1 6078 131 THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN ZEBRAFISH. ARSENIC IS A PREVALENT ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIN AND A GROUP ONE HUMAN CARCINOGENIC AGENT. CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH MANY HUMAN DISEASES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EVALUATE ZEBRAFISH AS AN ANIMAL MODEL TO ASSESS ARSENIC TOXICITY IN ELEVATED LONG-TERM ARSENIC EXPOSURE. WITH PROLONGED EXPOSURE (6 MONTHS) TO VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC FROM 50 PPB TO 300 PPB, EFFECTS OF ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND PHENOTYPES WERE INVESTIGATED. RESULTS SHOWED THAT THERE ARE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES OF ARSENIC RETENTION IN ZEBRAFISH TISSUES, AND ZEBRAFISH DID NOT EXHIBIT ANY VISIBLE TUMOR FORMATION UNDER ARSENIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS. HOWEVER, THE ZEBRAFISH DEMONSTRATE A DYSFUNCTION IN THEIR NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM, WHICH IS REFLECTED BY A REDUCTION OF LOCOMOTIVE ACTIVITY. MOREOVER, ELEVATED LEVELS OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD2) PROTEIN WERE DETECTED IN THE EYE AND LIVER, SUGGESTING INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN ADDITION, THE PROGENIES OF ARSENIC-TREATED PARENTS DISPLAYED A SMALLER BIOMASS (FOUR-FOLD REDUCTION IN BODY WEIGHT) COMPARED WITH THOSE FROM THEIR PARENTAL CONTROLS. THIS RESULT INDICATES THAT ARSENIC MAY INDUCE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT ARE THEN PASSED ON TO THE NEXT GENERATION. OVERALL, THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT ZEBRAFISH IS A CONVENIENT VERTEBRATE MODEL WITH ADVANTAGES IN THE EVALUATION OF ARSENIC-ASSOCIATED NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AS WELL AS ITS INFLUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2  904  37 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM INDUCES DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN MICE SPERMATOZOA. CADMIUM EXPOSURE IS UBIQUITOUS AND HAS BEEN LINKED TO DISEASES INCLUDING CANCERS AND REPRODUCTIVE DEFECTS. SINCE CADMIUM IS NONMUTAGENIC, IT IS THOUGHT TO EXERT ITS GENE DYSREGULATORY EFFECTS THROUGH EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED GERMLINE EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING. HOWEVER, MOST OF THESE STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON MATERNAL EXPOSURE, WHILE THE IMPACT ON SPERM FERTILITY AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY HAS RECEIVED LESS ATTENTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO COMPREHENSIVELY INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE ON MOUSE SPERMATOZOA DNA METHYLATION. ADULT MALE C57BL/J6 MICE WERE PROVIDED WATER WITH OR WITHOUT CADMIUM CHLORIDE FOR 9 WEEKS. SPERM, TESTES, LIVER, AND KIDNEY TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT THE END OF THE TREATMENT PERIOD. CADMIUM EXPOSURE WAS CONFIRMED THROUGH GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF METALLOTHIONEIN-1 AND 2, 2 WELL-KNOWN CADMIUM-INDUCED GENES. ANALYSIS OF SPERM DNA METHYLATION CHANGES REVEALED 1788 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES PRESENT AT REGULATORY REGIONS IN SPERM OF MICE EXPOSED TO CADMIUM COMPARED WITH VEHICLE (CONTROL) MICE. FURTHERMORE, MOST OF THESE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION CHANGES POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AT BOTH THE TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION STAGE AS WELL AS THE SPLICING LEVELS. INTERESTINGLY, THE GENES TARGETED BY CADMIUM EXPOSURE ARE INVOLVED IN SEVERAL CRITICAL DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES. OUR RESULTS PRESENT A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SPERM METHYLOME IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE. THESE DATA, THEREFORE, HIGHLIGHT A FOUNDATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO STUDY GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS THAT MAY AFFECT FERTILITY IN THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUAL AS WELL AS THEIR OFFSPRING, THROUGH PATERNAL INHERITANCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3 3042  42 GENOME-WIDE ALTERATION OF HISTONE METHYLATION PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN MICE. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A XENOBIOTIC ENTERING THE BODY PRIMARILY THROUGH CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER AND FOOD. THERE ARE DEFINED MECHANISMS THAT DESCRIBE ARSENIC'S ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED CANCER INCIDENCE, HOWEVER MECHANISMS EXPLAINING ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OR AGING DISORDERS ARE POORLY DEFINED. IN RECENT YEARS, ARSENIC EFFECTS ON EPIGENOME HAVE BECOME A PARTICULAR FOCUS. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT HUMAN RELEVANT ARSENIC EXPOSURE DURING PARTICULAR DEVELOPMENTAL WINDOWS, OR LONG-TERM EXPOSURE LATER IN LIFE INDUCE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL NEURAL CHANGES THROUGH EPIGENOMIC ALTERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR HISTONE METHYLATION PROFILE, MANIFESTING AS COGNITIVE DECLINE. C57BL/6 WILD-TYPE MICE WERE CONTINUALLY EXPOSED TO SODIUM ARSENITE (100 MICROG/L) IN DRINKING WATER PRIOR TO MATING THROUGH WEANING OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGENY. A SECOND COHORT OF AGED APP/PS MICE WERE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO THE SAME LEVEL OF ARSENIC. COGNITIVE TESTING, HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF BRAINS AND GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION LEVELS OF H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 EXAMINED AFTER CHIP-SEQ WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE. DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE CAUSED SIGNIFICANTLY DIMINISHED COGNITION IN WILD-TYPE MICE. THE ANALYSIS OF CHIP-SEQ DATA AND EXPERIMENTS WITH MOUSE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS DEMONSTRATED THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY ARSENIC EXPOSURE TRANSLATED INTO GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE. INCREASED HIPPOCAMPAL AMYLOID PLAQUES LEVELS OF APP/PS MICE AND COGNITIVE DECLINE PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT ARSENIC EXPOSURE AGGRAVATED AN EXISTING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE PHENOTYPE. WE SHOW DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACTS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN BRAIN WHICH REMAIN PRESENT INTO ADULTHOOD AND PROVIDE A POTENTIAL MECHANISM BY WHICH DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE INFLUENCES COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS. WE ALSO SHOW THAT HUMAN RELEVANT, CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON ADULT APP/PS MICE AND EXACERBATES EXISTING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE HOW DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE IMPACTS THE BRAIN EPIGENOME, LEADING TO ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION LATER IN LIFE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                               
4 1815  32 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ON EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC CODE IN HUMAN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC EXPOSURES TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ARE KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR PROSTATE CANCER. THOUGH THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC OR ESTROGENS CAN DISRUPT NORMAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE CHEMICALS INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CO-EXPOSURE TO THESE TWO CHEMICALS ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN, BOTH ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, ON THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES, THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON DNA METHYLATION, AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. HUMAN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS, RWPE-1, CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WERE USED FOR ANALYSIS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES EXPRESSION, GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT PROTEIN LEVEL. THE RESULT OF THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC, ESTROGEN, AND THEIR COMBINATION ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES AND CHANGES GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION PATTERNS IN RWPE-1 CELLS. THESE CHANGES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN COMBINATION TREATED GROUP THAN INDIVIDUALLY TREATED GROUP. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY WILL HELP EXPLAIN THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF ARSENIC- AND/OR ESTROGEN-INDUCED PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
5 6562  30 TRANSIENT AND PERMANENT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN INORGANIC ARSENIC-MEDIATED EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. CHRONIC LOW DOSE INORGANIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE CAUSES CELLS TO TAKE ON AN EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL PHENOTYPE, WHICH IS A CRUCIAL PROCESS IN CARCINOGENESIS. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS NOT A MUTAGEN AND THUS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THIS PROCESS. INDEED, DURING THE EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES TO CELLS CORRELATE WITH CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND GENE EXPRESSION, ULTIMATELY DRIVING THIS PROCESS. HOWEVER, STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF INORGANIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE/WITHDRAWAL ON THE EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND THE IMPACT OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THIS PROCESS ARE LIMITED. IN THIS STUDY WE USED HIGH-RESOLUTION MICROARRAY ANALYSIS TO MEASURE THE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN CELLS UNDERGOING INORGANIC ARSENIC-INDUCED EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, AND ON THE REVERSAL OF THIS PROCESS, AFTER REMOVAL OF THE INORGANIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE. WE FOUND THAT CELLS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC, LOW-DOSE INORGANIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE SHOWED 30,530 SITES WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED, AND WITH INORGANIC ARSENIC WITHDRAWAL SEVERAL DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATED SITES WERE REVERSED, ALBEIT NOT COMPLETELY. FURTHERMORE, THESE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION MAINLY CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AT MOST SITES TESTED BUT NOT AT ALL. THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ON GENE EXPRESSION ARE NOT CLEAR-CUT AND PROVIDE A PLATFORM TO BEGIN TO UNCOVER THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION, SPECIFICALLY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF INORGANIC ARSENIC TREATMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6 3738  33 INORGANIC ARSENIC-INDUCED CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION IS COUPLED WITH GENOME WIDE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, TRANSCRIPTOME AND SPLICING PATTERNS. BACKGROUND: ARSENIC (AS) EXPOSURE IS A SIGNIFICANT WORLDWIDE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONCERN. LOW DOSE, CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER THAN NORMAL RISK OF SKIN, LUNG, AND BLADDER CANCER, AS WELL AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES. WHILE ARSENIC-INDUCED BIOLOGICAL CHANGES PLAY A ROLE IN DISEASE PATHOLOGY, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE DYNAMIC CELLULAR CHANGES RESULTING FROM ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL. RESULTS: IN THESE STUDIES, WE SOUGHT TO UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BEHIND THE BIOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCED BY ARSENIC EXPOSURE. A COMPREHENSIVE GLOBAL APPROACH WAS EMPLOYED TO DETERMINE GENOME-WIDE CHANGES TO CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, TRANSCRIPTOME PATTERNS AND SPLICING PATTERNS IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LOW DOSE ARSENIC AND ITS SUBSEQUENT WITHDRAWAL. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CELLS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC LOW DOSES OF SODIUM ARSENITE HAVE DISTINCT TEMPORAL AND COORDINATED CHROMATIN, GENE EXPRESSION, AND MIRNA CHANGES CONSISTENT WITH DIFFERENTIATION AND ACTIVATION OF MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS. MOST OF THESE TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN GENE EXPRESSION ARE REVERSED WHEN ARSENIC IS WITHDRAWN. HOWEVER, SOME GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS REMAINED ALTERED, PLAUSIBLY AS A RESULT OF AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE BY CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, THE CORRELATION OF CHANGES TO GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE SOLIDIFY THE ROLE OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN GENE REGULATORY CHANGES DUE TO ARSENITE EXPOSURE. LASTLY, WE SHOW THAT ARSENITE EXPOSURE INFLUENCES GENE REGULATION BOTH AT THE INITIATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AS WELL AS AT THE LEVEL OF SPLICING. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT ADAPTATION OF CELLS TO IAS-MEDIATED EMT IS COUPLED TO CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE EFFECTING DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND SPLICING PATTERNS OF GENES. THESE STUDIES PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF IAS-MEDIATED PATHOLOGY, WHICH INCLUDES EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN CHANGES COUPLED WITH CHANGES TO THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND SPLICING PATTERNS OF KEY GENES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  948  20 CHRONIC METABOLIC DERANGEMENT-INDUCED COGNITIVE DEFICITS AND NEUROTOXICITY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REST INACTIVATION. CHRONIC METABOLIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT A RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, DEMENTIA, OR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. HYPERGLYCEMIA AND OBESITY ARE KNOWN TO IMPRINT EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT COMPROMISE THE PROPER EXPRESSION OF CELL SURVIVAL GENES. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA (60 DAYS) INDUCED BY A SINGLE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF STREPTOZOTOCIN COMPROMISED COGNITION BY REDUCING HIPPOCAMPAL ERK SIGNALING AND BY INDUCING NEUROTOXICITY IN RATS. THE MECHANISMS APPEAR TO BE LINKED TO REDUCED ACTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATION AND DIMINISHED EXPRESSION OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REST. THE IMPACT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADIPOSITY AND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION ON REST EXPRESSION WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN OBESE CHILDREN WITH REDUCED LEVELS OF BLOOD ASCORBATE. THE REVERSIBLE NATURE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND THE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT REPORTED IN OBESE CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS, AND ADULTS SUGGEST THAT THE CORRECTION OF THE ANTHROPOMETRY AND THE PERIPHERAL METABOLIC ALTERATIONS WOULD PROTECT BRAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8 1511  44 DNA METHYLATION AND POTENTIAL MULTIGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS LINKED TO URANIUM CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE IN GONADS OF MALES AND FEMALES RATS. INTRODUCTION: AN INCREASED HEALTH PROBLEM IN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES IS THE CONTEMPORARY CONCERN OF PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY AS WELL. THIS HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED IN PART TO ACCUMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ESPECIALLY RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS WORLDWIDE. HOWEVER, THE OUTCOME OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF A RADIONUCLIDE SUCH AS URANIUM REMAINS UNKNOWN. RECENTLY, A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERCEPTION OF RISK OF RADIOTOXICOLOGY HAS EMERGED THROUGH INVESTIGATING THE POSSIBILITY OF TRANSMISSION OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OVER GENERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR BY EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. THESE PROCESSES ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR CRUCIAL ROLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: THE CURRENT WORK INVESTIGATES THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM AND ITS INHERITANCE ACROSS GENERATIONS. MATERIALS AND METHODS TO TEST THIS PROPOSITION, A RODENT MULTIGENERATIONAL MODEL, MALES AND FEMALES, WERE EXPOSED TO A NON-TOXIC CONCENTRATION OF URANIUM (40MGL(-1) DRINKING WATER) FOR NINE MONTHS. THE URANIUM EFFECTS ON WERE EVALUATED OVER THREE GENERATIONS (F0, F1 AND F2) BY ANALYSING THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AND DNMT GENES EXPRESSION IN OVARIES AND TESTES TISSUES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT A SIGNIFICANT HYPERMETHYLATION OF TESTES DNA (P <0.005) WHEREAS OVARIES SHOWED HYPOMETHYLATED DNA (P <0.005). INTERESTINGLY, THIS DNA METHYLATION PROFILE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MAINTAINED ACROSS GENERATIONS F0, F1 AND F2. FURTHERMORE, QPCR RESULTS OF BOTH TISSUES IMPLY A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE GENES (DNMT 1 AND DNMT3A/B) AS WELL. CONCLUSION: ALTOGETHER, OUR WORK DEMONSTRATES FOR THE FIRST TIME A SEX-DEPENDANCE AND INHERITANCE OF EPIGENETIC MARKS, DNA METHYLATION, AS A BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHICH TYPE OF REPRODUCTIVE CELL TYPE IS MORE RESPONSIVE IN THIS CONTEXT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  457  39 APPLYING A MULTISCALE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO URANIUM IN RAT KIDNEYS. PURPOSE: TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE TO URANIUM WITH A SYSTEMS BIOLOGY APPROACH, A MULTISCALE HIGH-THROUGHPUT MULTI-OMICS ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED WITH A PROTOCOL FOR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO THE RAT KIDNEY. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE RATS WERE CONTAMINATED FOR NINE MONTHS THROUGH THEIR DRINKING WATER WITH A NONTOXIC SOLUTION OF URANYL NITRATE. A MULTISCALE APPROACH ENABLED CLINICAL MONITORING ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC (MRNA AND MICRORNA) ANALYSES. RESULTS: A SEX-INTERACTION EFFECT WAS OBSERVED IN THE KIDNEY, URINE, AND PLASMA METABOLOMES OF CONTAMINATED RATS. MOREOVER, URINE AND KIDNEY METABOLIC PROFILES CORRELATED AND CONFIRMED THAT THE PRIMARY DYSREGULATED METABOLISMS ARE THOSE OF NICOTINATE-NICOTINAMIDE AND OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS. UPSTREAM OF THE METABOLIC PATHWAYS, TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILES OF THE KIDNEY REVEAL GENE ACTIVITY FOCUSED ON GENE REGULATION MECHANISMS, CELL SIGNALING, CELL STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES, AND CELL PROLIFERATION. EXAMINATION OF EPIGENETIC POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE REGULATION PROCESSES SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DYSREGULATION OF 70 MICRO-RNAS. THE MULTI-OMICS APPROACH HIGHLIGHTED THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CELLS' BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON MULTIPLE SCALES THROUGH ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION, CONFIRMED BY CHANGES OBSERVED IN THE METABOLOME. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SHOWED CHANGES IN MULTI-OMIC PROFILES OF RATS EXPOSED TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM CONTAMINATION, COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. THESE CHANGES INVOLVED GENE EXPRESSION AS WELL AS MODIFICATIONS IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND THE METABOLOME. THE METABOLOMIC PROFILE CONFIRMED THAT THE MAIN MOLECULAR TARGETS OF URANIUM IN KIDNEY CELLS ARE THE METABOLISM OF NICOTINATE-NICOTINAMIDE AND THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. ADDITIONALLY, GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS IS TARGETED BY PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH CELL FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT MULTISCALE SYSTEMS BIOLOGY IS USEFUL IN ELUCIDATING THE MOST DISCRIMINATIVE PATHWAYS FROM GENOMIC TO METABOLOMIC LEVELS FOR ASSESSING THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THIS LOW-LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE, I.E. THE EXPOSOME.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  126  49 A TOXICOGENOMICS APPROACH TO IDENTIFY NEW PLAUSIBLE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF OCHRATOXIN A CARCINOGENICITY IN RAT. OCHRATOXIN A (OTA) IS A MYCOTOXIN OCCURRING NATURALLY IN A WIDE RANGE OF FOOD COMMODITIES. IN ANIMALS, IT HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE A VARIETY OF ADVERSE EFFECTS, NEPHROCARCINOGENICITY BEING THE MOST PROMINENT. BECAUSE OF ITS HIGH TOXIC POTENCY AND THE CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE OF THE HUMAN POPULATION, OTA HAS RAISED PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS. THERE IS SIGNIFICANT DEBATE ON HOW TO USE THE RAT CARCINOGENICITY DATA TO ASSESS THE POTENTIAL RISK TO HUMANS. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE QUESTION OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF OTA APPEARS OF KEY IMPORTANCE AND WAS STUDIED THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF A TOXICOGENOMICS APPROACH. MALE FISCHER RATS WERE FED OTA FOR UP TO 2 YEARS. RENAL TUMORS WERE DISCOVERED DURING THE LAST 6 MONTHS OF THE STUDY. THE TOTAL TUMOR INCIDENCE REACHED 25% AT THE END OF THE STUDY. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE WAS ANALYZED IN GROUPS OF ANIMALS TAKEN IN INTERVALS FROM 7 DAYS TO 12 MONTHS. TISSUE-SPECIFIC RESPONSES WERE OBSERVED IN KIDNEY VERSUS LIVER. FOR SELECTED GENES, MICROARRAY DATA WERE CONFIRMED AT BOTH MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. IN KIDNEY, SEVERAL GENES KNOWN AS MARKERS OF KIDNEY INJURY AND CELL REGENERATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MODULATED BY OTA. THE EXPRESSION OF GENES KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN DNA SYNTHESIS AND REPAIR, OR GENES INDUCED AS A RESULT OF DNA DAMAGE, WAS ONLY MARGINALLY MODULATED. VERY LITTLE OR NO EFFECT WAS FOUND AMONGST GENES ASSOCIATED WITH APOPTOSIS. ALTERATIONS OF GENE EXPRESSION INDICATING EFFECTS ON CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND A DISRUPTION OF PATHWAYS REGULATED BY THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4 ALPHA (HNF4ALPHA) AND NUCLEAR FACTOR-ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2 (NRF2) WERE OBSERVED IN THE KIDNEY BUT NOT IN THE LIVER. PREVIOUS DATA HAVE SUGGESTED THAT A REDUCTION IN HNF4ALPHA MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH NEPHROCARCINOGENICITY. MANY NRF2-REGULATED GENES ARE INVOLVED IN CHEMICAL DETOXICATION AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE. THE DEPLETION OF THESE GENES IS LIKELY TO IMPAIR THE DEFENSE POTENTIAL OF THE CELLS, RESULTING IN CHRONIC ELEVATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE KIDNEY. THE INHIBITION OF DEFENSE MECHANISM APPEARS AS A HIGHLY PLAUSIBLE NEW MECHANISM, WHICH COULD CONTRIBUTE TO OTA CARCINOGENICITY.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 6790  27 [DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CANCER RESEARCH]. THE PRESENT PAPER REVIEWS RECENT LABORATORY METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE CONCERNING EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS INVOLVED IN CARCINOGENESIS MECHANISMS. WE INTRODUCE DNA METHYLATION AND ITS ROLE IN GENE EXPRESSION CONTROL. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS MAY ALLOW TO IDENTIFY EARLY CHANGES LEADING TO CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. WE DESCRIBE HERE STRATEGIES FOR LABORATORY ANALYSES AND THEIR POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS. WE EXAMINE RESULTS FROM RECENT EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGESTING THAT THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN OCCUPATIONAL AGENTS ARE MEDIATED BY ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. PLANNING AND CONDUCTING INVESTIGATIONS ON EXPOSED HUMAN SUBJECTS WILL ALLOW TO VERIFY WHETHER DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IDENTIFIED IN ANIMAL AND IN-VITRO STUDIES MAY BE USED AS EARLY-EFFECT AND SUSCEPTIBILITY BIOMARKERS. DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS HAS THE POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE APPLICATIONS IN RISK ASSESSMENT AND PREVENTION PROGRAMS CONDUCTED ON SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO HUMAN CARCINOGENS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12  477  34 ARSENIC PROJECTS IN SE ASIA. EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO INORGANIC ARSENIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF MALIGNANT AND CHRONIC DISEASE OUTCOMES IN HUMANS. PRENATAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE MAY GIVE RISE TO ADVERSE EFFECTS ON CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT AS ARSENIC READILY PASSES THROUGH THE PLACENTA IN HUMAN BEINGS. THE IMPACT OF MATERNAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE ON FETAL GENE EXPRESSION WAS CONDUCTED IN PREGNANT WOMEN LIVING IN SOUTHERN THAILAND. ARSENIC EXPOSED NEWBORNS HAD SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER LEVELS OF ARSENIC IN CORD BLOOD, AND A SET OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH NUMEROUS BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING CELL SIGNALING, APOPTOSIS, INFLAMMATORY AND STRESS RESPONSE. A SLIGHT INCREASE IN PROMOTER METHYLATION OF P53 IN CORD BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES WHICH CORRELATED WITH ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN NAILS WAS OBSERVED IN THESE EXPOSED NEWBORNS. A FOLLOW-UP STUDY ON THESE EXPOSED CHILDREN SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE, MEASURED AS 8-HYDROXYDEOXYGUANOSINE (8-OHDG) IN SALIVA. IN ADDITION, LEVELS OF URINARY 8-OHDG EXCRETION AND SALIVARY HOGG1 EXPRESSION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN EXPOSED CHILDREN SUGGESTING A DEFECT IN REPAIR OF 8-OHDG IN ARSENIC-EXPOSED CHILDREN. OUR STUDY INDICATES THAT PRENATAL ARSENIC AND CONTINUED EXPOSURE THROUGH EARLY CHILDHOOD CAN TRIGGER VARIOUS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT MAY LEAD TO DISEASE DEVELOPMENT LATER IN LIFE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13 5166  47 PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE EXERTS SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON OFFSPRING GROWTH AND LONG-TERM METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH CLINICAL DATA SUPPORT AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE AND DEFICITS IN CHILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PATERNAL DRINKING AND ALCOHOL-INDUCED GROWTH PHENOTYPES REMAINS CHALLENGING TO DEFINE. USING AN ESTABLISHED MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE, PREVIOUS WORK BY OUR GROUP HAS LINKED PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE TO SEX-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND PLACENTAL DYSFUNCTION. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF CHRONIC PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE ON OFFSPRING GROWTH AND METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. RESULTS: PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE INDUCED A PROLONGED PERIOD OF FETAL GESTATION AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION, WHICH AFFECTED THE MALE OFFSPRING TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN THE FEMALES. WHILE THE FEMALE OFFSPRING OF ETHANOL-EXPOSED MALES WERE ABLE TO MATCH THE BODY WEIGHTS OF THE CONTROLS WITHIN THE FIRST 2 WEEKS OF POSTNATAL LIFE, MALE OFFSPRING CONTINUED TO DISPLAY AN 11% REDUCTION IN WEIGHT AT 5 WEEKS OF AGE AND A 6% REDUCTION AT 8 WEEKS OF AGE. THE OBSERVED GROWTH DEFICITS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE MALE OFFSPRING, WHILE IN CONTRAST, FEMALES DISPLAYED A MODEST LAG IN THEIR GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. THESE METABOLIC DEFECTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AN UP-REGULATION OF GENES WITHIN THE PRO-FIBROTIC TGF-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY AND INCREASED LEVELS OF CELLULAR HYDROXYPROLINE WITHIN THE LIVERS OF THE MALE OFFSPRING. WE OBSERVED SUPPRESSED CYTOKINE PROFILES WITHIN THE LIVER AND PANCREAS OF BOTH THE MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING, WHICH CORRELATED WITH THE UP-REGULATION OF GENES IN THE LIVERX/RETINOIDX/FARNESOIDX RECEPTOR PATHWAYS. HOWEVER, PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION WERE HIGHLY VARIABLE BETWEEN THE OFFSPRING OF ALCOHOL-EXPOSED SIRES. IN THE ADULT OFFSPRING OF ALCOHOL-EXPOSED MALES, WE DID NOT OBSERVE ANY DIFFERENCES IN THE ALLELIC EXPRESSION OF IGF2 OR ANY OTHER IMPRINTED GENES. CONCLUSIONS: THE IMPACT OF PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT IS POORLY EXPLORED AND REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT GAP IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL. OUR STUDIES IMPLICATE PATERNAL EXPOSURE HISTORY AS AN ADDITIONAL AND IMPORTANT MODIFIER OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED GROWTH PHENOTYPES AND CHALLENGE THE CURRENT MATERNAL-CENTRIC EXPOSURE PARADIGM.	2019	

14 2472  26 EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ACROSS GENERATIONS. BACKGROUND: TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES IN EARLY LIFE ARE RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. SUCH DISORDERS CAN PERSIST THROUGH ADULTHOOD AND HAVE OFTEN BEEN REPORTED TO BE TRANSMITTED ACROSS GENERATIONS. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECT OF EARLY STRESS, MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 14. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION INDUCES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND ALTERS THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SEPARATED ANIMALS WHEN ADULT. MOST OF THE BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS ARE FURTHER EXPRESSED BY THE OFFSPRING OF MALES SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THESE MALES ARE REARED NORMALLY. CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION ALSO ALTERS THE PROFILE OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER OF SEVERAL CANDIDATE GENES IN THE GERMLINE OF THE SEPARATED MALES. COMPARABLE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ARE ALSO PRESENT IN THE BRAIN OF THE OFFSPRING AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ON BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES ACROSS GENERATIONS AND ON THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE GERMLINE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 5193  36 PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANTS INDUCES MITOCHONDRIA-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL PILOT STUDY. MITOCHONDRIA PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING CELLULAR AND METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS DURING VITAL DEVELOPMENT CYCLES OF FOETAL GROWTH. OPTIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT NOT ONLY TO SUSTAIN ADEQUATE ENERGY PRODUCTION BUT ALSO FOR REGULATED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. HOWEVER, THESE ORGANELLES ARE SUBTLE TARGETS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND ANY PERTURBANCE IN THE DEFINED MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY DURING THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE CAN LEAD TO THE RE-PROGRAMMING OF THE FOETAL EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. AS THESE MODIFICATIONS CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS, WE HEREIN PERFORMED A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO HAVE AN IN-DEPTH UNDERSTANDING OF THIS INTRICATE PHENOMENON. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED WITH TWO ARMS: WHEREAS THE FIRST GROUP CONSISTED OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS AND THE SECOND GROUP INCLUDED CONTROLS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED HIGHER LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE MTDNA DAMAGE AND ASSOCIATED INTEGRATED STRESS RESPONSE AMONG THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. THESE DISTURBANCES WERE FOUND TO BE CLOSELY RELATED TO THE OBSERVED DISCREPANCIES IN MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS. THE EXPOSED GROUP SHOWED MTDNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND CHANGES IN ALLIED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONING. ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MITOMIRS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE TARGET GENES IN THE EXPOSED GROUP INDICATED THE POSSIBILITIES OF A DISTURBED MITOCHONDRIAL-NUCLEAR CROSS TALK. THIS WAS FURTHER CONFIRMED BY THE MODIFIED ACTIVITY OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL STRESS REGULATORS AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AMONG THE EXPOSED GROUP. IMPORTANTLY, THE DISTURBED DNMT FUNCTIONING, HYPERMETHYLATION OF NUCLEAR DNA, AND HIGHER DEGREE OF POST-TRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ESTABLISHED THE EXISTENCE OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. OVERALL, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE FIRST MOLECULAR INSIGHTS OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSURE ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL-EPIGENETIC AXIS. ALTHOUGH, OUR STUDY MIGHT NOT CEMENT AN EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP FOR ANY PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANT, BUT SUFFICE TO ESTABLISH A DOGMA OF MITO-EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT INTRAUTERINE MILIEU WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS, A HITHERTO UNREPORTED INTERACTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16  474  21 ARSENIC BIOTRANSFORMATION AS A CANCER PROMOTING FACTOR BY INDUCING DNA DAMAGE AND DISRUPTION OF REPAIR MECHANISMS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER POSES A MAJOR GLOBAL HEALTH CONCERN. POPULATIONS EXPOSED TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF ARSENIC-CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SUFFER SERIOUS HEALTH CONSEQUENCES, INCLUDING ALARMING CANCER INCIDENCE AND DEATH RATES. ARSENIC IS BIOTRANSFORMED THROUGH SEQUENTIAL ADDITION OF METHYL GROUPS, ACQUIRED FROM S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM). METABOLISM OF ARSENIC GENERATES A VARIETY OF GENOTOXIC AND CYTOTOXIC SPECIES, DAMAGING DNA DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY, THROUGH THE GENERATION OF REACTIVE OXIDATIVE SPECIES AND INDUCTION OF DNA ADDUCTS, STRAND BREAKS AND CROSS LINKS, AND INHIBITION OF THE DNA REPAIR PROCESS ITSELF. SINCE SAM IS THE METHYL GROUP DONOR USED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES TO MAINTAIN NORMAL EPIGENETIC PATTERNS IN ALL HUMAN CELLS, ARSENIC IS ALSO POSTULATED TO AFFECT MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, AND GENOMIC STABILITY. THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES UNDERLYING THE CANCER PROMOTING FACTORS OF ARSENIC METABOLISM, RELATED TO DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR, WILL BE DISCUSSED HERE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17 3210  38 HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRE- AND PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED HUMAN CARCINOGEN, ABLE TO INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE ARE EXPOSED TO ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN DRINKING WATER EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED WHO THRESHOLD (10MUG/L). ADDITIONALLY, CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LEVELS BELOW THIS THRESHOLD IS KNOWN TO RESULT IN LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS. THE ARSENIC-RELATED HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION PROCESS, WHEREBY THE RESULTING METABOLITES CAN INDUCE MOLECULAR DAMAGE THAT ACCUMULATES OVER TIME. THE EFFECTS DERIVED FROM THESE ALTERATIONS INCLUDE GENOMIC INSTABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, ALTERATION OF GENE EXPRESSION (INCLUDING CODING AND NON-CODING RNAS), GLOBAL AND LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, AND HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. THESE ALTERATIONS DIRECTLY AFFECT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MANY CONDITIONS THAT CAN ARISE EVEN DECADES AFTER THE EXPOSURE OCCURS. IMPORTANTLY, ARSENIC METABOLITES GENERATED DURING ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION CAN ALSO PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTAL BARRIER, RESULTING IN FETAL EXPOSURE TO THIS CARCINOGEN AT SIMILAR LEVELS TO THOSE OF THE MOTHER. AS SUCH, MORE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE ARSENIC-INDUCED MOLECULAR DAMAGE CAN BE OBSERVED AS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, PREGNANCY, AND BIRTH OUTCOMES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF ARSENIC, PARTICULARLY THOSE AFFECTING EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES. WE ALSO PRESENT HOW THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRING DURING EARLY LIFE CAN IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN DISEASES IN ADULT LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18  476  33 ARSENIC INDUCES FIBROGENIC CHANGES IN HUMAN KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS POTENTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IS A SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE, AND KIDNEY IS ONE OF THE TARGET ORGAN FOR ARSENIC-INDUCED ADVERSE EFFECTS. RENAL FIBROSIS IS A WELL-KNOWN PATHOLOGICAL STAGE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IMPLICATE ARSENIC EXPOSURE TO CKD, BUT THE ROLE OF ARSENIC IN KIDNEY FIBROSIS AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM IS STILL UNCLEAR. IT IS IN THIS CONTEXT THAT THE CURRENT STUDY EVALUATED THE EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM ARSENIC EXPOSURE ON THE CELLULAR RESPONSE IN MORPHOLOGY, AND MARKER GENES EXPRESSION WITH RESPECT TO FIBROSIS USING HUMAN KIDNEY 2 (HK-2) EPITHELIAL CELLS. RESULTS OF THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT IN ADDITION TO INCREASED GROWTH, HK-2 CELLS UNDERWENT PHENOTYPIC, BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES INDICATIVE OF EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) IN RESPONSE TO THE EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. MOST IMPORTANTLY, THE ARSENIC-EXPOSED CELLS ACQUIRED THE PATHOGENIC FEATURES OF FIBROSIS AS SUPPORTED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF MARKERS FOR FIBROSIS, SUCH AS COLLAGEN I, FIBRONECTIN, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA, AND ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN. UPREGULATION OF FIBROSIS ASSOCIATED SIGNALING MOLECULES SUCH AS TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASES-3 AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-2 AS WELL AS ACTIVATION OF AKT WAS ALSO OBSERVED. ADDITIONALLY, THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC GENES (DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES 3A AND 3B; METHYL-CPG BINDING DOMAIN 4) WAS INCREASED IN ARSENIC-EXPOSED CELLS. TREATMENT WITH DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DC REVERSED THE EMT PROPERTIES AND RESTORED THE LEVEL OF PHOSPHO-AKT. TOGETHER, THESE DATA FOR THE FIRST TIME SUGGEST THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS. ADDITIONALLY, OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT THE ARSENIC-INDUCED FIBROTIC CHANGES ARE, AT LEAST IN PART, MEDIATED BY DNA METHYLATION AND THEREFORE POTENTIALLY CAN BE REVERSED BY EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTICS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19 4093  29 MATERNAL SEPARATION FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC MILD STRESS IN ADULTHOOD IS ASSOCIATED WITH CONCERTED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AP-1 COMPLEX GENES. DEPRESSION IS ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT MENTAL DISEASES WORLDWIDE. PATIENTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES OFTEN HAVE A HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD NEGLECT, INDICATING THAT EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCES PREDISPOSE TO PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. TWO STRONG MODELS WERE USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY: THE MATERNAL SEPARATION/EARLY DEPRIVATION MODEL (MS) AND THE CHRONIC MILD STRESS MODEL (CMS). IN BOTH MODELS, WE FOUND CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF GENES SUCH AS CREB AND NPY. STRIKINGLY, THERE WAS A CLEAR REGULATION OF EXPRESSION OF FOUR GENES INVOLVED IN THE AP-1 COMPLEX: C-FOS, C-JUN, FOSB, AND JUN-B. INTERESTINGLY, DIFFERENT EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE OBSERVED DEPENDING ON THE MODEL, WHEREAS THE COMBINATION OF THE MODELS RESULTED IN A NORMAL LEVEL OF GENE EXPRESSION. THE EFFECTS OF MS AND CMS ON GENE EXPRESSION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DISTINCT HISTONE METHYLATION/ACETYLATION PATTERNS OF ALL FOUR GENES. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES, LIKE GENE EXPRESSION, WERE ALSO DEPENDENT ON THE SPECIFIC STRESSOR OR THEIR COMBINATION. THE OBTAINED RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SINGLE LIFE EVENTS LEAVE A MARK ON GENE EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF GENE PROMOTERS, BUT A COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT STRESSORS AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES CAN FURTHER CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC FACTORS, POSSIBLY CAUSING THE LONG-LASTING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF STRESS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 1967  36 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER GENE IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE. CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL DOPAMINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN MESOCORTICOLIMBIC CIRCUITS. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO MODULATE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE, AND BOTH MAY ACT THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CAN MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION, E.G. DNA METHYLATION AT CPG SITES. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS MAY CHANGE OVER TIME. HOWEVER, FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE CONCERNING THE RATE OF THESE CHANGES IN SPECIFIC GENES. A RECENT STUDY FOUND THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT) GENE WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL CRAVING. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO REPLICATE THESE FINDINGS IN A LARGER SAMPLE OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS AND POPULATION-BASED CONTROLS MATCHED FOR AGE AND SEX. NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, AND NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BEFORE AND AFTER ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL IN PATIENTS. HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH MORE SEVERE CRAVING SHOWED A TREND TOWARDS LOWER DAT METHYLATION LEVELS (P = 0.07), WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS FINDINGS. FURTHERMORE, IN OUR OVERALL SAMPLE, DAT METHYLATION LEVELS INCREASED WITH AGE. INTERESTINGLY, A SEPARATE ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS SUGGESTED THAT THIS FINDING WAS MAINLY DRIVEN BY THE PATIENT GROUP. ALTHOUGH THE PRESENT DATA DO NOT CLARIFY WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS PHENOMENON OR MERELY ENHANCES AN AGEING-SPECIFIC PROCESS, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HYPERMETHYLATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS A CONSEQUENCE, RATHER THAN A CAUSE, OF THE DISORDER.	2014