1 5783 140 SPONTANEOUS AND TRANSGENIC RODENT MODELS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER WITH MANY DIFFERENT PUTATIVE INFLUENCES MEDIATING DISEASE ONSET, SEVERITY, PROGRESSION AND DIMINUTION. SPONTANEOUS NATURAL IBD IS CLASSICALLY EXPRESSED AS CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) COMMONLY FOUND IN PRIMATES; LYMPHOPLASMOCYTIC ENTERITIS, EOSINOPHILIC GASTRITIS AND COLITIS, AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS WITH NEURONAL HYPERPLASIA IN DOGS; AND COLITIS IN HORSES. SPONTANEOUS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE HAS BEEN NOTED IN A NUMBER OF RODENT MODELS WHICH DIFFER IN GENETIC STRAIN BACKGROUND, INDUCED MUTATION, MICROBIOTA INFLUENCES AND IMMUNOPATHOGENIC PATHWAYS. HISTOLOGICAL LESIONS IN CROHN'S DISEASE FEATURE NONCASEATING GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION WHILE UC LESIONS TYPICALLY EXHIBIT ULCERATION, LAMINA PROPRIA INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATES AND LACK OF GRANULOMA DEVELOPMENT. INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY CD AND UC IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED INCIDENCE OF INTESTINAL NEOPLASIA. TRANSGENIC MURINE MODELS HAVE DETERMINED UNDERLYING ETIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES AND APPROPRIATE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN IBD. THIS LITERATURE REVIEW WILL DISCUSS CURRENT OPINION AND FINDINGS IN SPONTANEOUS IBD, HIGHLIGHT SELECTED TRANSGENIC RODENT MODELS OF IBD AND DISCUSS THEIR RESPECTIVE PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE ACCOMMODATION OF INDUCED PUTATIVE DEFICITS IN ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING AND TO ASSESS DISCOMFORT AND PAIN LEVELS IN THE FACE OF SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND/OR MORTALITY IN THESE MODELS. EPIGENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL (MICROBIOME, METABOLOME) AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ARE IMPORTANT IN IBD PATHOGENESIS, AND EVALUATING WAYS IN WHICH THEY INFLUENCE DISEASE EXPRESSION REPRESENT POTENTIAL INVESTIGATIVE APPROACHES WITH THE GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR NEW DISCOVERIES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 3541  34 IMMUNOEPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: CURRENT INSIGHTS INTO NOVEL EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS OF THE SYSTEMIC IMMUNE RESPONSE. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN VARIOUS DISEASES, SUCH AS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), THROUGH THEIR EFFECT ON GENETICS, WHICH MODULATES IMMUNE CELLS. IBD ENCOMPASSES TWO MAIN PHENOTYPES, CROHN'S DISEASE, AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS, WHICH ARE MANIFESTED AS CHRONIC AND SYSTEMIC RELAPSE-REMITTING GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DISORDERS WITH RISING GLOBAL INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE. THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBD IS COMPLEX AND NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. EPIGENETIC RESEARCH HAS RESULTED IN VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR UNRAVELING THE ETIOLOGY OF THIS IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASE. THUS, THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT REVIEW IS TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT FINDINGS ON THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN IBD TO SHED LIGHT ON THEIR POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE LATEST EVIDENCE REGARDING PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATION, DNA METHYLATION, AND TELOMERE SHORTENING IN IBD. THE VARIOUS IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC DNA PROFILES WITH CLINICAL VALUE IN IBD COULD BE USED AS BIOMARKERS FOR MORE ACCURATELY PREDICTING DISEASE DEVELOPMENT, TREATMENT RESPONSE, AND THERAPY-RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS. ULTIMATELY, THE INFORMATION PRESENTED HERE COULD BE OF POTENTIAL RELEVANCE FOR FUTURE CLINICAL PRACTICE IN DEVELOPING MORE EFFICIENT AND PRECISE MEDICINE TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PATIENTS WITH IBD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3 4692  52 NEWS FROM THE "5TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES" CAPRI 2010. AT THE "5TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES SELECTED TOPICS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), INCLUDING THE ENVIRONMENT, GENETICS, THE GUT FLORA, THE CELL RESPONSE AND IMMUNOMODULATION WERE DISCUSSED IN ORDER TO BETTER UNDERSTAND SPECIFIC CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS. THE INCIDENCE OF IBD CONTINUES TO RISE, BOTH IN LOW AND IN HIGH-INCIDENCE AREAS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH 'WESTERNIZATION' MAY BE CONDITIONING THE EXPRESSION OF THESE DISORDERS. THE INCREASED INCIDENCE OF IBD AMONG MIGRANTS FROM LOW-INCIDENCE TO HIGH-INCIDENCE AREAS WITHIN THE SAME GENERATION SUGGESTS A STRONG ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION SCANNING (GWAS) TECHNOLOGIES HAS LEAD TO THE DISCOVERY OF MORE THAN 100 IBD LOCI. SOME, AS THE TH 17 PATHWAY GENES, ARE SHARED BETWEEN CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC), WHILE OTHER ARE IBD SUBTYPE-SPECIFIC (AUTOPHAGY GENES, EPITHELIAL BARRIER GENES). DISEASE-SPECIFIC THERAPIES TARGETING THESE PATHWAYS SHOULD BE DEVELOPED. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ALSO APPEARS TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD. THE IMPORTANCE OF GUT FLORA IN INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS AND INFLAMMATION WAS REINFORCED, THE CONCEPTS OF EUBIOSIS AND DYSBIOSIS WERE INTRODUCED, AND SOME STRATEGIES FOR REVERTING DYSBIOSIS TO A HOMEOSTATIC STATE OF EUBIOSIS WERE PROPOSED. THE CURRENT STATUS OF STUDIES ON THE HUMAN GUT MICROBIOTA METAGENOME, METAPROTOME, AND METABOLOME WAS ALSO PRESENTED. THE CELL RESPONSE IN INFLAMMATION, INCLUDING ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) STRESS RESPONSES, AUTOPHAGY AND INFLAMMASOME-DEPENDENT EVENTS WERE RELATED TO IBD PATHOGENESIS. IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED ER STRESS RESPONSES MAY BE A COMMON TRAIT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS CHRONIC IMMUNE AND METABOLIC DISEASES. HOW INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY SIGNALING EVENTS CAN PERPETUATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WAS DISCUSSED EXTENSIVELY. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS PROVIDE INTRACELLULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH CELLS RESPOND AND ADAPT TO MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THESE SIGNALS HAS LED TO A GREATER MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDING OF IBD PATHOGENESIS AND POINTED TO POTENTIALLY NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL TRIALS AND OF RISK-BENEFIT OF BIOLOGICAL THERAPY WAS PRESENTED. THE PROBLEM OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) AND LYMPHOMA IN IBD WAS EXTENSIVELY DISCUSSED. LYMPHOMAS CAN DEVELOP IN INTESTINAL SEGMENTS AFFECTED BY IBD AND ARE IN MOST CASES ASSOCIATED WITH EBV. THE REASONS OF TREATMENT FAILURE WERE ALSO ANALYZED BOTH FROM BASIC AND CLINICAL POINTS OF VIEW. TWO VERY INTERESTING PRESENTATIONS ON THE INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH AND CLINICAL CARE IN THE NEAR FUTURE CLOSED THE MEETING. THESE PRESENTATIONS WERE FOCUSED ON MACROTRENDS AFFECTING HEALTHCARE DELIVERY AND RESEARCH, AND THE NEED TO INNOVATE TRADITIONAL INFRASTRUCTURES TO DEAL WITH THESE CHANGING TRENDS AS WELL AS NEW OPPORTUNITIES TO ACCELERATE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.	2010	

4 1137  30 COMPREHENSIVE PHENOTYPING IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: SEARCH FOR BIOMARKER ALGORITHMS IN THE TRANSKINGDOM INTERACTIONS CONTEXT. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH A DYSREGULATED IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE TO THE COMMENSAL MICROBIOTA IN A GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE HOST. IBD INCLUDES ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) AND CROHN'S DISEASE (CD), BOTH OF WHICH ARE REMARKABLY HETEROGENEOUS IN THEIR CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. THIS TRANSLATES INTO A NOTABLE DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE, ESPECIALLY IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES WHERE IBD IS ON THE RISE AND ACCESS TO DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT IS NOT ALWAYS ACCESSIBLE FOR CHRONIC DISEASES. THE PRESENT WORK CHARACTERIZED, FOR THE FIRST TIME IN OUR REGION, EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS AND GUT MICROBIAL PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH UC AND CD PATIENTS IN THE BUENOS AIRES METROPOLITAN AREA AND REVEALED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NON-IBD CONTROLS AND IBD PATIENTS. GENERAL METABOLIC FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GUT MICROBIOTA, AS WELL AS CORE MICROORGANISMS WITHIN GROUPS, WERE ALSO ANALYZED. ADDITIONALLY, THE GUT MICROBIOTA ANALYSIS WAS INTEGRATED WITH RELEVANT CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS CONSIDERED IN THE FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH IBD, WITH THE AIM OF GENERATING MORE POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS TO DISCRIMINATE PHENOTYPES. OVERALL, OUR STUDY PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO DATA ANALYSIS ALGORITHMS TO PROMOTE COMPREHENSIVE PHENOTYPING TOOLS USING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS IN A TRANSKINGDOM INTERACTIONS NETWORK CONTEXT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5 4283  39 MICRORNA BIOMARKERS IN IBD-DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND PREDICTION OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) INCLUDES CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC). THESE ARE CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY AFFECTING THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. THE IBD POPULATION INCLUDES A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF PATIENTS WITH VARYING DISEASE COURSES REQUIRING PERSONALIZED TREATMENT PROTOCOLS. THE COMPLEXITY OF THE DISEASE OFTEN DELAYS THE DIAGNOSIS AND THE INITIATION OF APPROPRIATE TREATMENTS. IN A SUBSET OF PATIENTS, IBD LEADS TO COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER (CAC). MICRORNAS ARE SINGLE-STRANDED REGULATORY NONCODING RNAS OF 18 TO 22 NUCLEOTIDES WITH PUTATIVE ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD AND COLORECTAL CANCER. THEY HAVE BEEN EXPLORED AS BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. BOTH TISSUE-DERIVED AND CIRCULATING MICRORNAS HAVE EMERGED AS PROMISING BIOMARKERS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND IN THE PROGNOSIS OF DISEASE SEVERITY OF IBD AS WELL AS PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS IN DRUG RESISTANCE. IN ADDITION, KNOWLEDGE OF THE CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MICRORNAS IS A PREREQUISITE FOR DECIPHERING THE BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF THESE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS AND THE CELLULAR LOCALIZATION MAY EVEN CONTRIBUTE TO AN ALTERNATIVE REPERTOIRE OF BIOMARKERS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS FINDINGS BASED ON RT-QPCR, MICROARRAY PROFILING, NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING AND IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION OF MICRORNA BIOMARKERS IDENTIFIED IN THE CIRCULATION AND IN TISSUE BIOPSIES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
6 3681  40 INFLAMMATION, DNA METHYLATION AND COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER. INFLAMMATION CAN RESULT FROM A RANGE OF SOURCES INCLUDING MICROBIAL INFECTIONS, EXPOSURE TO ALLERGENS AND TOXIC CHEMICALS, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE AND OBESITY. A WELL-BALANCED IMMUNE RESPONSE CAN BE ANTI-TUMORIGENIC; HOWEVER, A SUSTAINED OR CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IS GENERALLY HARMFUL AS THE IMMUNE RESPONSE BECOMES DISTORTED. A CAUSAL LINK BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CANCER IS NOW WELL ACCEPTED AND MANY CHRONICALLY INFLAMED ORGANS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT SHOW THIS ASSOCIATION. FOR EXAMPLE, PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), INCLUDING BOTH ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE, HAVE A 2- TO 3-FOLD GREATER LIFETIME RISK OF DEVELOPING COLORECTAL CANCER COMPARED WITH THE GENERAL POPULATION. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLITIS-ASSOCIATED CANCER (CAC) IS THOUGHT TO BE MULTIFACETED AND IS PROBABLY DUE TO A COMBINATION OF GENETIC FACTORS, EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND THE DURATION, EXTENT AND SEVERITY OF DISEASE. RECENTLY, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, HAVE BEEN OBSERVED DURING INFLAMMATION AND INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS. THE MEDIATORS OF THIS, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND THE EFFECT THIS HAS ON GENE EXPRESSION AND THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF THE EPITHELIAL CELLS DURING IBD AND CAC ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW. THE RECENT ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGIES TO STUDY GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION AND THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF UNDERSTANDING THESE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ARE ALSO HIGHLIGHTED.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7 3029  33 GENETICS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES: A COMPARISON BETWEEN WESTERN AND EASTERN PERSPECTIVES. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING INTESTINAL INFLAMMATORY DISORDER WITH UNIDENTIFIED CAUSES. CURRENTLY, STUDIES INDICATE THAT IBD RESULTS FROM A COMPLEX INTERPLAY BETWEEN VARIOUS GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT PRODUCE INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THESE FACTORS MAY DIFFER FOR ASIANS AND CAUCASIANS. THUS, DIFFERENCES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY, GENETIC VARIANTS, AND CLINICAL PHENOTYPES OF IBD HAVE BEEN OBSERVED BETWEEN THE TWO POPULATIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN DATA FROM POPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT GENETIC BACKGROUNDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY REVEAL FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF IBD PATHOGENESIS. ACCORDINGLY, THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF IBD GENETICS STUDIED IN ASIAN COUNTRIES AND COMPARE IT WITH THAT FROM WESTERN COUNTRIES, WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON INNATE BACTERIAL SENSING, AUTOPHAGY, AND THE INTERLEUKIN-23 RECEPTOR-T HELPER CELL 17 PATHWAY. THE EPIGENETIC NATURE OF IBD PATHOGENESIS AS WELL AS THE PHARMACOGENETICS RELATED TO THE USE OF IMMUNOMODULATORS WILL ALSO BE BRIEFLY COVERED.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8 2675  39 ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: TODAY AND TOMORROW. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS, THE TWO MAJOR FORMS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD), REPRESENT CHRONIC DISEASES OF UNKNOWN CAUSE, AND THEY ARE REGARDED AS PROTOTYPICAL COMPLEX DISEASES. DESPITE ALL THE RECENT ADVANCES, A COMPLETE APPRECIATION OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD IS STILL LIMITED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PRESENT RECENT INFORMATION CONTRIBUTING TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS UNDERLYING IBD. RECENT FINDINGS: HERE, WE ATTEMPT TO HIGHLIGHT NOVEL ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS, DATA ON THE GUT MICROBIOTA, ITS INTERACTION WITH THE HOST, AND THE POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF DIET AND FOOD COMPONENTS. WE DISCUSS RECENT FINDINGS ON DEFECTIVE SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE, AND WE PRESENT NEW DATA ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES, INFLAMMASOME, AND DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH IBD. SUMMARY: THE CONTINUING IDENTIFICATION OF SEVERAL EPIGENETIC, TRANSCRIPTOMIC, PROTEOMIC, AND METABOLOMIC ALTERATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH IBD REFLECTS THE COMPLEX NATURE OF THE DISEASE AND SUGGESTS THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE APPROACHES SUCH AS SYSTEMS BIOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING NOVEL RELEVANT TARGETS IN IBD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 5528  30 RNA MODIFICATION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY DAMAGE TO THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA, WHICH IS CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF FACTORS. THESE INCLUDE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE, MICROORGANISM INTERACTIONS, AND IMMUNE CONDITIONS. SOME POPULATIONS WITH IBD SHOW A CANCER-PRONE PHENOTYPE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO THE INVOLVEMENT OF RNA MODIFICATIONS IN THE SPECIFIC PATHOGENESIS OF IBD THROUGH REGULATION OF RNA BIOLOGY IN EPITHELIAL AND IMMUNE CELLS. STUDIES OF SEVERAL RNA MODIFICATION-TARGETING REAGENTS HAVE SHOWN PREFERABLE OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH COLITIS. HERE, WE NOTE A NEW AWARENESS OF RNA MODIFICATION IN THE TARGETING OF IBD AND RELATED DISEASES, WHICH WILL CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY DIAGNOSIS, DISEASE MONITORING, AND POSSIBLE CONTROL BY INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 3017  31 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. THE RELEVANCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. SO FAR, 240 RISK GENE LOCI HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH IBD. THEY ARE MAINLY INVOLVED IN REGULATING INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, AS WELL AS MAINTAINING INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER FUNCTION. HOWEVER, THE FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE IDENTIFIED GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS FOR IBD PATHOGENESIS IN VIVO ARE OFTEN UNKNOWN. EVEN LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN IBD PATHOGENESIS. THOUGH A NUMBER OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS SEEM TO BE CAUSATIVELY INVOLVED IBD PATHOGENESIS, OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF THOSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IS SCANTY. THIS OPENS UP A BROAD RESEARCH FIELD THAT GENERATES NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT SERVE NOT ONLY AS BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE ACTIVITY OR DISEASE COURSE, BUT ALSO AS NEW TARGETS IN THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS IN IBD PATIENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
11 4670  29 NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE COLONIC MUCOSA. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, GENETICS, INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ARE ALL INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBD. LATELY, ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MARKERS, AND NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION GREATLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENTIRE DISEASE. EPIGENETICS REGULATES MANY FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS MAINTAINING THE HOMEOSTASIS OF THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM AND REGULATING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF THE IMMUNE CELLS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE SYSTEMATICALLY SUMMARIZED THE LATEST ADVANCES IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF IBD AND HOW EPIGENETICS REVEALS NEW MECHANISMS OF IBD. OUR PRESENT REVIEW PROVIDED NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBD. MOREOVER, EXPLORING THE PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION THROUGH EPIGENETICS CAN NOT ONLY BE USED AS BIOMARKERS OF IBD BUT ALSO AS A NEW TARGET FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN IBD PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12 2952  20 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ETIOLOGY OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: AN UPDATE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A CHRONIC DISEASE WITH PERIODS OF EXACERBATION AND REMISSION OF THE DISEASE. THE ETIOLOGY OF IBD IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. MANY STUDIES POINT TO THE PRESENCE OF GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THEM IN THE OCCURRENCE OF IBD. THE REVIEW LOOKS AT GENETIC FACTORS IN THE CONTEXT OF BOTH IBD PREDISPOSITION AND PHARMACOGENETICS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 4365  40 MIRNA MOLECULES-LATE BREAKING TREATMENT FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES? MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ARE A GROUP OF NON-CODING RNAS THAT PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN REGULATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN INFLAMMATION-RELATED DISEASES. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBDS), WHICH PRIMARILY INCLUDE ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC) AND CROHN'S DISEASE (CD), ARE CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC RECURRENT INFLAMMATION OF INTESTINAL TISSUES. DUE TO THE MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY OF THESE DISEASES, THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TREATMENT STRATEGIES THAT CAN EFFECTIVELY MAINTAIN REMISSION AND ALLEVIATE DISEASE SYMPTOMS IS A MAJOR CHALLENGE. IN RECENT YEARS, EVIDENCE FOR THE REGULATORY ROLE OF MIRNAS IN THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF VARIOUS DISEASES, INCLUDING IBD, HAS BEEN ACCUMULATING. IN LIGHT OF THESE FINDINGS, MIRNAS REPRESENT POTENTIAL INNOVATIVE CANDIDATES FOR THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION IN IBD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS RECENT FINDINGS ON THE ROLE OF MIRNAS IN REGULATING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, MAINTAINING INTESTINAL BARRIER INTEGRITY, AND DEVELOPING FIBROSIS IN CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IBD. THE FOCUS IS ON THE EXISTING LITERATURE, INDICATING POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF MIRNAS IN BOTH PRECLINICAL EXPERIMENTAL IBD MODELS AND TRANSLATIONAL DATA IN THE CONTEXT OF CLINICAL IBD. TO DATE, A LARGE AND DIVERSE DATA SET, WHICH IS GROWING RAPIDLY, SUPPORTS THE POTENTIAL USE OF MIRNA-BASED THERAPIES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, ALTHOUGH MANY QUESTIONS REMAIN UNANSWERED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14 3690  43 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND PATHOGENESIS. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBDS) ARE COMPLEX, MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC RELAPSING INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH ETIOLOGY REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN, RECENT RESEARCH HAS SUGGESTED THAT GENETIC FACTORS, ENVIRONMENT, MICROBIOTA, AND IMMUNE RESPONSE ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC CONTRIBUTION IS DEFINED: 15% OF PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE (CD) HAVE AN AFFECTED FAMILY MEMBER WITH IBD, AND TWIN STUDIES FOR CD HAVE SHOWN 50% CONCORDANCE IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS COMPARED TO <10% IN DIZYGOTICS. THE MOST RECENT AND LARGEST GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES, WHICH EMPLOYED GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION DATA FOR OVER 75,000 PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, IDENTIFIED 163 SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI FOR IBD. MORE RECENTLY, A TRANS-ETHNIC ANALYSIS, INCLUDING OVER 20,000 INDIVIDUALS, IDENTIFIED AN ADDITIONAL 38 NEW IBD LOCI. ALTHOUGH MOST CASES ARE CORRELATED WITH POLYGENIC CONTRIBUTION TOWARD GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, THERE IS A SPECTRUM OF RARE GENETIC DISORDERS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY-ONSET IBD (BEFORE 5 YEARS) OR VERY EARLY ONSET IBD (BEFORE 2 YEARS). GENETIC VARIANTS THAT CAUSE THESE DISORDERS HAVE A WIDE EFFECT ON GENE FUNCTION. THESE VARIANTS ARE SO RARE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY THAT THE GENETIC SIGNALS ARE NOT DETECTED IN GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF PATIENTS WITH IBD. WITH RECENT ADVANCES IN SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES, ~50 GENETIC DISORDERS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND ASSOCIATED WITH IBD-LIKE IMMUNOPATHOLOGY. MONOGENIC DEFECTS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO ALTER INTESTINAL IMMUNE HOMEOSTASIS THROUGH MANY MECHANISMS. CANDIDATE GENE RESEQUENCING SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT IN EARLY-ONSET PATIENTS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE EVIDENCE THAT GENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE IN SMALL PART TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS CONFIRMS THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MICROBIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. EPIGENETIC FACTORS CAN MEDIATE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND GENOME. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS COULD AFFECT DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF IBD. EPIGENOMICS IS AN EMERGING FIELD, AND FUTURE STUDIES COULD PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15 2601  46 EPIGENETICS, DNA ORGANIZATION, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBDS) ARE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS AFFECTING THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. THE INCIDENCE OF IBD IS INCREASING, WITH MORE CASES OCCURRING IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. MULTIPLE FACTORS SUCH AS GENETICS, ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, GUT MICROBIOTA, AND IMMUNE ABNORMALITIES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT OF IBD. IN RECENT YEARS, IT HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY APPARENT THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF CHROMATIN AND THE MANNER IN WHICH CHROMATIN IS ORGANIZED IN THE NUCLEUS ARE ADDITIONALLY IMPORTANT ELEMENTS THAT CAN INFLUENCE RESPONSES INDUCED BY THE FACTORS DESCRIBED ABOVE, AND MAY THEREFORE CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONSET AND PATHOGENESIS OF IBD. EPIGENETICS AND CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION REGULATE DIVERSE FUNCTIONS THAT INCLUDE MAINTENANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS IN THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM, THE DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION OF IMMUNE CELLS, AND MODULATION OF RESPONSES GENERATED BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO DEFEND AGAINST POTENTIAL PATHOGENS. FURTHERMORE, CHANGES IN EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MARKS AND IN CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION HAVE NOW BEEN LINKED TO DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION IN IBD PATIENT CELLS. ALTHOUGH DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN IBD IS CURRENTLY VERY LIMITED, IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE LINKS BETWEEN VARIOUS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, THE PROTEINS THAT CATALYZE OR RECOGNIZE THESE MODIFICATIONS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OR PROGRESSION OF IBD IN HUMAN AND EXPERIMENTAL IBD. WE ALSO DISCUSS HOW EPIGENETICS INFLUENCE THE ORGANIZATION OF DNA CONTACTS TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND THE IMPLICATIONS THIS MAY HAVE FOR DIAGNOSING AND TREATING IBD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16 6821  40 [GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS IN IMMUNODEFICIENCIES WITH MONOGENIC ORIGIN]. ALTHOUGH VERY EARLY ONSET INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE THAT DEVELOPS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD (BEFORE THE AGE OF 6 YEARS) HAS A DIFFERENT ETIOLOGY FROM CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS, IT IS ALSO CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. BASICALLY, VERY EARLY ONSET INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS AN IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH MONOGENIC ORIGIN WHERE BOTH GASTROINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS AND SYMPTOMS OF IMMUNODEFICIENCIES MAY DEVELOP IN VARIABLE COMBINATIONS. HOWEVER, IN THE FUTURE, THE EVALUATION OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE BACKGROUND OF THE DISEASE WILL PROBABLY BE PERFORMED BY NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY; ONE SHOULD ALSO CONSIDER THAT THE SEQUENCE OF THE DNA STANDS IN CONTINUOUS INTERACTION WITH A WIDE VARIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, AMONG WHICH NUTRITION SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED BY ALL MEANS. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS THAT ARE INDUCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES THAT DEVELOP DURING CHILDHOOD, THEREFORE, THEY SHOULD ALSO BE IDENTIFIED DURING FURTHER RESEARCH. IT HAS A KEY SIGNIFICANCE TO ESTABLISH THE DIAGNOSIS OF VERY EARLY ONSET INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE, BECAUSE THIS COULD GIVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO START THE ADEQUATE TREATMENT WHICH IS BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN THE CASE OF MONOGENIC IMMUNODEFICIENCIES. ORV HETIL. 2018; 159(49): 2050-2056.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 3016  33 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF IBD. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHRONIC INTERMITTENT INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY BUT A CLEAR GENETIC PREDISPOSITION. PROMPTED BY THE FIRST INVESTIGATIONS ON IBD FAMILIES AND TWINS, THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE PRODUCED AN UNPRECEDENTED AMOUNT OF INFORMATION IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER IMMUNE-MEDIATED OR COMPLEX DISEASES. NEW INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS AND POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION HAVE BEEN DISCLOSED, POTENTIALLY LEADING TO NEW-TARGETED THERAPY. HOWEVER, THE IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC MARKERS DUE TO THE GREAT DISEASE HETEROGENEITY AND THE OVERWHELMING CONTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS HAS NOT MODIFIED YET THE DISEASE MANAGEMENT. THE POSSIBILITY FOR THE FUTURE OF A BETTER PREDICTION OF DISEASE COURSE, RESPONSE TO THERAPY AND THERAPY-RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS MAY ALLOW A MORE EFFICIENT AND PERSONALIZED STRATEGY. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON MORE RECENT DISCOVERIES THAT MAY POTENTIALLY BE OF RELEVANCE IN DAILY CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18 2875  28 FUNCTIONAL ROLE AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF MICRORNAS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBD) ARE CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES, PRIMARILY CONSISTING OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE. THE COMPLEX NATURE OF THE DISEASE, AS WELL AS THE LIMITED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS CHARACTERIZED BY LOW EFFICIENCY AND MAJOR SIDE EFFECTS, HIGHLIGHTS THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING NOVEL STRATEGIES OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN IBD. SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI RELATED TO IBD ARE PRESENT ONLY IN A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF IBD PATIENTS, IMPLYING THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS COULD INFLUENCE THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ARE SMALL NONCODING RNAS THAT REGULATE MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN IBD PATHOBIOLOGY. MIRNA INHIBITORS TARGETING THE IBD-ACTIVATED MIRNAS COULD HAVE THERAPEUTIC VALUE FOR IBD PATIENTS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE RECENT ADVANCES IN MIRNA BIOLOGY RELATED TO IBD PATHOGENESIS AND THE PHARMACOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MIRNA-BASED THERAPEUTICS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19 2578  45 EPIGENETICS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES ARE MULTIFACTORIAL, CHRONIC, CONTINUOUS, RELAPSING, AND IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. IT HAS BEEN BELIEVED THAT MECHANISMS UNDERLYING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES INCLUDE GENETIC PREDISPOSITION, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AND ALTERED IMMUNE RESPONSE TO THE GUT MICROBIOME. THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION TAKES PLACE VIA CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING PHOSPHORYLATION, ACETYLATION, METHYLATION, SUMOYLATION, AND UBIQUITINATION. THE METHYLATION LEVELS OF COLONIC TISSUE WERE FOUND WELL CORRELATED TO BLOOD SAMPLES IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. MOREOVER, THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF SPECIFIC GENES WAS DIFFERENT BETWEEN CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE ENZYMES AFFECTING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS LIKE HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES DO NOT ACT SOLELY ON HISTONES BUT ALSO AFFECT THE ACETYLATION OF MANY PROTEINS SUCH AS P53 AND STAT3. IT HAS BEEN ALREADY SHOWN THAT A NONSELECTIVE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, VORINOSTAT (SAHA), WHICH IS CURRENTLY BEING USED IN SEVERAL CANCER TREATMENTS, SHOWED ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES IN MOUSE MODELS. AMONG EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, LONG NON-CODING RNAS AND MICRORNAS PLAY SIGNIFICANT ROLES IN T-CELL MATURATION, DIFFERENTIATION, ACTIVATION, AND SENILITY. THE LONG NON-CODING RNA AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION PROFILES CAN PERFECTLY SEPARATE INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE PATIENTS FROM HEALTHY CONTROLS AND ARE REMARKED AS BIOMARKERS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. OVERALL, MANY STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC INHIBITORS CAN TARGET SIGNIFICANT SIGNAL PATHWAYS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, AND THE IMPACT OF EPIGENETIC INHIBITORS IS BEING STUDIED IN CLINICAL TRIALS. IN CONCLUSION, EXPLORING MORE EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS REGARDING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE PATHOGENESIS WILL HELP US TO DISCOVER THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND NEW DRUGS AND AGENTS TARGETING MIRNAS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. IN GENERAL, DISCOVERING EPIGENETIC TARGETS COULD IMPROVE THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 6353  30 THE ROLE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN INTESTINAL FIBROSIS IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: A DESCENDING PROCESS OR A PROGRAMMED CONSEQUENCE? INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES (IBDS) ARE A GROUP OF CHRONIC DISEASES CHARACTERIZED BY RECURRING PERIODS OF EXACERBATION AND REMISSION. FIBROSIS OF THE INTESTINE IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON COMPLICATIONS OF IBD. BASED ON CURRENT ANALYSES, IT IS EVIDENT THAT GENETIC FACTORS AND MECHANISMS, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC FACTORS, PLAY A ROLE IN THE INDUCTION AND PROGRESSION OF INTESTINAL FIBROSIS IN IBD. KEY GENETIC FACTORS AND MECHANISMS THAT APPEAR TO BE SIGNIFICANT INCLUDE NOD2, TGF-BETA, TLRS, IL23R, AND ATG16L1. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) INTERFERENCE ARE THE PRIMARY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH SEEM TO BE IMPORTANT IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PROGRESSION OF IBD, MAY POTENTIALLY BE USED IN TARGETED THERAPY IN THE FUTURE. THEREFORE, THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO GATHER AND DISCUSS SELECTED MECHANISMS AND GENETIC FACTORS, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC FACTORS.	2023