1 6406 167 THE SEARCH FOR RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE IN MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES. WHILST FACING A WORLDWIDE FAST INCREASE OF FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ALLERGIES, THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY IS ALSO CONFRONTED WITH ANOTHER INHOMOGENEOUS GROUP OF ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED DISABLING CONDITIONS, INCLUDING MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY (MCS), FIBROMYALGIA, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, ELECTRIC HYPERSENSITIVITY, AMALGAM DISEASE AND OTHERS. THESE SHARE THE FEATURES OF POLY-SYMPTOMATIC MULTI-ORGAN CUTANEOUS AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS, WITH POSTULATED INHERITED/ACQUIRED IMPAIRED METABOLISM OF CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL/NUTRITIONAL XENOBIOTICS, TRIGGERING ADVERSE REACTIONS AT EXPOSURE LEVELS FAR BELOW TOXICOLOGICALLY-RELEVANT VALUES, OFTEN IN THE ABSENCE OF CLEAR-CUT ALLERGOLOGIC AND/OR IMMUNOLOGIC INVOLVEMENT. DUE TO THE LACK OF PROVEN PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS GENERATING MEASURABLE DISEASE BIOMARKERS, THESE ENVIRONMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITIES ARE GENERALLY IGNORED BY SANITARY AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS, AS PSYCHOGENIC OR "MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS". THE UNCONTROLLED APPLICATION OF DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS NOT CORRESPONDING TO ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF VALIDATION, SAFETY, AND CLINICAL EFFICACY, TO A STEADILY INCREASING NUMBER OF PATIENTS DEMANDING ASSISTANCE, OCCURS IN MANY COUNTRIES IN THE ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES. HERE WE REVISE AVAILABLE INFORMATION SUPPORTING THE ORGANIC NATURE OF THESE CLINICAL CONDITIONS. FOLLOWING INTENSE RESEARCH ON GENE POLYMORPHISMS OF PHASE I/II DETOXIFICATION ENZYME GENES, SO FAR STATISTICALLY INCONCLUSIVE, EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC FACTORS ARE UNDER INVESTIGATION, IN PARTICULAR FREE RADICAL/ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBANCES. THE FINDING OF RELEVANT ALTERATIONS OF CATALASE, GLUTATHIONE-TRANSFERASE AND PEROXIDASE DETOXIFYING ACTIVITIES SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATING WITH CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MCS, HAS RECENTLY REGISTERED SOME PROGRESS TOWARDS THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELIABLE BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE ONSET, PROGRESSION, AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2 2816  42 FIBROMYALGIA: PATHOGENESIS, MECHANISMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OPTIONS UPDATE. FIBROMYALGIA IS A SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC AND WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY OTHER SYMPTOMS, SUCH AS FATIGUE, INTESTINAL DISORDERS AND ALTERATIONS IN SLEEP AND MOOD. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT TWO TO EIGHT PERCENT OF THE WORLD POPULATION IS AFFECTED BY FIBROMYALGIA. FROM A MEDICAL POINT OF VIEW, THIS PATHOLOGY STILL PRESENTS INEXPLICABLE ASPECTS. IT IS KNOWN THAT FIBROMYALGIA IS CAUSED BY A CENTRAL SENSITIZATION PHENOMENON CHARACTERIZED BY THE DYSFUNCTION OF NEURO-CIRCUITS, WHICH INVOLVES THE PERCEPTION, TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING OF AFFERENT NOCICEPTIVE STIMULI, WITH THE PREVALENT MANIFESTATION OF PAIN AT THE LEVEL OF THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM. IN RECENT YEARS, THE PATHOGENESIS OF FIBROMYALGIA HAS ALSO BEEN LINKED TO OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY, IMMUNE, ENDOCRINE, GENETIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS. A RHEUMATOLOGIST TYPICALLY MAKES A DIAGNOSIS OF FIBROMYALGIA WHEN THE PATIENT DESCRIBES A HISTORY OF PAIN SPREADING IN ALL QUADRANTS OF THE BODY FOR AT LEAST THREE MONTHS AND WHEN PAIN IS CAUSED BY DIGITAL PRESSURE IN AT LEAST 11 OUT OF 18 ALLOGENIC POINTS, CALLED TENDER POINTS. FIBROMYALGIA DOES NOT INVOLVE ORGANIC DAMAGE, AND SEVERAL DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN RECENT YEARS, INCLUDING THE ANALYSIS OF GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND SEROLOGICAL BIOMARKERS. SYMPTOMS OFTEN BEGIN AFTER PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL TRAUMA, BUT IN MANY CASES, THERE APPEARS TO BE NO OBVIOUS TRIGGER. WOMEN ARE MORE PRONE TO DEVELOPING THE DISEASE THAN MEN. UNFORTUNATELY, THE CONVENTIONAL MEDICAL THERAPIES THAT TARGET THIS PATHOLOGY PRODUCE LIMITED BENEFITS. THEY REMAIN LARGELY PHARMACOLOGICAL IN NATURE AND TEND TO TREAT THE SYMPTOMATIC ASPECTS OF VARIOUS DISORDERS REPORTED BY THE PATIENT. THE STATISTICS, HOWEVER, HIGHLIGHT THE FACT THAT 90% OF PEOPLE WITH FIBROMYALGIA ALSO TURN TO COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE TO MANAGE THEIR SYMPTOMS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 6159  42 THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. FATIGUE IS A COMMON SYMPTOM AND INCLUDES BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL COMPONENTS. IT CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT SYNDROMES AND DISEASES, BUT IN MANY CASES IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER COMORBID CONDITIONS. MOST HUMANS HAVE EXPERIENCED ACUTE FATIGUE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT STRESSORS. ACUTE FATIGUE TYPICALLY DECREASES AS THE EFFECT OF THE TRIGGERING FACTOR IS REDUCED AND A NORMAL HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE IS RESTORED. FATIGUE THAT PERSISTS FOR 6 MONTHS OR MORE IS TERMED CHRONIC FATIGUE. CHRONIC FATIGUE (CF) IN COMBINATION WITH A MINIMUM OF 4 OF 8 SYMPTOMS AND THE ABSENCE OF DISEASES THAT COULD EXPLAIN THESE SYMPTOMS, CONSTITUTE THE CASE DEFINITION FOR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. IN SPITE OF ITS PREVALENCE, THE BIOLOGY OF FATIGUE IS RELATIVELY POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS HAVE NOT YET BEEN IDENTIFIED. THIS LITERATURE SEARCH WAS PERFORMED IN PUBMED TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH ON THE GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF FATIGUE. PUBLICATIONS WERE INCLUDED IF FATIGUE WAS A MAJOR TOPIC AND THE TOPIC WAS COMBINED WITH GENETIC AND/OR EPIGENETIC MEASUREMENTS IN ADULT HUMANS. A TOTAL OF 40 PUBLICATIONS WERE IDENTIFIED. ALTHOUGH ALTERED FUNCTIONING IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, THE SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM, AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH INFECTIOUS AGENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, THE SEARCH FOR GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF FATIGUE, EITHER IN THE CONTEXT OF CF OR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS) HAS BEEN RELATIVELY UNPRODUCTIVE OR, IN THE CASE OF EPIGENETICS, NONEXISTENT. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL STUDIES, BOTH HYPOTHESIS-TESTING AND HYPOTHESIS-GENERATING, HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS, THEY HAVE MOSTLY BEEN UNDERPOWERED, RESTRICTED BY THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE PHENOTYPE, OR LIMITED BY AN UNSYSTEMATIC STUDY DESIGN. TO BE ABLE TO CONFIRM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RISK FOR, OR LEVELS OF, FATIGUE ARE INFLUENCED BY THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND OF AN INDIVIDUAL, STUDIES NEED TO BE BASED ON LARGER SAMPLE SIZES WITH A MORE CLEARLY DEFINED PHENOTYPE. STUDIES NEED TO FOCUS NOT ONLY ON THE INFLUENCE OF A SINGLE ASPECT SUCH AS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) OR DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION ON DISEASE RISK OR STATE, BUT ALSO ON THE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY BEHIND THE DISEASE IN COMBINATION WITH INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND VALIDATION OF FINDINGS IN FUNCTIONAL STUDIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 3511  67 IDIOPATHIC ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES (IEI): FROM MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY TO MOLECULAR MEDICINE. INHERITED OR ACQUIRED IMPAIRMENT OF XENOBIOTICS METABOLISM IS A POSTULATED MECHANISM UNDERLYING ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGIES SUCH AS MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY, FIBROMYALGIA, CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, DENTAL AMALGAM DISEASE, AND OTHERS, ALSO COLLECTIVELY NAMED IDIOPATHIC ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES (IEI). IN VIEW OF THE POOR CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS, AND THE ABSENCE OF RECOGNISED GENETIC AND METABOLIC MARKERS OF THE DISEASES. THEY ARE OFTEN CONSIDERED "MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYNDROMES",. THESE DISABLING CONDITIONS SHARE THE FEATURES OF POLYSYMPTOMATIC MULTI-ORGAN SYNDROMES, CONSIDERED BY PART OF THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY TO BE ABERRANT RESPONSES TRIGGERED BY EXPOSURE TO LOW-DOSE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS AND METALS, IN CONCENTRATIONS FAR BELOW AVERAGE REFERENCE LEVELS ADMITTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS. A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO ALTERED BIOTRANSFORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS, DRUGS, AND METALS, AND OF ENDOGENOUS LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT METABOLITES, CAUSED BY POLYMORPHISMS OF GENES CODING FOR XENOBIOTIC METABOLIZING ENZYMES, THEIR RECEPTORS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS APPEARS TO BE INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THESE ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGIES, ALONG WITH EPIGENETIC FACTORS. FREE RADICAL/ANTIOXIDANT HOMEOSTASIS MAY ALSO BE HEAVILY IMPLICATED, INDIRECTLY BY AFFECTING THE REGULATION OF XENOBIOTIC METABOLIZING ENZYMES, AND DIRECTLY BY CAUSING INCREASED LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE PRODUCTS, IMPLICATED IN THE CHRONIC DAMAGE OF CELLS AND TISSUES, WHICH IS IN PART CORRELATED WITH CLINICAL SYMPTOMS. MORE SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY, TOXICO- AND PHARMACO-GENOMICS, ELUCIDATING THE MECHANISMS OF REGULATION, EXPRESSION, INDUCTION, AND ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT/DETOXIFYING ENZYMES, AND THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS, PROMISE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THIS PATHOLOGICALLY INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO LOW-LEVEL CHEMICAL STIMULI, AND A SOLID BASIS FOR EFFECTIVE INDIVIDUALIZED ANTIOXIDANT- AND/OR CHELATOR-BASED TREATMENTS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5 6375  34 THE ROLE OF NEURO-IMMUNE INTERACTION IN CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS; FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME, NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION, AND PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY. FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES ARE INCREASINGLY DIAGNOSED IN CHRONICALLY ILL PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH AN ARRAY OF SYMPTOMS NOT ATTRIBUTED TO PHYSICAL AILMENTS. CONDITIONS SUCH AS CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME, FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME, OR IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME ARE COMMON DISORDERS THAT BELONG IN THIS BROAD CATEGORY. SUCH SYNDROMES ARE CHARACTERISED BY THE PRESENCE OF ONE OR MULTIPLE CHRONIC SYMPTOMS INCLUDING WIDESPREAD MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, FATIGUE, SLEEP DISORDERS, AND ABDOMINAL PAIN, AMONGST OTHER ISSUES. SYMPTOMS ARE BELIEVED TO RELATE TO A COMPLEX INTERACTION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS, WHERE A DEFINITE AETIOLOGY HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. THEORIES SUGGEST CAUSATIVE PATHWAYS BETWEEN THE IMMUNE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS WITH SEVERAL RISK FACTORS IDENTIFIED IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ONE OR MORE FUNCTIONAL SYNDROMES. RISK FACTORS INCLUDING STRESS AND CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ARE NOW RECOGNISED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, AND SEXUAL ABUSE DURING CHILDHOOD IS CONSIDERED A SEVERE STRESSOR HAVING A HIGH PREVALENCE IN FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME SUFFERS. SUCH TRAUMA PERMANENTLY ALTERS THE BIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE OF THE SUFFERS LEADING TO NEUROEXCITATORY AND OTHER NERVE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN ADULTS. TRAUMATIC AND CHRONIC STRESS RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN STRESS RESPONSE GENES, WHICH ULTIMATELY LEADS TO DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY AXIS, THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MANIFESTING IN A BROAD ARRAY OF SYMPTOMS. IMPORTANTLY, THESE SYSTEMS ARE KNOWN TO BE DYSREGULATED IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROME. FUNCTIONAL SOMATIC SYNDROMES ARE ALSO HIGHLY PREVALENT CO-MORBIDITIES OF PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS, MOOD DISORDERS, AND ANXIETY. CONSEQUENTLY, THIS REVIEW AIMS TO PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO THE ROLE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CHRONIC PAIN DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, AND CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 2900  30 GENDER BIAS IN THERAPEUTIC EFFORT: FROM RESEARCH TO HEALTH CARE. THERE ARE RELEVANT DIMENSIONS FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE RELATED TO THERAPEUTIC EFFORT. TO ILLUSTRATE AND DISCUSS POSSIBLE GENDER BIAS RELATED TO MEDICINES, THROUGH THE CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS IN WOMEN, THE PRESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL DRUGS ACCORDING TO SEX, THE POTENTIAL GENDER INEQUALITY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS, AND RESEARCH WITH CLINICAL TRIALS, AS WELL AS THE DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE MARKETING OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS. THERE IS GREATER TENDENCY TO PRESCRIBE PAIN RELIEVERS, REGARDLESS OF PAIN, AND DRUGS FOR LOW INTENSITY DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN. THE OPPOSITE OCCURS IN THE PRESCRIPTION OF STATINS AND ADEQUATE DOSES, AND WITH THE GREATER PROBABILITY OF PRESCRIBING ANTI-TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR IN MEN THAN IN WOMEN WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, DESPITE A SIMILAR DISEASE BURDEN. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ARE OBSERVED MORE FREQUENTLY IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN, WHERE DETERMINANTS SUCH AS BODY WEIGHT ARE HAVING LITTLE INFLUENCE ON THE DOSAGE. IT IS CURRENTLY SCARCELY CONSIDERED IN THE PRESCRIPTION THAT WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ACTIVITY OF CYTOCHROME CYPP450 ENZYMES, WHICH CAN AFFECT THE LIVER'S METABOLISM RATE. THERE ARE EVEN IMMUNOLOGICAL, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EFFECTS (DUE TO HEREDITY AND UNEVEN GENE DOSING LOCATED IN THE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES) THAT CAN INFLUENCE THESE DIFFERENCES BY SEX. FINALLY, THROUGH CASES OF HORMONAL THERAPY CLINICAL TRIALS, A DRUG FOR WOMEN'S INHIBITED SEXUAL DESIRE AND A CONTRACEPTIVE FOR MEN, GENDER BIAS AND STEREOTYPES ARE SHOWN TO INFLUENCE A POTENTIAL GENERATION OF INEQUALITIES, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS TO THE DETRIMENT OF WOMEN. IN CONCLUSION, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS FREQUENTLY ATTRIBUTE PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS TO WOMEN'S EMOTIONALITY, INFLUENCING THEIR GREATER PRESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMATIC DRUGS. WHETHER THE SAME REASON INFLUENCES THE LOWER PRESCRIPTION OF THERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN WOMEN THAN IN MEN SHOULD BE ANALYZED. THERE ARE BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS TO CONSIDER DUE TO THEIR INFLUENCE ON A GREATER PHARMACOLOGICAL TOXICITY IN WOMEN. CLINICAL TRIALS SHOULD IMPROVE ACCORDING TO THE GENDER RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE FOOD AND DRUGS ADMINISTRATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7 3676  34 INFLAMMATION AND NEUTROPHIL IMMUNOSENESCENCE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: TARGETED TREATMENTS TO IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THE ELDERLY. DESPITE INCREASING LONGEVITY, MANY OLD PEOPLE ARE NOT IN GOOD HEALTH. THERE HAS BEEN AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF AGE-ASSOCIATED MULTI-MORBIDITY (TWO OR MORE CHRONIC CONDITIONS IN THE SAME PERSON). ALSO, SEVERE INFECTIONS, SUCH AS PNEUMONIA, REMAIN SIGNIFICANT CAUSES OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY IN THIS AGING GROUP. MANY CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS SHARE RISK FACTORS SUCH AS INCREASING AGE, SMOKING, A SEDENTARY LIFE STYLE AND BEING PART OF A LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP. HOWEVER, DESPITE THIS, MULTI-MORBIDITIES OFTEN CO-OCCUR MORE COMMONLY THAN WOULD BE PREDICTED. THIS HAS LED TO THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THEY SHARE COMMON UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT, FOR IF IT WERE TRUE, TREATMENTS COULD BE DEVISED WHICH TARGET THESE COMMON PATHWAYS AND IMPROVE A NUMBER OF AGE-ASSOCIATED HEALTH CONDITIONS. MANY CHRONIC ILLNESSES ASSOCIATED WITH MULTI-MORBIDITY AND SEVERE INFECTIONS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABNORMAL AND SUSTAINED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, WITH NEUTROPHILS BEING KEY EFFECTOR CELLS IN THE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS. STUDIES HAVE DESCRIBED ABERRANT NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS ACROSS THESE CONDITIONS, AND SOME HAVE HIGHLIGHTED POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR ALTERED CELL BEHAVIOURS WHICH APPEAR SHARED ACROSS DISEASE STATES. IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT ALTERED FUNCTIONS MAY REPRESENT NEUTROPHIL "SENESCENCE". THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS HOW AND WHY NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS CHANGE AS THE CELL AGES, AND HOW AND WHY NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS CHANGE AS THE HOST AGES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE AND DISCUSSES WHETHER NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS COULD BE TARGETED TO IMPROVE HEALTH OUTCOMES IN OLDER ADULTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8 4803  27 OBESITY AND MALE INFERTILITY. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IS INCREASING AMONG BOTH SEXES, WITH ASSOCIATED IMPACTS ON CHRONIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL COMORBIDITIES. SIMILARLY, THE EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ARE INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNIZED. ADIPOSITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED FERTILITY IN MEN, WITH A COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY. THE REPORTED EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON SEMEN PARAMETERS AND IMPAIRED FERTILITY ARE CONTRASTING, WITH SOME STUDIES SHOWING A CLEAR REDUCTION IN REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BODY MASS INDEX, WHILE OTHERS DO NOT SHOW SUCH IMPACTS. THESE CONTROVERSIES MAY BE DUE TO THE COMPLEX PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND INTERPLAY BETWEEN GONADOTROPINS AND END ORGANS, AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS ON MALE FERTILITY AND FUNCTION. THESE DIFFERENT ASPECTS HAVE LED TO HETEROGENEOUS PARTICIPANTS IN STUDIES AND VARYING IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES AS WELL AS OFFSPRING HEALTH. TREATMENT MODALITIES TO MANAGE OBESITY INCLUDE LIFESTYLE, MEDICAL, AND SURGICAL OPTIONS, WITH EMERGING AND EFFECTIVE MEDICAL TREATMENTS SHOWING PROMISE IN REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9 6211  27 THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: POTENTIAL ROLE OF AUTONOMIC REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. OXIDATIVE STRESS CAN BE INDUCED BY VARIOUS STIMULI AND ALTERED IN CERTAIN CONDITIONS, INCLUDING EXERCISE AND PAIN. ALTHOUGH MANY STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RELATION TO EITHER EXERCISE OR PAIN, THE LITERATURE PRESENTS CONFLICTING RESULTS. THEREFORE, THIS REVIEW CRITICALLY DISCUSSES EXISTING LITERATURE ABOUT THIS TOPIC, AIMING TO PROVIDE A CLEAR OVERVIEW OF KNOWN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN IN HEALTHY PEOPLE AS WELL AS IN PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC PAIN, AND TO HIGHLIGHT POSSIBLE CONFOUNDING FACTORS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN REFLECTING ON THESE INTERACTIONS. IN ADDITION, AUTONOMIC REGULATION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE PROPOSED AS POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION UNDERLYING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THAT THE RELATION BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD AND NOT STRAIGHTFORWARD, AS IT IS DEPENDENT ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXERCISE, BUT ALSO ON WHICH POPULATION IS INVESTIGATED. TO BE ABLE TO COMPARE STUDIES ON THIS TOPIC, STRICT GUIDELINES SHOULD BE DEVELOPED TO LIMIT THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL CONFOUNDING FACTORS. THIS WAY, THE TRUE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS, EXERCISE, AND PAIN, AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF ACTION CAN BE REVEALED AND VALIDATED VIA INDEPENDENT STUDIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10 6781  47 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

11 6791  34 [DOES THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS AND THE FREQUENCY OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES INCREASE?]. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES GENERALLY BELONG TO THE RARE DISEASES, HOWEVER, SOME OF THEM ARE FREQUENT IN THE POPULATION. IN THE PRESENT WORK THE AUTHORS ANALYSE WHETHER CAN ANY INCREASE BE OBSERVED IN THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND WHETHER DO THE FREQUENCY OF CERTAIN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS INCREASE. DUE MAINLY TO EPIGENETIC FACTORS THE INCIDENCE OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES ARE INCREASING, THEREFORE THERE ARE MORE PATIENTS RECOGNISED WITH PARTICULAR DISORDERS. ON THE OTHER HAND THE INCIDENCE IS INCREASED BY IMPROVING DIAGNOSTIC POSSIBILITIES, BY THE USE OF MORE SPECIFIC AND SENSITIVE CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA AND MORE SOPHISTICATED LABORATORY TESTS, RESULTED IN THE RECOGNITION OF MILDER AND ATYPICAL DISEASE VARIANTS AS WELL. THE PREVALENCE IS ALSO INCREASING IN CONSEQUENCE OF NOVEL IMMUNE SUPPRESSIVE THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES AND THE CONSEQUENT IMPROVEMENT OF SURVIVAL IN THE MOST OF THESE DISEASES. BESIDES, MORE AND MORE DISEASES HAVE BEEN REVEALED TO HAVE AUTOIMMUNE BACKGROUND, AND LOT OF NEW AUTOIMMUNE SYNDROMES, DISEASES HAVE BEEN CHARACTERISED RECENTLY. THIS INCREASES THE NUMBER OF THE KNOWN AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISORDERS WITH A CONSEQUENT INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF AUTOIMMUNE PATIENTS. ASSIGNED TO THE INCREASING NUMBER OF VARIABLE CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS, AND THE INCREASING NUMBER OF DISABLED PATIENTS WITH SUCH DISEASES INCREASING MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ATTENTION HAS TO BE FOCUSED ON.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 5072  33 PHYSICAL EXERCISE POSITIVELY INFLUENCES BREAST CANCER EVOLUTION. BREAST CANCER IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY DIAGNOSED TYPES OF CANCER IN WOMEN. ITS PATHOGENESIS INVOLVES GENETIC, HORMONAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. A LARGE BODY OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY HAS POSITIVE EFFECTS ON EVERY ASPECT OF BREAST CANCER EVOLUTION, INCLUDING PREVENTION, MEDICAL TREATMENT, AND AFTERCARE CLINICAL SETTINGS. THUS, DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXERCISE CAN INFLUENCE THE PREVENTION AND PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE THROUGH SEVERAL COMMON MECHANISMS, SUCH AS REDUCTION OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND IMPROVEMENT OF IMMUNITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION. FURTHERMORE, ACUTE AND CHRONIC SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCER, SUCH AS CACHEXIA, MUSCLE MASS LOSS, FATIGUE, CARDIOTOXICITY, WEIGHT GAIN, HORMONE ALTERATIONS, BONE LOSS, AND PSYCHOLOGIC ADVERSE EFFECTS, MAY ALL BE FAVORABLY INFLUENCED BY REGULAR EXERCISE. WE REVIEW THE RELATION OF INTENSITY AND DURATION OF EXERCISE WITH POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PATHWAYS, INCLUDING OBESITY-RELATED HORMONES AND SEX STEROID HORMONE PRODUCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SUCH AS DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, AND CHANGES IN TELOMERE LENGTH, WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF EXERCISE IN REDUCING THE INTENSITY OF THE ADVERSE EFFECTS THAT RESULT FROM BREAST CANCER AND ANTICANCER TREATMENT IS ALSO DISCUSSED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13 2715  22 EXERCISE-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND THEIR POTENTIAL INFLUENCE ON CANCER: A SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. AIM: TO REVIEW AND DISCUSS THE AVAILABLE INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE REGARDING THE INDIRECT AND DIRECT BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS THAT OCCUR AFTER EXERCISE, WHICH COULD POSITIVELY, OR NEGATIVELY, INFLUENCE ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS. METHODS: THE PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE AND COCHRANE LIBRARIES WERE SEARCHED FOR PAPERS UP TO JULY 2016 ADDRESSING BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AFTER EXERCISE WITH A PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANCER. THE THREE AUTHORS INDEPENDENTLY ASSESSED THEIR APPROPRIATENESS FOR INCLUSION IN THIS REVIEW BASED ON THEIR SCIENTIFIC QUALITY AND RELEVANCE. RESULTS: 168 PAPERS WERE SELECTED AND CATEGORISED INTO INDIRECT AND DIRECT BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS. THE INDIRECT EFFECTS INCLUDED CHANGES IN VITAMIN D, WEIGHT REDUCTION, SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE AND IMPROVED MOOD. THE DIRECT EFFECTS INCLUDED INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA REPAIR, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT PATHWAYS, HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS, TESTOSTERONE, IRISIN, IMMUNITY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND PROSTAGLANDINS, ENERGY METABOLISM AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. SUMMARY: EXERCISE IS ONE OF SEVERAL LIFESTYLE FACTORS KNOWN TO LOWER THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER RELAPSE RATES AND BETTER SURVIVAL. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE NUMEROUS BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES, WHICH EXPLAIN THESE POTENTIAL ANTICANCER BENEFITS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 1041  33 CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF LEAD TOXICITY: AN UPDATE. LEAD TOXICITY IS A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEAD EXPOSURE HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CAUSE MANY DELETERIOUS SYSTEMATIC EFFECTS INCLUDING HYPERTENSION, FRANK ANEMIA, COGNITIVE DEFICITS, INFERTILITY, IMMUNE IMBALANCES, DELAYED SKELETAL AND DECIDUOUS DENTAL DEVELOPMENT, VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, AND GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS FOR ALL THESE SYSTEMIC EFFECTS HAVE NOT BEEN ELUCIDATED COMPLETELY. HOWEVER, THE MOST PLAUSIBLE CAUSE IS FREE RADICAL DAMAGE. IN ADDITION TO THIS, LEAD BEING A DIVALENT CATION CAN SURROGATE FOR CALCIUM AT MULTIPLE LEVELS AFFECTING VARIOUS CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS. THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF LEAD EXPOSURE RESULTING IN VARIOUS SYSTEMIC EFFECTS IS BEING EXTENSIVELY EXPLORED. THE REPORTS INCLUDE SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS, AND THE MOST RECENT REPORTS ALSO FEATURE REGULATORY RNA MOLECULES - MIRNAS. HOWEVER, MANY GENETIC TARGETS ARE IDENTIFIED, BUT THEIR POSSIBLE MECHANISMS ARE STILL AN AREA TO BE EXPLORED. ADDITIONAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED IN DIFFERENT POPULATION GROUPS TO VALIDATE THE EXISTING FINDINGS, AS WELL AS TO FIND NEWER TARGETS THAT MAY HELP IN BETTER UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO LEAD TOXICITY. FURTHERMORE, NEWER STRATEGIES FOR LEAD RISK ASSESSMENT BECOMES NECESSARY AS THE PREVIOUSLY RECOGNIZED "SAFE" LEVEL OF LEAD IS ALSO BEING FOUND TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 1932  30 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES: AN UNDERRECOGNIZED CONTRIBUTION TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE TO WHICH EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) HAVE BEEN VERY CONSERVATIVE AND HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERESTIMATED THE ACTUAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR AT LEAST TWO REASONS. FIRSTLY, MOST PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE EXCLUDED THE CONTRIBUTION OF LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS, BUT THESE USUALLY INVOLVE SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS THAT INCREASE RISK OF DISEASE. SECONDLY, EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IS NOW CLEARLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELEVATED RISK OF SEVERAL DISEASES LATER IN LIFE, BUT THESE CONNECTIONS ARE OFTEN DIFFICULT TO DISCERN. THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR ASTHMA AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS, BUT THERE IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASES. MOST CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. IN ADDITION, NEW INFORMATION SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DIABETES AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS PRESENT IN AIR, FOOD, AND WATER. THESE RELATIONSHIPS LIKELY REFLECT THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND GENE INDUCTION. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE TO NCDS THAN PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE SUGGESTED. PREVENTION NEEDS TO SHIFT FOCUS FROM INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND AN UNDERSTANDING THAT EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF NCDS ULTIMATELY RELIES ON IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO MODIFIABLE RISKS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16 6038  49 THE CHEMICAL DEFENSIVE SYSTEM IN THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF IDIOPATHIC ENVIRONMENT-ASSOCIATED DISEASES. CHEMICAL DEFENSIVE SYSTEM CONSISTING OF BIO-SENSORING, TRANSMITTING, AND RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS HAS BEEN EVOLVED TO PROTECT MULTI-CELLULAR ORGANISMS AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL INSULTS (XENOBIOTICS) AND TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS OF ENDOGENOUS LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT METABOLITES (ENDOBIOTICS). BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DEFECTS OF THE SYSTEM IN ASSOCIATION WITH CARCINOGENESIS AND INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO ANTI-TUMOR THERAPIES HAVE BEEN INTENSELY STUDIED. RECENTLY, SEVERAL NON-TUMOR HUMAN PATHOLOGIES WITH EVIDENT ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS SUCH AS RATHER RARE FUNCTIONAL SYNDROMES (MULTIPLE CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY, CHRONIC FATIGUE, PERSIAN GULF, AND FIBROMYALGIA NOW COLLECTIVELY LABELED AS IDIOPATHIC ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCES) AND COMMON DISEASES (VITILIGO AND SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS) HAVE BECOME SUBJECTS OF THE RESEARCH ON THE IMPAIRED METABOLISM AND DETOXIFICATION OF XENOBIOTICS AND ENDOGENOUS TOXINS. HERE, WE COLLECTED AND CRITICALLY REVIEWED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, GENETIC, AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA ON THE INVOLVEMENT AND POSSIBLE ROLE OF CYTOCHROME P450 SUPER FAMILY ENZYMES, GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE ISOZYMES, CATECHOL-O-METHYL-TRANSFERASE, UDP-GLUCURONOSYL TRANSFERASES, AND PROTEINS DETOXIFYING INORGANIC AND ORGANIC PEROXIDES (CATALASE, GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE, AND PEROXIREDOXIN) IN THE ABOVE PATHOLOGIES. GENETIC PREDISPOSITION ASSESSED MAINLY BY SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM AND GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSES REVEALED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DEFECTS IN GENES ENCODING XENOBIOTIC-METABOLIZING AND/OR DETOXIFYING ENZYMES AND RISK/SEVERITY OF THESE SYNDROMES/DISEASES. PROTEOME ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED ABNORMAL EXPRESSION OF THE ENZYMES. THEIR FUNCTIONS WERE AFFECTED EPIGENETICALLY LEADING TO METABOLIC IMPAIRMENT AND, AS A CONSEQUENCE, TO THE NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES SHARED BY SOME OF THESE PATHOLOGIES. DATA OBTAINED SO FAR SUGGEST THAT DISTINCT COMPONENTS OF THE CHEMICAL DEFENSIVE SYSTEM COULD BE SUITABLE MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR FUTURE PATHOGENIC THERAPIES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 4805  33 OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES? OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES REPRESENT INCREASING HEALTH PROBLEMS. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS (EDCS) ARE EXOGENOUS AGENTS THAT CHANGE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND CAUSE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. MOST EDCS ARE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS; SOME ARE NATURAL FOOD COMPONENTS AS PHYTOESTROGENS. PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO COMPLEX MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. EDCS IMPACT HORMONE-DEPENDENT METABOLIC SYSTEMS AND BRAIN FUNCTION. LABORATORY AND HUMAN STUDIES PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT HUMAN CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION CAN PLAY A ROLE IN OBESITY EPIDEMIC. CHEMICAL EXPOSURES MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF OBESITY BY ALTERING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOCYTES. EDCS CAN ALTER METHYLATION PATTERNS AND NORMAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN CELLS. OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE INDUCED BY MANY OF THESE CHEMICALS, AND ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT IT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICALS IS VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON ENVIRONMENT AND ABILITY TO METABOLIZE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS. A NUMBER OF GENES, ESPECIALLY THOSE REPRESENTING ANTIOXIDANT AND DETOXIFICATION PATHWAYS, HAVE POTENTIAL APPLICATION AS BIOMARKERS OF RISK ASSESSMENT. THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXPOSURES MAKE THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS MORE COMPLEX COMPARED TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SINGLE CHEMICALS. TECHNIQUES AND METHODS NEED TO BE FURTHER DEVELOPED TO FILL DATA GAPS AND INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE ON HARMFUL EXPOSURE COMBINATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
18 4915  35 PAIN, ANALGESIA AND GENETICS. OBJECTIVES: IN THE CLINICAL SETTING, THERE IS MARKED INTERSUBJECT VARIABILITY IN THE INTENSITY OF PAIN REPORTED BY PATIENTS WITH APPARENTLY SIMILAR PAIN STATES, AS WELL AS WIDELY DIFFERING ANALGESIC DOSING REQUIREMENTS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS TO PRODUCE SATISFACTORY PAIN RELIEF WITH TOLERABLE SIDE-EFFECTS. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AS WELL AS THEIR INTERACTION ARE IMPLICATED, AND THESE ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW. KEY FINDINGS: PIONEERING WORK UNDERTAKEN IN MICE MORE THAN A DECADE AGO, SHOWED A STRONG GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO LEVELS OF NOCICEPTION/HYPERSENSITIVITY AS WELL AS LEVELS OF ANTINOCICEPTION PRODUCED BY COMMONLY AVAILABLE ANALGESIC AGENTS. TO DATE MORE THAN 300 CANDIDATE 'PAIN' GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTING TO HERITABLE DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY AND ANALGESIC RESPONSIVENESS IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS, WITH THIS INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN A PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE DATABASE HTTP://WWW.JBLDESIGN.COM/JMOGIL/ENTER.HTML. SINCE THEN, MANY GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED IN HUMANS TO INVESTIGATE THE POSSIBILITY THAT SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) IN AN INDIVIDUAL GENE MAY EXPLAIN DRUG INEFFICACY OR EXCESSIVE TOXICITY EXPERIENCED BY A SMALL SUBSET OF THE WHOLE POPULATION WHO HAVE THE RARE ALLELE FOR A PARTICULAR SNP. SUMMARY: DESPITE THE FACT THAT SNPS IN MORE THAN 20 GENES THAT AFFECT PAIN SENSITIVITY OR CONTRIBUTE TO INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN RESPONSES TO ANALGESIC MEDICATIONS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THE HUMAN GENOME, MUCH OF THE DATA IS CONFLICTING. APART FROM DEFICIENCIES IN THE DESIGN AND CONDUCT OF HUMAN GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES, RECENT RESEARCH FROM OTHER FIELDS HAS IMPLICATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT FACILITATE DYNAMIC GENE-ENVIRONMENT COMMUNICATION, AS A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19 1736  33 EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOSIS-A REVIEW. PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS OFTEN RUN A CHRONIC COURSE AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A CONSIDERABLE EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT FOR PATIENTS AND THEIR RELATIVES. THEREFORE, EARLY RECOGNITION, COMBINED WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION, IS URGENTLY WARRANTED SINCE THE DURATION OF UNTREATED PSYCHOSIS (DUP) SIGNIFICANTLY DETERMINES THE FURTHER COURSE OF THE DISEASE. IN ADDITION TO ESTABLISHED DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS, NEUROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOSES ARE INCREASINGLY BEING INVESTIGATED. IT IS SHOWN THAT NUMEROUS MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS ALREADY EXIST BEFORE THE CLINICAL ONSET OF THE DISEASE. AS SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOSES ARE NOT ELICITED BY A SINGLE MUTATION IN THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) SEQUENCE, EPIGENETICS LIKELY CONSTITUTE THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND COULD POTENTIALLY SERVE AS A BIOMARKER. THE RESULTS FROM TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND PROTEOMIC STUDIES POINT TO A DYSREGULATED IMMUNE SYSTEM, LIKELY EVOKED BY EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. DESPITE THE INCREASING KNOWLEDGE OF THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, FURTHER RESEARCH EFFORTS WITH LARGE POPULATION-BASED STUDY DESIGNS ARE NEEDED TO IDENTIFY SUITABLE BIOMARKERS. IN CONCLUSION, A COMBINATION OF BLOOD EXAMINATIONS, FUNCTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES, ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) INVESTIGATIONS AND POLYGENIC RISK SCORES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS THE BASIS FOR PREDICTING HOW SUBJECTS WILL TRANSITION INTO MANIFEST PSYCHOSIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20 5133  36 POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISM(S) ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERSISTENCE OF PSYCHONEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN RECEIVING CHEMOTHERAPY FOR BREAST CANCER: A HYPOTHESIS. DUE TO RECENT TREATMENT ADVANCES, THERE HAVE BEEN IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROPORTION OF WOMEN SURVIVING A DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER (BC). HOWEVER, MANY OF THESE SURVIVORS REPORT PERSISTENT ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS FOLLOWING TREATMENT, SUCH AS COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION, DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, ANXIETY, FATIGUE, SLEEP DISTURBANCES, AND PAIN. INVESTIGATORS HAVE EXAMINED CIRCULATING LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS, PARTICULARLY SERUM CYTOKINES, FOR A POTENTIAL CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP TO THE DEVELOPMENT/PERSISTENCE OF THESE PSYCHONEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS (PNS). WHILE INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION, RESULTING FROM PERCEIVED STRESS OR OTHER FACTORS, MAY DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PNS, WE OFFER AN ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS, SUGGESTING THAT THESE SYMPTOMS ARE AN EARLY STEP IN A CASCADE OF BIOLOGICAL CHANGES LEADING TO EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AT THE LEVEL OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND/OR CHROMATIN STRUCTURE/CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY. GIVEN THAT EPIGENETIC PATTERNS HAVE PLASTICITY, IF THIS CONJECTURED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EPIGENOMIC/ACQUIRED GENOMIC ALTERATIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT/PERSISTENCE OF PNS IS CONFIRMED, IT COULD PROVIDE FOUNDATIONAL KNOWLEDGE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH LEADING TO THE RECOGNITION OF PREDICTIVE MARKERS AND/OR TREATMENTS TO ALLEVIATE PNS IN WOMEN WITH BC. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE DISCUSS AN EVOLVING THEORY OF THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PNS, INTEGRATING KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO INFLAMMATION AND DNA REPAIR IN THE CONTEXT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SCIENCE TO EXPAND THE PARADIGM FOR UNDERSTANDING SYMPTOM ACQUISITION/PERSISTENCE FOLLOWING CHEMOTHERAPY.	2014