1 6071 140 THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE INCREASES REGULATORY T CELLS AND ALLEVIATES AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN OVALBUMIN-SENSITIZED MICE. BACKGROUND: ASTHMA IS CHARACTERIZED AS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER OF THE AIRWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH AN ENHANCED TH2 RESPONSE TO INHALED ALLERGENS. CD4+ T REGULATORY (TREG) CELLS ARE CONTROLLED BY THE MASTER TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3 AND STRICTLY MAINTAIN PERIPHERAL IMMUNOTOLERANCE. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF FOXP3 BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS, SUCH AS 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA), CAN GENERATE A STEADY SUPPLY OF FUNCTIONAL TREG CELLS. THEREFORE, WE PROPOSE THAT AZA CAN AUGMENT TREG CELLS IN VIVO TO PREVENT THE PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA. METHODS: BALB/C MICE WERE SENSITIZED WITH CHICKEN OVALBUMIN (OVA) AND TREATED WITH DIFFERENT DOSES OF AZA. AIRWAY HYPERRESPONSIVENESS TO METHACHOLINE, EOSINOPHILIA IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID, CIRCULATING TITERS OF OVA-SPECIFIC IGG1 AND IGE, AND STIMULATING LEVELS OF TH2 CYTOKINES FROM SPLENOCYTES WERE THEN DETERMINED. CELLULAR POPULATIONS WERE EXAMINED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY. PC61 ANTIBODY, WHICH DEPLETES CD25+ CELLS, WAS USED TO VERIFY THE ROLE OF CD25+ CELLS IN AZA-INDUCED TOLERANCE. RESULTS: ADMINISTRATION OF AZA TO OVA-SENSITIZED MICE DIMINISHED AIRWAY HYPERREACTIVITY, PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIA, LEVELS OF OVA-SPECIFIC IGG1 AND IGE IN SERUM, AND SECRETION OF TH2 CYTOKINES FROM OVA-STIMULATED SPLENOCYTES IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER. PERCENTAGES OF CD25+ AND FOXP3+ CELLS IN THE CD4+ CELL POPULATION WERE NOTABLY INCREASED IN AZA-TREATED MICE COMPARED TO SENSITIZED CONTROL MICE. FURTHERMORE, THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF ASTHMA WERE EXACERBATED BY DEPLETING CD25+ CELLS IN AZA-TREATED MICE. CONCLUSIONS: AZA MAY HAVE APPLICATIONS AS A NOVEL CLINICAL STRATEGY TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION OF TREG CELLS IN ORDER TO MODULATE THE AIRWAY INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH ASTHMA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 3662  41 INDUCTION OF STABLE HUMAN FOXP3(+) TREGS BY A PARASITE-DERIVED TGF-BETA MIMIC. IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS IN THE INTESTINE IS TIGHTLY CONTROLLED BY FOXP3(+) REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS), DEFECTS OF WHICH ARE LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD). AS A MECHANISM OF IMMUNE EVASION, SEVERAL SPECIES OF INTESTINAL PARASITES BOOST TREG ACTIVITY. THE PARASITE HELIGMOSOMOIDES POLYGYRUS IS KNOWN TO SECRETE A MOLECULE (HP-TGM) THAT MIMICS THE ABILITY OF TGF-BETA TO INDUCE FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN CD4(+) T CELLS. THE STUDY AIMED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER HP-TGM COULD INDUCE HUMAN FOXP3(+) TREGS AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. CD4(+) T CELLS FROM HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS WERE EXPANDED IN THE PRESENCE OF HP-TGM OR TGF-BETA. TREG INDUCTION WAS MEASURED BY FLOW CYTOMETRIC DETECTION OF FOXP3 AND OTHER TREG MARKERS, SUCH AS CD25 AND CTLA-4. EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE DETECTED USING CHIP-SEQ AND PYROSEQUENCING OF FOXP3. TREG PHENOTYPE STABILITY WAS ASSESSED FOLLOWING INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE CHALLENGE AND TREG FUNCTION WAS EVALUATED BY CELLULAR CO-CULTURE SUPPRESSION ASSAYS AND CYTOMETRIC BEAD ARRAYS FOR SECRETED CYTOKINES. HP-TGM EFFICIENTLY INDUCED FOXP3 EXPRESSION (> 60%), IN ADDITION TO CD25 AND CTLA-4, AND CAUSED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE FOXP3 LOCUS TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN TGF-BETA. HP-TGM-INDUCED TREGS HAD SUPERIOR SUPPRESSIVE FUNCTION COMPARED WITH TGF-BETA-INDUCED TREGS, AND RETAINED THEIR PHENOTYPE FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. FURTHERMORE, HP-TGM INDUCED A TREG-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN IN VIVO DIFFERENTIATED TH1 AND TH17 CELLS, INDICATING ITS POTENTIAL TO RE-PROGRAM MEMORY CELLS TO ENHANCE IMMUNE TOLERANCE. THESE DATA INDICATE HP-TGM HAS POTENTIAL TO BE USED TO GENERATE STABLE HUMAN FOXP3(+) TREGS TO TREAT IBD AND OTHER INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3  407  31 ANALYSIS OF FOXP3+ REGULATORY T CELLS THAT DISPLAY APPARENT VIRAL ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY DURING CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION. WE REPORTED PREVIOUSLY THAT A PROPORTION OF NATURAL CD25(+) CELLS ISOLATED FROM THE PBMC OF HCV PATIENTS CAN FURTHER UPREGULATE CD25 EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO HCV PEPTIDE STIMULATION IN VITRO, AND PROPOSED THAT VIRUS-SPECIFIC REGULATORY T CELLS (TREG) WERE PRIMED AND EXPANDED DURING THE DISEASE. HERE WE DESCRIBE EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE FOXP3 LOCUS IN HCV-RESPONSIVE NATURAL CD25(+) CELLS AND SHOW THAT THESE CELLS ARE NOT ACTIVATED CONVENTIONAL T CELLS EXPRESSING FOXP3, BUT HARD-WIRED TREG WITH A STABLE FOXP3 PHENOTYPE AND FUNCTION. OF APPROXIMATELY 46,000 GENES ANALYZED IN GENOME WIDE TRANSCRIPTION PROFILING, ABOUT 1% WERE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BETWEEN HCV-RESPONSIVE TREG, HCV-NON-RESPONSIVE NATURAL CD25(+) CELLS AND CONVENTIONAL T CELLS. EXPRESSION PROFILES, INCLUDING CELL DEATH, ACTIVATION, PROLIFERATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, SUGGEST A SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE OF HCV-RESPONSIVE TREG OVER THE OTHER CELL POPULATIONS. SINCE NO TREG-SPECIFIC ACTIVATION MARKER IS KNOWN, WE TESTED 97 NS3-DERIVED PEPTIDES FOR THEIR ABILITY TO ELICIT CD25 RESPONSE (ASSUMING IT IS A SURROGATE MARKER), ACCOMPANIED BY HIGH RESOLUTION HLA TYPING OF THE PATIENTS. SOME REACTIVE PEPTIDES OVERLAPPED WITH PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED EFFECTOR T CELL EPITOPES. OUR DATA OFFERS NEW INSIGHTS INTO HCV IMMUNE EVASION AND TOLERANCE, AND HIGHLIGHTS THE NON-SELF SPECIFIC NATURE OF TREG DURING INFECTION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4  556  48 AZACYTIDINE TREATMENT INHIBITS THE PROGRESSION OF HERPES STROMAL KERATITIS BY ENHANCING REGULATORY T CELL FUNCTION. OCULAR INFECTION WITH HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1 (HSV-1) SETS OFF AN INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN THE CORNEA WHICH LEADS TO BOTH VIRUS CLEARANCE AND CHRONIC LESIONS THAT ARE ORCHESTRATED BY CD4 T CELLS. APPROACHES THAT ENHANCE THE FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS (TREG) AND DAMPEN EFFECTOR T CELLS CAN BE EFFECTIVE TO LIMIT STROMAL KERATITIS (SK) LESION SEVERITY. IN THIS REPORT, WE EXPLORE THE NOVEL APPROACH OF INHIBITING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY USING 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA; A CYTOSINE ANALOG) TO LIMIT HSV-1-INDUCED OCULAR LESIONS. WE SHOW THAT THERAPY BEGUN AFTER INFECTION WHEN VIRUS WAS NO LONGER ACTIVELY REPLICATING RESULTED IN A PRONOUNCED REDUCTION IN LESION SEVERITY, WITH MARKEDLY DIMINISHED NUMBERS OF T CELLS AND NONLYMPHOID INFLAMMATORY CELLS, ALONG WITH REDUCED CYTOKINE MEDIATORS. THE REMAINING INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS HAD A CHANGE IN THE RATIO OF CD4 FOXP3(+) TREG TO EFFECTOR TH1 CD4 T CELLS IN OCULAR LESIONS AND LYMPHOID TISSUES, WITH TREG BECOMING PREDOMINANT OVER THE EFFECTORS. IN ADDITION, COMPARED TO THOSE FROM CONTROL MICE, TREG FROM AZA-TREATED MICE SHOWED MORE SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITY IN VITRO AND EXPRESSED HIGHER LEVELS OF ACTIVATION MOLECULES. ADDITIONALLY, CELLS INDUCED IN VITRO IN THE PRESENCE OF AZA SHOWED EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR) OF FOXP3 AND WERE MORE STABLE WHEN EXPOSED TO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT THERAPY WITH AZA IS AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF CONTROLLING A VIRUS-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY REACTION AND MAY ACT MAINLY BY THE EFFECTS ON TREG.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 INFECTION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INITIATE AN INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN THE CORNEA THAT LEADS TO TISSUE DAMAGE AND LOSS OF VISION. THE INFLAMMATORY REACTION IS ORCHESTRATED BY GAMMA INTERFERON (IFN-GAMMA)-SECRETING TH1 CELLS, AND REGULATORY T CELLS PLAY A PROTECTIVE ROLE. HENCE, NOVEL THERAPEUTICS THAT CAN REBALANCE THE RATIO OF REGULATORY T CELLS TO EFFECTORS ARE A RELEVANT ISSUE. THIS STUDY OPENS UP A NEW AVENUE IN TREATING HSV-INDUCED SK LESIONS BY INCREASING THE STABILITY AND FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS USING THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA). AZA INCREASED THE FUNCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS, LEADING TO ENHANCED SUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY AND DIMINISHED LESIONS. HENCE, THERAPY WITH AZA, WHICH ACTS MAINLY BY ITS EFFECTS ON TREG, CAN BE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS TO CONTROL VIRUS-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY LESIONS.	2017	

5 5509  43 RHPLD2 INHIBITS AIRWAY INFLAMMATION IN AN ASTHMATIC MURINE MODEL THROUGH INDUCTION OF STABLE CD25(+) FOXP3(+) TREGS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT RECOMBINANT HUMAN PHOSPHOLIPASE D2 (RHPLD2) PLAYS A MODULATOR ROLE ON NF-KAPPAB AND PKC SIGNALING PATHWAYS. IT ALSO INHIBITS IL-5-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN CHRONIC ASTHMATIC GUINEA PIGS. ADDITIONALLY, INCREASING EVIDENCE ALSO HAS REVEALED THAT THE ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF INDUCED REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) MAY BE A THERAPEUTIC SOLUTION TO AIRWAY ALLERGIC DISEASES. TO INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF TREG POPULATION IN AN OVALBUMIN (OVA)-INDUCED AIRWAY INFLAMMATION MODEL DERIVED FROM THE INDUCTION OF RHPLD2, OVA-INDUCED ASTHMATIC MURINE MODEL IS USED IN THIS STUDY. THE LUNG INFLAMMATION, EOSINOPHIL INFILTRATION, THE DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION OF T HELPER CELLS AND THE AMPLIFICATION OF TREGS WERE EXAMINED IN THIS MOUSE MODEL WITH AND WITHOUT RHPLD2 INDUCTION. OUR DATA SHOWED THAT RHPLD2 ADMINISTRATION IN ASTHMATIC MICE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASES CD4(+)CD25(+) FOXP3(+) TREG CELL NUMBERS AND ALLEVIATES LUNG INFLAMMATION. THE ADDITION OF RHPLD2 IN VITRO ENHANCED THE DEMETHYLATION OF TREG-SPECIFICDEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR) IN ITREGS, SUGGESTING THAT RHPLD2 PROTEIN MAY BE INVOLVED IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF TREG CELLS THAT EVENTUALLY SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES LUNG INFLAMMATION IN ASTHMATIC MURINE MODEL. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT RHPLD2 COULD HAVE A CLINICAL IMPACT TREATING PATIENTS WITH ALLERGIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION VIA PROMOTING AND STABILIZING ITREG DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6 3454  38 HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE REGULATORY T CELL-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION IN CD25HI T CELLS IS DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN CHILDHOOD ARTHRITIS. THE MAINTENANCE OF FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN CD25(HI) REGULATORY T CELLS (TREGS) IS CRUCIAL TO THE CONTROL OF INFLAMMATION AND ESSENTIAL FOR SUCCESSFUL TREG TRANSFER THERAPIES. COEXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IN COMBINATION WITH A HYPOMETHYLATED REGION WITHIN THE FOXP3 GENE, CALLED THE TREG-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLATED REGION (TSDR), IS CONSIDERED THE HALLMARK OF STABLE TREGS. THE TSDR IS AN EPIGENETIC MOTIF THAT IS IMPORTANT FOR STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION AND IS USED AS A BIOMARKER TO MEASURE TREG LINEAGE COMMITMENT. IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT, UNLIKE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, CD4(+) T CELL EXPRESSION OF CD25 AND FOXP3 IS FREQUENTLY DISSOCIATED AT THE INFLAMED SITE IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS, WHICH LED US TO QUESTION THE STABILITY OF HUMAN TREGS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENTS. WE DESCRIBE A NOVEL CD4(+)CD127(LO)CD25(HI) HUMAN T CELL POPULATION THAT EXHIBITS EXTENSIVE TSDR AND PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION IN THE ABSENCE OF STABLE FOXP3 EXPRESSION. THIS POPULATION EXPRESSES HIGH LEVELS OF CTLA-4 AND CAN SUPPRESS T CONVENTIONAL CELL PROLIFERATION IN VITRO. THESE DATA COLLECTIVELY SUGGEST THAT THIS POPULATION MAY REPRESENT A CHRONICALLY ACTIVATED FOXP3(LO) TREG POPULATION. WE SHOW THAT THESE CELLS HAVE DEFECTS IN IL-2 SIGNALING AND REDUCED EXPRESSION OF A DEUBIQUITINASE IMPORTANT FOR FOXP3 STABILITY. CLINICALLY, THE PROPORTIONS OF THESE CELLS WITHIN THE CD25(HI) T CELL SUBSET ARE INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH THE MORE SEVERE COURSES OF DISEASE. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES, THEREFORE, THAT HYPOMETHYLATION AT THE TSDR CAN BE DECOUPLED FROM FOXP3 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN T CELLS AND THAT ENVIRONMENT-SPECIFIC BREAKDOWN IN FOXP3 STABILITY MAY COMPROMISE THE RESOLUTION OF INFLAMMATION IN JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7 3893  27 LACTATE INDUCES METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY TH17 CELLS. INCREASED LACTATE LEVELS IN THE TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT ARE A WELL-KNOWN FEATURE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF LACTATE IN REGULATING T CELL FUNCTION REMAINS CONTROVERSIAL. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT EXTRACELLULAR LACTATE PREDOMINANTLY INDUCES DEREGULATION OF THE TH17-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAM BY MODULATING THE METABOLIC AND EPIGENETIC STATUS OF TH17 CELLS. FOLLOWING LACTATE TREATMENT, TH17 CELLS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THEIR IL-17A PRODUCTION AND UPREGULATED FOXP3 EXPRESSION THROUGH ROS-DRIVEN IL-2 SECRETION. MOREOVER, WE OBSERVED INCREASED LEVELS OF GENOME-WIDE HISTONE H3K18 LACTYLATION, A RECENTLY DESCRIBED MARKER FOR ACTIVE CHROMATIN IN MACROPHAGES, IN LACTATE-TREATED TH17 CELLS. IN ADDITION, WE SHOW THAT HIGH LACTATE CONCENTRATIONS SUPPRESS TH17 PATHOGENICITY DURING INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION IN MICE. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT LACTATE IS CAPABLE OF REPROGRAMMING PRO-INFLAMMATORY T CELL PHENOTYPES INTO REGULATORY T CELLS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8 2389  30 EPIGENETIC REPOLARIZATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES FROM CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS USING 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE. T CELL IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PROFOUND IMMUNE SUPPRESSION THAT CHARACTERIZES CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). IMPROPER POLARIZATION OF T CELLS HAS BEEN PROPOSED AS ONE OF THE MECHANISM INVOLVED. MOUNTING DATA IMPLICATES CHROMATIN REGULATION, NAMELY PROMOTER METHYLATION, IN THE PLASTICITY OF NAIVE HUMAN T CELLS. RECENT IN VITRO EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT THIS PLASTICITY MAY BE PHENOTYPICALLY ALTERED BY USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS WHICH ARE APPROVED FOR CLINICAL USE IN CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. THESE RESULTS BEG THE QUESTION: CAN THE INEFFECTIVE POLARIZATION OF T LYMPHOCYTES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLL BE EFFECTIVELY MODULATED USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS IN A SUSTAINABLE THERAPEUTIC FASHION? TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION OUR LABORATORY HAS STUDIED THE EFFECTS OF 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5A2) IN HELPER AND CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND CLL PATIENTS IN WELL CHARACTERIZED MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN EFFECTIVE POLARIZATION. MOREOVER, WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE CONSEQUENCES OF METHYLATION INHIBITOR TREATMENT ON LYMPHOCYTE SURVIVAL, ACTIVATION INTENSITY, AND NAIVE CELL POLARIZATION. OUR DATA INDICATES THAT 5A2 TREATMENT CAN DEPOLARIZE TH2 CELLS TO EFFECTIVELY SECRETE INTERFERON GAMMA, SIGNAL VIA T-BET, AND ACHIEVE DEMETHYLATION OF CRITICAL TH1 SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. MOREOVER, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT 5A2 CAN FORCE TH1 POLARIZATION OF NAIVE T CELLS DESPITE A STRONG IL-4 STIMULI AND A LACK OF IL-12. IN CONCLUSION OUR DATA SEEKS TO DEFINE A MODALITY IN WHICH IMPROPER OR INEFFECTIVE T CELL POLARIZATION CAN BE ALTERED BY 5AZA AND COULD BE INCORPORATED IN FUTURE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9 3998  34 LOSS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION DRIVEN BY THE FOXP3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR LEADS TO REGULATORY T CELL INSUFFICIENCY. REGULATORY T (TREG) CELLS, DRIVEN BY THE FOXP3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR LIMITING AUTOIMMUNITY AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. WE SHOWED THAT A WELL-CHARACTERIZED FOXP3(GFP) REPORTER MOUSE, WHICH EXPRESSES AN N-TERMINAL GFP-FOXP3 FUSION PROTEIN, IS A HYPOMORPH THAT CAUSES PROFOUNDLY ACCELERATED AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES ON A NOD BACKGROUND. ALTHOUGH NATURAL TREG CELL DEVELOPMENT AND IN VITRO FUNCTION ARE NOT MARKEDLY ALTERED IN FOXP3(GFP) NOD AND C57BL/6 MICE, TREG CELL FUNCTION IN INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENTS WAS PERTURBED AND TGF-BETA-INDUCED TREG CELL DEVELOPMENT WAS REDUCED. FOXP3(GFP) WAS UNABLE TO INTERACT WITH THE HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE TIP60, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE HDAC7, AND THE IKAROS FAMILY ZINC FINGER 4, EOS, WHICH LED TO REDUCED FOXP3 ACETYLATION AND ENHANCED K48-LINKED POLYUBIQUITYLATION. COLLECTIVELY THIS RESULTS IN AN ALTERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL LANDSCAPE AND REDUCED FOXP3-MEDIATED GENE REPRESSION, NOTABLY AT THE HALLMARK IL-2 PROMOTER. LOSS OF CONTROLLED FOXP3-DRIVEN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION LEADS TO TREG CELL INSUFFICIENCY THAT ENABLES AUTOIMMUNITY IN SUSCEPTIBLE ENVIRONMENTS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  164  33 ABNORMAL HISTONE METHYLATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASED VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR 165A SECRETION FROM AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN ASTHMA. VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF), A KEY ANGIOGENIC MOLECULE, IS ABERRANTLY EXPRESSED IN SEVERAL DISEASES INCLUDING ASTHMA WHERE IT CONTRIBUTES TO BRONCHIAL VASCULAR REMODELING AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ASTHMATIC HUMAN AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS HYPERSECRETE VEGF, BUT THE MECHANISM IS UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE DEFINED THE MECHANISM IN HUMAN AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS FROM NONASTHMATIC AND ASTHMATIC PATIENTS. WE FOUND THAT ASTHMATIC CELLS LACKED A REPRESSION COMPLEX AT THE VEGF PROMOTER, WHICH WAS PRESENT IN NONASTHMATIC CELLS. RECRUITMENT OF G9A, TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 9 (H3K9ME3), AND A RESULTANT DECREASE IN RNA POLYMERASE II AT THE VEGF PROMOTER WAS CRITICAL TO REPRESSION OF VEGF SECRETION IN NONASTHMATIC CELLS. AT THE ASTHMATIC PROMOTER, H3K9ME3 WAS ABSENT BECAUSE OF FAILED RECRUITMENT OF G9A; RNA POLYMERASE II BINDING, IN ASSOCIATION WITH TATA-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 1, WAS INCREASED; H3K4ME3 WAS PRESENT; AND SP1 BINDING WAS EXAGGERATED AND SUSTAINED. IN CONTRAST, DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION WERE SIMILAR IN ASTHMATIC AND NONASTHMATIC CELLS. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, TO SHOW THAT AIRWAY CELLS IN ASTHMA HAVE ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF REMODELING GENE(S). HISTONE METHYLATION AT GENES SUCH AS VEGF MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGET.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11 6765  38 ZINC DEFICIENCY LEADS TO REDUCED INTERLEUKIN-2 PRODUCTION BY ACTIVE GENE SILENCING DUE TO ENHANCED CREMALPHA EXPRESSION IN T CELLS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: THE MICRONUTRIENT ZINC IS ESSENTIAL FOR PROPER IMMUNE FUNCTION. CONSEQUENTLY, ZINC DEFICIENCY LEADS TO IMPAIRED IMMUNE FUNCTION, AS SEEN IN DECREASED SECRETION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-2 BY T CELLS. ALTHOUGH THIS ASSOCIATION HAS BEEN KNOWN SINCE THE LATE 1980S, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ARE STILL UNKNOWN. ZINC DEFICIENCY AND REDUCED IL-2 LEVELS ARE ESPECIALLY FOUND IN THE ELDERLY, WHICH IN TURN ARE PRONE TO CHRONIC DISEASES. HERE, WE DESCRIBE A NEW MOLECULAR LINK BETWEEN ZINC DEFICIENCY AND REDUCED IL-2 EXPRESSION IN T CELLS. METHODS: THE EFFECTS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY WERE FIRST INVESTIGATED IN VITRO IN THE HUMAN T CELL LINES JURKAT AND HUT-78 AND COMPLEMENTED BY IN VIVO DATA FROM ZINC-SUPPLEMENTED PIGS. A SHORT- AND LONG-TERM MODEL FOR ZINC DEFICIENCY WAS ESTABLISHED. ZINC LEVELS WERE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY AND EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE INVESTIGATED ON THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CAMP-RESPONSIVE-ELEMENT MODULATOR ALPHA (CREMALPHA) IS INCREASED DURING ZINC DEFICIENCY IN VITRO, DUE TO INCREASED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A (PP2A) ACTIVITY, RESULTING IN DECREASED IL-2 PRODUCTION. ADDITIONALLY, ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION IN VIVO REDUCED CREMALPHA LEVELS CAUSING INCREASED IL-2 EXPRESSION. ON EPIGENETIC LEVELS INCREASED CREMALPHA BINDING TO THE IL-2 PROMOTER IS MEDIATED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 (HDAC1). THE HDAC1 ACTIVITY IS INHIBITED BY ZINC. MOREOVER, DEACETYLATION OF THE ACTIVATING HISTONE MARK H3K9 WAS INCREASED UNDER ZINC DEFICIENCY, RESULTING IN REDUCED IL-2 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: WITH THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CREMALPHA A MOLECULAR LINK WAS UNCOVERED, CONNECTING ZINC DEFICIENCY WITH REDUCED IL-2 PRODUCTION DUE TO ENHANCED PP2A AND HDAC1 ACTIVITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12 6020  41 THE ATTENUATION OF RENAL FIBROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PLASTICITY OF FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS. BACKGROUND: THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, WHICH HAS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, HAD BEEN REPORTED TO ATTENUATE RENAL FIBROSIS. CD4(+) FORKHEAD BOX P3 (FOXP3)(+) T REGULATORY (TREG) CELLS MAY BE CONVERTED TO INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED T HELPER 17 CELLS (TH17) WITH TISSUE FIBROSIS PROPERTIES. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS AND THE ATTENUATION OF RENAL FIBROSIS BY THE HDAC INHIBITOR IS NOT CLEAR. METHODS: THIS STUDY EVALUATED THE ROLES OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR, TREG CELLS AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION INTO TH17 CELLS, WHICH AGGRAVATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RENAL FIBROSIS IN A UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MOUSE MODEL. THE STUDY GROUPS INCLUDED CONTROL AND UUO MICE THAT WERE MONITORED FOR 7, 14 OR 21 DAYS. RESULTS: JUXTAGLOMERULAR (JG) HYPERPLASIA, ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR (AT1R) EXPRESSION AND LYMPHOCYTE INFILTRATION WERE OBSERVED IN RENAL TISSUES AFTER UUO BUT WERE DECREASED AFTER TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT, A HDAC INHIBITOR. THE NUMBER OF CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T CELLS INCREASED PROGRESSIVELY, ALONG WITH THE NUMBER OF FOXP3(+)INTERLEUKIN (IL)-17(+) T CELLS, AFTER 14 DAYS, AND THEIR NUMBERS THEN PROGRESSIVELY DECREASED WITH INCREASING CD4(+)IL-17(+) T CELL NUMBERS, AS DEMONSTRATED BY DOUBLE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. PROGRESSIVE RENAL FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF CD4(+)FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS IN SPLENIC SINGLE-CELL SUSPENSIONS. FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS EXPRESSED TGF-BETA1 BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, AND TGF-BETA1 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY KNOCKDOWN BY IL-17 SIRNA IN VITRO. THESE CELLS WERE FOUND TO PLAY A ROLE IN CONVERTING TREGS INTO IL-17- AND TGF-BETA1-PRODUCING CELLS. CONCLUSIONS: TSA TREATMENT DECREASED JG HYPERPLASIA, THE PERCENTAGE OF FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) CELLS AND THE DEGREE OF FIBROSIS, SUGGESTING THAT THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS MAY RESULT FROM EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13 2200  36 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF FOXP3 IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HIV INFECTION. OBJECTIVES: HIV-1 MODULATES HOST CELL EPIGENETIC MACHINERY TO CONTROL ITS OWN REPLICATION AND INDUCE IMMUNE SUPPRESSION. HIV-1 INFECTION LEADS TO ACTIVATION OF T REGULATORY CELL (T(REG)), BUT THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THIS IMMUNE MODULATION IS UNCLEAR. T(REG) PLAYS A PROMINENT ROLE IN GUT-MUCOSAL IMMUNE TOLERANCE BY RESTRAINING EXCESSIVE EFFECTOR T-CELL RESPONSES, A MECHANISM THAT IS KNOWN TO BE DISTURBED IN CHRONIC HIV-1 INFECTION. DNA METHYLATION PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN T(REG) LINEAGE COMMITMENT AND IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS, WHICH MAY BE REGULATED BY HIV. TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS OF ABERRANT METHYLATION OF THE T(REG) MARKER FOXP3 IN HIV-1 INFECTION, WE EVALUATED THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF METHYLATION-RELATED ENZYMES AND ITS CORRELATION TO FOXP3 METHYLATION. METHODS: FOXP3 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE COLON MUCOSA AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD FROM HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS WAS MEASURED USING PYROSEQUENCING. GENE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF DNA METHYLATION ENZYMES IN THE COLON MUCOSA WAS INVESTIGATED BY MICROARRAY AND QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSIS IN THE SAME SUBJECTS. RESULTS: FOXP3 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY (P </= 0.0001) DEMETHYLATED IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROL SUBJECTS IN BOTH TISSUES. EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNAMT1), DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1(DMAP1), METHYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE 7B (METTL7B), AND METHYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE 10 (METTL10) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN REGULATED IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND HAD A SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE CORRELATION TO FOXP3 PROMOTER METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: WE PRESENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT ALTERED METHYLATION PATTERN OF FOXP3 AND ACCORDINGLY HIGHER T(REG) FREQUENCY IN GUT MUCOSA OF HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS MAY BE BECAUSE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION PROCESSING IN HIV.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14 1994  36 EPIGENETIC AND GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS OF FOXP3 IN THE T CELLS OF EAE MOUSE MODEL OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) IS A CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WITH DEMYELINATION AND NEURODEGENERATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE REGULATORY T (TREG) CELLS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING TOLERANCE TO SELF-ANTIGENS AND CAN SUPPRESS THE AUTOIMMUNE PROCESS IN SEVERAL ANIMAL MODELS SUCH AS EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (EAE), A MOUSE MODEL OF MS. RECENT BASIC STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT FORKHEAD BOX P (FOXP3) AND BTB DOMAIN AND CNC HOMOLOG 2 (BACH2) ARE THE MASTER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS OF THESE CELLS PLAYING A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE POLARIZATION OF NAIVE T CELLS INTO TREG CELLS. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, THE EXPRESSION OF FOXP3 AND BACH2 GENES AND FOXP3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WERE EVALUATED IN T CELLS OF THE EAE-INDUCED MICE. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SHOWED A PROMINENT AND SIGNIFICANT HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE FOXP3 GENE PROMOTER IN THE EAE-INDUCED MICE COMPARED TO THE SHAM AND CONTROL GROUPS. THE EXPRESSION OF FOXP3 AND BACH2 GENES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE EAE GROUP IN COMPARISON WITH THE SHAM AND CONTROL GROUPS. THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF FOXP3 GENE IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EAE AND THIS COULD BE IMPORTANT IN THERAPY IN AN APPROPRIATE AND LOGICAL STATEMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
15 6057  27 THE DARK SIDE OF REGULATORY T CELLS IN PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS A HEREDITARY DISEASE ELICITED BY CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF CUTANEOUS T CELLS. DELINEATING THE MECHANISTIC INTERPLAY OF THE CELL SUBSETS INVOLVED IS KEY TO DEVELOPING THE NEXT GENERATION OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. IN THIS ISSUE, BOVENSCHEN ET AL. REPORT THAT REGULATORY T CELLS MAINTAIN A FINE BALANCE BETWEEN THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS FOXP3 AND RORGAMMAT. IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS, TREGS READILY TURN INTO IL-17-EXPRESSING CELLS, THUS POTENTIALLY PERPETUATING THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS THAT CHARACTERIZES THE DISEASE. RESULTS DEMONSTRATING THAT THE HISTONE/PROTEIN DEACETYLATION INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A CAN BLOCK THIS CONVERSION SUGGEST THAT AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION MAY UNDERLIE REGULATORY T-CELL PLASTICITY.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16  272  43 AGE-DEPENDENT DECREASE IN THE INDUCTION OF REGULATORY T CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED EXPRESSION OF RALDH2 IN MESENTERIC LYMPH NODE DENDRITIC CELLS. A DECLINE IN IMMUNE FUNCTION WITH AGING HAS BEEN REPORTED. REGULATORY T CELL (TREG) INDUCTION IS KNOWN TO DECREASE WITH AGE, AND ELUCIDATING THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM IS IMPORTANT FOR PREVENTING AGE-RELATED DISEASES DUE TO AGE-RELATED CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. IN THE INTESTINE, DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INDUCING TREGS SPECIFIC TO ORAL ANTIGENS, AND THEY EFFICIENTLY INDUCE TREGS VIA PRODUCTION OF RETINOIC ACID (RA), A VITAMIN A METABOLITE, CATALYZED BY THE ENZYME RETINALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE 2 (RALDH2). WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED THAT IN THE MESENTERIC LYMPH NODE (MLN), A SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUE IN WHICH IMMUNE RESPONSES TO ORAL ANTIGENS ARE INDUCED, FOUR DC SUBSETS EXPRESS DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CD11B, CD103, AND PD-L1, AND WE HAVE REPORTED THAT THE CD11B(-)CD103(+)PD-L1(HIGH) SUBSET EXPRESSES THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF THE RALDH2 GENE AND INDUCES TREGS IN VITRO. WE EXAMINED TREG INDUCTION IN YOUNG AND AGED MICE USING A TREG INDUCTION MODEL BY ADMINISTERING A FOOD ANTIGEN, AND WE FOUND THAT ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC TREG INDUCTION WAS DECREASED IN AGED MICE. WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED THE MLN DCS, AND A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN RALDH2 GENE EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN MLN DCS FROM AGED MICE. AS FACTORS, WE FOUND THAT THE PROPORTION OF THE CD11B(-)CD103(+)PD-L1(HIGH) SUBSET WAS DECREASED IN AGED MICE COMPARED WITH THAT IN YOUNG MICE AND THAT RALDH ENZYME ACTIVITY WAS DECREASED IN THE CD11B(-)CD103(+)PD-L1(HIGH) AND CD11B(+)CD103(+)PD-L1(HIGH) SUBSETS. FURTHERMORE, ANALYSIS OF THE METHYLATION OF THE RALDH2 GENE PROMOTER REGION REVEALED THAT CPG MOTIFS WERE MORE METHYLATED IN THE MLN DCS OF AGED MICE, SUGGESTING THAT RALDH2 EXPRESSION WAS SUPPRESSED BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT RA TREATMENT TENDED TO INCREASE TREG INDUCTION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE REGULATION OF RA PRODUCTION MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE AGE-RELATED DECREASE IN ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC TREG INDUCTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 2022  41 EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ALLERGIC ASTHMA. DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA IN CHILDHOOD IS LINKED TO VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT IN EARLY LIFE, WITH SUBSEQUENT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ALLERGENS. PROGRESSION TO PERSISTENT ASTHMA IS ASSOCIATED WITH A TH2-BIASED IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE AND STRUCTURAL REMODELLING OF THE AIRWAYS. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE UNCLEAR, BUT COULD INVOLVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. TO INVESTIGATE THIS, WE EMPLOYED A RECENTLY DEVELOPED MOUSE MODEL IN WHICH SELF-LIMITED NEONATAL INFECTION WITH A PNEUMOVIRUS, FOLLOWED BY SENSITISATION TO OVALBUMIN VIA THE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND LOW-LEVEL CHRONIC CHALLENGE WITH AEROSOLISED ANTIGEN, LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASTHMATIC PHENOTYPE. WE ASSESSED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA BY CELLS IN THE PROXIMAL AIRWAYS, COMPARING CHANGES OVER THE PERIOD OF DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND USED TARGET PREDICTION DATABASES TO IDENTIFY GENES LIKELY TO BE UP- OR DOWNREGULATED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ALTERED REGULATION OF MICRORNA. IN PARALLEL, WE ASSESSED DNA METHYLATION IN PULMONARY CD4(+) T CELLS. WE FOUND THAT A LIMITED NUMBER OF MICRORNAS EXHIBITED MARKED UP- OR DOWNREGULATION FOLLOWING EARLY-LIFE INFECTION AND SENSITISATION, FOR MANY OF WHICH THE LEVELS OF EXPRESSION WERE FURTHER CHANGED FOLLOWING CHRONIC CHALLENGE WITH THE SENSITIZING ANTIGEN. TARGETS OF THESE MICRORNAS INCLUDED GENES INVOLVED IN IMMUNE OR INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES (E.G. GATA3, KITL) AND IN TISSUE REMODELLING (E.G. IGF1, TGFBR1), AS WELL AS GENES FOR VARIOUS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND SIGNALLING PROTEINS. IN PULMONARY CD4(+) T CELLS, THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION AT PROMOTER SITES FOR INTERLEUKIN-4 AND INTERFERON-GAMMA, THE LATTER INCREASING FOLLOWING CHRONIC CHALLENGE. WE CONCLUDE THAT, IN THIS MODEL, PROGRESSION TO AN ASTHMATIC PHENOTYPE IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION AND STRUCTURAL REMODELLING, AND WITH T-CELL COMMITMENT TO A TH2 IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PATTERN OF GENE ACTIVATION MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18 1618  35 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS INCREASE NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION IN A MONOCYTIC CELL LINE. BACKGROUND: THE INTRACELLULAR NOD-LIKE RECEPTOR (NLR) FAMILY OF PATHOGEN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (PRRA) IS INVOLVED IN INITIATING THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF WHICH NOD1 AND NOD2 ARE THE BEST-CHARACTERIZED MEMBERS. ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF NOD1 AND NOD2 HAS BEEN UNCOVERED IN A NUMBER OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING NOD1/NOD2 GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION IS STILL IN ITS INFANCY. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND ALTERATIONS IN THEIR PATTERNS HAVE BEEN LINKED TO MANY INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED WHETHER EPIGENETIC MODIFYING DRUGS AFFECT THE REGULATION OF NOD1/NOD2 ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN USED IN THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND AS COMBINATION THERAPY IN CANCER BUT THE FULL EXTENT OF THEIR EFFECTS HAS NOT BEEN QUANTIFIED.METHODS: PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF EPIGENETIC ENZYMES IN A HUMAN MONOCYTIC THP-1 CELL LINE WAS CARRIED OUT AND NOD1/NOD2 EXPRESSION AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES WERE QUANTIFIED.RESULTS: CELLS PRIMED WITH A DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (BUT NOT A HISTONE DEACETYLASE [HDAC] INHIBITOR) WERE FOUND TO BE CONSISTENTLY MORE RESPONSIVE TO NOD1/NOD2 STIMULATION AND HAD INCREASED BASAL EXPRESSION.CONCLUSION: THE NOVEL EXPERIMENTATION CARRIED OUT HERE SUGGESTS FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT NOD1/NOD2 RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION IN MONOCYTES ARE POSSIBLY REGULATED DIRECTLY BY DNA METHYLATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19 5902  41 T-HELPER 17 CELL POLARIZATION IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. BACKGROUND: INFLAMMATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION (PAH). DECIPHERING THE PAH FINGERPRINT ON THE INFLAMMATION ORCHESTRATED BY DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) AND T CELLS, KEY DRIVER AND EFFECTOR CELLS, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, MAY ALLOW THE IDENTIFICATION OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC APPROACHES TO PAH MANAGEMENT. METHODS: USING FLOW CYTOMETRY, WE PERFORMED IMMUNOPHENOTYPING OF MONOCYTE-DERIVED DCS (MODCS) AND CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC PAH AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. WITH THE SAME TECHNIQUE, WE PERFORMED CYTOKINE PROFILING OF BOTH POPULATIONS FOLLOWING STIMULATION, COCULTURE, OR BOTH. WE TESTED THE IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF A GLUCOCORTICOID (DEXAMETHASONE [DEX]) ON THIS IMMUNOPHENOTYPE AND CYTOKINE PROFILE. USING AN EPIGENETIC APPROACH, WE CONFIRMED THE IMMUNE POLARIZATION IN BLOOD DNA OF PATIENTS WITH PAH. RESULTS: THE PROFILE OF MEMBRANE COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES OF PAH MODCS WAS SIMILAR TO THAT OF CONTROL SUBJECTS. HOWEVER, PAH MODCS RETAINED HIGHER LEVELS OF THE T-CELL ACTIVATING MOLECULES CD86 AND CD40 AFTER DEX PRETREATMENT THAN DID CONTROL MODCS. THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF IL-12P40 AND A REDUCED MIGRATION TOWARD CHEMOKINE (C-C MOTIF) LIGAND 21. MOREOVER, BOTH WITH AND WITHOUT DEX, PAH MODCS INDUCED A HIGHER ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION OF CD4+ T CELLS, ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED EXPRESSION OF IL-4 (T HELPER 2 RESPONSE) AND A HIGHER EXPRESSION OF IL-17 (T HELPER 17 RESPONSE). PURIFIED PAH CD4+ T CELLS EXPRESSED A HIGHER LEVEL OF IL-17 AFTER ACTIVATION THAN DID THOSE OF CONTROL SUBJECTS. LASTLY, THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE IL-17 PROMOTER IN THE PAH BLOOD DNA AS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL BLOOD. CONCLUSIONS: WE HAVE HIGHLIGHTED T HELPER 17 CELL IMMUNE POLARIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH PAH, AS HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED IN OTHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20 1594  37 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING REVEALS DIFFERENCES IN THE 3 HUMAN MONOCYTE SUBSETS AND IDENTIFIES UREMIA TO INDUCE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING DIFFERENTIATION. HUMAN MONOCYTES ARE A HETEROGENEOUS CELL POPULATION CONSISTING OF 3 SUBSETS: CLASSICAL CD14++CD16-, INTERMEDIATE CD14++CD16+ AND NONCLASSICAL CD14+CD16++ MONOCYTES. VIA POORLY CHARACTERIZED MECHANISMS, INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTE COUNTS RISE IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, AMONG WHICH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS OF PARTICULAR EPIDEMIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE. DNA METHYLATION IS A CENTRAL EPIGENETIC FEATURE THAT CONTROLS HEMATOPOIESIS. BY APPLYING NEXT-GENERATION METHYL-SEQUENCING WE NOW TESTED HOW FAR THE 3 MONOCYTE SUBSETS DIFFER IN THEIR DNA METHYLOME AND WHETHER UREMIA INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DIFFERENTIATING MONOCYTES. WE FOUND THAT EACH MONOCYTE SUBSET DISPLAYS A UNIQUE PHENOTYPE WITH REGARDS TO DNA METHYLATION. GENES WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS IN INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES WERE LINKED TO DISTINCT IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCESSES, WHICH IS IN LINE WITH RESULTS FROM RECENT GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSES. IN VITRO, UREMIA INDUCED DYSREGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENTIATING MONOCYTES, WHICH AFFECTED SEVERAL TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORS IMPORTANT FOR MONOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION (E.G., FLT3, HDAC1, MNT) AND LED TO ENHANCED GENERATION OF INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES. AS POTENTIAL MEDIATOR, THE UREMIC TOXIN AND METHYLATION INHIBITOR S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE INDUCED SHIFTS IN MONOCYTE SUBSETS IN VITRO, AND ASSOCIATED WITH MONOCYTE SUBSET COUNTS IN VIVO. OUR DATA SUPPORT THE CONCEPT OF MONOCYTE TRICHOTOMY AND THE DISTINCT ROLE OF INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES IN HUMAN IMMUNITY. THE SHIFT IN MONOCYTE SUBSETS THAT OCCURS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, A PROINFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF SUBSTANTIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPACT, MAY BE INDUCED BY ACCUMULATION OF UREMIC TOXINS THAT MEDIATE EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION.	2016