1 6384 209 THE ROLE OF POLYCARBONATE MONOMER BISPHENOL-A IN INSULIN RESISTANCE. BISPHENOL A (BPA) IS A SYNTHETIC UNIT OF POLYCARBONATE POLYMERS AND EPOXY RESINS, THE TYPES OF PLASTICS THAT COULD BE FOUND IN ESSENTIALLY EVERY HUMAN POPULATION AND INCORPORATED INTO ALMOST EVERY ASPECT OF THE MODERN HUMAN SOCIETY. BPA POLYMERS APPEAR IN A WIDE RANGE OF PRODUCTS, FROM LIQUID STORAGES (PLASTIC BOTTLES, CAN AND GLASS LININGS, WATER PIPES AND TANKS) AND FOOD STORAGES (PLASTICS WRAPS AND CONTAINERS), TO MEDICAL AND DENTAL DEVICES. BPA POLYMERS COULD BE HYDROLYZED SPONTANEOUSLY OR IN A PHOTO- OR TEMPERATURE-CATALYZED PROCESS, PROVIDING WIDESPREAD ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THE BPA MONOMER IN CONTEMPORARY HUMAN POPULATIONS. BISPHENOL A IS ALSO A XENOESTROGEN, AN ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICAL (EDC) THAT INTERFERES WITH THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM MIMICKING THE EFFECTS OF AN ESTROGEN AND COULD POTENTIALLY KEEP OUR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN A CONSTANT PERTURBATION THAT PARALLELS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION ARISING DURING PREGNANCY, SUCH AS INSULIN RESISTANCE (IR). GESTATIONAL INSULIN RESISTANCE REPRESENTS A NATURAL BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON OF HIGHER INSULIN RESISTANCE IN PERIPHERAL TISSUES OF THE PREGNANT FEMALES, WHEN NUTRIENTS ARE INCREASINGLY BEING DIRECTED TO THE EMBRYO INSTEAD OF BEING STORED IN PERIPHERAL TISSUES. GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS MAY APPEAR IN HEALTHY NON-DIABETIC FEMALES, DUE TO GESTATIONAL INSULIN RESISTANCE THAT LEADS TO INCREASED BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS AND HYPERINSULINEMIA (INCREASED INSULIN PRODUCTION FROM THE PANCREATIC BETA CELLS). THE HYPOTHESIS STATES THAT UNNOTICED AND CONSTANT EXPOSURE TO THIS ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL MIGHT POTENTIALLY LEAD TO THE FORMATION OF CHRONIC LOW-LEVEL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTIVE STATE THAT RESEMBLES GESTATIONAL INSULIN RESISTANCE, WHICH MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES. THE INCREASING BODY OF EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE MAJOR PREMISES OF THIS HYPOTHESIS, AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE NUMEROUS PUBLICATIONS EXAMINING THE ASSOCIATION OF BPA AND INSULIN RESISTANCE, BOTH EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MECHANISTIC. HOWEVER, TO WHAT EXTENT BPA MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES IN THE MODERN SOCIETIES STILL REMAINS UNKNOWN. IN THIS REVIEW, I DISCUSS THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BPA AND THE SOURCES OF BPA CONTAMINATION FOUND IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND IN HUMAN TISSUES. I PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF MECHANISMS FOR THE PROPOSED ROLE OF BISPHENOL A IN INSULIN RESISTANCE AND DIABETES, AS WELL AS OTHER RELATED DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. I DESCRIBE THE TRANSMISSION OF BPA EFFECTS TO THE OFFSPRING AND POSTULATE THAT GENDER RELATED DIFFERENCES MIGHT ORIGINATE FROM DIFFERENCES IN LIVER ENZYME LEVELS, SUCH AS UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE, WHICH IS INVOLVED IN BPA PROCESSING AND ITS ELIMINATION FROM THE ORGANISM. I DISCUSS THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF BPA ACTION THROUGH NUCLEAR AND MEMBRANE-BOUND ER RECEPTORS, NON-MONOTONIC DOSE RESPONSE, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF THE DNA AND PROPOSE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO WEAK BINDERS, SUCH AS BPA, MAY MIMIC THE EFFECTS OF STRONG BINDERS, SUCH AS ESTROGENS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2  652  49 BISPHENOL A AS EPIGENETIC MODULATOR: SETTING THE STAGE FOR CARCINOGENESIS? BACKGROUND: BISPHENOL A (BPA) IS ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY PRODUCED CHEMICALS WORLDWIDE AND IS OFTEN USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONTAINERS. AS A RESULT OF BPA CONTACT WITH FOOD, DRINK AND TOILETRIES, ITS INGESTION AND ABSORPTION BY HUMANS HAS BEEN GROWING. THE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MODERN LIFESTYLES BROUGHT A CONSTANT EXPOSURE TO SEVERAL HEALTH-DISTURBING COMPOUNDS AND USHERED A NEW ERA OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR POTENTIAL OF BPA IS WELL KNOWN, BUT THE RESEARCH AROUND ITS EPIGENOTOXIC EFFECTS RAISED FURTHER CONCERNS WHETHER CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO BPA CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC HUMAN ILLNESS, INCLUDING CANCER IN HORMONE-SENSITIVE ORGANS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: FOCUSING ON COMPUTERIZED DATABASES, WE REVIEWED ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES WHICH ELUCIDATE AND LINK SOME OF THE INFORMATION ALREADY AVAILABLE ABOUT BPA AND RELATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. RESULTS: A NUMBER OF STUDIES INDICATE THAT SHORT-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF LOW OR HIGH-DOSES OF BPA MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCREASING THE RISK FOR CARCINOGENESIS. HOWEVER, IT IS CLEAR THAT MORE STUDIES CONSIDERING REAL DAILY EXPOSURES ARE ESSENTIAL TO DEFINE A REAL TOLERABLE DAILY INTAKE AND TO TIGHTEN UP MANUFACTORY REGULATIONS. CONCLUSION: IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT SOME EVIDENCES SUGGESTING A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, WHICH MAY PRIME FOR CARCINOGENESIS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3 1919  40 ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS: NEW DIABETOGENS? THE PREVALENCE OF TYPE-2 DIABETES HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WORLDWIDE DURING THE LAST FEW DECADES. WHILE LIFESTYLE FACTORS (SEDENTARINESS, NOXIOUS FOOD), TOGETHER WITH GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ARE WELL-KNOWN ACTORS, THERE IS ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) MAY ALSO PLAY A PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF METABOLIC DISEASES. BOTH EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORT A ROLE FOR EARLY AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS WITH ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISRUPTING EFFECTS. MOST ARE PRESENT IN THE FOOD CHAIN AND ACCUMULATE IN THE FAT MASS AFTER ABSORPTION. IN RODENTS, BISPHENOL A STIMULATES SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF PANCREATIC BETA CELLS AND DISTURBS INSULIN SIGNALING IN LIVER, MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGES LEADING TO INSULIN RESISTANCE AND BETA CELL IMPAIRMENT. IN HUMANS, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORTS SHOW STATISTICAL LINK BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORINATED BISPHENYLS, BISPHENOL A, PHTHALATES, DIOXINS OR AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBIDES OR HEAVY METALS AND DT2 AFTER ACUTE ACCIDENTAL RELEASES OR EARLY IN LIFE AND/OR CHRONIC, LOW DOSES EXPOSURE. MORE PROSPECTIVE, LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE IMPORTANCE OF SUCH ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4 4541  60 MULTISYSTEMIC ALTERATIONS IN HUMANS INDUCED BY BISPHENOL A AND PHTHALATES: EXPERIMENTAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES REVEAL THE NEED TO CHANGE HEALTH POLICIES. A VAST AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT BISPHENOL A (BPA) AND PHTHALATES ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT SINCE THESE COMPOUNDS ARE MASS-PRODUCED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS AND PLASTICIZERS. THESE COMPOUNDS BELONG TO A LARGE GROUP OF SUBSTANCES TERMED ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDC). IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT HUMANS AND LIVING ORGANISMS ARE UNAVOIDABLY AND UNINTENTIONALLY EXPOSED TO BPA AND PHTHALATES FROM FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS AND MANY OTHER EVERYDAY PRODUCTS. BPA AND PHTHALATES EXERT THEIR EFFECT BY INTERFERING WITH HORMONE SYNTHESIS, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND ACTION, THEREBY ALTERING CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION, TISSUE DEVELOPMENT, AND THE REGULATION OF SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. IN FACT, THESE EDC CAN ALTER FETAL PROGRAMMING AT AN EPIGENETIC LEVEL, WHICH CAN BE TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMITTED AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS CHRONIC PATHOLOGIES LATER IN THE ADULTHOOD, INCLUDING METABOLIC, REPRODUCTIVE AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES, AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE MOST RECENT PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF THESE EDC AND OFFER A COMPELLING SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES, WHICH SHOW EVIDENCE OF HOW EXPOSURE TO THESE POLLUTANTS AFFECTS OUR HEALTH DURING DEVELOPMENT, AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH A WIDE RANGE OF REPRODUCTIVE, METABOLIC AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES, AS WELL AS HORMONE-RELATED CANCERS. WE STRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF CONCERN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION AND THE URGENT NEED FOR THE MEDICAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM TO CLOSELY MONITOR EDC LEVELS IN THE POPULATION DUE TO UNAVOIDABLE AND INVOLUNTARY EXPOSURE TO THESE POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5  653  37 BISPHENOL A, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, LABORATORY, AND CLINICAL TRIAL EVIDENCE. BISPHENOL A (BPA) EXPOSURE HAS BECOME ONE OF THE MOST COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURES IN HUMANS. THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE REGARDING AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD). IF BPA EXPOSURE IS INDEED ASSOCIATED WITH RAISED BLOOD PRESSURE AND CVD, IT WOULD BE A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM. THEREFORE, WE REVIEWED THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, LABORATORY, AND CLINICAL TRIAL EVIDENCE FOR AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, CVD, AND HYPERTENSION, AND DISCUSSED THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS IN THIS ARTICLE. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES IN VARIOUS ETHNICITIES SUGGESTED A POSSIBLE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE AND HYPERTENSION; THIS ASSOCIATION WAS SUPPORTED BY A PANEL STUDY AND A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. DESPITE THE DISCORDANCE AMONG CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES ABOUT AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE AND CVD, A LONGITUDINAL STUDY SHOWS THAT BPA EXPOSURE IS A RISK FACTOR FOR CVD. THE EFFECTS OF BPA EXPOSURE SUCH AS ENDOCRINAL DISTURBANCE, INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION, EPIGENETIC CHANGE, AND LINKS WITH OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES MAY HIGHLIGHT A POSSIBLE MECHANISM BETWEEN BPA EXPOSURE, CVD, AND HYPERTENSION. TO CLARIFY THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP, WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES ARE NEEDED IN THE FUTURE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 5097  45 PLASTICS DERIVED ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON EARLY DEVELOPMENT. DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE ESTROGENIC EFFECTS OF BISPHENOLS WERE FIRST DESCRIBED 80 YEARS AGO, RECENT DATA ABOUT ITS POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACT ON BIRTH OUTCOME PARAMETERS RAISES A STRONG RATIONALE TO INVESTIGATE FURTHER. THE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF PLASTICS RECOMMEND TO MEASURE THE IMPACTS OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS (EDCS) SUCH AS BISPHENOLS (BPA, BPS, BPF), BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE, AND DIBUTYL PHTHALATE (DBP) IN HUMAN HEALTH. EXPOSURE TO THESE COMPOUNDS IN UTERO MAY PROGRAM THE DISEASES OF THE TESTIS, PROSTATE, KIDNEY AND ABNORMALITIES IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND CAUSE TUMORS, UTERINE HEMORRHAGE DURING PREGNANCY AND POLYCYSTIC OVARY. THESE COMPOUNDS ALSO CONTROL THE PROCESSES OF EPIGENETIC TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE OF ADULT-ONSET DISEASES BY MODULATING DNA METHYLATION AND EPIMUTATIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE CELLS. THE EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE IS THE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE WINDOW FOR DEVELOPMENTAL AND GENOMIC PROGRAMMING. THE CRITICAL STAGES OF THE EVENTS FOR A NORMAL HUMAN BIRTH LIE BETWEEN THE MANY TRANSITIONS OCCURRING BETWEEN SPERMATOGENESIS, EGG FERTILIZATION AND THE FULLY FORMED FETUS. AS THE CELLS BEGIN TO GROW AND DIFFERENTIATE, THERE ARE CRITICAL BALANCES OF HORMONES, AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. DATA ARE EMERGING ON HOW THESE PLASTIC-DERIVED COMPOUNDS AFFECT EMBRYOGENESIS, PLACENTATION AND FETO-PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE PREGNANT WOMEN AND UNBORN FETUSES ARE OFTEN EXPOSED TO THESE FACTORS DURING PRECONCEPTION AND THROUGHOUT GESTATION. IMPAIRED EARLY DEVELOPMENT THAT ULTIMATELY INFLUENCES FETAL OUTCOMES IS AT THE CENTER OF MANY DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND CONTRIBUTES AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT STATUS ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO PLASTIC DERIVED EDCS ON THE GROWTH, GENE EXPRESSION, EPIGENETIC AND ANGIOGENIC ACTIVITIES OF THE EARLY FETAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND THEIR POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON BIRTH OUTCOMES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7 1371  40 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE: NEW INSIGHTS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES SHOW THAT SMALL CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENT CAN INDUCE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES AFFECTING AN INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSES TO THEIR LATER ENVIRONMENT. THESE MAY ALTER THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME OR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS THAT ANIMALS EXPOSED TO SUCH A MISMATCH BETWEEN PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DEVELOP OBESITY, REDUCED ACTIVITY, LEPTIN AND INSULIN RESISTANCE, ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN SUCH EFFECTS, TARGETED TO PROMOTER REGIONS OF SPECIFIC GENES IN SPECIFIC TISSUES. SUCH FINE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION SUGGESTS THAT THE MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN RETAINED THROUGH EVOLUTION THROUGH THEIR ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE, RATHER THAN REPRESENTING EXTREME EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISRUPTION AKIN TO TERATOGENESIS. THERE MAY BE ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE IN A DEVELOPMENTAL CUE INDUCING A PHENOTYPIC CHANGE IN GENERATIONS BEYOND THE IMMEDIATE PREGNANCY, AND A RANGE OF DATA THAT SUPPORT THIS CONCEPT. IN ANIMALS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION CAN BE PASSED TO SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, INCLUDING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, MAY INDUCE GREATER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE, EVEN AT LOW EXPOSURE LEVELS, IF THEY AFFECT SUCH NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS MAY HAVE LONG-TERM MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECTS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8 6133  40 THE EPIGENETIC ROLE OF VITAMIN C IN NEURODEVELOPMENT. THE MATERNAL DIET DURING PREGNANCY IS A KEY DETERMINANT OF OFFSPRING HEALTH. EARLY STUDIES HAVE LINKED POOR MATERNAL NUTRITION DURING GESTATION WITH A PROPENSITY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS IN OFFSPRING. THESE CONDITIONS INCLUDE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND EVEN COMPROMISED MENTAL HEALTH. WHILE MULTIPLE FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THESE OUTCOMES, DISTURBED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT IS ONE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM. THE EPIGENOME IS PROGRAMMED PRIMARILY IN UTERO, AND DURING THIS TIME, THE DEVELOPING FETUS IS HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS NUTRITIONAL INSULTS. DURING NEURODEVELOPMENT, EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING COORDINATES THE FORMATION OF PRIMITIVE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURES, NEUROGENESIS, AND NEUROPLASTICITY. DYSREGULATED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE AETIOLOGY OF SEVERAL NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS SUCH AS TATTON-BROWN-RAHMAN SYNDROME. ACCORDINGLY, THERE IS GREAT INTEREST IN DETERMINING HOW MATERNAL NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY IN PREGNANCY MIGHT AFFECT THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF OFFSPRING, AND HOW SUCH INFLUENCES MAY PRESENT PHENOTYPICALLY. IN RECENT YEARS, A NUMBER OF EPIGENETIC ENZYMES THAT ARE ACTIVE DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT HAVE BEEN FOUND TO REQUIRE VITAMIN C AS A COFACTOR. THESE ENZYMES INCLUDE THE TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION METHYLCYTOSINE DIOXYGENASES (TETS) AND THE JUMONJI C DOMAIN-CONTAINING HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASES THAT CATALYSE THE OXIDATIVE REMOVAL OF METHYL GROUPS ON CYTOSINES AND HISTONE LYSINE RESIDUES, RESPECTIVELY. THESE ENZYMES ARE INTEGRAL TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND HAVE FUNDAMENTAL ROLES IN CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION, THE MAINTENANCE OF PLURIPOTENCY AND DEVELOPMENT. THE DEPENDENCE OF THESE ENZYMES ON VITAMIN C FOR OPTIMAL CATALYTIC ACTIVITY ILLUSTRATES A POTENTIALLY CRITICAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE NUTRIENT DURING MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT. THESE INSIGHTS ALSO HIGHLIGHT A POTENTIAL RISK ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN C INSUFFICIENCY DURING PREGNANCY. THE LINK BETWEEN VITAMIN C INSUFFICIENCY AND DEVELOPMENT IS PARTICULARLY APPARENT IN THE CONTEXT OF NEURODEVELOPMENT AND HIGH VITAMIN C CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BRAIN ARE INDICATIVE OF IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN THIS ORGAN. ACCORDINGLY, THIS REVIEW CONSIDERS THE EVIDENCE FOR THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF MATERNAL VITAMIN C STATUS ON NEURODEVELOPMENTAL EPIGENETICS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9 4496  40 MORE THAN GENES: THE ADVANCED FETAL PROGRAMMING HYPOTHESIS. MANY LINES OF DATA, INITIAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AS WELL AS SUBSEQUENT EXTENSIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, INDICATE THAT EARLY-LIFE EVENTS PLAY A POWERFUL ROLE IN INFLUENCING LATER SUCEPTIBILITY TO CERTAIN CHRONIC DISEASES. SUCH EVENTS MIGHT BE OVER- OR UNDERNUTRITION, EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, BUT ALSO CHANGES IN HORMONES, IN PARTICULAR STRESS HORMONES. TYPICALLY, THOSE EVENTS ARE TRIGGERED BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF THE MOTHER. HOWEVER, RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PATERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL OR NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AFFECT THE PHENOTYPE OF THE OFFSPRING AS WELL. THE MATERNAL AND PATERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ACT ON THE PHENOTYPE OF THE OFFSPRING VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF ITS GENOME. THE ADVANCED FETAL PROGRAMMING HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES AN ADDITIONAL NON-ENVIRONMENTALLY DRIVEN MECHANISM: MATERNAL AND ALSO PATERNAL GENES MAY INFLUENCE THE MATURATING SPERM, THE OOCYTE, AND LATER THE EMBRYO/FETUS, LEADING TO THEIR EPIGENETIC ALTERATION. THUS, THE OBSERVED PHENOTYPE OF THE OFFSPRING MAY BE ALTERED BY MATERNAL/PATERNAL GENES INDEPENDENT OF THE FETAL GENOME. MEANWHILE, SEVERAL INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN HUMANS DEALING WITH METABOLIC AND NEUROLOGICAL TRAITS ALSO SUGGEST THAT MATERNAL GENES MIGHT AFFECT THE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPE INDEPENDENT OF THE TRANSMISSION OF THAT PARTICULAR GENE TO THE OFFSPRING. CONSIDERING THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS HYPOTHESIS, SOME CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM TRANSGENIC OR KNOCKOUT ANIMAL MODELS AND BASED ON THE CAUSALITY BETWEEN A GENETIC ALTERATION AND A PHENOTYPE, NEED TO BE CHALLENGED. POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPY OF HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10 6426  31 THE TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF THE PATERNAL TYPE 2 DIABETES-INDUCED SUBFERTILITY PHENOTYPE. DIABETES IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ASSOCIATED WITH MANY HEALTH COMPLICATIONS DUE TO THE LONG-TERM DAMAGE AND DYSFUNCTION OF VARIOUS ORGANS. A CONSEQUENTIAL COMPLICATION OF DIABETES IN MEN IS REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTION, REDUCED FERTILITY, AND POOR REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR DIABETIC ENVIRONMENT-INDUCED SPERM DAMAGE AND OVERALL DECREASED REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES ARE NOT FULLY ESTABLISHED. WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES EXPOSURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND THE REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES OF MALES AND THEIR MALE OFFSPRING, USING A MOUSE MODEL. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT PATERNAL EXPOSURE TO TYPE 2 DIABETES MEDIATES INTERGENERATIONAL AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING, ESPECIALLY ON SPERM QUALITY, AND ON METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS. GIVEN THE TRANSGENERATIONAL IMPAIRMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS THROUGH TWO GENERATIONS, THESE CHANGES LIKELY TAKE THE FORM OF INHERITED EPIGENETIC MARKS THROUGH THE GERMLINE. OUR RESULTS EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVING METABOLIC HEALTH NOT ONLY IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE, BUT ALSO IN POTENTIAL FATHERS, IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF DIABETES ON SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
11 3210  36 HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRE- AND PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED HUMAN CARCINOGEN, ABLE TO INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE ARE EXPOSED TO ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN DRINKING WATER EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED WHO THRESHOLD (10MUG/L). ADDITIONALLY, CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LEVELS BELOW THIS THRESHOLD IS KNOWN TO RESULT IN LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS. THE ARSENIC-RELATED HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION PROCESS, WHEREBY THE RESULTING METABOLITES CAN INDUCE MOLECULAR DAMAGE THAT ACCUMULATES OVER TIME. THE EFFECTS DERIVED FROM THESE ALTERATIONS INCLUDE GENOMIC INSTABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, ALTERATION OF GENE EXPRESSION (INCLUDING CODING AND NON-CODING RNAS), GLOBAL AND LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, AND HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. THESE ALTERATIONS DIRECTLY AFFECT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MANY CONDITIONS THAT CAN ARISE EVEN DECADES AFTER THE EXPOSURE OCCURS. IMPORTANTLY, ARSENIC METABOLITES GENERATED DURING ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION CAN ALSO PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTAL BARRIER, RESULTING IN FETAL EXPOSURE TO THIS CARCINOGEN AT SIMILAR LEVELS TO THOSE OF THE MOTHER. AS SUCH, MORE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE ARSENIC-INDUCED MOLECULAR DAMAGE CAN BE OBSERVED AS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, PREGNANCY, AND BIRTH OUTCOMES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF ARSENIC, PARTICULARLY THOSE AFFECTING EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES. WE ALSO PRESENT HOW THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRING DURING EARLY LIFE CAN IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN DISEASES IN ADULT LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12 3311  50 HIGHLIGHTING THE TRAJECTORY FROM INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION TO FUTURE OBESITY. DURING THE LAST DECADES SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE REPORTED THE ASSOCIATION OF AN ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT, LEADING TO INTRAUTERINE RESTRICTION, WITH FUTURE DISEASE, SUCH AS OBESITY AND METABOLIC SYNDROME, BOTH LEADING TO INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR AND CANCER RISK. THE UNDERLYING EXPLANATION FOR THIS ASSOCIATION HAS FIRSTLY BEEN EXPRESSED BY THE BARKER'S HYPOTHESIS, THE "THRIFTY PHENOTYPE HYPOTHESIS". ACCORDING TO THIS HYPOTHESIS, A FETUS FACING AN ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT ADAPTS TO THIS ENVIRONMENT THROUGH A REPROGRAMMING OF ITS ENDOCRINE-METABOLIC STATUS, DURING THE CRUCIAL WINDOW OF DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY TO SAVE ENERGY FOR SURVIVAL, PROVIDING LESS ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS TO THE ORGANS THAT ARE NOT ESSENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL. THIS THEORY EVOLVED TO THE CONCEPT OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD). THUS, IN THE SETTING OF AN ADVERSE, F. EX. PROTEIN RESTRICTED INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT, WHILE THE ENERGY IS MAINLY DIRECTED TO THE BRAIN, THE PERIPHERAL ORGANS, F.EX. THE MUSCLES AND THE LIVER UNDERGO AN ADAPTATION THAT IS EXPRESSED THROUGH INSULIN RESISTANCE. THE ADAPTATION AT THE HEPATIC LEVEL PREDISPOSES TO FUTURE DYSLIPIDEMIA, THE MODIFICATIONS AT THE VASCULAR LEVEL TO ENDOTHELIAL DAMAGE AND FUTURE HYPERTENSION AND, OVERALL, THROUGH THE INSULIN RESISTANCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF METABOLIC SYNDROME. ALL THESE ADAPTATIONS ARE SUGGESTED TO TAKE PLACE THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF THE EXPRESSION OF GENES WITHOUT CHANGE OF THEIR AMINO-ACID SEQUENCE. THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO FUTURE OBESITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ARE THOUGHT TO INDUCE APPETITE DYSREGULATION, PROMOTING FOOD INTAKE AND ADIPOGENESIS, FACILITATING OBESITY DEVELOPMENT. THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY EVEN PERSIST INTO THE NEXT GENERATION EVEN THOUGH THE SUBSEQUENT GENERATION HAS NOT BEEN EXPOSED TO AN ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT, A NOTION DEFINED AS THE "TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSFER OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION". AS A CONSEQUENCE, IF THE INCREASED PUBLIC HEALTH BURDEN AND COSTS OF NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, HYPERTENSION, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND TYPE 2 DIABETES HAVE TO BE MINIMIZED, SPECIAL ATTENTION SHOULD BE LAID TO THE HEALTHY LIFESTYLE HABITS OF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE, INCLUDING HEALTHY DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO BE ESTABLISHED LONG BEFORE ANY PREGNANCY TAKES PLACE IN ORDER TO PROVIDE THE BEST CONDITIONS FOR BOTH SOMATIC AND MENTAL HEALTH OF FUTURE GENERATIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13 1974  39 EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CAUSED BY NUTRITIONAL STRESS DURING FETAL PROGRAMMING OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS. NUTRITION DURING CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT IS ONE OF THE PIVOTAL FACTORS IN ESTABLISHING A LIFELONG HEALTHY METABOLISM. DIFFERENT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES SUCH AS A LOW AVAILABILITY OF PROTEINS IN THE MATERNAL DIET PRODUCE ALTERATIONS IN OFFSPRING THAT INCLUDE CHANGES IN INSULIN AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM, A DECREASE IN THE SIZE AND NUMBER OF CELLS OF PANCREATIC ISLETS OF LANGERHANS, AND PREMATURE AGEING OF THE SECRETORY FUNCTION OF PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. MOREOVER, IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT CHRONIC NUTRITIONAL STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN MECHANISMS OF GENE REGULATION DURING PANCREATIC DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. THESE ALTERATIONS CAN LEAD TO DYSFUNCTIONAL STATES IN PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, WHICH IN THE LONG RUN ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ONSET OF METABOLIC DISEASES LIKE TYPE 2 DIABETES. THE PRESENT REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE MOST IMPORTANT EVIDENCE IN RELATION TO THE PARTICIPATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION DURING THE INTRAUTERINE PROGRAMMING OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS IN ANIMAL MODELS. SUCH MECHANISMS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AS WELL AS MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES AND MICRORNAS (MIRNAS).	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14 3848  31 IS EPIGENETICS AN IMPORTANT LINK BETWEEN EARLY LIFE EVENTS AND ADULT DISEASE? BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PROVIDE ONE POTENTIAL EXPLANATION FOR HOW ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES IN EARLY LIFE CAUSE LONG-TERM CHANGES IN CHRONIC DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. WHEREAS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IS INCREASINGLY IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS RARE DEVELOPMENTAL SYNDROMES AND CANCER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN COMPLEX CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY, REMAINS LARGELY UNCHARACTERIZED. EXTENSIVE WORK IN ANIMAL MODELS IS REQUIRED TO DEVELOP SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES THAT CAN BE PRACTICABLY TESTED IN HUMANS. ANIMAL MODELS: WE HAVE DEVELOPED A MOUSE MODEL SHOWING THAT METHYL DONOR SUPPLEMENTATION PREVENTS TRANSGENERATIONAL AMPLIFICATION OF OBESITY, SUGGESTING A ROLE FOR DNA METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT OF BODY WEIGHT REGULATION. CONCLUSIONS: COUPLING SUCH MODELS WITH RECENTLY DEVELOPED EPIGENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES SHOULD ULTIMATELY ENABLE US TO DETERMINE IF EPIGENETICS IS AN IMPORTANT LINK BETWEEN EARLY LIFE EVENTS AND ADULT DISEASE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
15 4125  35 MECHANISMS OF DISEASE: IN UTERO PROGRAMMING IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERTENSION. NUTRITIONAL AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CUES DURING DEVELOPMENT CAN PERMANENTLY ALTER THE STRUCTURE, HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS, AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY. THIS PHENOMENON HAS BEEN REFERRED TO AS 'PROGRAMMING'. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES SHOW THAT PROGRAMMED EFFECTS OPERATE WITHIN THE NORMAL RANGE OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, AND INFLUENCE THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE IN ADULT LIFE. WE REVIEW THE EVIDENCE THAT THESE EFFECTS INCLUDE REDUCED NEPHRON NUMBER AND COMPENSATORY ADAPTATIONS, WHICH MIGHT LEAD TO HYPERTENSION, AND PERHAPS ACCELERATE THE DECLINE IN RENAL FUNCTION THAT ACCOMPANIES AGING. THESE PROCESSES MIGHT BE EXACERBATED BY PROGRAMMED CHANGES IN VASCULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, AND ALTERATIONS IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS. PROGRAMMED EFFECTS MIGHT BE INITIATED AS EARLY AS THE PERICONCEPTUAL PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT, AND COULD INVOLVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION OR ALTERED STEM CELL ALLOCATION. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THESE PROCESSES COULD LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES, AND TO EARLY DETECTION OF AT-RISK INDIVIDUALS. BY MONITORING BLOOD PRESSURE, WEIGHT, AND RENAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN, IT MIGHT BE POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL DISEASE IN LATER LIFE.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16 4805  37 OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES? OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES REPRESENT INCREASING HEALTH PROBLEMS. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS (EDCS) ARE EXOGENOUS AGENTS THAT CHANGE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND CAUSE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. MOST EDCS ARE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS; SOME ARE NATURAL FOOD COMPONENTS AS PHYTOESTROGENS. PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO COMPLEX MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. EDCS IMPACT HORMONE-DEPENDENT METABOLIC SYSTEMS AND BRAIN FUNCTION. LABORATORY AND HUMAN STUDIES PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT HUMAN CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION CAN PLAY A ROLE IN OBESITY EPIDEMIC. CHEMICAL EXPOSURES MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF OBESITY BY ALTERING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOCYTES. EDCS CAN ALTER METHYLATION PATTERNS AND NORMAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN CELLS. OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE INDUCED BY MANY OF THESE CHEMICALS, AND ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT IT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICALS IS VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON ENVIRONMENT AND ABILITY TO METABOLIZE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS. A NUMBER OF GENES, ESPECIALLY THOSE REPRESENTING ANTIOXIDANT AND DETOXIFICATION PATHWAYS, HAVE POTENTIAL APPLICATION AS BIOMARKERS OF RISK ASSESSMENT. THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXPOSURES MAKE THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS MORE COMPLEX COMPARED TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SINGLE CHEMICALS. TECHNIQUES AND METHODS NEED TO BE FURTHER DEVELOPED TO FILL DATA GAPS AND INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE ON HARMFUL EXPOSURE COMBINATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17 6781  62 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

18 1360  47 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF A LIFE COURSE APPROACH TO HEALTHY AGEING. WE EXAMINE THE MECHANISTIC BASIS AND WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF ADOPTING A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE ON HUMAN AGEING. PREVIOUS MODELS OF AGEING HAVE CONCENTRATED ON ITS GENETIC BASIS, OR THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACCUMULATED DAMAGE, BUT ALSO HAVE RAISED ISSUES ABOUT WHETHER AGEING CAN BE VIEWED AS ADAPTIVE ITSELF, OR IS A CONSEQUENCE OF OTHER ADAPTIVE PROCESSES, FOR EXAMPLE IF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PROCESSES IN THE PERIOD UP TO REPRODUCTION ARE TRADED OFF AGAINST LATER DECLINE IN FUNCTION. A LIFE COURSE MODEL PLACES AGEING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ATTAINMENT OF PEAK CAPACITY FOR A BODY SYSTEM, STARTING IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT WHEN PLASTICITY PERMITS CHANGES IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION INDUCED BY A RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI, FOLLOWED BY A PERIOD OF DECLINE, THE RATE OF WHICH DEPENDS ON THE PEAK ATTAINED AS WELL AS THE LATER LIFE CONDITIONS. SUCH PATH DEPENDENCY IN THE RATE OF AGEING MAY OFFER NEW INSIGHTS INTO ITS MODIFICATION. FOCUSING ON MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION, WE DISCUSS THIS MODEL AND THE POSSIBLE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, INCLUDING ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, STEM CELLS AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS SUCH AS VITAMIN D STATUS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED DURING DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY, AND IMMUNE FUNCTION MAY PROVIDE A COMMON MECHANISTIC PROCESS UNDERLYING A LIFE COURSE MODEL OF AGEING. THE LIFE COURSE TRAJECTORY DIFFERS IN HIGH AND LOW RESOURCE SETTINGS. NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE DEVELOPMENTAL COMPONENTS OF THE LIFE COURSE MODEL OF AGEING MAY LEAD TO THE DESIGN OF BIOMARKERS OF LATER CHRONIC DISEASE RISK AND TO NEW INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE HEALTHY AGEING, WITH IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19 2038  29 EPIGENETIC CHANGES PREDISPOSING TO TYPE 2 DIABETES IN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION. EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AND A GREATER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE, INCLUDING CORONARY HEART DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, STROKE, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES IN ADULTHOOD. AN ADVERSE INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENT MAY AFFECT BOTH GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANISM, PERMANENTLY PROGRAMMING ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC FUNCTIONS. ONE OF THE MECHANISMS OF PROGRAMMING IS THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF GENE PROMOTERS INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF KEY METABOLIC PATHWAYS. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF EARLY EXPOSURE TO SUBOPTIMAL ENVIRONMENT ON EPIGENOME. THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF PROGRAMMING MAY ALLOW THE IDENTIFICATION OF SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS AND THE DESIGN OF TARGETED PREVENTION STRATEGIES.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 4802  36 OBESITY AND LIFESPAN HEALTH--IMPORTANCE OF THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT. A MARKED INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF OBESITY AT THE POPULATION LEVEL HAS RESULTED IN AN INCREASING NUMBER OF OBESE WOMEN ENTERING PREGNANCY. THE INCREASING REALIZATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT IN RELATION TO CHRONIC DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN HAS FOCUSED ATTENTION ON THE ROLE OF MATERNAL OBESITY IN FETAL DEVELOPMENT. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT OBESITY DURING ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD CAN BE TRACED BACK TO FETAL AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPOSURES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, THE POTENTIAL FOR AN INCREASE IN INFLAMMATORY BURDEN, EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING CHANGES SUCH AS THE VARIABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE VERSUS BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE, AND ALTERATIONS IN ORGAN ONTOGENY. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THESE MECHANISMS PROMOTE AN UNFAVORABLE FETAL ENVIRONMENT AND CAN HAVE A LONG-STANDING IMPACT, WITH EARLY MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CAN RESULT IN AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR FUTURE HEALTH CARE. IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE MEASURES, ATTENTION NEEDS TO BE PLACED BOTH ON REDUCING MATERNAL OBESITY AS WELL AS UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRENATAL ONSET OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2014