1 5974 126 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 1614  38 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A IS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS ON SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND BEHAVIORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN STRESS-ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED ABOUT THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND ITS CATALYZING ENZYMES, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IN THIS PROCESS. HERE, WE FOUND THAT MALE RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC (2-WEEK) UNPREDICTABLE STRESS EXHIBITED A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF DNMT3A AFTER STRESS CESSATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), A KEY TARGET REGION OF STRESS. TREATMENT OF UNSTRESSED CONTROL RATS WITH DNMT INHIBITORS RECAPITULATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS ON DECREASED AMPAR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN PFC. IN CONTRAST, OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3A IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS PREVENTED THE LOSS OF GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES. MOREOVER, THE STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING THE IMPAIRED RECOGNITION MEMORY, HEIGHTENED AGGRESSION, AND HYPERLOCOMOTION, WERE PARTIALLY ATTENUATED BY DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT THERE WERE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATIONS IN PFC OF STRESSED RATS, BOTH OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED AT SEVERAL NEURAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE AND MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING. THESE RESULTS HAVE THEREFORE RECOGNIZED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN STRESS-INDUCED DISTURBANCE OF SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3 1331  32 DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION INDICATE THE ADAPTIVE INVOLVEMENT OF STABLE MOLECULES IN THE BRAIN THAT MAY BE MANIFESTED AT THE LEVEL OF CHROMATIN REMODELING, SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION. FORMER STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION IN SEVERAL ANIMAL MODELS ABOUT DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC HISTONE DEACETYLASES RELATED WITH DEPRESSION ARE NEEDED TO BE EXPLORED. HERE, SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS, ANXIETY-, AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE ALL FOUND IN MICE SUFFERED FROM CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. MOREOVER, WE ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THE AMOUNT OF THE CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASE, HDAC7 RATHER THAN HDAC2, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF DEFEATED MICE, WHICH SUGGESTED THAT HDAC7 MIGHT BE A CRUCIAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE IN A CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS MODEL. OUR DATA SHOWED THAT THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. HDAC7 MIGHT BE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR DEPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4 3952  35 LOCUS-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC REMODELING CONTROLS ADDICTION- AND DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OF ABUSE OR STRESS REGULATES TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES AND HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN DISCRETE BRAIN REGIONS. GIVEN THE PROMISCUITY OF THE ENZYMES INVOLVED, IT HAS NOT YET BEEN POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN DIRECT CAUSAL EVIDENCE TO IMPLICATE THE REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND CONSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY BY CHROMATIN REMODELING THAT OCCURS AT A SINGLE GENE. WE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM LINKING CHROMATIN DYNAMICS TO NEUROBIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA BY APPLYING ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO SELECTIVELY MODIFY CHROMATIN AT A SPECIFIC MOUSE GENE IN VIVO. WE FOUND THAT HISTONE METHYLATION OR ACETYLATION AT THE FOSB LOCUS IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REWARD REGION, WAS SUFFICIENT TO CONTROL DRUG- AND STRESS-EVOKED TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES VIA INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENDOGENOUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY. THIS APPROACH ALLOWED US TO RELATE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE AT A GIVEN GENE DIRECTLY TO REGULATION OF ITS EXPRESSION AND TO ITS SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS ON REWARD BEHAVIOR.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 5712  53 SIRT1 MEDIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. DEPRESSION IS A RECURRING AND LIFE-THREATENING ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS UP TO 120 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MODEL OF DEPRESSION IN MICE, INCREASES SIRT1 LEVELS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. INCREASES IN SIRT1, A WELL CHARACTERIZED CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT SUGGEST A ROLE FOR THIS ENZYME IN MEDIATING DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WHEN RESVERATROL, A PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVATOR OF SIRT1, WAS DIRECTLY INFUSED BILATERALLY INTO THE NAC, WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. CONVERSELY, INTRA-NAC INFUSIONS OF EX-527, A SIRT1 ANTAGONIST, REDUCED THESE BEHAVIORS; EX-527 ALSO REDUCED ACUTE STRESS RESPONSES IN STRESS-NAIVE MICE. NEXT, WE INCREASED SIRT1 LEVELS DIRECTLY IN NAC BY USE OF VIRAL-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WHEN MICE WERE ASSESSED IN THE OPEN-FIELD, ELEVATED-PLUS-MAZE, AND FORCED SWIM TESTS. USING A CRE-INDUCIBLE VIRAL VECTOR SYSTEM TO OVEREXPRESS SIRT1 SELECTIVELY IN DOPAMINE D1 OR D2 SUBPOPULATIONS OF MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) IN THE NAC, WE FOUND THAT SIRT1 PROMOTES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS ONLY WHEN OVEREXPRESSED IN D1 MSNS, WITH NO EFFECT SEEN IN D2 MSNS. CONVERSELY, SELECTIVE ABLATION OF SIRT1 IN THE NAC USING VIRAL-CRE IN FLOXED SIRT1 MICE RESULTED IN DECREASED DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE NAC IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES AND IDENTIFIES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: IN THIS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATE A PIVOTAL ROLE FOR SIRT1 IN ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW THAT STRESS STABLY INDUCES SIRT1 EXPRESSION IN THIS BRAIN REGION AND THAT ALTERING SIRT1 ACTIVITY USING A PHARMACOLOGICAL OR GENETIC APPROACH REGULATES ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORS AND INTRODUCES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT DEPRESSION AND OTHER STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS. A RECENT GROUNDBREAKING PUBLICATION BY THE CONVERGE CONSORTIUM (2015) IDENTIFIED A REPRODUCIBLE ASSOCIATION OF THE SIRT1 LOCUS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION IN HUMANS. THEREFORE, OUR RESULTS ARE TIMELY AND HAVE SIGNIFICANT TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 5624  28 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
7  883  47 CHRONIC COCAINE-REGULATED EPIGENOMIC CHANGES IN MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. BACKGROUND: INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS A ROLE FOR ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION IN MEDIATING THE LASTING EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON THE BRAIN, AND RECENT WORK HAS DEMONSTRATED THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS IN THESE ALTERATIONS. HOWEVER, ALL SUCH STUDIES TO DATE HAVE BEEN RESTRICTED BY THEIR RELIANCE ON MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE INTRINSIC LIMITATIONS. RESULTS: WE USE NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING METHODS, RNA-SEQ AND CHIP-SEQ FOR RNA POLYMERASE II AND SEVERAL HISTONE METHYLATION MARKS, TO OBTAIN A MORE COMPLETE VIEW OF COCAINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ADAPTATIONS IN NUMEROUS MODES OF CHROMATIN REGULATION IN THE MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE DEMONSTRATE AN UNEXPECTEDLY LARGE NUMBER OF PRE-MRNA SPLICING ALTERATIONS IN RESPONSE TO REPEATED COCAINE TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, WE IDENTIFY COMBINATIONS OF CHROMATIN CHANGES, OR SIGNATURES, THAT CORRELATE WITH COCAINE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, INCLUDING THOSE INVOLVING PRE-MRNA ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. THROUGH BIOINFORMATIC PREDICTION AND BIOLOGICAL VALIDATION, WE IDENTIFY ONE PARTICULAR SPLICING FACTOR, A2BP1(RBFOX1/FOX-1), WHICH IS ENRICHED AT GENES THAT DISPLAY CERTAIN CHROMATIN SIGNATURES AND CONTRIBUTES TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. TOGETHER, THIS DELINEATION OF THE COCAINE-INDUCED EPIGENOME IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS REVEALS SEVERAL NOVEL MODES OF REGULATION BY WHICH COCAINE ALTERS THE BRAIN. CONCLUSIONS: WE ESTABLISH COMBINATORIAL CHROMATIN AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES IN MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AFTER REPEATED COCAINE TREATMENT. THESE RESULTS SERVE AS AN IMPORTANT RESOURCE FOR THE FIELD AND PROVIDE A TEMPLATE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF OTHER SYSTEMS TO REVEAL NEW TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL REGULATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8 6174  47 THE HIPPOCAMPUS, NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND DEPRESSION: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION. DEPRESSION IS A PREVALENT, HIGHLY DEBILITATING MENTAL DISORDER AFFECTING UP TO 15% OF THE POPULATION AT LEAST ONCE IN THEIR LIFETIME, WITH HUGE COSTS FOR SOCIETY. NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DEPRESSION ARE STILL NOT WELL KNOWN, ALTHOUGH THERE IS CONSENSUS ABOUT INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS ARE FREQUENTLY USED IN DEPRESSION, BUT AT LEAST 50% OF PATIENTS ARE POOR RESPONDERS, EVEN TO MORE RECENTLY DISCOVERED MEDICATIONS. FURTHERMORE, CLINICAL RESPONSE ONLY OCCURS FOLLOWING WEEKS TO MONTHS OF TREATMENT AND ONLY CHRONIC TREATMENT IS EFFECTIVE, SUGGESTING THAT ACTIONS BEYOND THE RAPIDLY OCCURRING EFFECT OF ENHANCING MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEMS, SUCH AS ADAPTATION OF THESE SYSTEMS, ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE THAT AN IMPAIRMENT OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (NEUROGENESIS, AXON BRANCHING, DENDRITOGENESIS AND SYNAPTOGENESIS) IN SPECIFIC AREAS OF THE CNS, PARTICULARLY THE HIPPOCAMPUS, MAY BE A CORE FACTOR IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. THE ABNORMAL NEURAL PLASTICITY MAY BE RELATED TO ALTERATIONS IN THE LEVELS OF NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS, NAMELY BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), WHICH PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN PLASTICITY. AS BDNF IS REPRESSED BY STRESS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BDNF GENE MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DEPRESSION. THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS SMALLER IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS, ALTHOUGH IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER SMALLER SIZE IS A CONSEQUENCE OF DEPRESSION OR A PRE-EXISTING, VULNERABILITY MARKER FOR DEPRESSION. ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS TRIGGERING ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS CAUSE THE BRAIN TO BE EXPOSED TO CORTICOSTEROIDS, AFFECTING NEUROBEHAVIOURAL FUNCTIONS WITH A STRONG DOWNREGULATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, AND ARE A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT INCREASES BDNF LEVELS, STIMULATES NEUROGENESIS AND REVERSES THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF STRESS, BUT THIS EFFECT IS EVIDENT ONLY AFTER 3-4 WEEKS OF ADMINISTRATION, THE TIME COURSE FOR MATURATION OF NEW NEURONS. THE ABLATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS BLOCKS THE BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN ANIMAL MODELS. THE ABOVE FINDINGS SUGGEST NEW POSSIBLE TARGETS FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION SUCH AS NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS, THEIR RECEPTORS AND RELATED INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING CASCADES; AGENTS COUNTERACTING THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS (INCLUDING ANTAGONISTS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND THEIR RECEPTORS); AND AGENTS FACILITATING THE ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND INCREASING THE TRANSCRIPTION OF NEUROTROPHINS IN THE BRAIN.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9 5019  34 PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IS LINKED WITH ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE, AND REDUCED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE RAT AMYGDALA. CHRONIC PAIN INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING ANXIETY, WITH LIMBIC AREAS BEING LIKELY NEUROLOGICAL SUBSTRATES. DESPITE HIGH CLINICAL RELEVANCE, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE PRECISE BEHAVIORAL, HORMONAL, AND BRAIN NEUROPLASTIC CORRELATES OF ANXIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF PERSISTENT PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DECREASED NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS IN CHRONIC PAIN MODELS ARE PARALLELED BY ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN RATS, BUT THERE ARE CONFLICTING IDEAS REGARDING ITS EFFECTS ON THE STRESS RESPONSE AND CIRCULATING CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS. EVEN LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE BRAIN ENCODES PAIN-RELATED ANXIETY. THIS STUDY EXAMINES HOW PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IN A RAT MODEL WOULD IMPACT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND CORTICOSTERONE RELEASE, AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES WOULD BE REFLECTED IN LEVELS OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BRAIN AREAS INVOLVED IN STRESS REGULATION. COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) OR SALINE WAS ADMINISTERED IN THE RIGHT HINDPAW OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS. BEHAVIORAL TESTING INCLUDED THE MEASUREMENT OF NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS (DIGITAL ANESTHESIOMETER), MOTOR FUNCTION (OPEN FIELD TEST), AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS (ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND THE DARK-LIGHT BOX TEST). CORTICOSTERONE WAS MEASURED VIA RADIOIMMUNOASSAY. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY) AS WELL AS DNMT3A LEVELS (WESTERN BLOTTING) WERE QUANTIFIED IN THE AMYGDALA, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS. CFA ADMINISTRATION RESULTED IN PERSISTENT REDUCTION IN NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLD IN THE ABSENCE OF LOCOMOTOR ABNORMALITIES. INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE OBSERVED IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS 10 DAYS AFTER PAIN INDUCTION. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS DECREASED IN THE AMYGDALA, WITH NO CHANGES IN DNMT3A ABUNDANCE IN ANY OF THE REGIONS EXAMINED. PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN PROMOTES ANXIETY -LIKE BEHAVIORS, HPA AXIS ACTIVATION, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA. THESE FINDINGS DESCRIBE A MOLECULAR MECHANISM THAT LINKS PAIN AND STRESS IN A WELL-CHARACTERIZED RODENT MODEL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10 4643  31 NEUROPATHIC PAIN AS A TRIGGER FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN LIMBIC CIRCUITRY. CHRONIC PAIN INVOLVES BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NEURONAL PLASTICITY THAT ENCOMPASSES CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL NOCICEPTORS. WITHIN THE FOREBRAIN, MESOCORTICOLIMBIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL REGULATION HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXHIBIT LASTING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW SUCH ENDURING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MIGHT BE REGULATED WITHIN BRAIN STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING OF PAIN OR AFFECT, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED WITH ACTIVE OR PERMISSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES (HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 MONO AND TRIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION) IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY (PAG), LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) 5 WEEKS AFTER SCIATIC NERVE INJURY IN MICE TO MODEL CHRONIC PAIN. FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MICE IN CHRONIC PAIN, WE OBSERVED AN OVERALL TREND FOR A REDUCTION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, LH, AND NAC, BUT NOT VTA. MOREOVER, WE DISCOVERED THAT SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS EXHIBITED CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HISTORY, WHILE OTHERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY. WHEN TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY LEADS TO CHRONIC CHROMATIN-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN KEY LIMBIC BRAIN STRUCTURES AND CIRCUITS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE ENDURING CHANGES IN PAIN PROCESSING AND SENSITIVITY WITHIN THESE SYSTEMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11 1790  36 EFFECT OF CHRONIC MILD STRESS ON HIPPOCAMPAL TRANSCRIPTOME IN MICE SELECTED FOR HIGH AND LOW STRESS-INDUCED ANALGESIA AND DISPLAYING DIFFERENT EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT MOOD DISORDERS MAY DERIVE FROM THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE ON GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. STRESS-INDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN DEPRESSION. WE STUDIED HIPPOCAMPAL TRANSCRIPTOMES IN STRAINS OF MICE THAT DISPLAY HIGH (HA) AND LOW (LA) SWIM STRESS-INDUCED ANALGESIA AND THAT DIFFER IN EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS AND RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS. CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CMS) AFFECTED EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF GENES COMMON FOR BOTH STRAINS. CMS ALSO PRODUCED STRAIN SPECIFIC CHANGES IN EXPRESSION SUGGESTING THAT HIPPOCAMPAL RESPONSES TO STRESS DEPEND ON GENOTYPE. CONSIDERABLY LARGER NUMBER OF GENES, BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS, BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS, AND GENE NETWORKS WERE AFFECTED BY CMS IN LA THAN IN HA MICE. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT POTENTIAL DRUG TARGETS AGAINST DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF STRESS INCLUDE GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTERS, AND CHOLINERGIC, CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK), GLUCOCORTICOIDS, AND THYROID HORMONES RECEPTORS. FURTHERMORE, SOME BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES EVOKED BY STRESS AND DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE STRAINS, SUCH AS APOPTOSIS, NEUROGENESIS AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LONG-TERM, IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS OF STRESS AND SUGGEST A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MOOD RELATED STRESS RESPONSES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12 5820  39 STRESS DYNAMICALLY REGULATES BEHAVIOR AND GLUTAMATERGIC GENE EXPRESSION IN HIPPOCAMPUS BY OPENING A WINDOW OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY. EXCITATORY AMINO ACIDS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN BOTH ADAPTIVE AND DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF STRESSORS ON THE BRAIN, AND DYSREGULATED GLUTAMATE HOMEOSTASIS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHIATRIC AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. HERE, WE ELUCIDATE MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A HISTORY OF CHRONIC STRESS AND FAMILIAR AND NOVEL ACUTE STRESSORS THAT ALTER EXPRESSION OF ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT ACUTE RESTRAINT AND ACUTE FORCED SWIM STRESSORS INDUCE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON THESE BEHAVIORS IN NAIVE MICE AND IN MICE WITH A HISTORY OF CHRONIC-RESTRAINT STRESS (CRS). THEY REVEAL A KEY ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC UP- AND DOWN-REGULATION OF THE PUTATIVE PRESYNAPTIC TYPE 2 METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE (MGLU2) RECEPTORS AND THE POSTSYNAPTIC NR1/NMDA RECEPTORS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND PARTICULARLY IN THE DENTATE GYRUS (DG), A REGION OF ACTIVE NEUROGENESIS AND A TARGET OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT. WE SHOW CHANGES IN DG LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP) THAT PARALLEL BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES, WITH HABITUATION TO THE SAME ACUTE RESTRAINT STRESSOR AND SENSITIZATION TO A NOVEL FORCED-SWIM STRESSOR. IN WT MICE AFTER CRS AND IN UNSTRESSED MICE WITH A BDNF LOSS-OF-FUNCTION ALLELE (BDNF VAL66MET), WE SHOW THAT THE EPIGENETIC ACTIVATOR OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, P300, PLAYS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE DYNAMIC UP- AND DOWN-REGULATION OF MGLU2 IN HIPPOCAMPUS VIA HISTONE-3-LYSINE-27-ACETYLATION (H3K27AC) WHEN ACUTE STRESSORS ARE APPLIED. THESE HIPPOCAMPAL RESPONSES REVEAL A WINDOW OF EPIGENETIC PLASTICITY THAT MAY BE USEFUL FOR TREATMENT OF DISORDERS IN WHICH GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION IS DYSREGULATED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 5007  35 PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC, REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MANY CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS INCLUDING LOW BACK PAIN AND FIBROMYALGIA. THE MAGNITUDE OF THESE CHANGES CORRELATES WITH THE DURATION AND/OR THE INTENSITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES REPORT CHANGES IN COMMON AREAS INVOLVED IN PAIN MODULATION, INCLUDING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), AND PAIN-RELATED PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PFC CAN BE REVERSED WITH EFFECTIVE TREATMENT. WHILE THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE CHANGES ARE UNKNOWN, THEY MUST BE DYNAMICALLY REGULATED. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT IS REVERSIBLE AND DYNAMIC. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PATHOLOGICAL GENE EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. DNA METHYLATION MIGHT ALSO BE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN THE BRAIN. WE THEREFORE TESTED A) WHETHER ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION ARE FOUND IN THE BRAIN LONG AFTER CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS INDUCED IN THE PERIPHERY USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY MODAL AND B) WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY INTERVENTIONS THAT REVERSE THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. SIX MONTHS FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, ABNORMAL SENSORY THRESHOLDS AND INCREASED ANXIETY WERE ACCOMPANIED BY DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION IN THE PFC AND THE AMYGDALA BUT NOT IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OR THE THALAMUS. ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ATTENUATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REVERSED THE CHANGES IN GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH MECHANICAL AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY IN NEUROPATHIC MICE. IN SUMMARY, INDUCTION OF CHRONIC PAIN BY PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. THESE CHANGES ARE DETECTED LONG AFTER THE ORIGINAL INJURY, AT A LONG DISTANCE FROM THE SITE OF INJURY AND ARE REVERSIBLE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATION. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS MAY THEREFORE BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
14 2013  39 EPIGENETIC BASIS OF THE DARK SIDE OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION. ALCOHOLISM IS A COMPLEX BRAIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THREE DISTINCT STAGES OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE THAT MANIFEST AS NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. ONE SUCH STAGE OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE IS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND THE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES THAT PROMOTE DRINKING AND MAINTAIN ADDICTION. REPEATED ALCOHOL USE, GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO ALCOHOLISM AND ANXIETY, AND ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DURING CRUCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED WITHDRAWAL AND NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WITHIN THE AMYGDALA HAVE PROVIDED A MOLECULAR BASIS OF THESE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS, ALSO KNOWN AS THE DARK SIDE OF ADDICTION. HERE, WE PROPOSE THAT ALLOSTATIC CHANGE WITHIN THE EPIGENOME IN THE AMYGDALA IS A PRIME MECHANISM OF THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES RESULTING FROM, AND CONTRIBUTING TO, ALCOHOLISM. ACUTE ALCOHOL EXPOSURE PRODUCES AN ANXIOLYTIC RESPONSE WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPENING OF CHROMATIN DUE TO INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, INCREASED CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) LEVELS, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION. AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, THESE CHANGES RETURN TO BASELINE ALONG WITH ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. HOWEVER, DURING WITHDRAWAL, HISTONE ACETYLATION DECREASES DUE TO INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY AND DECREASED CBP LEVELS IN THE AMYGDALA CIRCUITRY LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. ADDITIONALLY, INNATELY HIGHER EXPRESSION OF THE HDAC2 ISOFORM LEADS TO A DEFICIT IN GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY-ASSOCIATED GENES AND MAINTAINING HEIGHTENED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL INTAKE. ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ALSO LEADS TO HIGHER EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND A DEFICIT IN HISTONE ACETYLATION LEADING TO DECREASED EXPRESSION OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY-ASSOCIATED GENES AND HIGH ANXIETY AND DRINKING BEHAVIOR IN ADULTHOOD. ALL THESE STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENOME CAN UNDERGO ALLOSTATIC REPROGRAMMING IN THE AMYGDALOID CIRCUITRY DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. FURTHERMORE, OPENING THE CHROMATIN BY INHIBITING HDACS USING PHARMACOLOGICAL OR GENETIC MANIPULATIONS CAN LEAD TO THE ATTENUATION OF ANXIETY AS WELL AS ALCOHOL INTAKE. CHROMATIN REMODELING PROVIDES A CLEAR BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES SEEN DURING ALCOHOL ADDICTION AND PRESENTS OPPORTUNITIES FOR NOVEL DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED "ALCOHOLISM".	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 4401  35 MODULATION OF NEURONAL PLASTICITY FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONCOMITANT ADMINISTRATION OF THE NOVEL ANTIPSYCHOTIC LURASIDONE WITH THE MOOD STABILIZER VALPROIC ACID. RATIONALE: COMBINATORY THERAPY IS WIDELY USED IN PSYCHIATRY OWING TO THE POSSIBILITY THAT DRUGS WITH DIFFERENT MECHANISMS OF ACTION MAY SYNERGIZE TO IMPROVE FUNCTIONS DETERIORATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, BIPOLAR DISORDERS, AND MAJOR DEPRESSION. WHILE COMBINATORY STRATEGIES RELY ON RECEPTOR AND SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS, IT SHOULD ALSO BE CONSIDERED THAT TWO DRUGS MAY ALSO "INTERACT" ON THE LONG-TERM TO DETERMINE MORE ROBUST CHANGES IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY, WHICH REPRESENTS A DOWNSTREAM TARGET IMPORTANT FOR FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THE STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES SET IN MOTION BY CHRONIC CONCOMITANT ADMINISTRATION OF THE NOVEL ANTIPSYCHOTIC LURASIDONE AND THE MOOD STABILIZER VALPROATE. METHODS: ANIMALS WERE CHRONICALLY TREATED WITH LURASIDONE, VALPROATE, OR THE COMBINATION OF THE TWO DRUGS AND KILLED 24 H AFTER THE LAST INJECTION TO EVALUATE ALTERATIONS OF DIFFERENT MEASURES OF NEURONAL PLASTICITY SUCH AS THE NEUROTROPHIN BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), THE IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE ACTIVITY-REGULATED CYTOSKELETAL ASSOCIATED PROTEIN, AND THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS HDAC 1, 2, AND 5 IN DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT COADMINISTRATION OF LURASIDONE AND VALPROATE PRODUCES, WHEN COMPARED TO THE SINGLE DRUGS, A LARGER INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS, THROUGH THE REGULATION OF SPECIFIC NEUROTROPHIN TRANSCRIPTS. WE ALSO FOUND THAT THE HISTONE DEACETYLASES WERE REGULATED BY THE DRUG COMBINATION, SUGGESTING THAT SOME OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MAY BE SUSTAINED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH COMBINATORY TREATMENT BETWEEN A SECOND-GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC AND A MOOD STABILIZER COULD RESULT FROM THE ABILITY TO MODULATE NEUROPLASTIC MOLECULES, WHOSE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IS DETERIORATED IN DIFFERENT PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16 5467  35 RESILIENT PHENOTYPE IN CHRONIC MILD STRESS PARADIGM IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MIR-18A-5P AND SEROTONIN 5-HT(1A) RECEPTOR IN DORSAL PART OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. DISTURBED SEROTONERGIC SIGNALING IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OBSERVED IN MANY INDIVIDUALS VULNERABLE TO STRESS HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS ONE OF THE PRIMARY FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN IN THE RESILIENT PHENOTYPE. RESILIENT SUBJECTS MAINTAIN A POSITIVE MOOD AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BALANCE DESPITE BEING UNDER THE STRESS INFLUENCE. IN OUR STUDY, WE GENERATED STRESS-VULNERABLE AND RESILIENT RATS BY USING A CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CMS) PARADIGM. USING DIFFERENT MOLECULAR APPROACHES, WE REVEALED THAT RESILIENT ANIMALS EXHIBITED A SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MIR-18A-5P AND, IN THE SAME TIME, AN ELEVATED LEVEL OF 5-HT1AR IN DORSAL, BUT NOT VENTRAL, PART OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS. DESCRIBED BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES WERE NOT OBSERVED IN ANIMALS BEHAVIORALLY VULNERABLE TO STRESS. FURTHER, IN VITRO ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT MIR-18A-5P MAY BE A NEGATIVE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR OF 5-HT1AR SINCE THE TREATMENT OF ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS WITH MIR-18A-5P MIMIC SIGNIFICANTLY LOWERED THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MRNA ENCODING 5-HT1AR. MOREOVER, BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL TARGET GENES EXPRESSED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND BEING REGULATED BY MIR-18A-5P SHOWED THAT THIS MICRORNA MAY REGULATE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS AXONOGENESIS, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN BOTH RATS AND HUMANS. ALL THESE MOLECULAR FEATURES MAY CONTRIBUTE TO SEROTONERGIC HOMEOSTATIC BALANCE AT THE LEVEL OF SEROTONIN TURNOVER OBSERVED IN HIPPOCAMPI OF RESILIENT BUT NOT STRESS-VULNERABLE RATS. DELINEATION OF FURTHER MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS UNDERLYING RESILIENCE TO STRESS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTIDEPRESSANT STRATEGIES WHICH WILL RESTORE RESILIENT PHENOTYPE IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17 5818  37 STRESS AND TRAUMA: BDNF CONTROL OF DENDRITIC-SPINE FORMATION AND REGRESSION. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS LEADS TO INCREASES IN BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MRNA AND PROTEIN IN SOME REGIONS OF THE BRAIN, E.G. THE BASAL LATERAL AMYGDALA (BLA) BUT DECREASES IN OTHER REGIONS SUCH AS THE CA3 REGION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY INCREASES OR DECREASES IN LINE WITH THESE CHANGES IN BDNF. GIVEN THE POWERFUL INFLUENCE THAT BDNF HAS ON DENDRITIC SPINE GROWTH, THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT THE FUNDAMENTAL REASON FOR THE DIRECTION AND EXTENT OF CHANGES IN DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY IN A PARTICULAR REGION OF THE BRAIN UNDER STRESS IS DUE TO THE CHANGES IN BDNF THERE. THE MOST LIKELY CAUSE OF THESE CHANGES IS PROVIDED BY THE STRESS INITIATED RELEASE OF STEROIDS, WHICH READILY ENTER NEURONS AND ALTER GENE EXPRESSION, FOR EXAMPLE THAT OF BDNF. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS HOW GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND MINERALOCORTICOIDS TEND TO HAVE OPPOSITE EFFECTS ON BDNF GENE EXPRESSION OFFERING THE POSSIBILITY THAT DIFFERENCES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR RECEPTORS AND OF THEIR DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS MIGHT PROVIDE A BASIS FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCRIPTION OF THE BDNF GENES. ALTERNATIVELY, DIFFERENCES IN THE EXTENT OF METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION IN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION ARE POSSIBLE IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN FOLLOWING STRESS. ALTHOUGH PRESENT EVIDENCE POINTS TO CHANGES IN BDNF TRANSCRIPTION BEING THE MAJOR CAUSAL AGENT FOR THE CHANGES IN SPINE DENSITY IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN FOLLOWING STRESS, STEROIDS HAVE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON DOWNSTREAM PATHWAYS FROM THE TRKB RECEPTOR ONCE IT IS ACTED UPON BY BDNF, INCLUDING THOSE THAT MODULATE THE DENSITY OF DENDRITIC SPINES. FINALLY, ALTHOUGH GLUCOCORTICOIDS PLAY A CANONICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING BDNF MODULATION OF DENDRITIC SPINES, RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN A ROLE FOR CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) IN THIS REGARD. THERE IS CONSIDERABLE IMPROVEMENT IN THE EXTENT OF CHANGES IN SPINE SIZE AND DENSITY IN RODENTS WITH FOREBRAIN SPECIFIC KNOCKOUT OF CRF RECEPTOR 1 (CRFR1) EVEN WHEN THE GLUCOCORTICOID PATHWAYS ARE LEFT INTACT. IT SEEMS THEN THAT CRF DOES HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY IN DETERMINING BDNF CONTROL OF DENDRITIC SPINES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 5709  40 SIRT1 DECREASES EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY WITH ASSOCIATED CAMKIIALPHA DEACETYLATION IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA. EMOTIONAL DISORDERS ARE COMMON COMORBID CONDITIONS THAT FURTHER EXACERBATE THE SEVERITY AND CHRONICITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS SHOW CONSIDERABLE VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN UNDER SIMILAR PAIN CONDITIONS. IN THIS STUDY ON MALE RAT AND MOUSE MODELS OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN, WE IDENTIFY THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA AS A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDERLYING THE INDIVIDUAL VULNERABILITY TO CHRONIC PAIN. WE FOUND THAT ANIMALS THAT WERE VULNERABLE TO DEVELOPING BEHAVIORS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION UNDER THE PAIN CONDITION DISPLAYED REDUCED SIRT1 PROTEIN LEVELS IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, BUT NOT THOSE ANIMALS RESISTANT TO THE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. VIRAL OVEREXPRESSION OF LOCAL SIRT1 REVERSED THIS VULNERABILITY, BUT VIRAL KNOCKDOWN OF LOCAL SIRT1 MIMICKED THE PAIN EFFECT, ELICITING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY IN PAIN-FREE ANIMALS. THE SIRT1 ACTION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CAMKIIALPHA DOWNREGULATION AND DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 AT THE CAMKIIALPHA PROMOTER. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT, BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF CAMKIIALPHA IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA, SIRT1 FUNCTIONS TO GUARD AGAINST THE EMOTIONAL PAIN VULNERABILITY UNDER CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. THIS STUDY INDICATES THAT SIRT1 MAY SERVE AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC MOLECULE FOR INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN WITH VULNERABLE EMOTIONAL DISORDERS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT CHRONIC PAIN IS A PREVALENT NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE WITH NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AT PRESENT. PAIN PATIENTS DISPLAY CONSIDERABLY VARIABLE VULNERABILITY TO DEVELOPING CHRONIC PAIN, INDICATING INDIVIDUAL-BASED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE PAIN VULNERABILITY, WHICH IS HARDLY ADDRESSED IN CURRENT PRECLINICAL RESEARCH. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE SIRTUIN 1 (SIRT1) AS A KEY REGULATOR THAT CONTROLS THIS PAIN VULNERABILITY. THIS STUDY REVEALS THAT THE SIRT1-CAMKIIAALPHA PATHWAY IN CENTRAL AMYGDALA ACTS AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THAT GUARDS AGAINST THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMORBID EMOTIONAL DISORDERS UNDER CHRONIC PAIN, AND THAT ITS DYSFUNCTION CAUSES INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 ACTIVATORS MAY BE USED IN A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR INDIVIDUAL-BASED TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19 5199  41 PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND SEX-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN SUPRASPINAL MRNA EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC- AND STRESS-RELATED GENES IN ADULTHOOD. EXPOSURE TO PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS IMPACTS ADULT BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES AND HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IMPLICATED ARE NOT WELL-CHARACTERIZED. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF A PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN-RELATED BEHAVIOURS AND GENE EXPRESSION IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS IN ADULT OFFSPRING FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN MALE AND FEMALE CD1 MICE. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS AMPLIFIED IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE PRENATALLY-STRESSED OFFSPRING, SUGGESTING THAT PRENATAL STRESS EXACERBATES PAIN AFTER INJURY. ANALYSIS OF MRNA EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND STRESS RESPONSES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS, BRAIN STRUCTURES IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC PAIN, SHOWED DISTINCT SEX AND REGION-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF DYSREGULATION. IN GENERAL, MRNA EXPRESSION WAS MOST FREQUENTLY ALTERED IN THE MALE HIPPOCAMPUS AND EFFECTS OF PRENATAL STRESS WERE MORE PREVALENT THAN EFFECTS OF NERVE INJURY IN BOTH SUPRASPINAL AREAS. THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE IMPACT OF PRENATAL STRESS ON BEHAVIORAL SENSITIVITY TO A PAINFUL INJURY. CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC- AND STRESS-RELATED GENES SUGGEST A POSSIBLE MECHANISM BY WHICH THE EARLY LIFE STRESS BECOMES EMBEDDED IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTERACTIONS AMONG EARLY-LIFE STRESS, SEX, AND PAIN MAY LEAD TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND EPIGENETIC DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN DISORDERS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20 6801  44 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017