2023