1 6416 253 THE SURVEY OF THE HEALTH OF WISCONSIN (SHOW) PROGRAM: AN INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ADVANCING POPULATION HEALTH SCIENCES. PURPOSE: THE SURVEY OF THE HEALTH OF WISCONSIN (SHOW) WAS ESTABLISHED IN 2008 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN (UW) SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH (SMPH) WITH THE GOALS OF 1) PROVIDING A TIMELY AND ACCURATE PICTURE OF THE HEALTH OF THE STATE RESIDENTS; AND 2) SERVING AS AN AGILE RESOURCE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ANCILLARY STUDIES. TODAY SHOW CONTINUES TO SERVE AS A VITAL POPULATION HEALTH RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE. PARTICIPANTS: SHOW CURRENTLY INCLUDES 5,846 ADULT AND 980 MINOR PARTICIPANTS RECRUITED BETWEEN 2008-2019 IN FOUR PRIMARY WAVES. WAVE I (2008-2013) INCLUDES ANNUAL STATEWIDE REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF 3,380 ADULTS AGES 21 TO 74 YEARS. WAVE II (2014-2016) IS A TRIANNUAL STATEWIDE SAMPLE OF 1957 ADULTS (AGE >/=18 YEARS) AND 645 CHILDREN. WAVE III (2017) CONSISTS OF FOLLOW-UP OF 725 ADULTS FROM THE WAVE I AND BASELINE SURVEYS OF 222 CHILDREN IN SELECTED HOUSEHOLDS. WAVES II AND III INCLUDE STOOL SAMPLES COLLECTED AS PART OF AN ANCILLARY STUDY IN A SUBSET OF 784 INDIVIDUALS. WAVE IV CONSIST OF 517 ADULTS AND 113 CHILDREN RECRUITED FROM TRADITIONALLY UNDER-REPRESENTED POPULATIONS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INCLUDING AFRICAN AMERICANS AND HISPANICS IN MILWAUKEE COUNTY, WI. FINDINGS TO DATE: THE SHOW PROVIDES EXTENSIVE DATA TO EXAMINE THE INTERSECTIONALITY OF MULTIPLE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AND POPULATION HEALTH. SHOW INCLUDES A LARGE BIOREPOSITORY AND EXTENSIVE HEALTH DATA COLLECTED IN A GEOGRAPHICALLY DIVERSE URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION. OVER 60 STUDIES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED COVERING A BROAD RANGE OF TOPICS INCLUDING, URBAN AND RURAL DISPARITIES IN CARDIO-METABOLIC DISEASE AND CANCER, OBJECTIVE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, GREEN-SPACE AND MENTAL HEALTH, TRANSCRIPTOMICS, THE GUT MICROBIOME, ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE, AIR POLLUTION, CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS AND HEAVY METAL EXPOSURES. FUTURE PLANS: THE SHOW COHORT IS AVAILABLE FOR CONTINUED LONGITUDINAL FOLLOW-UP AND ANCILLARY STUDIES INCLUDING GENETIC, MULTI-OMIC AND TRANSLATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, AGING, MICROBIOME AND COVID-19 RESEARCH. ARTICLE SUMMARY: STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: THE SURVEY OF THE HEALTH OF WISCONSIN (SHOW) IS AN INFRASTRUCTURE TO ADVANCE POPULATION HEALTH SCIENCES INCLUDING BIOLOGICAL SAMPLE COLLECTION AND BROADER DATA ON INDIVIDUAL AND NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH.THE EXTENSIVE DATA FROM DIVERSE URBAN AND RURAL POPULATIONS OFFERS A UNIQUE STUDY SAMPLE TO COMPARE HOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC GRADIENTS SHAPE HEALTH OUTCOMES IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS.THE OBJECTIVE HEALTH DATA SUPPORTS NOVEL INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH INITIATIVES AND IS ESPECIALLY SUITED FOR RESEARCH IN CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES (PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, SOCIAL) ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE ON CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH, IMMUNITY, AND AGING RELATED CONDITIONS.THE EXTENSIVE BIOREPOSITORY SUPPORTS NOVEL OMICS RESEARCH INTO COMMON BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING NUMEROUS COMPLEX CHRONIC CONDITIONS INCLUDING INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, METABOLOMICS, AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION.ANCILLARY STUDIES, SUCH AS THE WISCONSIN MICROBIOME STUDY, HAVE EXPANDED THE UTILITY OF THE STUDY TO EXAMINE HUMAN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ROLE OF MICROBIOME IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.LONG-STANDING PARTNERSHIPS AND RECENT PARTICIPATION AMONG TRADITIONALLY UNDER-REPRESENTED POPULATIONS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH OFFER NUMEROUS OPPORTUNITIES TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY-DRIVEN HEALTH EQUITY WORK.NO BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AMONG CHILDREN.THE STATEWIDE SAMPLING FRAME MAY LIMIT GENERALIZABILITY TO OTHER REGIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.	2021	

2 6548  38 TRANSCULTURAL DIABETES CARE IN THE UNITED STATES - A POSITION STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS (AACE) HAS CREATED A TRANSCULTURALIZED DIABETES CHRONIC DISEASE CARE MODEL THAT IS ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS ACROSS A SPECTRUM OF ETHNICITIES AND CULTURES. AACE HAS CONDUCTED SEVERAL TRANSCULTURAL ACTIVITIES ON GLOBAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND COMPLETED A 3-CITY SERIES OF CONFERENCES IN DECEMBER 2017 THAT FOCUSED ON DIABETES CARE FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE U.S. PROCEEDINGS FROM THE "DIABETES CARE ACROSS AMERICA" SERIES OF TRANSCULTURAL SUMMITS ARE PRESENTED HERE. INFORMATION FROM COMMUNITY LEADERS, PRACTICING HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS, AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IN DIABETES CARE IS ANALYZED ACCORDING TO BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. FOUR SPECIFIC U.S. ETHNICITIES ARE DETAILED: AFRICAN AMERICANS, LATINO/HISPANICS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND NATIVE AMERICANS. A CORE SET OF RECOMMENDATIONS TO CULTURALLY ADAPT DIABETES CARE IS PRESENTED THAT EMPHASIZES CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE TERMINOLOGY, TRANSCULTURALIZATION OF WHITE PAPERS, CULTURALLY ADAPTING CLINIC INFRASTRUCTURE, FLEXIBLE OFFICE HOURS, BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE-ESPECIALLY MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING AND BUILDING TRUST-CULTURALLY COMPETENT NUTRITIONAL MESSAGING AND HEALTH LITERACY, COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS FOR CARE DELIVERY, TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION, CLINICAL TRIAL RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES, AND MORE FUNDING FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDIES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF CULTURAL IMPACT ON DISEASE EXPRESSION. IT IS HOPED THAT THROUGH EDUCATION, RESEARCH, AND CLINICAL PRACTICE ENHANCEMENTS, DIABETES CARE CAN BE OPTIMIZED IN TERMS OF PRECISION AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND U.S. POPULATION AS A WHOLE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3 2690  39 EVOLUTION OF DOHAD: THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES HAVE A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON THE CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS PLAGUING CHILDREN AND ADULTS. ALTHOUGH THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) PARADIGM HISTORICALLY HAS FOCUSED ON NUTRITION, AN EXPANDING BODY OF RESEARCH SPECIFICALLY COMMUNICATES THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES ON EARLY-LIFE DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROPAGATION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. THIS PAPER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF 20 YEARS OF RESEARCH EFFORTS AIMED AT IDENTIFYING CRITICAL WINDOWS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND THE SIGNALING CHANGES AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION. DOHAD GRANTS FUNDED BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES (NIEHS) IN 1991, 2001 AND 2011 ARE IDENTIFIED BY GRANT-ANALYSIS SOFTWARE, AND EACH PORTFOLIO IS ANALYZED FOR EXPOSURES, DISEASE ENDPOINTS, WINDOWS OF EXPOSURE, STUDY DESIGN AND IMPACT ON THE FIELD BASED ON PUBLICATION DATA. RESULTS SHOW THAT THE 1991 AND 2001 PORTFOLIOS COMPRISED METALS, PCBS AND AIR POLLUTANTS; HOWEVER, BY 2011, THE PORTFOLIO HAS EVOLVED TO INCLUDE OR EXPAND THE VARIETY OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, PESTICIDES/PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND METALS. AN ASSORTMENT OF BRAIN-HEALTH ENDPOINTS IS MOST TARGETED ACROSS THE PORTFOLIOS, WHEREAS REPRODUCTION AND CANCER INCREASE STEADILY OVER THE SAME TIME PERIOD, AND NEW ENDPOINTS LIKE OBESITY ARE INTRODUCED BY 2011. WITH MOUNTING EVIDENCE CONNECTING EARLY-LIFE EXPOSURES TO LATER-LIFE DISEASE, WE CONCLUDE THAT IT IS CRITICAL TO EXPAND THE ORIGINAL DOHAD CONCEPT TO INCLUDE ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURES, AND TO CONTINUE A RESEARCH AGENDA THAT EMPHASIZES DEFINING SENSITIVE WINDOWS OF EXPOSURE AND THE MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
4 4809  35 OBESITY PREVENTION. ONCE CONSIDERED A PROBLEM ONLY IN HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES (HICS), OBESITY HAS BECOME A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO THE GLOBAL DISEASE BURDEN (FINUCANE AND OTHERS 2011; MISRA AND KHURANA 2008). EXCESS ADIPOSITY, PARTICULARLY AROUND THE VISCERAL ABDOMINAL REGION, IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY FROM TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, AND SOME CANCERS (DANAEI AND OTHERS 2009; WHITLOCK AND OTHERS 2009; WHO 2009). ALTHOUGH SOME STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED LOWER MORTALITY AMONG OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE PERSONS THAN AMONG HEALTHY-WEIGHT PERSONS (CARNETHON AND OTHERS 2012), THIS OUTCOME HAS NOT BEEN OBSERVED IN STUDIES THAT PROPERLY ACCOUNT FOR THE CONFOUNDING EFFECTS OF SMOKING, PREEXISTING CHRONIC CONDITIONS, AND OTHER BIASES (GLOBAL BMI MORTALITY COLLABORATION 2016; TOBIAS, PAN, AND HU 2014). THE COSTS OF OBESITY AND COMORBID CONDITIONS ARE STAGGERING AS MEASURED BY BOTH HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES AND QUALITY OF LIFE, UNDERSCORING THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPLEMENTING OBESITY PREVENTION STRATEGIES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES ON A GLOBAL SCALE. THE CHANGES NEEDED TO REVERSE GLOBAL TRENDS IN OBESITY WILL LIKELY REQUIRE NUMEROUS INTERVENTIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS THAT TARGET DIET, LIFESTYLE, ACCESS TO CARE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE SUMMARIZE THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF OBESITY AND THE IMPACT OF A SPECTRUM OF OBESITY RISK FACTORS, RANGING FROM SOCIOPOLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FORCES THAT ARE LARGELY BEYOND AN INDIVIDUAL'S CONTROL TO MODIFIABLE LIFESTYLE FACTORS, AND DISCUSS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC RISKS. WE ALSO REVIEW THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POPULATION-BASED INTERVENTIONS AND POLICIES FOR PREVENTING OBESITY, SOME INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL TREATMENT OPTIONS ACROSS VARIOUS PLATFORMS, AND THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF SELECT INTERVENTIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5   14  40 3RD COLLEGE OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH LECTURE--THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME.. THE GROWTH TRENDS OF SINGAPORE CHILDREN SPANNING 5 DECADES ARE REVIEWED, BASED ON 8 ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDIES FROM 1957 TILL 2002. THE HEIGHTS OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN AND SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN APPEAR TO HAVE OPTIMISED ACCORDING TO THEIR GENETIC POTENTIAL, BUT THE WEIGHTS AND BODY MASS INDICES OF CHILDREN STILL APPEAR TO BE INCREASING FROM 6 TO 18 YEARS FOR BOTH SEXES, PROBABLY AS A CONSEQUENCE OF INCREASING AFFLUENCE. THIS TREND IS REFLECTED IN THE INCREASING OBESITY PREVALENCE IN SCHOOL CHILDREN OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS, AND THE CONCOMITANT INCREASED MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, NECESSITATES FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE CAUSES OF OBESITY. BARKER'S HYPOTHESIS FIRST SUGGESTED THAT CHANGES IN THE INTRA-UTERINE ENVIRONMENT CAN CAUSE FETAL ADAPTATIONS WHICH PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD, AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MANY CHRONIC DISEASES OF ADULT LIFE. MORE RECENTLY, INTENSE RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF EPIGENETICS SUGGESTS THAT THE ENVIRONMENT CAN ALSO INFLUENCE THE PHENOTYPE THROUGH GENE EXPRESSION, THROUGH MODIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONES WHICH, IN TURN, INFLUENCES GENE EXPRESSION. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE IS TO DETERMINE IF THERE ARE CLEAR EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INCREASED PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY, AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES ARE TRANSMITTED THROUGH GENERATIONS. UNRAVELLING THESE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE THE KEY TO THE PREVENTION OF OBESITY AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 5737  57 SMOKING AND HEALTH: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TELOMERE LENGTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON HUMAN DISEASE, QUALITY OF LIFE AND LIFE SPAN IN A LARGE POPULATION-BASED COHORT UNDER THE EFFECT OF SMOKING DURATION. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) ARE OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE AS THEY CAUSE DAMAGE TO LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND DNA EITHER ENDOGENOUSLY BY CELLULAR MECHANISM, OR THROUGH EXOGENOUS EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INJURY FACTORS, INCLUDING OXIDATION INSULT FACTORS, SUCH AS TOBACCO SMOKE. CURRENTLY 46.3 MILLION ADULTS (25.7 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION) ARE SMOKERS. THIS INCLUDES 24 MILLION MEN (28.1 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL) AND MORE THAN 22 MILLION WOMEN (23.5 PERCENT). THE PREVALENCE IS HIGHEST AMONG PERSONS 25-44 YEARS OF AGE. CIGARETTE SMOKERS HAVE A HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING SEVERAL CHRONIC DISORDERS. THESE INCLUDE FATTY BUILDUPS IN ARTERIES, SEVERAL TYPES OF CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (LUNG PROBLEMS). AS PERIPHERAL LEUKOCYTES HAVE BEEN THE MAIN TARGET OF HUMAN TELOMERE RESEARCH, MOST OF WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT HUMAN TELOMERE DYNAMICS IN VIVO IS BASED ON THESE CELLS. LEUKOCYTE TELOMERE LENGTH (TL) IS A COMPLEX TRAIT THAT IS SHAPED BY GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE CONSIDER THAT SMOKING MODIFIES LEUKOCYTE TL IN HUMANS AND CONTRIBUTES TO ITS VARIABILITY AMONG INDIVIDUALS, ALTHOUGH THE SMOKING EFFECT ON TL AND ITS RELATION WITH OTHER METABOLIC INDICES MAY ACCELERATE BIOLOGICAL AGING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMOKING-INDUCED CHRONIC DISEASES IN A LARGE HUMAN POPULATION-BASED COHORTS WITH SMOKING BEHAVIOR. RECENT STUDIES CONFIRMED THAT INDIVIDUALS WITH SHORTER TELOMERES PRESENT A HIGHER PREVALENCE OF ARTERIAL LESIONS AND HIGHER RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MORTALITY. THIS STUDY ORIGINALLY SUGGESTS THAT EFFICIENT THERAPEUTIC PROTECTION OF TL AND STRUCTURE IN RESPONSE TO STRESSES THAT ARE KNOWN TO REDUCE TL, SUCH AS OXIDATIVE DAMAGE OR INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO SMOKING, WOULD LEAD TO BETTER TELOMERE MAINTENANCE. RECENTLY, WE HAVE DISCOVERED THE POTENTIAL USE OF TELOMERE-RESTORATIVE IMIDAZOLE-CONTAINING DIPEPTIDE (NON-HYDROLIZED CARNOSINE, CARCININE) BASED THERAPY FOR BETTER SURVIVAL OF SMOKERS. WE CONCLUDE THAT A BETTER THERAPEUTIC OR NUTRITIONAL MAINTENANCE OF TL MAY CONFER HEALTHY AGING IN SMOKERS AND EXCEPTIONAL LONGEVITY IN REGULARLY ROS-EXPOSED HUMAN SURVIVORS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7 1095  38 COHORT PROFILE: THE EWHA BIRTH AND GROWTH STUDY. WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF LIFE-COURSE EPIDEMIOLOGY, RESEARCHERS REALIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING RISK FACTORS IN EARLY LIFE TO PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS LED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EWHA BIRTH AND GROWTH STUDY IN 2001; THE STUDY IS A PROSPECTIVE BIRTH COHORT DESIGNED TO PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF EARLY LIFE RISK FACTORS FOR A CHILD'S GROWTH AND HEALTH. PARTICIPANTS WERE RECRUITED FROM THOSE WHO VISITED EWHA WOMANS UNIVERSITY MOKDONG HOSPITAL (A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN SOUTHWEST SEOUL, KOREA) FOR PRENATAL CARE AT 24-28 WEEKS OF GESTATION. IN TOTAL, 891 MOTHERS ENROLLED IN THIS STUDY BETWEEN 2001 AND 2006 AND THEIR OFFSPRING (N=940) WERE FOLLOWED-UP. REGULAR CHECK-UP EXAMINATIONS OF OFFSPRING WERE CONDUCTED AT 3 YEARS, 5 YEARS, AND 7 YEARS OF AGE AND EVERY YEAR THEREAFTER. TO CONSIDER AGE-RELATED HEALTH ISSUES, EXTENSIVE DATA WERE COLLECTED USING QUESTIONNAIRES AND MEASUREMENTS. IN 2021, THE STUDY SUBJECTS WILL REACH 19 YEARS OF AGE, AND WE ARE PLANNING A CHECK-UP EXAMINATION FOR EARLY ADULTHOOD. ABOUT 20 YEARS HAVE PASSED SINCE THE COHORT DATA WERE COLLECTED, AND WE HAVE PUBLISHED RESULTS ON CHILDHOOD HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH PRENATAL AND BIRTH CHARACTERISTICS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO CHILDHOOD METABOLISM, THE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, AND DIETARY PATTERNS IN CHILDHOOD. RECENTLY, WE STARTED REPORTING ON TOPICS RELATED TO ADOLESCENT HEALTH. THE FINDINGS WILL FACILITATE IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY LIFE RISK FACTORS FOR CHRONIC DISEASES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS FOR DISEASES LATER IN LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 6678  48 USING GENETIC BURDEN SCORES FOR GENE-BY-METHYLATION INTERACTION ANALYSIS ON METABOLIC SYNDROME IN AFRICAN AMERICANS. WITH THE RAPID ADVANCEMENT OF OMICS-BASED RESEARCH, PARTICULARLY BIG DATA SUCH AS GENOME- AND EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES THAT INCLUDE EXTENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLINICAL VARIABLES, DATA ANALYTICS HAVE BECOME INCREASINGLY COMPLEX. RESEARCHERS FACE SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES REGARDING HOW TO ANALYZE MULTIFACTORIAL DATA AND MAKE USE OF THE FINDINGS FOR CLINICAL TRANSLATION. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO PROVIDE A SCIENTIFIC EXEMPLAR FOR USE OF GENETIC BURDEN SCORES AS A DATA ANALYSIS METHOD FOR STUDIES WITH BOTH GENOTYPE AND DNA METHYLATION DATA IN WHICH THE GOAL IS TO EVALUATE ASSOCIATIONS WITH CHRONIC CONDITIONS SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS). THIS STUDY INCLUDED 739 AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN AND WOMEN FROM THE GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY NETWORK OF ARTERIOPATHY STUDY WHO MET DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR METS AND HAD AVAILABLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DATA. GENETIC BURDEN SCORES FOR EVALUATED GENES WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT AFTER MULTIPLE TESTING CORRECTIONS, BUT DNA METHYLATION AT 2 CPG SITES (DIHYDROOROTATE DEHYDROGENASE CG22381196 PFDR = .014; CTNNA3 CG00132141 PFDR = .043) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH METS AFTER CONTROLLING FOR MULTIPLE COMPARISONS. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MARGINALLY SIGNIFICANT CPG SITES AND BURDEN SCORES, HOWEVER, WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. MORE WORK IS REQUIRED IN THIS AREA TO IDENTIFY INTERMEDIATE BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC, AND EPIGENETIC VARIATION THAT MAY EXPLAIN THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF METS AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS. THIS STUDY DOES SERVE, HOWEVER, AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THE GENETIC BURDEN SCORE AS AN ALTERNATIVE DATA ANALYSIS APPROACH FOR COMPLEX STUDIES INVOLVING THE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DATA SIMULTANEOUSLY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 1927  38 ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENOMICS AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. KEYSTONE SYMPOSIA ON MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY. THE GROVE PARK HOTEL & SPA, ASHVILLE, NC, USA, 27 MARCH-1 APRIL 2011. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS CONFERENCE WAS TO PROVIDE SOLID EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT CAN AFFECT FAITHFUL REPRODUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL PARENTAL EPIGENOMES WITHOUT CHANGING DNA SEQUENCE IN THE OFFSPRING. NO DOUBT, THIS IMPORTANT GOAL HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY ACHIEVED OWING TO THE HIGH QUALITY OF PRESENTED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND ENGAGING DISCUSSIONS OF MANY YET TO BE PUBLISHED RESULTS. COMPELLING DATA SUGGESTED A STRONG CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN PRENATAL VULNERABILITY OF FUTURE PARENTAL EPIGENOMES TO DAMAGING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AGGRAVATED BY ABNORMAL SOCIO-CULTURAL CONDITIONS (INCLUDING, FOR INSTANCE, MALNUTRITION AND CHRONIC STRESS) AND THE ALARMING RISK OF DEVELOPING HERITABLE COMPLEX MEDICAL CONDITIONS LATER IN LIFE, SUCH AS ASTHMA, AUTISM, CANCER, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, DIABETES, OBESITY, SCHIZOPHRENIA AND A WHOLE RANGE OF RARE NEUROMUSCULAR PATHOLOGIES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT MODERN EPIGENETIC RESEARCH PROMISES TO MARKEDLY IMPROVE OUR ABILITY TO DIAGNOSE, PREVENT AND TREAT THESE AND OTHER PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF HUMANS. HOWEVER, THE COMPLEX HERITABILITY PATTERN OF 'EPIGENETIC SYNDROMES' ALSO INTRODUCES UNIQUE LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES THAT WERE DISCUSSED AT THE END OF THIS OUTSTANDING MEETING.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10 2999  37 GENETIC VARIATION, STRESS, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE IN ADULTS WITH FOOD ALLERGY OR CELIAC DISEASE. BACKGROUND: PERSISTENTLY HIGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN LEAD TO MALADAPTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSES AND POOR MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUALS AT INCREASED RISK. CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITION DIAGNOSIS AND GENETICS ARE 2 CHARACTERISTICS THAT CAN INFLUENCE STRESS, STRESS RESPONSE, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. PURPOSE: FOOD ALLERGY (FA) AND CELIAC DISEASE (CD) REQUIRE CONSTANT VIGILANCE IN DAILY LIFE AND CAN LEAD TO INCREASED STRESS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS WAS TO EXAMINE THE ASSOCIATION OF VARIANTS IN SELECTED STRESS-RELATED GENES WITH STRESS EXPOSURES, STRESS, CLINICAL MEASURES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE, AND MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT FA OR CD. METHODS: WE COMPARED STRESS EXPOSURES, SYMPTOMS OF PTSD, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS, BMI, AND WAIST-HIP RATIO BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. WE ANALYZED THE ASSOCIATION OF SNPS IN GENES WITH KNOWN OR HYPOTHESIZED ASSOCIATIONS WITH STRESS-RELATED MEASURES IN 124 CASES AND 124 MATCHED CONTROLS: CRHBP (RS7718461, RS10474485), CRHR1 (RS242940) AND OXTR (RS2268490). FOR THIS EXPLORATORY STUDY, P-VALUES </= 0.10 WERE CONSIDERED SUGGESTIVE. RESULTS: FOR CASES AND CONTROLS, RS7718461 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS SYMPTOMS, RS2268490 WITH SYMPTOMS OF STRESS AND PTSD, AND RS242940 WITH SYMPTOMS OF STRESS, PTSD, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION. FURTHER ANALYSES FOUND THAT STRESS-RELATED OUTCOMES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH FA OR CD MAY BE INFLUENCED BY SNP GENOTYPE. CONCLUSIONS: GIVEN THESE SUGGESTIVE FINDINGS, LARGER PROSPECTIVE STUDIES SHOULD EXAMINE SIMILAR RELATIONSHIPS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH OTHER CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS, INCORPORATING FACTORS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11 5470  47 RESOLVING THE ENIGMA OF THE MESOAMERICAN NEPHROPATHY: A RESEARCH WORKSHOP SUMMARY. THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH WORKSHOP ON MESOAMERICAN NEPHROPATHY (MEN) MET IN COSTA RICA IN NOVEMBER 2012 TO DISCUSS HOW TO ESTABLISH THE EXTENT AND DEGREE OF MEN, EXAMINE RELEVANT CAUSAL HYPOTHESES, AND FOCUS EFFORTS TO CONTROL OR ELIMINATE THE DISEASE BURDEN. MEN DESCRIBES A DEVASTATING EPIDEMIC OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN PREDOMINANTLY OBSERVED AMONG YOUNG MALE SUGARCANE CUTTERS. THE CAUSE OF MEN REMAINS UNCERTAIN; HOWEVER, THE STRONGEST HYPOTHESIS PURSUED TO DATE IS REPEATED EPISODES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEAT STRESS AND WATER AND SOLUTE LOSS, PROBABLY IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR(S), SUCH AS NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG AND OTHER NEPHROTOXIC MEDICATION USE, INORGANIC ARSENIC, LEPTOSPIROSIS, OR PESTICIDES. AT THE RESEARCH WORKSHOP, CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC CASE DEFINITIONS WERE PROPOSED IN ORDER TO FACILITATE BOTH PUBLIC HEALTH AND RESEARCH EFFORTS. RECOMMENDATIONS EMANATING FROM THE WORKSHOP INCLUDED MEASURING WORKLOAD, HEAT, AND WATER AND SOLUTE LOSS AMONG WORKERS; QUANTIFYING NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS IN DRINKING WATER AND FOOD; USING BIOMARKERS OF EARLY KIDNEY INJURY TO EXPLORE POTENTIAL CAUSES OF MEN; AND CHARACTERIZING SOCIAL AND WORKING CONDITIONS TOGETHER WITH METHODS FOR VALID DATA COLLECTION OF EXPOSURES AND PERSONAL RISK FACTORS. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT POPULATION STUDY DESIGNS WERE DETAILED. TO ELUCIDATE THE ETIOLOGY OF MEN, MULTICOUNTRY STUDIES WITH PROSPECTIVE COHORT DESIGN, PREFERABLY INTEGRATING AN ECOSYSTEM HEALTH APPROACH, WERE CONSIDERED THE MOST PROMISING. IN ADDITION, GENETIC, EXPERIMENTAL, AND MECHANISTIC METHODS AND DESIGNS WERE ADDRESSED, SPECIFICALLY THE NEED FOR KIDNEY BIOPSY ANALYSIS, STUDIES IN ANIMAL MODELS, ADVANCES IN BIOMARKERS, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES, A COMMON REGISTRY AND REPOSITORY OF BIOLOGICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC DATA AND/OR SPECIMENS, AND OTHER AREAS OF POTENTIAL CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH. FINALLY, IN ORDER TO IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION ON MEN, WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS AGREED TO ESTABLISH A RESEARCH CONSORTIUM TO LINK THESE MESOAMERICAN EFFORTS TO OTHER EFFORTS WORLDWIDE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12 1337  56 DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT IN A STUDY OF WAR EXPOSURE, HEALTH, AND AGING: PROTOCOL FOR THE VIETNAM HEALTH AND AGING STUDY. BACKGROUND: SURVIVORS OF WAR THROUGHOUT THE WORLD EXPERIENCE ILLNESSES AND INJURIES THAT ARE CRUCIAL TO UNDERSTAND, GIVEN THE ONGOING TREATMENT AND ADAPTATION THEY DEMAND. IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LIKE VIETNAM, WHERE POPULATION AGING AND CHRONIC DISEASE BURDENS ARE RAPIDLY RISING, AGING POPULATIONS HAVE SEEN A DISPROPORTIONATE SHARE OF ARMED CONFLICT AND RELATED CASUALTIES. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE VIETNAM HEALTH AND AGING STUDY (VHAS), A UNIQUE RESOURCE FOR INVESTIGATING MECHANISMS OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIVERSE EXPOSURES TO ARMED CONFLICT DURING THE VIETNAM WAR AND MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF OLDER ADULT HEALTH AMONG SURVIVORS OF THAT WAR. METHODS: THE VHAS UTILIZES A LONGITUDINAL DESIGN, THE FIRST WAVE OF DATA COLLECTION CONDUCTED IN 2018 AMONG 2447 OLDER ADULTS. A SECOND WAVE OF FOLLOW-UP DATA COLLECTION, SCHEDULED TO TAKE PLACE IN 2021, WILL EXAMINE LIFE COURSE, SOCIAL RELATIONAL AND HEALTH AND MORTALITY TRANSITIONS. THE VHAS WAS CONDUCTED IN FOUR NORTHERN VIETNAMESE DISTRICTS PURPOSIVELY SELECTED TO REPRESENT A SPECTRUM OF WAR EXPOSURE AS INDICATED BY INTENSITY OF BOMBINGS. ADDITIONALLY, VHAS USES RANDOM SAMPLING WITHIN GENDER AND MILITARY SERVICE SUBDOMAINS TO PERMIT UNIQUE GENDER-SPECIFIC ANALYSES OF MILITARY SERVICE, TRAUMA EXPOSURE AND HEALTH. THE VHAS' FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEWS INCLUDE MODULES DETAILING WAR AND MILITARY SERVICE EXPERIENCES; WARZONE STRESSORS; AND MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH SUCH AS CHRONIC DISEASE, FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION, DISABILITY, HEALTH BEHAVIORS, COGNITION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH. BIOMARKER DATA COLLECTED FOR THE FULL VHAS SAMPLE INCLUDES ANTHROPOMETRIC AND FUNCTIONAL TESTS SUCH AS GRIP STRENGTH AND BLOOD PRESSURE, HAIR SAMPLES FOR CORTISOL ASSAY, AND CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLES TO ASSAY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, CHOLESTEROL, HBA1C, AND OTHER MARKERS OF INTEREST FOR CARDIOVASCULAR AND OTHER DISEASE RISKS AND FOR TESTING THE IMPACT OF EARLY LIFE STRESSORS ON LATER LIFE HEALTH. BLOOD SAMPLES WILL ALSO PERMIT EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL AGING. DISCUSSION: FUTURE VHAS INVESTIGATIONS WILL EXAMINE DYNAMIC LINKAGES BETWEEN WAR EXPOSURE, MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY, WHILE TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE SELECTIVE NATURE OF EACH OF THESE PROCESSES. LONGITUDINAL ANALYSES WILL EXAMINE LATE-LIFE HEALTH TRANSITIONS AND WAR-RELATED RESILIENCY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 5000  31 PERINATAL PROGRAMMING PREVENTION MEASURES. OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS, THERE HAS BEEN OUTSTANDING SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS RELATED TO PERINATAL PROGRAMMING AND ITS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS IN HEALTH, AND WE CAN ANTICIPATE THIS TREND WILL CONTINUE IN THE NEAR FUTURE. WE NEED TO MAKE USE AND APPLY THESE ACHIEVEMENTS TO HUMAN NEURODEVELOPMENT VIA PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS. BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN GENOME AND AMBIOME, THIS CHAPTER PROPOSES LOW-COST EASY-IMPLEMENTATION PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES FOR MATERNAL AND INFANT HEALTH INSTITUTIONS.BREASTFEEDING AND HUMAN MILK ADMINISTRATION ARE THE FIRST PREVENTIVE MEASURES, AS HAS BEEN REVIEWED IN THE POLICY STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS. ANOTHER STRATEGY IS THE SAFE AND FAMILY-CENTERED MATERNITY HOSPITALS INITIATIVE THAT PROMOTES AND EMPOWERS THE INCLUSION OF THE FAMILIES AND THE RESPECT FOR THEIR RIGHTS, ESPECIALLY DURING PREGNANCY AND BIRTH. (THIS CHANGE OF PARADIGM WAS APPROVED AND IS RECOMMENDED BY BOTH UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND, UNICEF, AND PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION, PAHO.) THEN, THERE IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT EMPHASIS GIVEN TO THE SACRED HOUR-WHICH HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPACT OF BONDING, ATTACHMENT, AND BREASTFEEDING DURING THE FIRST HOUR OF LIFE-THE PAIN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN NEWBORNS, THE CONTROL OF THE "NEW MORBIDITY" REPRESENTED BY LATE PRETERM INFANTS, AND FINALLY, THE IMPORTANCE OF AVOIDING INTRAUTERINE AND EXTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION. (HOWEVER, THERE ARE NOT YET CLEAR RECOMMENDATIONS ABOUT NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN ORDER TO DIMINISH THE POTENTIAL METABOLIC SYNDROME CONSEQUENCE IN THE ADULT.).	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14 6422  30 THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE AND GLOBAL METABOLIC DISEASE RISK. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: THERE HAS BEEN A GREAT DEAL OF INTEREST IN THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE EVIDENT IN ASIAN INDIANS AND ITS RISK ASSOCIATIONS IN THE EPIDEMIC OF NONCOMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH IT. THE CAUSE OF THIS PHENOTYPE IS PROBABLY RELATED TO LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENT; HOWEVER, GENOTYPIC AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN UTERO ALSO HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED. RECENT FINDINGS: THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE OCCURS WHEN FAT IS ADDED TO AN ALREADY THIN FRAME. THIS MAY OCCUR WITH RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, WHEN POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE OCCURS IN A MIGRATING POPULATION WHO WERE PREDOMINANTLY THIN AND PHYSICALLY ACTIVE TO BEGIN WITH. THE ROLE OF THE PRE-EXISTING SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS AND ITS INTERACTION WITH NEWLY DEPOSITED FAT MUST BE CONSIDERED. THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE MAY BE PROGRAMMED DURING FETAL GROWTH, BUT THE EVIDENCE FOR THIS PHENOMENON IS STILL NOT COMPLETELY CLEAR. FINALLY, ALTHOUGH THERE IS INCREASED CHRONIC DISEASE MORBIDITY AT LOWER BMI AND YOUNGER AGE IN SOUTH ASIAN POPULATIONS, BMI-RELATED MORTALITY DOES NOT APPEAR TO FOLLOW THIS TREND. SUMMARY: AT PRESENT, THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE APPEARS TO LINK THE THIN-FAT PHENOTYPE TO AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIFESTYLE PHENOMENON OCCURRING IN PREVIOUSLY THIN PEOPLE. THIS IS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT IN INDIA, GIVEN THE PACE OF TRANSITION OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 6911  34 [TWO GERMAN BIRTH COHORTS: GINIPLUS AND LISAPLUS]. NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD HAVE THEIR ORIGINS IN PERINATAL LIFE AND ARE POTENTIALLY INFLUENCED BY TRANS-GENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. THEREFORE, PROSPECTIVE BIRTH COHORTS CAN SUBSTANTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ETIOLOGY OF DISEASES INCLUDING MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS. THE TWO POPULATION-BASED GERMAN BIRTH COHORTS GINIPLUS AND LISAPLUS AIM TO DESCRIBE THE NATURAL COURSE OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES IN CHILDHOOD AND ITS DETERMINANTS, AND TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL GENETIC EFFECT MODIFICATIONS. IN THE MID-1990S, 5,991 (GINIPLUS) AND 3,097 (LISAPLUS) HEALTHY, TERM NEWBORNS WERE RECRUITED FOR LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP IN FOUR REGIONS OF GERMANY. THE FOLLOW-UP RATE FOR THE FIRST 10 YEARS WAS ABOUT 55%. WE ANALYZED THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF OVERWEIGHT, INFECTIONS AND ALLERGIC DISEASES, MENTAL AND ORAL HEALTH, METABOLIC AND INFLAMMATORY PARAMETERS AND THE ROLE OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS INCLUDING GENETICS. THE RESULTS OF THESE TWO BIRTH COHORTS SUBSTANTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE NATURAL COURSE OF THESE HEALTH PARAMETERS. THESE DATA WERE INCLUDED IN MANY INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS AND CONSORTIA FOR PURPOSES OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF PREVALENCE AND CONSISTENCY OF FINDINGS, AND TO INCREASE THE POWER OF THE ANALYSES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 5755  32 SOCIALLY STRATIFIED EPIGENETIC PROFILES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. CHILDREN'S COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AND EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE ARE SOCIALLY STRATIFIED. SOCIAL INEQUALITY, INCLUDING CLASSISM AND RACISM, MAY OPERATE PARTLY VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MODULATE NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. FOLLOWING PREREGISTERED ANALYSES OF DATA FROM 1,183 PARTICIPANTS, AGES 8 TO 19 YEARS, FROM THE TEXAS TWIN PROJECT, WE FOUND THAT CHILDREN GROWING UP IN MORE SOCIOECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED FAMILIES AND NEIGHBORHOODS AND CHILDREN FROM MARGINALIZED RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUPS EXHIBIT DNA METHYLATION PROFILES THAT, IN PREVIOUS STUDIES OF ADULTS, WERE INDICATIVE OF HIGHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, LOWER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING, AND A FASTER PACE OF BIOLOGICAL AGING. FURTHERMORE, CHILDREN'S SALIVARY DNA METHYLATION PROFILES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR PERFORMANCE ON IN-LABORATORY TESTS OF COGNITIVE AND ACADEMIC SKILLS, INCLUDING PROCESSING SPEED, GENERAL EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, PERCEPTUAL REASONING, VERBAL COMPREHENSION, READING, AND MATH. GIVEN THAT THE DNA METHYLATION MEASURES THAT WE EXAMINED WERE ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED IN ADULTS, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CHILDREN SHOW MOLECULAR SIGNATURES THAT REFLECT THE EARLY LIFE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF LIFELONG DISPARITIES IN HEALTH AND COGNITION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17 6730  35 WALK MORE, EAT LESS, DON'T STRESS. UNHEALTHY DIET, OBESITY, LACK OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND PSYCHOLOGIC STRESS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE THE MAIN MECHANISMS OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER, HYPERTENSION, DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. IT HAS RECENTLY BEEN FOUND THAT HEALTHY DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN REDUCE INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND IMPROVE INSULIN SENSITIVITY RESULTING IN BETTER SURVIVORSHIP OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE CANCER. AN "ANTI-INFLAMMATORY" LIFESTYLE, INCLUDING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, HEALTHY BODY WEIGHT, HEALTHY DIET, AND STRESS REDUCTION, HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED CANCER RISK AND PROGRESSION. EPIGENETIC CHANGES DUE TO DNA METHYLATION AND ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE CAN BE MODULATED BY HEALTHY BEHAVIORS. NATIONAL CENTER FOR COMPLEMENTARY AND INTEGRATIVE HEALTH (NCCIH) FOCUSES ON HEALTHY LIFESTYLE, AND IT SUPPORTS RESEARCH ON PSYCHOLOGIC AND PHYSICAL APPROACHES INCLUDING DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND PLANT-BASED PRODUCTS, AS WELL AS MIND AND BODY APPROACHES, SUCH AS YOGA, MASSAGE, MEDITATION, MINDFULNESS-BASED STRESS REDUCTION, AND ACUPUNCTURE. SEE RELATED ARTICLE BY LANGLAIS ET AL., P. 1760.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 6633  39 UNHEALTHY SMOKERS: SCOPES FOR PROPHYLACTIC INTERVENTION AND CLINICAL TREATMENT. BACKGROUND: GLOBALLY, TOBACCO USE CAUSES APPROXIMATELY 6 MILLION DEATHS PER YEAR, AND PREDICTIONS REPORT THAT WITH CURRENT TRENDS; MORE THAN 8 MILLION DEATHS ARE EXPECTED ANNUALLY BY 2030. CIGARETTE SMOKINGS IS CURRENTLY ACCOUNTABLE FOR MORE THAN 480,000 DEATHS EACH YEAR IN UNITED STATES (US) AND IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF PREVENTABLE DEATH IN THE US. ON AVERAGE, SMOKERS DIE 10 YEARS EARLIER THAN NONSMOKERS AND IF SMOKING CONTINUES AT ITS CURRENT PROPORTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS, ONE IN EVERY 13 AMERICANS AGED 17 YEARS OR YOUNGER IS EXPECTED TO DIE PREMATURELY FROM A SMOKING-RELATED ILLNESS. EVEN THOUGH THERE HAS BEEN A MARGINAL SMOKING DECLINE OF AROUND 5% IN RECENT YEARS (2005 VS 2015), SMOKERS STILL ACCOUNT FOR 15% OF THE US ADULT POPULATION. WHAT IS ALSO CONCERNING IS THAT 41,000 OUT OF 480,000 DEATHS RESULTS FROM SECONDHAND SMOKE (SHS) EXPOSURE. HEREIN, WE PROVIDE A DETAILED REVIEW OF HEALTH COMPLICATIONS AND MAJOR PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING MUTATION, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND HEMODYNAMIC AND PLASMA PROTEIN CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC SMOKING. FURTHER, WE DISCUSS PROPHYLACTIC INTERVENTIONS AND ASSOCIATED BENEFITS AND PROVIDE A RATIONALE FOR THE SCOPE OF CLINICAL TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: CONSIDERING THESE PREMISES, IT IS EVIDENT THAT MUCH DETAILED TRANSLATIONAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED. FACTORS SUCH AS THE LENGTH OF SMOKING CESSATION FOR EX-SMOKERS, THE LEVEL OF SMOKE EXPOSURE IN CASE OF SHS, PRE-ESTABLISHED HEALTH CONDITIONS, GENETICS (AND EPIGENETICS MODIFICATION CAUSED BY CHRONIC SMOKING) ARE FEW OF THE CRITERIA THAT NEED TO BE EVALUATED TO BEGIN ASSESSING THE PROPHYLACTIC AND/OR THERAPEUTIC IMPACT OF TREATMENTS AIMED AT CHRONIC AND FORMER SMOKERS (ESPECIALLY EARLY STAGE EX-SMOKERS) INCLUDING THOSE FREQUENTLY SUBJECTED TO SECOND HAND TOBACCO SMOKE EXPOSURE. HEREIN, WE PROVIDE A DETAILED REVIEW OF HEALTH COMPLICATIONS AND MAJOR PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING MUTATION, INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND HEMODYNAMIC AND PLASMA PROTEIN CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC SMOKING. FURTHER, WE DISCUSS ABOUT PROPHYLACTIC INTERVENTIONS AND ASSOCIATED BENEFITS AND PROVIDE A RATIONALE AND SCOPE FOR CLINICAL TREATMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  458  39 APPLYING MINIMALLY INVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC STRESS ACROSS COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL CONTEXTS. CHRONIC STRESS IS BOTH THEORETICALLY AND METHODOLOGICALLY CHALLENGING TO OPERATIONALIZE THROUGH BIOMARKERS. YET MINIMALLY INVASIVE, FIELD-FRIENDLY BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC STRESS ARE VALUABLE IN RESEARCH LINKING BIOLOGY AND CULTURE, SEEKING TO UNDERSTAND DIFFERENTIAL PATTERNS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS ECOLOGICAL CONTEXTS, AND EXPLORING THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIALITY. FOR HUMAN BIOLOGISTS, A CENTRAL QUESTION IN MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF BIOMARKERS IS HOW STRESS-RESPONSIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ARE REGULATED ACROSS DIVERSE HUMAN ECOLOGIES. THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO DESCRIBE A CONDITIONAL TOOLKIT FOR HUMAN BIOLOGISTS INTERESTED IN THE STUDY OF CHRONIC STRESS, HIGHLIGHTING A MIX OF LONGSTANDING AND NOVEL BIOMARKERS, WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON HAIR/FINGERNAIL CORTISOL, LATENT HERPESVIRUS ANTIBODIES, ALLOSTATIC LOAD INDICES, AND SERIAL/AMBULATORY DATA COLLECTION APPROACHES. FUTURE TRENDS IN CHRONIC STRESS BIOMARKER RESEARCH, INCLUDING EPIGENETIC APPROACHES, ARE BRIEFLY CONSIDERED. THIS OVERVIEW CONSIDERS: (1) CHALLENGES IN SEPARATING A DISTINCTLY PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSION OF CHRONIC STRESS FROM ADVERSITY MORE BROADLY; (2) ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN ECOLOGY THAT SHAPE INTERPRETATION; (3) RETROSPECTIVE VS. LONGITUDINAL SAMPLING; (4) THE ROLE OF AGE, DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS, AND LOCAL BIOLOGIES; (5) DIFFERENT TIMESCALES OF CHRONICITY; AND (6) THE ROLE OF CULTURE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 1386  36 DIABETES: AN UPDATE ON THE PANDEMIC AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS. DIABETES MELLITUS IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASE WITH DEADLY, DISABLING, AND COSTLY CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, COMMUNITIES, AND COUNTRIES. ALTHOUGH THEY ARE PHENOTYPICALLY DISTINCT, DIABETES SUBTYPES (TYPE 1, TYPE 2, GESTATIONAL, AND OTHER FORMS) ARE ALL DEFINED BY ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS. APPROXIMATELY 95 PERCENT OF DIABETES CASES WORLDWIDE ARE TYPE 2 DIABETES (PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS ADULT-ONSET OR NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES), WHICH IS THE FOCUS OF THIS CHAPTER. TYPE 1 DIABETES (PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES) MOST COMMONLY BEGINS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. GESTATIONAL DIABETES REFERS TO ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN WITHOUT PREVIOUS DIABETES AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH FETAL, BIRTHING, AND EARLY CHILDHOOD COMPLICATIONS AS WELL AS HIGHER RISK OF THE MOTHER DEVELOPING POSTGESTATION DIABETES. THE GROWTH OF DIABETES AND ITS IMPACTS HAVE ACCELERATED WORLDWIDE SINCE THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (NCD-RISC 2016), LIKELY CORRELATED WITH EXPANSION OF DIABETES RISK FACTORS, ESPECIALLY POPULATION AGING AND OBESITY. DIABETES IS A MULTIFACTORIAL CONDITION. BECAUSE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, LIFESTYLE, ECONOMIC, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES (MCCARTHY 2010; STUMVOLL, GOLDSTEIN, AND VAN HAEFTEN 2005), PREVENTING AND MANAGING THE CONDITION REQUIRE ACTION AT POLICY, PROGRAM, CLINICAL PRACTICE, AND INDIVIDUAL LEVELS (HILL AND OTHERS 2013). RELIABLE AND MEANINGFUL ESTIMATES OF BURDENS, RISK FACTORS, AND EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS AS WELL AS EVALUATIONS OF EXISTING POLICIES, ARE LIMITED; DATA ARE ESPECIALLY SCARCE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (LMICS). THIS CHAPTER FOCUSES ON WHAT CAN AND SHOULD BE DONE TO ADDRESS DIABETES. WE PRESENT THE AVAILABLE DATA REGARDING GLOBAL BURDENS AND TRENDS IN DIABETES; REVIEW AVAILABLE EVIDENCE AND ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT, DETECT, AND CONTROL DIABETES; AND REPORT SUMMARY EXPERT OPINIONS REGARDING THE PRIORITY AND FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING THESE INTERVENTIONS. ASSIMILATING EVIDENCE FROM COUNTRIES AT DIFFERENT INCOME LEVELS, WE PROVIDE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE DIABETES PANDEMIC, RECOMMEND PRIORITY INTERVENTIONS, AND IDENTIFY REMAINING DATA GAPS.	2017