1 6170 136 THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA IMPROVES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR OF CRTC1-DEFICIENT MICE: POSSIBLE RELEVANCE FOR TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION. MAJOR DEPRESSION IS A HIGHLY COMPLEX DISABLING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AFFECTING MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. DESPITE THE AVAILABILITY OF SEVERAL CLASSES OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS, A SUBSTANTIAL PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO THESE MEDICATIONS. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ANTIDEPRESSANT RESPONSE IS THUS CRITICALLY NEEDED. WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT MICE LACKING CREB-REGULATED TRANSCRIPTION COACTIVATOR 1 (CRTC1) EXHIBIT A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE PHENOTYPE AND A BLUNTED ANTIDEPRESSANT RESPONSE TO THE SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR FLUOXETINE. IN THIS STUDY, WE SIMILARLY SHOW THAT CRTC1(-/-) MICE ARE RESISTANT TO THE ANTIDEPRESSANT EFFECT OF CHRONIC DESIPRAMINE IN A BEHAVIORAL DESPAIR PARADIGM. SUPPORTING THE BLUNTED RESPONSE TO THIS TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT, WE FOUND THAT DESIPRAMINE DOES NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASE THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND NR4A1-3 IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF CRTC1(-/-) MICE. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NEUROPLASTICITY GENE EXPRESSION HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT RESPONSE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE PROPERTIES. HERE, WE SHOW THAT UNLIKE CONVENTIONAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS, CHRONIC SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SAHA PARTIALLY RESCUES THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR OF CRTC1(-/-) MICE. THIS BEHAVIORAL EFFECT IS ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BDNF, BUT NOT NR4A1-3, IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF THESE MICE, SUGGESTING THAT THIS EPIGENETIC INTERVENTION RESTORES THE EXPRESSION OF A SUBSET OF GENES BY ACTING DOWNSTREAM OF CRTC1. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CRTC1 ALTERATIONS MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION, AND SUPPORT THE INTERESTING POSSIBILITY THAT TARGETING HDACS MAY BE A USEFUL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY IN ANTIDEPRESSANT DEVELOPMENT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 4299  29 MICRORNA-15B CONTRIBUTES TO DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN MICE BY AFFECTING SYNAPTIC PROTEIN LEVELS AND FUNCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. MAJOR DEPRESSION IS A PREVALENT AFFECTIVE DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRENT LOW MOOD. IT PRESUMABLY RESULTS FROM STRESS-INDUCED DETERIORATIONS OF MOLECULAR NETWORKS AND SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS IN BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITS OF GENETICALLY-SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS THROUGH EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. EPIGENETIC REGULATOR MICRORNA-15B INHIBITS NEURONAL PROGENITOR PROLIFERATION AND IS UP-REGULATED IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF MICE THAT DEMONSTRATE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR, INDICATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF MICRORNA-15 TO MAJOR DEPRESSION. USING A MOUSE MODEL OF MAJOR DEPRESSION INDUCED BY CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS), HERE WE EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF MICRORNA-15B ON SYNAPSES AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF THESE MICE. THE APPLICATION OF A MICRORNA-15B ANTAGOMIR INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE INCIDENCE OF CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSION AND REVERSED THE ATTENUATIONS OF EXCITATORY SYNAPSE AND SYNTAXIN-BINDING PROTEIN 3 (STXBP3A)/VESICLE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (VAMP1) EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, THE INJECTION OF A MICRORNA-15B ANALOG INTO THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AS WELL AS ATTENUATED EXCITATORY SYNAPSES AND STXBP3A/VAMP1 EXPRESSION SIMILAR TO THE DOWN-REGULATION OF THESE PROCESSES INDUCED BY THE CUMS. WE CONCLUDE THAT MICRORNA-15B-5P MAY PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION BY DECREASING SYNAPTIC PROTEINS, INNERVATIONS, AND ACTIVITIES IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. WE PROPOSE THAT THE TREATMENT OF ANTI-MICRORNA-15B-5P MAY CONVERT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION INTO RESILIENCE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
3 5467  43 RESILIENT PHENOTYPE IN CHRONIC MILD STRESS PARADIGM IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MIR-18A-5P AND SEROTONIN 5-HT(1A) RECEPTOR IN DORSAL PART OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. DISTURBED SEROTONERGIC SIGNALING IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OBSERVED IN MANY INDIVIDUALS VULNERABLE TO STRESS HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS ONE OF THE PRIMARY FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN IN THE RESILIENT PHENOTYPE. RESILIENT SUBJECTS MAINTAIN A POSITIVE MOOD AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BALANCE DESPITE BEING UNDER THE STRESS INFLUENCE. IN OUR STUDY, WE GENERATED STRESS-VULNERABLE AND RESILIENT RATS BY USING A CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CMS) PARADIGM. USING DIFFERENT MOLECULAR APPROACHES, WE REVEALED THAT RESILIENT ANIMALS EXHIBITED A SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MIR-18A-5P AND, IN THE SAME TIME, AN ELEVATED LEVEL OF 5-HT1AR IN DORSAL, BUT NOT VENTRAL, PART OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. DESCRIBED BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES WERE NOT OBSERVED IN ANIMALS BEHAVIORALLY VULNERABLE TO STRESS. FURTHER, IN VITRO ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT MIR-18A-5P MAY BE A NEGATIVE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR OF 5-HT1AR SINCE THE TREATMENT OF ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS WITH MIR-18A-5P MIMIC SIGNIFICANTLY LOWERED THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MRNA ENCODING 5-HT1AR. MOREOVER, BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL TARGET GENES EXPRESSED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND BEING REGULATED BY MIR-18A-5P SHOWED THAT THIS MICRORNA MAY REGULATE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS AXONOGENESIS, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN BOTH RATS AND HUMANS. ALL THESE MOLECULAR FEATURES MAY CONTRIBUTE TO SEROTONERGIC HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE AT THE LEVEL OF SEROTONIN TURNOVER OBSERVED IN HIPPOCAMPI OF RESILIENT BUT NOT STRESS-VULNERABLE RATS. DELINEATION OF FURTHER MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS UNDERLYING RESILIENCE TO STRESS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTIDEPRESSANT STRATEGIES WHICH WILL RESTORE RESILIENT PHENOTYPE IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4 5624  39 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 4405  40 MOLECULAR ADAPTATIONS OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER PROMOTE STRESS RESILIENCE VS. DEPRESSION. PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT INFLAMMATION AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD). CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS ALTERS BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (BBB) INTEGRITY THROUGH LOSS OF TIGHT JUNCTION PROTEIN CLAUDIN-5 (CLDN5) IN MALE MICE, PROMOTING PASSAGE OF CIRCULATING PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THIS EFFECT IS PROMINENT WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REGION ASSOCIATED WITH MOOD REGULATION; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED ARE UNCLEAR. MOREOVER, COMPENSATORY RESPONSES LEADING TO PROPER BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES AND ACTIVE RESILIENCE ARE UNKNOWN. HERE WE IDENTIFY ACTIVE MOLECULAR CHANGES WITHIN THE BBB ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS RESILIENCE THAT MIGHT SERVE A PROTECTIVE ROLE FOR THE NEUROVASCULATURE. WE ALSO CONFIRM THE RELEVANCE OF SUCH CHANGES TO HUMAN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT. WE SHOW THAT PERMISSIVE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CLDN5 EXPRESSION AND LOW ENDOTHELIUM EXPRESSION OF REPRESSIVE CLDN5-RELATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXO1 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS RESILIENCE. REGION- AND ENDOTHELIAL CELL-SPECIFIC WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOMIC ANALYSES REVEALED MOLECULAR SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS VULNERABILITY VS. RESILIENCE. WE IDENTIFIED PROINFLAMMATORY TNFALPHA/NFKAPPAB SIGNALING AND HDAC1 AS MEDIATORS OF STRESS SUSCEPTIBILITY. PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF STRESS-INDUCED INCREASE IN HDAC1 ACTIVITY RESCUED CLDN5 EXPRESSION IN THE NAC AND PROMOTED RESILIENCE. IMPORTANTLY, WE CONFIRMED CHANGES IN HDAC1 EXPRESSION IN THE NAC OF DEPRESSED PATIENTS WITHOUT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT IN LINE WITH CLDN5 LOSS. CONVERSELY, MANY OF THESE DELETERIOUS CLDN5-RELATED MOLECULAR CHANGES WERE REDUCED IN POSTMORTEM NAC FROM ANTIDEPRESSANT-TREATED SUBJECTS. THESE FINDINGS REINFORCE THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING STRESS-INDUCED NEUROVASCULAR PATHOLOGY IN DEPRESSION AND PROVIDE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO TREAT THIS MOOD DISORDER AND PROMOTE RESILIENCE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6 1808  45 EFFECTS OF ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT ON COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY AND BDNF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE MPFC OF ADULT MICE. ADOLESCENT SOCIAL STRESS (ASS) CAN INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION IN ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEURAL MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. CORTICALLY MEDIATED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS ARE INCREASINGLY RECOGNIZED AS AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR OF DEPRESSION. USING SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, A CLASSICAL ANIMAL MODEL OF DEPRESSION, OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES FOUND THAT MICE SUBJECTED TO THIS FORM OF STRESS DURING EARLY ADOLESCENCE DISPLAYED COGNITIVE INFLEXIBILITY (CI) IN ADULTHOOD. THIS CHANGE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A DOWN-REGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX (MPFC); THIS GENE ENCODES A KEY MOLECULE INVOLVED IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. IN THE PRESENT PAPER, WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BDNF AS A POSSIBLE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE BEHAVIORAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES. ASS INDUCED A SET OF DEPRESSIVE PHENOTYPES, INCLUDING INCREASED SOCIAL AVOIDANCE AND CI, AS WELL AS REDUCED LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF AND ISOFORM IV BUT NOT ISOFORM I OR VI TRANSCRIPTS IN THE MPFC. IN PARALLEL WITH CHANGES IN BDNF GENE EXPRESSION, PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE SHOWED INCREASED LEVELS OF DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9ME2) IMMEDIATELY DOWNSTREAM OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ON THE OTHER HAND, NO DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K4 (H3K4ME3) OR IN ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE K9 (H3K9AC) OR AT K4 (H3K4AC) IN THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. LIKEWISE, NO ALTERATIONS WERE FOUND IN DNA METHYLATION OF THE BDNF IV PROMOTER. ADDITIONALLY, TREATMENT WITH THE CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TRANYLCYPROMINE REVERSED BDNF EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND RELATED GENE TRANSCRIPTION WHILE ALSO REVERSING CI, BUT NOT SOCIAL AVOIDANCE, IN PREVIOUSLY STRESSED ADULT MICE. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO THE BDNF GENE IN THE MPFC AFTER ADOLESCENT SOCIAL ADVERSITY MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION IN ADULTHOOD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7 6174  49 THE HIPPOCAMPUS, NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND DEPRESSION: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION. DEPRESSION IS A PREVALENT, HIGHLY DEBILITATING MENTAL DISORDER AFFECTING UP TO 15% OF THE POPULATION AT LEAST ONCE IN THEIR LIFETIME, WITH HUGE COSTS FOR SOCIETY. NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DEPRESSION ARE STILL NOT WELL KNOWN, ALTHOUGH THERE IS CONSENSUS ABOUT INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS ARE FREQUENTLY USED IN DEPRESSION, BUT AT LEAST 50% OF PATIENTS ARE POOR RESPONDERS, EVEN TO MORE RECENTLY DISCOVERED MEDICATIONS. FURTHERMORE, CLINICAL RESPONSE ONLY OCCURS FOLLOWING WEEKS TO MONTHS OF TREATMENT AND ONLY CHRONIC TREATMENT IS EFFECTIVE, SUGGESTING THAT ACTIONS BEYOND THE RAPIDLY OCCURRING EFFECT OF ENHANCING MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEMS, SUCH AS ADAPTATION OF THESE SYSTEMS, ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE THAT AN IMPAIRMENT OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (NEUROGENESIS, AXON BRANCHING, DENDRITOGENESIS AND SYNAPTOGENESIS) IN SPECIFIC AREAS OF THE CNS, PARTICULARLY THE HIPPOCAMPUS, MAY BE A CORE FACTOR IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. THE ABNORMAL NEURAL PLASTICITY MAY BE RELATED TO ALTERATIONS IN THE LEVELS OF NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS, NAMELY BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), WHICH PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN PLASTICITY. AS BDNF IS REPRESSED BY STRESS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BDNF GENE MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DEPRESSION. THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS SMALLER IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS, ALTHOUGH IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER SMALLER SIZE IS A CONSEQUENCE OF DEPRESSION OR A PRE-EXISTING, VULNERABILITY MARKER FOR DEPRESSION. ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS TRIGGERING ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS CAUSE THE BRAIN TO BE EXPOSED TO CORTICOSTEROIDS, AFFECTING NEUROBEHAVIOURAL FUNCTIONS WITH A STRONG DOWNREGULATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, AND ARE A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT INCREASES BDNF LEVELS, STIMULATES NEUROGENESIS AND REVERSES THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF STRESS, BUT THIS EFFECT IS EVIDENT ONLY AFTER 3-4 WEEKS OF ADMINISTRATION, THE TIME COURSE FOR MATURATION OF NEW NEURONS. THE ABLATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS BLOCKS THE BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN ANIMAL MODELS. THE ABOVE FINDINGS SUGGEST NEW POSSIBLE TARGETS FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION SUCH AS NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS, THEIR RECEPTORS AND RELATED INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING CASCADES; AGENTS COUNTERACTING THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS (INCLUDING ANTAGONISTS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND THEIR RECEPTORS); AND AGENTS FACILITATING THE ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND INCREASING THE TRANSCRIPTION OF NEUROTROPHINS IN THE BRAIN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  989  37 CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES IN SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESILIENT MICE. OBJECTIVES: ALTHOUGH STRESS IS CONSIDERED A PRIMARY RISK FACTOR FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, A MAJORITY OF INDIVIDUALS ARE RESILIENT TO THE EFFECTS OF STRESS EXPOSURE AND SUCCESSFULLY ADAPT TO ADVERSE LIFE EVENTS, WHILE OTHERS, THE SO-CALLED SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS, MAY HAVE PROBLEMS TO PROPERLY ADAPT TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO STRESS EXPOSURE ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD.METHODS: ADULT MALE C57BL/6J MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS PROTOCOL AND LEVELS OF BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) TRANSCRIPTS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES WERE ANALYSED BY REAL-TIME PCR IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC) AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESILIENT MICE.RESULTS: WE FOUND A SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF BDNF-6 TRANSCRIPT IN THE HPC AND AN INCREASE OF BDNF-4 TRANSCRIPT IN THE PFC OF SUSCEPTIBLE MICE. MOREOVER, SUSCEPTIBLE MICE SHOWED A SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF THE G9A MRNA LEVELS IN THE HPC, WHILE HDAC-5 AND DNMT3A MRNA LEVELS WERE SPECIFICALLY REDUCED IN THE PFC.CONCLUSIONS: OVERALL, OUR RESULTS, SHOWING A DIFFERENT EXPRESSION OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES IN SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESILIENT MICE, SUGGEST THAT STRESS RESILIENCE IS NOT SIMPLY A LACK OF ACTIVATION OF STRESS-RELATED PATHWAYS, BUT IS RELATED TO THE ACTIVATION OF ADDITIONAL DIFFERENT SPECIFIC MECHANISMS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9 5820  38 STRESS DYNAMICALLY REGULATES BEHAVIOR AND GLUTAMATERGIC GENE EXPRESSION IN HIPPOCAMPUS BY OPENING A WINDOW OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY. EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN BOTH ADAPTIVE AND DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF STRESSORS ON THE BRAIN, AND DYSREGULATED GLUTAMATE HOMEOSTASIS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHIATRIC AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. HERE, WE ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A HISTORY OF CHRONIC STRESS AND FAMILIAR AND NOVEL ACUTE STRESSORS THAT ALTER EXPRESSION OF ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT ACUTE RESTRAINT AND ACUTE FORCED SWIM STRESSORS INDUCE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON THESE BEHAVIORS IN NAIVE MICE AND IN MICE WITH A HISTORY OF CHRONIC-RESTRAINT STRESS (CRS). THEY REVEAL A KEY ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC UP- AND DOWN-REGULATION OF THE PUTATIVE PRESYNAPTIC TYPE 2 METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE (MGLU2) RECEPTORS AND THE POSTSYNAPTIC NR1/NMDA RECEPTORS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARTICULARLY IN THE DENTATE GYRUS (DG), A REGION OF ACTIVE NEUROGENESIS AND A TARGET OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT. WE SHOW CHANGES IN DG LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP) THAT PARALLEL BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES, WITH HABITUATION TO THE SAME ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESSOR AND SENSITIZATION TO A NOVEL FORCED-SWIM STRESSOR. IN WT MICE AFTER CRS AND IN UNSTRESSED MICE WITH A BDNF LOSS-OF-FUNCTION ALLELE (BDNF VAL66MET), WE SHOW THAT THE EPIGENETIC ACTIVATOR OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, P300, PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE DYNAMIC UP- AND DOWN-REGULATION OF MGLU2 IN HIPPOCAMPUS VIA HISTONE-3-LYSINE-27-ACETYLATION (H3K27AC) WHEN ACUTE STRESSORS ARE APPLIED. THESE HIPPOCAMPAL RESPONSES REVEAL A WINDOW OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY THAT MAY BE USEFUL FOR TREATMENT OF DISORDERS IN WHICH GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION IS DYSREGULATED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10 3969  45 LONG-LASTING DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION INDUCED BY PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO METHYLMERCURY. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES CAN BE ACQUIRED DURING EARLY STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE ONSET OF MANY PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. DATA COLLECTED OVER SEVERAL DECADES HAVE SHOWN THAT CHEMICALS ARE AMONG THE RELEVANT FACTORS THAT CAN ENDANGER CNS. WE PREVIOUSLY SHOWED THAT PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO METHYLMERCURY (MEHG) CAUSES PERSISTENT CHANGES IN LEARNING AND MOTIVATIONAL BEHAVIOR IN MICE. IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT THE DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN MEHG-EXPOSED MALE MICE IS REVERSED BY CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH THE ANTIDEPRESSANT FLUOXETINE. BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MRNA IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL DENTATE GYRUS AND FLUOXETINE TREATMENT RESTORES BDNF MRNA EXPRESSION. WE ALSO SHOW THAT MEHG-EXPOSURE INDUCES LONG-LASTING REPRESSIVE STATE OF THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AT THE BDNF PROMOTER REGION, IN PARTICULAR DNA HYPERMETHYLATION, AN INCREASE IN HISTONE H3-K27 TRI-METHYLATION AND A DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION AT THE PROMOTER IV. WHILE FLUOXETINE TREATMENT DOES NOT ALTER HYPERMETHYLATION OF H3-K27, IT SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATES H3 ACETYLATION AT THE BDNF PROMOTER IV IN MEHG-EXPOSED MICE. OUR STUDY SHOWS THAT DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF MEHG PREDISPOSES MICE TO DEPRESSION AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11 6801  62 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

12 1331  30 DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION INDICATE THE ADAPTIVE INVOLVEMENT OF STABLE MOLECULES IN THE BRAIN THAT MAY BE MANIFESTED AT THE LEVEL OF CHROMATIN REMODELING, SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION. FORMER STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION IN SEVERAL ANIMAL MODELS ABOUT DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC HISTONE DEACETYLASES RELATED WITH DEPRESSION ARE NEEDED TO BE EXPLORED. HERE, SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS, ANXIETY-, AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE ALL FOUND IN MICE SUFFERED FROM CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. MOREOVER, WE ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THE AMOUNT OF THE CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASE, HDAC7 RATHER THAN HDAC2, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF DEFEATED MICE, WHICH SUGGESTED THAT HDAC7 MIGHT BE A CRUCIAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE IN A CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS MODEL. OUR DATA SHOWED THAT THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. HDAC7 MIGHT BE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR DEPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 3328  40 HISTONE DEACETYLASE 5 MODULATES THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL ADVERSITY IN EARLY LIFE ON COCAINE-INDUCED BEHAVIOR. PSYCHOSTIMULANTS INDUCE STABLE CHANGES IN NEURAL PLASTICITY AND BEHAVIOR IN A TRANSCRIPTION-DEPENDENT MANNER. FURTHER, STABLE CELLULAR CHANGES REQUIRE TRANSCRIPTION THAT IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ALTER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION. THIS MECHANISM IS TYPICALLY CATALYZED BY ENZYMES WITH HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE OR HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY. CLASS IIA HDACS ARE NOTABLE FOR THEIR HIGH EXPRESSION IN IMPORTANT REGIONS OF THE BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITRY AND THEIR NEURAL ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT SHUTTLING IN AND OUT OF THE CELL NUCLEUS. IN PARTICULAR, HDAC5 HAS AN IMPORTANT MODULATORY FUNCTION IN COCAINE-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS-INDUCED EFFECTS. ALTHOUGH A MUTATION IN HDAC5 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSES TO CHRONIC COCAINE USE WHETHER THIS RESPONSE WORSENS DURING CHRONIC EARLY LIFE STRESS HAS NOT BEEN EXAMINED YET. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXPOSED MOUSE PUPS TO TWO DIFFERENT EARLY LIFE STRESS PARADIGMS (SOCIAL ISOLATION, ESI, AND SOCIAL THREAT, EST) TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE HETEROZYGOUS NULL MUTATION IN HDAC5 (HDAC5+/-) MODERATED THE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO STRESS IN EARLY LIFE ON ADULT COCAINE-INDUCED CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE (CPP). NOTABLY, HDAC5+/- MICE THAT HAD BEEN EXPOSED TO ESI WERE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEVELOPING COCAINE-INDUCED CPP AND MORE RESISTANT TO EXTINGUISHING THIS BEHAVIOR. THE SAME EFFECT WAS NOT OBSERVED FOR HDAC5+/- MICE EXPERIENCING EST, SUGGESTING THAT ONLY ESI INDUCES BEHAVIORAL CHANGES BY ACTING PRECISELY THROUGH HDAC5-RELATED BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS. FINALLY, AN ANALYSIS OF C-FOS EXPRESSION PERFORMED TO DISCOVER THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES THAT MEDIATED THIS PHENOTYPE, IDENTIFIED THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM AS AN IMPORTANT STRUCTURE THAT MEDIATES THE INTERACTION BETWEEN HDAC5 MUTATION AND ESI. OUR DATA DEMONSTRATE THAT DECREASED HDAC5 FUNCTION IS ABLE TO EXACERBATE THE LONG-TERM BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ADVERSE REARING ENVIRONMENT IN MOUSE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14 5974  38 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 6804  45 [EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DEPRESSION]. RECENT RESEARCH HAS RAISED THE NOTION THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (E.G., DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS), WHICH EXERT LASTING CONTROL OVER GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE GENETIC CODE, COULD MEDIATE STABLE CHANGES IN BRAIN FUNCTION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ALONG WITH GENETIC FACTORS IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF DEPRESSION IS LARGELY UNKNOWN. TWO GENETICALLY DISTINCT MICE STRAINS, BALB/C (BALB) AND C57BL/6 (B6), EXHIBIT DIFFERENT BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO CHRONIC STRESS. WITH CHRONIC STRESS, BALB MICE SHOWED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS, BUT NOT B6 MICE, AND GLIAL CELL-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (GDNF) EXPRESSION LEVEL WAS DECREASED IN THE VENTRAL STRIATUM OF BALB MICE BUT INCREASED IN B6 MICE. IN BALB MICE, DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND DECREASED GDNF EXPRESSION WERE RECOVERED BY CHRONIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT. THEREFORE, WE USED THESE TWO MICE STRAINS TO INVESTIGATE HOW THE EPIGENETIC STATUS OF THE GDNF GENE IN THE VENTRAL STRIATUM MODULATES STRESS VULNERABILITY. BOTH MICE STRAINS SHOWED INCREASED DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AND MECP2 RECRUITMENT IN THE GDNF PROMOTER REGION. HOWEVER, HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVEL WAS DECREASED IN BALB MICE, BUT INCREASED IN B6 MICE. FURTHERMORE, BALB MICE SHOWED INCREASED HISTONE DEACETYLASE2 (HDAC2) EXPRESSION LEVEL AND RE-CHIP ASSAY REVEALED HDAC2-MECP2 COMPLEX IN BALB MICE. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF HISTONE MODIFICATION BY HDAC2 AND MECP2 COMPLEX FOR THE CONTROL OF GDNF EXPRESSION AND SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO CHRONIC STRESS, IN OTHER WORDS, THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO STRESS. IN ADDITION, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GDNF EXPRESSION. WE FOUND A REDUCED LEVEL OF HDAC4 RECRUITMENT AT THE GDNF PROMOTER REGION WITH ANTIDEPRESSANTS. THUS, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ANTIDEPRESSANTS INCREASE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE GDNF GENE THROUGH THE MODULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION BY HDAC4. FINALLY, WE EXAMINED THE EXPRESSIONS OF GDNF AND EPIGENETIC-RELATED MOLECULES MRNAS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE AND BIPOLAR DISORDER PATIENTS BY USING QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. WE FOUND THE ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF GDNF AND EPIGENETIC-RELATED GENES INCLUDING HDAC2 AND HDAC4 IN MOOD DISORDER PATIENTS. THUS, OUR DATA PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF GDNF EXPRESSION ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 1773  36 EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY BEHAVIOR IS REVERSED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS, ESPECIALLY IN CHILDHOOD, CAN HAVE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A HOST OF PSYCHIATRIC AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS INCLUDING IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS). EARLY-LIFE STRESS CAN BE RECAPITULATED IN ANIMALS USING THE MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) MODEL, EXHIBITING MANY KEY PHENOTYPIC OUTCOMES INCLUDING VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MS ARE UNCLEAR, BUT RECENT STUDIES POINT TO A ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS. HISTONE ACETYLATION IS A KEY EPIGENETIC MARK THAT IS ALTERED IN NUMEROUS STRESS-RELATED DISEASE STATES. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY. INTERESTINGLY, INCREASED NUMBER OF PAIN BEHAVIORS AND REDUCED THRESHOLD OF VISCERAL SENSATION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINAL CORD, A KEY REGION IN VISCERAL PAIN PROCESSING. MOREOVER, WE ALSO INVESTIGATED WHETHER THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), COULD REVERSE EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND STRESS-INDUCED FECAL PELLET OUTPUT IN THE MS MODEL. SIGNIFICANTLY, SAHA REVERSED BOTH OF THESE PARAMETERS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA DESCRIBE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, A KEY ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EARLY-LIFE STRESS-INDUCED VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN A WELL-ESTABLISHED MODEL OF IBS. THESE FINDINGS WILL INFORM NEW RESEARCH AIMED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PHARMACEUTICAL APPROACHES TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY FOR NOVEL ANTI-IBS DRUGS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17 2598  35 EPIGENETICS OF THE DEPRESSED BRAIN: ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IS A CHRONIC, REMITTING SYNDROME INVOLVING WIDELY DISTRIBUTED CIRCUITS IN THE BRAIN. STABLE ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT CONTRIBUTE TO STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN MULTIPLE BRAIN REGIONS ARE IMPLICATED IN THE HETEROGENEITY AND PATHOGENESIS OF THE ILLNESS. EPIGENETIC EVENTS THAT ALTER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE TO REGULATE PROGRAMS OF GENE EXPRESSION HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIOR, ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION, AND RESISTANCE TO DEPRESSION OR 'RESILIENCE' IN ANIMAL MODELS, WITH INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR SIMILAR MECHANISMS OCCURRING IN POSTMORTEM BRAINS OF DEPRESSED HUMANS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO DEPRESSION, IN PARTICULAR THE ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION, WHICH ARE REVEALING NOVEL MECHANISTIC INSIGHT INTO THE SYNDROME THAT MAY AID IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL TARGETS FOR DEPRESSION TREATMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18 1790  33 EFFECT OF CHRONIC MILD STRESS ON HIPPOCAMPAL TRANSCRIPTOME IN MICE SELECTED FOR HIGH AND LOW STRESS-INDUCED ANALGESIA AND DISPLAYING DIFFERENT EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT MOOD DISORDERS MAY DERIVE FROM THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE ON GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. STRESS-INDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN DEPRESSION. WE STUDIED HIPPOCAMPAL TRANSCRIPTOMES IN STRAINS OF MICE THAT DISPLAY HIGH (HA) AND LOW (LA) SWIM STRESS-INDUCED ANALGESIA AND THAT DIFFER IN EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS AND RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS. CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CMS) AFFECTED EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF GENES COMMON FOR BOTH STRAINS. CMS ALSO PRODUCED STRAIN SPECIFIC CHANGES IN EXPRESSION SUGGESTING THAT HIPPOCAMPAL RESPONSES TO STRESS DEPEND ON GENOTYPE. CONSIDERABLY LARGER NUMBER OF GENES, BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS, BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS, AND GENE NETWORKS WERE AFFECTED BY CMS IN LA THAN IN HA MICE. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT POTENTIAL DRUG TARGETS AGAINST DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF STRESS INCLUDE GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTERS, AND CHOLINERGIC, CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK), GLUCOCORTICOIDS, AND THYROID HORMONES RECEPTORS. FURTHERMORE, SOME BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES EVOKED BY STRESS AND DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE STRAINS, SUCH AS APOPTOSIS, NEUROGENESIS AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LONG-TERM, IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS OF STRESS AND SUGGEST A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MOOD RELATED STRESS RESPONSES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 2152  42 EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF 5-HT/NE/DA TRIPLE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR ON ADULT DEPRESSION SUSCEPTIBILITY IN EARLY STRESS MICE. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) IS A CHRONIC, REMITTING AND DEBILITATING DISEASE AND THE ETIOLOGY OF MDD IS HIGHLY COMPLICATED THAT INVOLVES GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS. DESPITE MANY PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC OPTIONS, MANY PATIENTS REMAIN POORLY TREATED AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS REMAINS A HIGH PRIORITY IN THE FIELD. LPM570065 IS A POTENT 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5-HT), NOREPINEPHRINE (NE) AND DOPAMINE (DA) TRIPLE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR AND BOTH PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY AGAINST MDD. THIS STUDY EXTENDS PREVIOUS FINDINGS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS AND UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF LPM570065 ON STRESS VULNERABILITY USING A "TWO-HIT" STRESS MOUSE MODEL. THE "TWO-HIT" STRESS MODEL USED ADULT MICE THAT HAD EXPERIENCED EARLY LIFE MATERNAL SEPARATION (MS) STRESS FOR SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS (SDS) AND THEN THEY WERE EVALUATED IN THREE BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS: SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, TAIL SUSPENSION TEST AND FORCED SWIMMING TEST. FOR THE MECHANISTIC STUDIES, METHYLATION-SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN MOUSE HIPPOCAMPAL TISSUE AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) WERE ANALYZED BY WHOLE-GENOME TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS ALONG WITH NEXT-GENERATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING ANALYSIS, FOLLOWED BY RT-PCR AND PYROPHOSPHATE SEQUENCING TO CONFIRM GENE EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION. LPM570065 SIGNIFICANTLY REVERSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE MICE IN THE SUCROSE PREFERENCE TEST, THE TAIL SUSPENSION TEST, AND THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST. MORPHOLOGICALLY, LPM570065 INCREASED THE DENSITY OF DENDRITIC SPINES IN HIPPOCAMPAL CA1 NEURONS. HYPERMETHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION OF OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR (OXTR) IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL TISSUES ALONG WITH INCREASED PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF DNMT1 AND DNMT3A IN MICE THAT EXPERIENCED THE "TWO-HIT" STRESS COMPARED TO THOSE THAT ONLY EXPERIENCED ADULTHOOD SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AND LPM570065 COULD REVERSE THESE CHANGES. COMBINED, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHYLATION SPECIFICITY OF THE GENE OXTR IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN EARLY LIFE STRESS-INDUCED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION AND THAT THE5-HT/NE/DA TRIPLE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR LPM570065 MAY REDUCE DEPRESSION SUSCEPTIBILITY VIA THE REVERSAL OF THE METHYLATION OF THE GENE OXTR.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 3341  28 HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY MODIFICATION. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS UPREGULATES BLOOD GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND IMPAIRS COGNITION VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLATION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION CAN LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MANY PROTEINS INVOLVED IN COGNITION AND MAY ALSO CAUSE LEARNING AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE?2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO EPIGENETICALLY BLOCK COGNITION VIA A REDUCTION IN THE HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL; HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER HDAC2 IS INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE DECLINE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. TO THE BEST OF AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTEROID UPREGULATE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN NEURO?2A CELLS AND CAUSE CELL INJURIES. HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMELIORATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN N2A CELLS VIA THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS IN THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3?KINASE/PROTEIN KINASE B SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN 12?MONTH?OLD FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE UNDER CHRONIC STRESS IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT HDAC2 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEGATIVE REGULATOR INVOLVED IN CHRONIC STRESS?INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2017