1 6177 108 THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A MEDIATES STRESS-REGULATED ALCOHOL DRINKING. THE EPIGENETIC ENZYME G9A IS A HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE THAT DIMETHYLATES LYSINE 9 ON HISTONE H3 (H3K9ME2), AND IN THE ADULT NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), G9A REGULATES MULTIPLE BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER. WE SHOW HERE THAT CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL (CIE) EXPOSURE IN MALE MICE REDUCED BOTH G9A AND H3K9ME2 LEVELS IN THE ADULT NAC, BUT NOT DORSAL STRIATUM. VIRAL-MEDIATED REDUCTION OF G9A IN THE NAC HAD NO EFFECTS ON BASELINE VOLITIONAL ETHANOL DRINKING OR ESCALATED ALCOHOL DRINKING PRODUCED BY CIE EXPOSURE; HOWEVER, NAC G9A WAS REQUIRED FOR STRESS-REGULATED CHANGES IN ETHANOL DRINKING, INCLUDING POTENTIATED ALCOHOL DRINKING PRODUCED BY ACTIVATION OF THE KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR. IN ADDITION, WE OBSERVED THAT CHRONIC SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF A G9A INHIBITOR, UNC0642, ALSO BLOCKED STRESS-POTENTIATED ALCOHOL DRINKING. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE, SIMILAR TO OTHER ABUSED SUBSTANCES, PRODUCES A NAC-SELECTIVE REDUCTION IN G9A LEVELS THAT SERVES TO LIMIT STRESS-REGULATED ALCOHOL DRINKING. MOREOVER, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF G9A MIGHT PROVIDE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO TREAT STRESS-INDUCED ALCOHOL DRINKING, WHICH IS A MAJOR TRIGGER OF RELAPSE IN INDIVIDUALS SUFFERING FROM AUD.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 4878  49 OVEREXPRESSION OF THE HISTONE DIMETHYLTRANSFERASE G9A IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS SHELL INCREASES COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION, STRESS-INDUCED REINSTATEMENT, AND ANXIETY. REPEATED EXPOSURE TO COCAINE INDUCES LASTING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN NEURONS THAT PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF ADDICTION. ONE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION INVOLVES REDUCTIONS IN LEVELS OF THE HISTONE DIMETHYLTRANSFERASE G9A IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AFTER CHRONIC COCAINE ADMINISTRATION. THIS REDUCTION IN G9A MAY ENHANCE COCAINE REWARD BECAUSE OVEREXPRESSING G9A IN THE NAC DECREASES COCAINE-CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT HSV-MEDIATED G9A OVEREXPRESSION IN THE NAC SHELL (NACSH) WOULD ATTENUATE COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION (SA) AND COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. INSTEAD, WE FOUND THAT G9A OVEREXPRESSION, AND THE RESULTING INCREASE IN HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 DIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME2), INCREASES SENSITIVITY TO COCAINE REINFORCEMENT AND ENHANCES MOTIVATION FOR COCAINE IN SELF-ADMINISTERING MALE RATS. MOREOVER, WHEN G9A OVEREXPRESSION IS LIMITED TO THE INITIAL 15 D OF COCAINE SA TRAINING, IT PRODUCES AN ENDURING POSTEXPRESSION ENHANCEMENT IN COCAINE SA AND PROLONGED (OVER 5 WEEKS) INCREASES IN REINSTATEMENT OF COCAINE SEEKING INDUCED BY FOOT-SHOCK STRESS, BUT IN THE ABSENCE OF CONTINUED GLOBAL ELEVATIONS IN H3K9ME2. THE INCREASE IN STRESS-INDUCED REINSTATEMENT IS PARALLELED BY HEIGHTENED ANXIETY MEASURES, SUGGESTING THAT COUNTERING THE COCAINE-INDUCED DECREASES IN ENDOGENOUS G9A WITH ECTOPIC G9A OVEREXPRESSION LEADS TO LASTING ANXIOGENIC EFFECTS. FINALLY, WE FOUND AN ENDURING REDUCTION IN PHOSPHORYLATED CAMP-RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE NACSH THAT COULD ACCOUNT FOR THE INCREASED ANXIETY. THESE DATA DEMONSTRATE A NOVEL ROLE FOR G9A IN PROMOTING COMORBID COCAINE ADDICTION AND ANXIETY AND SUGGEST THAT INCREASED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH H3K9 DURING COCAINE USE CAN HAVE LONG-LASTING AND UNEXPECTED NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES ON BEHAVIOR.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT COCAINE ADDICTION IS A NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDER THAT IS DETRIMENTAL TO SOCIETY AND CURRENTLY HAS NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. THE DIFFICULTY IN TREATING DRUG ADDICTION IS COMPOUNDED BY THE HIGH COMORBIDITY WITH OTHER PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES, INCLUDING ANXIETY DISORDERS. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT G9A, AN EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR OF GENE EXPRESSION, ACTING IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REWARD REGION, IS CAPABLE OF INCREASING BOTH ADDICTION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN RATS. THESE FINDINGS ARE INTRIGUING BECAUSE REPEATED COCAINE EXPOSURE DECREASES G9A IN THIS REGION AND THEREBY ENHANCES EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN ADDICTION-PROMOTING GENES. HOWEVER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT COUNTERING THIS COCAINE-INDUCED DECREASE IN G9A ACTIVITY ACTUALLY EXACERBATES ADDICTION AND SENSITIVITY TO RELAPSE UNDER STRESSFUL SITUATIONS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3 6175  38 THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) ALLEVIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS DURING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL. WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL DRINKING CAN CAUSE DEPRESSION, LEADING TO AN INABILITY TO FUNCTION IN DAILY LIFE AND AN INCREASED RISK FOR RELAPSE TO HARMFUL DRINKING. UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL-RELATED DEPRESSION MAY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR TREATMENT. EPIGENETIC FACTORS HAVE RECENTLY EMERGED AS IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS TO BOTH DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDER (AUD). SPECIFICALLY, ACETYLATION OF THE N-TERMINAL TAILS OF HISTONE PROTEINS THAT PACKAGE DNA INTO NUCLEOSOMES IS ALTERED IN STRESS-INDUCED MODELS OF DEPRESSION AND DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR DURING ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A BRAIN REGION CRITICAL FOR MOOD REGULATION AND DEPRESSION. MALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE LIEBER-DECARLI ETHANOL LIQUID DIET FOR 15 DAYS AND THEN UNDERWENT WITHDRAWAL. RATS WERE TREATED WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), DURING WITHDRAWAL AND WERE TESTED FOR DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR. IN A SEPARATE GROUP OF RATS, THE HIPPOCAMPUS WAS ANALYZED FOR MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RATS UNDERGOING ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL EXHIBITED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND HAD INCREASED HDAC2 AND DECREASED H3K9AC LEVELS IN SPECIFIC STRUCTURES OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH SAHA DURING WITHDRAWAL AMELIORATED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND NORMALIZED CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL HDAC2 AND H3K9AC LEVELS. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL CAUSES AN ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. TREATMENT WITH AN HDAC INHIBITOR CAN CORRECT THIS STATE AND ALLEVIATE DEPRESSION-LIKE SYMPTOMS DEVELOPED DURING WITHDRAWAL. TARGETING HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY BE A NOVEL STRATEGY TO REDUCE ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL-INDUCED DEPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4 6801  46 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

5 2156  36 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN MICE. BACKGROUND: REPEATED ALCOHOL EXPOSURE IS KNOWN TO INCREASE SUBSEQUENT ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN MICE. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. ONE POSTULATED MECHANISM INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION OF RELEVANT GENES SUCH AS NR2B OR BDNF. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL DRINKING BEHAVIOR, AN ESTABLISHED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL EXPOSURE REINFORCED ETHANOL DRINKING MOUSE MODEL WITH VAPOR INHALATION OVER TWO 9-DAY TREATMENT REGIMENS WAS USED. THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, 5-AZACYTIDINE OR THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, TRICHOSTATIN A WAS ADMINISTERED (INTRAPERITONEALLY) TO C57BL/6 MICE 30 MIN BEFORE DAILY EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL. CHANGES IN ETHANOL CONSUMPTION WERE MEASURED USING THE 2-BOTTLE CHOICE TEST. RESULTS: THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF TRICHOSTATIN A (2.5 MICROG/G) FACILITATED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL-INDUCED ETHANOL DRINKING, BUT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF 5-AZACYTIDINE (2 MICROG/G) DID NOT CAUSE THE SAME EFFECT. HOWEVER, WHEN 5-AZACYTIDINE WAS ADMINISTERED BY INTRACEREBROVENTRICULAR INJECTION, IT FACILITATED CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL-INDUCED ETHANOL DRINKING. FURTHERMORE, THE INCREASED DRINKING CAUSED BY CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL WAS PREVENTED BY INJECTION OF A METHYL DONOR, S-ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE. TO PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL- OR TRICHOSTATIN A-INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OF THE NR2B PROMOTER MAY UNDERLIE THE ALTERED ETHANOL CONSUMPTION, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND NR2B EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF THESE MICE. CHRONIC INTERMITTENT ETHANOL OR TRICHOSTATIN A DECREASED DNA METHYLATION AND INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE NR2B GENE PROMOTER, AS WELL AS MRNA LEVELS OF NR2B IN THESE MICE. CONCLUSIONS: TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE INVOLVED IN REGULATING ETHANOL DRINKING BEHAVIOR, PARTIALLY THROUGH ALTERING NR2B EXPRESSION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6 4150  42 MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE THAT SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), CAN REDUCE VOLUNTARY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN ANIMAL MODELS, BUT MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROCESSES UNDERLYING THIS BEHAVIORAL EFFECT ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE USED C57BL/6J MALE MICE TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF TWO FDA-APPROVED DRUGS, DECITABINE (A DNMT INHIBITOR) AND SAHA (AN HDAC INHIBITOR), ON ETHANOL CONSUMPTION USING TWO TESTS: BINGE-LIKE DRINKING IN THE DARK (DID) AND CHRONIC INTERMITTENT EVERY OTHER DAY (EOD) DRINKING. DECITABINE BUT NOT SAHA REDUCED ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN BOTH TESTS. WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED DECITABINE'S EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN'S REWARD PATHWAY BY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA), USING RNA SEQUENCING AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS FROM VTA DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS. DECITABINE-INDUCED DECREASES IN EOD DRINKING WERE ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, IMPLICATING REGULATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIZATION, AND NEUROIMMUNE FUNCTIONS IN DECITABINE ACTIONS. IN ADDITION, AN IN VIVO ADMINISTRATION OF DECITABINE SHORTENED ETHANOL-INDUCED EXCITATION OF VTA DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IN VITRO, SUGGESTING THAT DECITABINE REDUCES ETHANOL DRINKING VIA CHANGES IN THE REWARD PATHWAY. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR DATA SUGGEST A CONTRIBUTION OF BOTH NEURONAL AND NON-NEURONAL MECHANISMS IN THE VTA IN THE REGULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. DECITABINE AND OTHER EPIGENETIC COMPOUNDS HAVE BEEN APPROVED FOR CANCER TREATMENT, AND UNDERSTANDING THEIR MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS IN THE BRAIN MAY ASSIST IN REPURPOSING THESE DRUGS AND DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPIES FOR CENTRAL DISORDERS, INCLUDING DRUG ADDICTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7 5624  29 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 1086  34 COCAINE ADMINISTRATION AND ITS WITHDRAWAL ENHANCE THE EXPRESSION OF GENES ENCODING HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES AND HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO COCAINE, CRAVING, AND RELAPSE ARE ATTRIBUTED TO LONG-LASTING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION ARISING THROUGH EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THESE PROCESSES, THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX SEEMS TO PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE NOT ONLY IN MOTIVATION AND DECISION-MAKING BUT ALSO IN EXTINCTION AND SEEKING BEHAVIOR. IN THIS STUDY, WE APPLIED COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND EXTINCTION TRAINING PROCEDURES IN RATS WITH A YOKED TRIAD TO DETERMINE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT UPREGULATION OF SEVERAL GENES ENCODING HISTONE MODIFICATION ENZYMES DURING EARLY EXTINCTION TRAINING. SUBSEQUENT REAL-TIME PCR TESTING OF THESE GENES FOLLOWING COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION OR EARLY (THIRD DAY) AND LATE (TENTH DAY) EXTINCTION REVEALED ELEVATED LEVELS OF THEIR TRANSCRIPTS. INTERESTINGLY, WE FOUND THE ENRICHMENT OF BRD1 MESSENGER RNA IN RATS SELF-ADMINISTERING COCAINE THAT LASTED UNTIL EXTINCTION TRAINING DURING COCAINE WITHDRAWAL WITH CONCOMITANT INCREASED ACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND H4K8. HOWEVER, DESPITE ELEVATED LEVELS OF METHYL- AND DEMETHYLTRANSFERASE-ENCODED TRANSCRIPTS, NO CHANGES IN GLOBAL DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 4, 9, 27, AND 79 WERE OBSERVED. SURPRISINGLY, AT THE END OF EXTINCTION TRAINING (10 DAYS OF COCAINE WITHDRAWAL), MOST OF THE ANALYZED GENES IN THE RATS ACTIVELY AND PASSIVELY ADMINISTERING COCAINE RETURNED TO THE CONTROL LEVEL. TOGETHER, THE ALTERATIONS IDENTIFIED IN THE RAT PREFRONTAL CORTEX MAY SUGGEST ENHANCED CHROMATIN REMODELING AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY INDUCED BY EARLY COCAINE ABSTINENCE; HOWEVER, TO KNOW WHETHER THEY ARE BENEFICIAL OR NOT FOR THE EXTINCTION OF DRUG-SEEKING BEHAVIOR, FURTHER IN VIVO EVALUATION IS REQUIRED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9 5974  37 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
10 4173  36 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11  882  29 CHRONIC COCAINE-INDUCED H3 ACETYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF CAMKIIALPHA IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS IS CRITICAL FOR MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCEMENT. THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN REWARD REGIONS IS KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS AND PERSISTENCE OF DRUG ADDICTION. INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE REGULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ALTER THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AT SPECIFIC GENE PROMOTERS. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DRUG REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES, RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION PARADIGM. DAILY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR INFUSIONS IN THE SHELL OF THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) CAUSED AN UPWARD SHIFT IN THE DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE UNDER FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULE AND INCREASED THE BREAK POINT UNDER PROGRESSIVE-RATIO SCHEDULE, INDICATING ENHANCED MOTIVATION FOR SELF-ADMINISTERED DRUG. THE EFFECT OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE INCREASED ELEVATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, COCAINE EXPERIENCE. IN CONTRAST, NEUTRALIZING THE CHRONIC COCAINE-INDUCED INCREASE IN HISTONE MODIFICATION BY THE BILATERAL OVEREXPRESSION OF HDAC4 IN THE NAC SHELL REDUCED DRUG MOTIVATION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE MOTIVATION FOR COCAINE AND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF ADDICTION-RELATED GENES BY H3 ACETYLATION IN THE NAC SHELL WAS ANALYZED. AMONG THE GENES ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC COCAINE EXPERIENCES, THE EXPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA, BUT NOT CAMKIIBETA, CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MOTIVATION FOR THE DRUG. LENTIVIRUS-MEDIATED SHRNA KNOCKDOWN EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT CAMKIIALPHA, BUT NOT CAMKIIBETA, IN THE NAC SHELL IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF MOTIVATION TO SELF-ADMINISTERED COCAINE. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC DRUG-USE-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF GENES, SUCH AS CAMKIIALPHA, MODULATED BY H3 ACETYLATION IN THE NAC IS A CRITICAL REGULATORY MECHANISM UNDERLYING MOTIVATION FOR DRUG REINFORCEMENT.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12 5485  36 REVERSAL OF COCAINE-CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE THROUGH METHYL SUPPLEMENTATION IN MICE: ALTERING GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL METHYLATION IN CELLS HAS REVEALED CORRELATIONS BETWEEN OVERALL DNA METHYLATION STATUS AND SOME BIOLOGICAL STATES. RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION COULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR NEUROADAPTATIONS INDUCED BY ADDICTIVE DRUGS. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION STATUS FOLLOWING REPEATED EXPOSURE TO ADDICTIVE DRUGS. USING MICE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE (CPP) PROCEDURE, WE MEASURED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG REWARDING EFFECTS. WE FOUND THAT COCAINE-, BUT NOT MORPHINE- OR FOOD-CPP TRAINING DECREASED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE PFC. CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH METHIONINE, A METHYL DONOR, FOR 25 CONSECUTIVE DAYS PRIOR TO AND DURING CPP TRAINING INHIBITED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COCAINE, BUT NOT MORPHINE OR FOOD CPP. WE ALSO FOUND THAT BOTH MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL OF DNMT (DNA METHYTRANSFERASE) 3B IN THE PFC WERE DOWNREGULATED FOLLOWING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COCAINE CPP, AND THE DOWNREGULATION COULD BE REVERSED BY REPEATED ADMINISTRATION OF METHIONINE. OUR STUDY INDICATES A CRUCIAL ROLE OF GLOBAL PFC DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF COCAINE. REVERSAL OF GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION COULD SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATE THE REWARDING EFFECTS INDUCED BY COCAINE. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHIONINE MAY HAVE BECOME A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO TREAT COCAINE ADDICTION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13 4643  36 NEUROPATHIC PAIN AS A TRIGGER FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN LIMBIC CIRCUITRY. CHRONIC PAIN INVOLVES BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NEURONAL PLASTICITY THAT ENCOMPASSES CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL NOCICEPTORS. WITHIN THE FOREBRAIN, MESOCORTICOLIMBIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL REGULATION HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXHIBIT LASTING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW SUCH ENDURING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MIGHT BE REGULATED WITHIN BRAIN STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING OF PAIN OR AFFECT, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED WITH ACTIVE OR PERMISSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES (HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 MONO AND TRIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION) IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY (PAG), LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) 5 WEEKS AFTER SCIATIC NERVE INJURY IN MICE TO MODEL CHRONIC PAIN. FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MICE IN CHRONIC PAIN, WE OBSERVED AN OVERALL TREND FOR A REDUCTION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, LH, AND NAC, BUT NOT VTA. MOREOVER, WE DISCOVERED THAT SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS EXHIBITED CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HISTORY, WHILE OTHERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY. WHEN TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY LEADS TO CHRONIC CHROMATIN-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN KEY LIMBIC BRAIN STRUCTURES AND CIRCUITS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE ENDURING CHANGES IN PAIN PROCESSING AND SENSITIVITY WITHIN THESE SYSTEMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14 1614  32 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A IS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS ON SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND BEHAVIORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN STRESS-ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED ABOUT THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND ITS CATALYZING ENZYMES, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IN THIS PROCESS. HERE, WE FOUND THAT MALE RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC (2-WEEK) UNPREDICTABLE STRESS EXHIBITED A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF DNMT3A AFTER STRESS CESSATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), A KEY TARGET REGION OF STRESS. TREATMENT OF UNSTRESSED CONTROL RATS WITH DNMT INHIBITORS RECAPITULATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS ON DECREASED AMPAR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN PFC. IN CONTRAST, OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3A IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS PREVENTED THE LOSS OF GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES. MOREOVER, THE STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING THE IMPAIRED RECOGNITION MEMORY, HEIGHTENED AGGRESSION, AND HYPERLOCOMOTION, WERE PARTIALLY ATTENUATED BY DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT THERE WERE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATIONS IN PFC OF STRESSED RATS, BOTH OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED AT SEVERAL NEURAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE AND MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING. THESE RESULTS HAVE THEREFORE RECOGNIZED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN STRESS-INDUCED DISTURBANCE OF SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15 1808  39 EFFECTS OF ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY AND BDNF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE MPFC OF ADULT MICE. ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS (ASS) CAN INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEURAL MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. CORTICALLY MEDIATED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS ARE INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR OF DEPRESSION. USING SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, A CLASSICAL ANIMAL MODEL OF DEPRESSION, OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES FOUND THAT MICE SUBJECTED TO THIS FORM OF STRESS DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE DISPLAYED COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY (CI) IN ADULTHOOD. THIS CHANGE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC); THIS GENE ENCODES A KEY MOLECULE INVOLVED IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. IN THE PRESENT PAPER, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES. ASS INDUCED A SET OF DEPRESSIVE PHENOTYPES, INCLUDING INCREASED SOCIAL AVOIDANCE AND CI, AS WELL AS REDUCED LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF AND ISOFORM IV BUT NOT ISOFORM I OR VI TRANSCRIPTS IN THE MPFC. IN PARALLEL WITH CHANGES IN BDNF GENE EXPRESSION, PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE SHOWED INCREASED LEVELS OF DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9ME2) IMMEDIATELY DOWNSTREAM OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ON THE OTHER HAND, NO DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K4 (H3K4ME3) OR IN ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9AC) OR AT K4 (H3K4AC) IN THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. LIKEWISE, NO ALTERATIONS WERE FOUND IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ADDITIONALLY, TREATMENT WITH THE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TRANYLCYPROMINE REVERSED BDNF EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND RELATED GENE TRANSCRIPTION WHILE ALSO REVERSING CI, BUT NOT SOCIAL AVOIDANCE, IN PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO THE BDNF GENE IN THE MPFC AFTER ADOLESCENT SOCIAL ADVERSITY MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION IN ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 3177  32 H3K9ME2 REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IS INVOLVED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE INDUCED BY MATERNAL SEPARATION IN MALE RATS. BACKGROUND: EARLY LIFE STRESS (ELS) INDUCES A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND INCREASES THE RISK OF DEPRESSION. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) HAS BEEN CONFIRMED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ELS ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF AND CHANGES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION HAS NOT BEEN FULLY CLARIFIED. METHODS: THE PRESENT STUDY USED MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) AND CHRONIC UNPREDICTED MILD STRESS (CUMS) TO ESTABLISH AN MS ANIMAL MODEL AND A DEPRESSIVE ANIMAL MODEL. WE ASSESSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS, INCLUDING ANHEDONIA, LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR, AND SPATIAL MEMORY, USING THE SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, THE OPEN FIELD TEST, THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE TEST, AND THE MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC) BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, WESTERN BLOTTING, AND QPCR ANALYSIS. ADDITIONALLY, WE USED UNC0642, A SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR OF HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (G9A), AS AN INTERVENTION. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOURS IN RATS AND RESULTED IN INCREASED H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED BDNF EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, ADULT MS RATS EXPERIENCING CUMS HAD MORE SEVERE DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOURS, HAD HIGHER EXPRESSION OF H3K9ME2 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC, AND HAD LOWER EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND MPFC. IN ADDITION, ADMINISTRATION OF THE G9A INHIBITOR REVERSED MOST OF THE CHANGES. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THAT ELS CHANGED BDNF AND H3K9ME2 EXPRESSION IN THE RAT BRAIN, RESULTING IN A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 4163  26 MECP2 REPRESSION OF G9A IN REGULATION OF PAIN AND MORPHINE REWARD. OPIOIDS ARE COMMONLY USED FOR PAIN RELIEF, BUT THEIR STRONG REWARDING EFFECTS DRIVE OPIOID MISUSE AND ABUSE. HOW PAIN AFFECTS THE LIABILITY OF OPIOID ABUSE IS UNKNOWN AT PRESENT. IN THIS STUDY, WE IDENTIFIED AN EPIGENETIC REGULATING CASCADE ACTIVATED BY BOTH PAIN AND THE OPIOID MORPHINE. BOTH PERSISTENT PAIN AND REPEATED MORPHINE UPREGULATED THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR MECP2 IN MOUSE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE AMYGDALA (CEA). CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MECP2 BOUND TO AND REPRESSED THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR HISTONE DIMETHYLTRANSFERASE G9A, REDUCING G9A-CATALYZED REPRESSIVE MARK H3K9ME2 IN CEA. REPRESSION OF G9A ACTIVITY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF). BEHAVIORALLY, PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN INCREASED THE SENSITIVITY TO ACQUIRING MORPHINE-INDUCED, REWARD-RELATED BEHAVIOR OF CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE IN MICE. LOCAL VIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED MECP2 OVEREXPRESSION, CRE-INDUCED G9A KNOCKDOWN, AND CEA APPLICATION OF BDNF MIMICKED, WHEREAS MECP2 KNOCKDOWN INHIBITED, THE PAIN EFFECT. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MECP2 DIRECTLY REPRESSES G9A AS A SHARED MECHANISM IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA FOR REGULATION OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO PAIN AND OPIOID REWARD, AND FOR THEIR BEHAVIORAL INTERACTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 5177  37 PREFRONTAL CORTEX EXPRESSION OF CHROMATIN MODIFIER GENES IN MALE WSP AND WSR MICE CHANGES ACROSS ETHANOL DEPENDENCE, WITHDRAWAL, AND ABSTINENCE. ALCOHOL-USE DISORDER (AUD) IS A RELAPSING DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESSIVE ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. RECENT STUDIES SUPPORT THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUD. STUDIES CARRIED OUT SO FAR HAVE FOCUSED ON A FEW SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT WAS TO INVESTIGATE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORS THAT MEDIATE A BROAD ARRAY OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS AFTER CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE, CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE FOLLOWED BY 8 H WITHDRAWAL, AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE FOLLOWED BY 21 DAYS OF ABSTINENCE IN WITHDRAWAL-RESISTANT (WSR) AND WITHDRAWAL SEIZURE-PRONE (WSP) SELECTED MOUSE LINES. WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC VAPOR EXPOSURE TO HIGHLY INTOXICATING LEVELS OF ETHANOL ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL CHROMATIN REMODELING GENES MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE PCR ARRAY ANALYSES. THE IDENTIFIED EFFECTS WERE INDEPENDENT OF SELECTED LINES, WHICH, HOWEVER, DISPLAYED BASELINE DIFFERENCES IN EPIGENETIC GENE EXPRESSION. WE REPORTED DYSREGULATION IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN HISTONE ACETYLATION, DEACETYLATION, LYSINE AND ARGININE METHYLATION AND UBIQUITINATIONHYLATION DURING CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL, BUT NOT AFTER 21 DAYS OF ABSTINENCE. ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES ARE CONSISTENT WITH DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND WITH DECREASED DEPOSITION OF THE PERMISSIVE UBIQUITINATION MARK H2BK120UB, ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED TRANSCRIPTION. ON THE OTHER HAND, ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN HISTONE LYSINE METHYLATION ARE CONSISTENT WITH INCREASED TRANSCRIPTION. THE NET RESULT OF THESE MODIFICATIONS ON GENE EXPRESSION IS LIKELY TO DEPEND ON THE COMBINATION OF THE SPECIFIC HISTONE TAIL MODIFICATIONS PRESENT AT A GIVEN TIME ON A GIVEN PROMOTER. SINCE ALCOHOL DOES NOT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION UNIDIRECTIONALLY, IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT ALCOHOL DOES NOT UNIDIRECTIONALLY ALTER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TOWARD A CLOSED OR OPEN STATE, AS SUGGESTED BY THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19  917  28 CHRONIC HIGH-FAT DIET DRIVES POSTNATAL EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR IN THE BRAIN. OPIOID SYSTEM DYSREGULATION HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN BOTH GENETIC AND HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD)-INDUCED MODELS OF OBESITY. AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, PARTICULARLY WITHIN AN IN VIVO CONTEXT, IS LACKING. USING A DIET-INDUCED MODEL OF OBESITY (DIO), MICE WERE FED A HIGH-FAT DIET (60% CALORIES FROM FAT) FROM WEANING TO >18 WEEKS OF AGE. COMPARED WITH MICE FED THE CONTROL DIET, DIO MICE HAD A DECREASED PREFERENCE FOR SUCROSE. MOR MRNA EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED IN REWARD-RELATED CIRCUITRY (VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC)) BUT NOT THE HYPOTHALAMUS, IMPORTANT IN THE HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF FEEDING. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT LINKS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. WE FOUND A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOR PROMOTER REGION WITHIN THE REWARD-RELATED BRAIN REGIONS. METHYL CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) CAN BIND METHYLATED DNA AND REPRESS TRANSCRIPTION, AND DIO MICE SHOWED INCREASED BINDING OF MECP2 TO THE MOR PROMOTER IN REWARD-RELATED REGIONS OF THE BRAIN. FINALLY, USING CHIP ASSAYS WE EXAMINED H3K9 METHYLATION (INACTIVE CHROMATIN) AND H3 ACETYLATION (ACTIVE CHROMATIN) WITHIN THE MOR PROMOTER REGION AND FOUND INCREASED H3K9 METHYLATION AND DECREASED H3 ACETYLATION. THESE DATA ARE THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY DNA METHYLATION, MECP2 RECRUITMENT, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING AS MECHANISMS LEADING TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF MOR IN THE BRAINS OF MICE FED A HIGH-FAT DIET.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 1698  28 DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF EARLY ADOLESCENT STRESS ON DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES AND JMJD3 IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS. AIMS: EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE BRAIN HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION. JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING 3 (JMJD3), WHICH IS A HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) DEMETHYLASE AND CAN REGULATE MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, HAS BEEN REGARDED AS A CRUCIAL ELEMENT IN THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HIGHLIGHTED THE FACT THAT LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES INDUCE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND HIGHER JMJD3 EXPRESSION AND LOWER H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN. HOWEVER, WHETHER THE PROCESS OF JMJD3 MEDIATING INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES WAS INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION DUE TO EARLY-LIFE STRESS REMAINED ELUSIVE. METHODS: RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) IN ADOLESCENCE WERE USED IN ORDER TO DETECT DYNAMIC ALTERATIONS IN DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES, JMJD3, AND H3K27ME3 IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS. MOREOVER, MINOCYCLINE, AN INHIBITOR OF MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION, WAS EMPLOYED TO OBSERVE THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT CUMS DURING THE ADOLESCENT PERIOD INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, OVER-EXPRESSION OF CYTOKINES, AND INCREASED JMJD3 AND DECREASED H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF BOTH ADOLESCENT AND ADULT RATS. HOWEVER, MINOCYCLINE RELIEVED ALL THE ALTERATIONS. CONCLUSION: THE STUDY REVEALED THAT JMJD3 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS BY MODULATING H3K27ME3 AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS THAT HAD BEEN STRESSED DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE.	2018