1 5764 155 SORAFENIB ATTENUATES FIBROTIC HEPATIC INJURY THROUGH MEDIATING LYSINE CROTONYLATION. BACKGROUND: LIVER FIBROSIS IS AN INDEPENDENT CONTRIBUTOR OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, AND REGRESSING LIVER FIBROSIS IS CONSIDERED A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES. WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE EFFECTS AND MECHANISM OF SORAFENIB IN LIVER FIBROSIS. METHODS: MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY (SD) RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCL(4)) FOR 8 WEEKS TO INDUCE LIVER FIBROSIS AND THEN TREATED WITH SORAFENIB. THE DEGREE OF LIVER FIBROSIS WAS ANALYZED BY HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN (H&E) STAINING, MASSON STAINING, AND PICROSIRIUS RED (PSR) STAINING. SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES WERE DETECTED BY FULLY AUTOMATIC BIOCHEMICAL ANALYZER OR ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QRT-PCR) WAS PERFORMED TO DETECT THE EXPRESSION OF PRO-FIBROTIC GENES. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING AND WESTERN BLOTTING WERE CARRIED OUT TO EVALUATE THE LEVELS OF LYSINE CROTONYLATION. RESULTS: LIVER INDEX WAS REDUCED WITH ORAL SORAFENIB IN CCL(4)-INDUCED RATS. SERUM LIVER FUNCTION (ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT), ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (AST), AND TOTAL BILIRUBIN (TBIL)) AND FIBROSIS INDICATORS (TYPE III PROCOLLAGEN (PC-III), HYALURONIC ACID (HA), AND LAMININ (LN)) WERE ATTENUATED WITH SORAFENIB TREATMENT. SORAFENIB IMPROVED THE HEPATIC STRUCTURE AND FIBROTIC PROGRESSION. THE EXPRESSION OF FIBROSIS-RELATED GENES WAS REMARKELY REDUCED WITH SORAFENIB TREATMENT. MEANWHILE, SORAFENIB INHIBITED ALPHA-SMA AND COLLAGEN I CUMULATION INDUCED BY CCL(4) INJECTION. BESIDES, PROTEIN LYSINE CROTONYLATION ESPECIALLY THE CROTONYLATED H2BK12 (H2BK12CR) AND CROTONYLATED H3K18 (H3K18CR) WERE REVERSED BY SORAFENIB, WHICH WERE DECREASED IN RESPONSE TO CCL(4) TREATMENT. SPEARMAN CORRELATION ANALYSIS SHOWN LYSINE CROTONYLATION EXPRESSION WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH SERUM FIBROTIC INDICATORS. CONVERSELY, CROTONYLATION-REGULATED ENZYMES, WHICH NEGATIVELY REGULATE PROTEIN CROTONYLATION, WERE INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO CCL(4) TREATMENT, WHILE SORAFENIB REDUCED THEIR EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: SORAFENIB EXERTS SIGNIFICANT ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS THROUGH MEDIATING CROTONYLATION-REGULATED ENZYMES AND PROTEIN CROTONYLATION IN FIBROTIC RATS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2  614  36 BINGE ALCOHOL-INDUCED MICROVESICULAR LIVER STEATOSIS AND INJURY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC HDAC 1, 7, 9, 10, 11 AND UP-REGULATION OF HDAC 3. BACKGROUND: BINGE, AS WELL AS CHRONIC, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AFFECTS GLOBAL HISTONE ACETYLATION LEADING TO CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY EVIDENT THAT THESE HISTONE-ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL-MEDIATED HEPATIC INJURY. METHODS: C57BL/6 MICE WERE GAVAGED 3 TIMES (12-HOUR INTERVALS) WITH ETHANOL (ETOH; 4.5 G/KG). HEPATIC HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MRNAS WERE ASSESSED BY QRT-PCR. TOTAL HDAC ACTIVITY WAS ESTIMATED BY A COLORIMETRIC HDAC ACTIVITY/INHIBITION ASSAY. HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS WERE EVALUATED BY WESTERN BLOT. LIVER STEATOSIS AND INJURY WERE EVALUATED BY HISTOPATHOLOGY, PLASMA AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) ACTIVITY, AND LIVER TRIGLYCERIDE ACCUMULATION. EXPRESSION OF FATTY ACID SYNTHASE (FAS) AND CARNITINE PALMITOYL TRANSFERASE 1A (CPT1A) WAS ALSO EXAMINED. HDAC 9 ASSOCIATION WITH FAS PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED. RESULTS: BINGE ALCOHOL EXPOSURE RESULTED IN ALTERATIONS OF HEPATIC HDAC MRNA LEVELS. DOWN-REGULATION OF HDAC CLASS I (HDAC 1), CLASS II (HDAC 7, 9, 10), AND CLASS IV (HDAC 11) AND UP-REGULATION OF HDAC CLASS I (HDAC 3) GENE EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED. CORRESPONDENT TO THE DECREASE IN HDAC ACTIVITY, AN INCREASE IN HEPATIC HISTONE ACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED. THESE MOLECULAR EVENTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH MICROVESICULAR HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND INJURY CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED HEPATIC TRIGLYCERIDES (48.02 +/- 3.83 VS. 19.90 +/- 3.48 MG/G LIVER, P < 0.05) AND ELEVATED PLASMA ALT ACTIVITY (51.98 +/- 6.91 VS. 20.8 +/- 0.62 U/L, P < 0.05). HEPATIC STEATOSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN FAS AND A DECREASE IN CPT1A MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION. FAS PROMOTER ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT BINGE ETOH TREATMENT DECREASED HDAC 9 OCCUPANCY AT THE FAS PROMOTER RESULTING IN ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. CONCLUSIONS: DEREGULATION OF HEPATIC HDAC EXPRESSION LIKELY PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN THE BINGE ALCOHOL-INDUCED HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND LIVER INJURY BY AFFECTING LIPOGENESIS AND FATTY ACID BETA-OXIDATION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3 4159  40 MECP2 CONTROLS AN EPIGENETIC PATHWAY THAT PROMOTES MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION AND FIBROSIS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION GENERATES HEPATIC MYOFIBROBLASTS, WHICH PROMOTE LIVER FIBROGENESIS. THE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA (PPARGAMMA) IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF THIS PROCESS. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PPARGAMMA AND MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS ASSESSED THE BINDING OF METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) TO PPARGAMMA AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS THAT SILENCE THIS GENE. MECP2(-/Y) MICE AND AN INHIBITOR (DZNEP) OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PROTEIN EZH2 WERE USED IN THE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE MODEL OF LIVER FIBROSIS. LIVER TISSUES FROM MICE WERE ASSESSED BY HISTOLOGIC ANALYSIS; MARKERS OF FIBROSIS WERE MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR). REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR DETECTED CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF THE MICRORNA MIR132 AND ITS TARGET, ELONGATED TRANSCRIPTS OF MECP2. MYOFIBROBLASTS WERE TRANSFECTED WITH MIR132; PPARGAMMA AND MECP2 EXPRESSIONS WERE ANALYZED BY QPCR OR IMMUNOBLOTTING. RESULTS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IS CONTROLLED BY A COMBINATION OF MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132 IN A RELAY PATHWAY. THE PATHWAY IS ACTIVATED BY DOWN-REGULATION OF MIR132, RELEASING THE TRANSLATIONAL BLOCK ON MECP2. MECP2 IS RECRUITED TO THE 5' END OF PPARGAMMA, WHERE IT PROMOTES METHYLATION BY H3K9 AND RECRUITS THE TRANSCRIPTION REPRESSOR HP1ALPHA. MECP2 ALSO STIMULATES EXPRESSION OF EZH2 AND METHYLATION OF H3K27 TO FORM A REPRESSIVE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN THE 3' EXONS OF PPARGAMMA. GENETIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC DISRUPTIONS OF MECP2 OR EZH2 REDUCED THE FIBROGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MYOFIBROBLASTS AND ATTENUATED FIBROGENESIS. CONCLUSIONS: LIVER FIBROSIS IS REGULATED BY AN EPIGENETIC RELAY PATHWAY THAT INCLUDES MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132. REAGENTS THAT INTERFERE WITH THIS PATHWAY MIGHT BE DEVELOPED TO REDUCE FIBROGENESIS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4 1236  34 CURCUMIN AMELIORATES NEPHROSCLEROSIS VIA SUPPRESSION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION INDEPENDENT OF HYPERTENSION. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH HISTONE ACETYLATION, AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, HAS BEEN REPORTED TO BE RELATED TO THE PROGRESSION OF VARIOUS DISEASES, ITS INVOLVEMENT IN NEPHROSCLEROSIS IS UNCLEAR. METHODS: DAHL SALT-SENSITIVE RATS WERE USED AS A MODEL OF NEPHROSCLEROSIS IN THIS STUDY. THE RATS WERE DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS: (I) NORMAL-SALT DIET GROUP, (II) HIGH-SALT DIET GROUP (HS), AND (III) HS ADMINISTERED DAILY WITH CURCUMIN, A HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (HS+C). AT 6 WEEKS AFTER THE TREATMENT, THE KIDNEYS WERE DISSECTED. MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES WERE ASSESSED BY MASSON'S TRICHROME STAINING. THE NUMBER OF MACROPHAGES, FIBROBLASTS AND THE CELLS EXPRESSING ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 AT LYS 9 (H3K9) WERE ASSESSED BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. RESULTS: ALTHOUGH BOTH HS AND HS+C RATS REVEALED A MARKED INCREASE IN SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE, SERUM CREATININE WAS INCREASED ONLY IN HS RATS AT 6 WEEKS. IN THE HS RATS, NEPHROSCLEROSIS WAS INDUCED, ACCOMPANYING A SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION OF MACROPHAGES AND FIBROBLASTS. THE INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS WAS MARKEDLY SUPPRESSED IN THE HS+C GROUP. THE LEVEL OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AT LYS 9 WAS ENHANCED IN THE HS RATS, WHEREAS CURCUMIN ADMINISTRATION SUPPRESSED THE HISTONE ACETYLATION. MOREOVER, IN THE HS RATS, INTERLEUKIN-6 GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ACETYLATED H3K9, AS REVEALED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT CURCUMIN AMELIORATES NEPHROSCLEROSIS VIA SUPPRESSION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, INDEPENDENTLY OF HYPERTENSION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5  692  37 BRD4 PROMOTES HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS ACTIVATION AND HEPATIC FIBROSIS VIA MEDIATING P300/H3K27AC/PLK1 AXIS. HEPATIC FIBROSIS (HF) IS A REVERSIBLE WOUND-HEALING RESPONSE CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESSIVE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) DEPOSITION AND SECONDARY TO PERSISTENT CHRONIC INJURY. BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) COMMONLY FUNCTIONS AS A "READER" TO REGULATE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL EVENTS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF HF REMAINS UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE ESTABLISHED A CCL(4)-INDUCED HF MODEL AND SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY MODEL IN MICE AND FOUND ABERRANT BRD4 EXPRESSION, WHICH WAS CONSISTENT WITH THE RESULTS IN HUMAN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS)- LX2 CELLS IN VITRO. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE FOUND THAT DISTRICTION AND INHIBITION OF BRD4 RESTRAINED TGFBETA-INDUCED TRANS-DIFFERENTIATION OF LX2 CELLS INTO ACTIVATED, PROLIFERATIVE MYOFIBROBLASTS AND ACCELERATED APOPTOSIS, AND BRD4 OVEREXPRESSION BLOCKED MDI-INDUCED LX2 CELLS INACTIVATION AND PROMOTED THE PROLIFERATION AND INHIBITED APOPTOSIS OF INACTIVATED CELLS. ADDITIONALLY, ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRUS SEROTYPE 8-LOADED SHORT HAIRPIN RNA-MEDIATED BRD4 KNOCKDOWN IN MICE SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATED CCL(4)-INDUCED FIBROTIC RESPONSES INCLUDING HSCS ACTIVATION AND COLLAGEN DEPOSITION. MECHANISTICALLY, BRD4 DEFICIENCY INHIBITED PLK1 EXPRESSION IN ACTIVATED LX2 CELLS, AND CHIP AND CO-IP ASSAYS REVEALED THAT BRD4 REGULATION OF PLK1 WAS DEPENDENT ON P300-MEDIATED ACETYLATION MODIFICATION FOR H3K27 ON THE PLK1 PROMOTER. IN CONCLUSION, BRD4 DEFICIENCY IN THE LIVER ALLEVIATES CCL(4)-INDUCED HF IN MICE, AND BRD4 PARTICIPATES IN THE ACTIVATION AND REVERSAL OF HSCS THROUGH POSITIVELY REGULATING THE P300/H3K27AC/PLK1 AXIS, PROVIDING A POTENTIAL INSIGHT FOR HF THERAPY.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6 2774  34 EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD) REGULATES GENE METHYLATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS DURING CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS. CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAINLY DNA METHYLATION IN CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS, INACTIVATING TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (RASSF1A) AND ACTIVATING KINASES (ERK1/2) LEADING TO FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS. THE RAS/ERK SIGNALING PATHWAY IS AN INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION. RASSF1A FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS EFFECT ON DOWNSTREAM ERK1/2. THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME, EXTRACELLULAR SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (EC-SOD), DECREASES OXIDATIVE STRESS FROM CHRONIC HYPOXIA, BUT ITS EFFECTS ON THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY EXPLORED. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN-VITRO MODEL: WILD-TYPE C57B6 MALE MICE (WT) AND TRANSGENIC MALES WITH AN EXTRA COPY OF HUMAN HEC-SOD (TG). THE STUDIED ANIMALS WERE HOUSED IN HYPOXIA (10% O(2)) FOR 21 DAYS. THE RIGHT VENTRICULAR TISSUE WAS STUDIED FOR CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS USING RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSES. PRIMARY C57BL6 MOUSE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE WAS USED TO STUDY THE IN-VITRO MODEL, THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF RASSF-1 EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION, AND ITS RELATION TO ERK1/2. OUR FINDINGS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN CARDIAC FIBROSIS MARKERS: COLLAGEN 1, ALPHA SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ASMA), AND SNAIL, IN THE WT HYPOXIC ANIMALS AS COMPARED TO THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP (P < 0.05). THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION ENZYMES (DNMT 1&3B) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN THE WT HYPOXIC MICE AS COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG MICE (P < 0.001). RASSF1A EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER AND ERK1/2 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN HYPOXIA WT COMPARED TO THE HYPOXIC TG GROUP (P < 0.05). USE OF SIRNA TO BLOCK RASSF1A GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST TISSUE CULTURE LED TO INCREASED FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION (P < 0.05). METHYLATION OF THE RASSF1A PROMOTER REGION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN THE TG HYPOXIC GROUP COMPARED TO THE WT HYPOXIC GROUP (0.59 VS. 0.75, RESPECTIVELY). BASED ON OUR FINDINGS, WE CAN SPECULATE THAT EC-SOD SIGNIFICANTLY ATTENUATES RASSF1A GENE METHYLATION AND CAN ALLEVIATE CARDIAC FIBROSIS INDUCED BY HYPOXIA.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7 2590  39 EPIGENETICS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE LIVER OF RATS FED ETHANOL CHRONICALLY. AIM: TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL-INDUCED PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AND THE EFFECTS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: RATS WERE FED ETHANOL FOR 1 MO USING THE TSUKAMOTO-FRENCH MODEL AND WERE COMPARED TO RATS GIVEN THE PROTEASOME INHIBITOR PS-341 (BORTEZOMIB, VELCADE(TM)) BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS AND REAL TIME PCR WERE PERFORMED AND PROTEASOME ACTIVITY ASSAYS AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED USING ISOLATED NUCLEI. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF THE UBIQUITIN PROTEASOME PATHWAY IN THE NUCLEUS, WHICH LED TO CHANGES IN THE TURNOVER OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS, HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, AFFECTED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING WAS RELATED TO AN INCREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION, AND IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE PROTEASOME PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY REGULATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY CONTROLLING THE STABILITY OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, REGULATED THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, ALLOWING EASY ACCESS TO CHROMATIN BY RNA POLYMERASE, AND, THUS, PROPER GENE EXPRESSION. PROTEASOME INHIBITION BY PS-341 INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION SIMILAR TO CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. IN ADDITION, PROTEASOME INHIBITION CAUSED DRAMATIC CHANGES IN HEPATIC REMETHYLATION REACTIONS AS THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGENERATION OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, AND, IN PARTICULAR, A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE BETAINE-HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME. THIS SUGGESTED THAT HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AS INDICATED BY THE DECREASE IN HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE ROLE OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN REGULATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND ITS LINK TO LIVER INJURY IN ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE, IS THUS A PROMISING APPROACH TO STUDY LIVER INJURY DUE TO CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 1826  43 EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN HUMAN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE SINONASAL MUCOSA AND INVOLVES MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS INCLUDING TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) HAS BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION IN LUNG AND RENAL FIBROBLASTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TSA ON MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP ORGAN CULTURES. METHODS: NASAL POLYP TISSUES FROM 18 PATIENTS WERE ACQUIRED DURING ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY. AFTER ORGAN CULTURE, NASAL POLYPS WERE STIMULATED WITH TGF-BETA1 AND THEN TREATED WITH TSA. ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE I EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR), REAL-TIME PCR, WESTERN BLOT, AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. HDAC2, HDAC4, AND ACETYLATED H4 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSAYED BY WESTERN BLOT. CYTOTOXICITY WAS ANALYZED BY THE TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE BIOTIN-DUTP NICK END LABELING ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF ALPHA-SMA, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN TYPE 1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP AFTER TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF) BETA1 TREATMENT. TSA-INHIBITED TGF-BETA1 INDUCED THESE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS. FURTHERMORE, TSA SUPPRESSED PROTEIN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2 AND HDAC4. HOWEVER, TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES H4. TREATMENT WITH TGF-BETA1 WITH OR WITHOUT TSA DID NOT HAVE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM PRODUCTION OF NASAL POLYP. TSA COULD BE A CANDIDATE OF A THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR REVERSING THE TGF-BETA1-INDUCED ECM SYNTHESIS THAT LEADS TO NASAL POLYP DEVELOPMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9 3944  36 LNCRNA H19-EZH2 INTERACTION PROMOTES LIVER FIBROSIS VIA REPROGRAMMING H3K27ME3 PROFILES. LIVER FIBROSIS IS A WOUND-HEALING PROCESS CHARACTERIZED BY EXCESS FORMATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) FROM ACTIVATED HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS). PREVIOUS STUDIES SHOW THAT BOTH EZH2, AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT CATALYZES LYSINE 27 TRIMETHYLATION ON HISTONE 3 (H3K27ME3), AND LONG NON-CODING RNA H19 ARE HIGHLY CORRELATED WITH FIBROGENESIS. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. VARIOUS MODELS OF LIVER FIBROSIS INCLUDING MDR2(-/-), BILE DUCT LIGATION (BDL) AND CCL(4) MICE WERE ADAPTED. WE FOUND THAT EZH2 WAS MARKEDLY UPREGULATED AND CORRELATED WITH H19 AND FIBROTIC MARKERS EXPRESSION IN THESE MODELS. ADMINISTRATION OF EZH2 INHIBITOR 3-DZNEP CAUSED SIGNIFICANT PROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN THESE MODELS. FURTHERMORE, TREATMENT WITH 3-DZNEP OR GSK126 SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED PRIMARY HSC ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION IN TGF-BETA-TREATED HSCS AND H19-OVEREXPREESING LX2 CELLS IN VIVO. USING RNA-PULL DOWN ASSAY COMBINED WITH RNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT H19 COULD DIRECTLY BIND TO EZH2. INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF RNA-SEQUENCING (RNA-SEQ) AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) FURTHER REVEALED THAT H19 REGULATED THE REPROGRAMMING OF EZH2-MEDIATED H3K27ME3 PROFILES, WHICH EPIGENETICALLY PROMOTED SEVERAL PATHWAYS FAVORING HSCS ACTIVATION AND PROLIFERATION, INCLUDING EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING. IN CONCLUSION, HIGHLY EXPRESSED H19 IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES PROMOTES FIBROGENESIS BY REPROGRAMMING EZH2-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HSCS ACTIVATION. TARGETING THE H19-EZH2 INTERACTION MAY SERVE AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACH FOR LIVER FIBROSIS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 5850  40 SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA) REDUCES FIBROSIS MARKERS AND DEACTIVATES HUMAN STELLATE CELLS VIA THE EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). HEPATIC FIBROSIS IS KNOWN AS THE ACCUMULATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE SECONDARY TO CHRONIC DAMAGE TO THE LIVER. EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) CORRESPONDING INCREASE IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS WAS SHOWN WITH IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AND PCR-BASED STUDIES. SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), A SYNTHETIC COMPOUND APPROVED AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDAC) BY THE FDA TO TREAT CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA IS UNDER INVESTIGATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF LUNG AND RENAL FIBROSIS. EXPERIMENTAL MODELING FOR HEPATIC FIBROSIS CAN BE CONSTRUCTED WITH AN LX2 CELL LINE ISOLATED FROM HUMAN HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE MODULATION OF SAHA IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS BY DETECTING THE LEVELS OF PROTEINS; (E-CADHERIN (E-CAD), N-CADHERIN (N-CAD), VIMENTIN (VIM), AND GENES; E-CAD, N-CAD, VIM, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA), ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (ALPHA-SMA), TYPE 1 COLLAGEN (COL1A1), TYPE 3 COLLAGEN (COL3A1)) THAT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN EMT WITH THE LX2 CELL LINE. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE ACTION OF SAHA WITH CELL PROLIFERATION, CLONOGENIC, AND MIGRATION ASSAY. CELL PROLIFERATION WAS PERFORMED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY. ALL THE PROTEIN LEVELS WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS, AND GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE MEASURED BY REAL-TIME PCR. OUR STUDY OBSERVED THAT SAHA TREATMENT DECREASED CELL VIABILITY, COLONY FORMATION AND MIGRATION IN LX2 CELLS. WE FOUND THAT SAHA INCREASED E-CAD EXPRESSION LEVEL, WHILE IT DECREASED N-CAD, VIM, COL1A1, COL3A1, ALPHA-SMA TGF-BETA GENES EXPRESSION LEVELS. SAHA DECREASED THE LEVEL OF E-CAD, N-CAD, AND VIM PROTEIN LEVELS. WE THOUGHT THAT SAHA POSSESSES POTENT ANTIFIBROTIC AND ANTI-EMT PROPERTIES IN LX2.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11 1905  41 ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 CONTRIBUTES TO APOPTOSIS BY INACTIVATING JANUS KINASE 2/ SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION SIGNALING IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. BACKGROUND: INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) IS A PREVALENT WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM FEATURED BY RELAPSING, CHRONIC GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATION. ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) IS A CRITICAL EPIGENETIC REGULATOR IN DIFFERENT PATHOLOGICAL MODELS, SUCH AS CANCER AND INFLAMMATION. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF EZH2 IN THE IBD DEVELOPMENT IS STILL OBSCURE. AIM: TO EXPLORE THE EFFECT OF EZH2 ON IBD PROGRESSION AND THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM. METHODS: THE IBD MOUSE MODEL WAS CONDUCTED BY ADDING DEXTRAN SODIUM SULFATE (DSS), AND THE EFFECT OF EZH2 ON DSS-INDUCED COLITIS WAS ASSESSED IN THE MODEL. THE FUNCTION OF EZH2 IN REGULATING APOPTOSIS AND PERMEABILITY WAS EVALUATED BY ANNEXIN V-FITC APOPTOSIS DETECTION KIT, TRANSEPITHELIAL ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE ANALYSIS, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS OF RELATED MARKERS, INCLUDING ZONA OCCLUDENS 1, CLAUDIN-5, AND OCCLUDIN, IN NCM460 AND FETAL HUMAN COLON (FHC) CELLS. THE MECHANICAL INVESTIGATION WAS PERFORMED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS, AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. RESULTS: THE COLON LENGTH WAS INHIBITED IN THE DSS-TREATED MICE AND WAS ENHANCED BY THE EZH2 DEPLETION IN THE SYSTEM. DSS TREATMENT CAUSED A DECREASED HISTOLOGICAL SCORE IN THE MICE, WHICH WAS REVERSED BY EZH2 DEPLETION. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, SUCH AS TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, INTERLEUKIN-6, AND INTERLEUKIN-1BETA, WERE INDUCED IN THE DSS-TREATED MICE, IN WHICH THE DEPLETION OF EZH2 COULD REVERSE THIS EFFECT. MOREOVER, THE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA TREATMENT INDUCED THE APOPTOSIS OF NCM460 AND FHC CELLS, IN WHICH EZH2 DEPLETION COULD REVERSE THIS EFFECT IN THE CELLS. MOREOVER, THE DEPLETION OF EZH2 ATTENUATED PERMEABILITY OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. MECHANICALLY, THE DEPLETION OF EZH2 OR EZH2 INHIBITOR GSK343 WAS ABLE TO ENHANCE THE EXPRESSION AND THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF JANUS KINASE 2 (JK2) AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION IN THE NCM460 AND FHC CELLS. SPECIFICALLY, EZH2 INACTIVATED JAK2 EXPRESSION BY REGULATING HISTONE H3K27ME3. JAK2 INHIBITOR TG101348 WAS ABLE TO REVERSE EZH2 KNOCKDOWN-MEDIATED COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELL PERMEABILITY AND APOPTOSIS. CONCLUSION: THUS, WE CONCLUDED THAT EZH2 CONTRIBUTED TO APOPTOSIS AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE BY INACTIVATING JAK2/ SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION SIGNALING IN IBD. EZH2 MAY BE APPLIED AS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR IBD THERAPY.	2021	

12  531  45 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	
                                                
13 1906  34 ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2-CATALYSED H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE VIA TNF-MEDIATED PATHWAY. ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE IS MAINLY DUE TO HOST IMMUNITY SELF-DESTRUCTION. THE HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) TRIMETHYLATING ENZYME, ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) MEDIATES EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF GENE EXPRESSION AND REGULATES IMMUNITY, ALSO INVOLVES PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL LIVER DISEASES. THE CURRENT STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE ROLE OF METHYLTRANSFERASE EZH2 AND ITS CATALYSED H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27ME3) IN LIVER FAILURE, AND TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL TARGET FOR LIVER FAILURE TREATMENT. EZH2 AND ITS CATALYSED H3K27ME3 WERE DETERMINED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMC) FROM LIVER FAILURE PATIENTS AND KUPFFER CELLS FROM EXPERIMENTAL MICE. FURTHERMORE, GSK126 (AN INHIBITOR FOR EZH2 TRIMETHYLATION FUNCTION) WAS APPLIED IN LIVER FAILURE MICE IN VIVO, AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN VITRO. EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN HUMAN PBMC FROM LIVER FAILURE PATIENTS OR MURINE KUPFFER CELLS FROM THE LIVER FAILURE ANIMALS, RESPECTIVELY. GSK126 AMELIORATED DISEASE SEVERITY IN LIVER FAILURE MICE, WHICH MAYBE ATTRIBUTE TO DOWN-REGULATE CIRCULATING AND HEPATIC PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, ESPECIALLY TNF VIA REDUCING H3K27ME3. IN-DEPTH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS UNRAVELLED THAT DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF H3K27ME3 ON TNF PROMOTOR, RESULTING IN TNF ELEVATION IN KUPFFER CELLS FROM LIVER FAILURE MICE. NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND PROTEIN KINASE B (AKT) SIGNALLING PATHWAYS WERE ACTIVATED UPON LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE STIMULATION, BUT ATTENUATED BY USING GSK126, ACCOMPANIED WITH DECREASED TNF IN VITRO. IN CONCLUSION, EZH2 AND H3K27ME3 CONTRIBUTED TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FAILURE VIA TRIGGERING TNF AND OTHER INDISPENSABLE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. EZH2 WAS TO MODIFY H3K27ME3 ENRICHMENT, AS WELL AS, ACTIVATION OF THE DOWNSTREAM NF-KAPPAB AND AKT SIGNALLING PATHWAYS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14 2349  37 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PRODUCTION IN NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS. BACKGROUND: NASAL POLYPOSIS IS A MULTI-FACTORIAL DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES. MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) ACCUMULATION ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF NASAL POLYPOSIS. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), A HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, ON TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA1-INDUCED MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND ECM ACCUMULATION IN NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS (NPDFS). METHODS: NASAL POLYP-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS WERE ISOLATED FROM NASAL POLYPS OF PATIENTS WHO HAVE CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYP. TSA WAS TREATED IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS. EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2, ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN (SMA), TGF-BETA1, COLLAGEN TYPE I, ACETYLATED HISTONE H3, ACETYLATED HISTONE H4, PHOSPHORYLATED SMAD2/3 AND SMAD7 WERE DETERMINED BY RT-PCR, WESTERN BLOT AND/OR IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING. THE TOTAL COLLAGEN AMOUNT PRODUCTION WAS ANALYSED BY SIRCOL SOLUBLE COLLAGEN ASSAY AND CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY WAS MEASURED BY COLLAGEN GEL CONTRACTION ASSAY. HDAC2 INHIBITION BY TSA OR HDAC2 SILENCING WAS ESTABLISHED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT ON ALPHA-SMA GENE INACTIVATION WAS EXAMINED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY. PROLIFERATION WAS DETERMINED BY KI67-POSITIVE CELL STAINING AND CYTOTOXICITY WAS ASSESSED BY 3-(4,5- DIMETHYLTHIAZOL-2YL)-2,5-DIPHENYL-2H-TETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE (MTT) ASSAY. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HDAC2, ALPHA-SMA AND TGF-BETA1 WERE INCREASED IN NASAL POLYP TISSUES COMPARED TO NORMAL INFERIOR TURBINATE TISSUES. TSA AND HDAC2 SILENCING INHIBITED EXPRESSION LEVELS ALPHA-SMA, COLLAGEN AND HDAC2. TSA INDUCED HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONE AND SUPPRESSED OPENING OF ALPHA-SMA GENE PROMOTER IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS. TSA INHIBITED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED SMAD 2/3 AND RESCUED TGF-BETA1-SUPPRESSED SMAD7 SIGNALLING PATHWAY. FINALLY, TSA BLOCKED PROLIFERATION IN TGF-BETA1-INDUCED NPDFS AND HAS NO CYTOTOXIC EFFECT IN NPDFS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDAC INHIBITION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MYOFIBROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND EXTRACELLUAR MATRIX ACCUMULATION IN NASAL POLYPOSIS. TSA MAY BE USEFUL AS AN INHIBITOR OF NASAL POLYP GROWTH, AND THUS HAS POTENTIAL TO BE USED AS A NOVEL TREATMENT OPTION FOR NASAL POLYPOSIS.	2012	
                                                                                                                  
15 2825  41 FLOW-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF IGFBP5 EXPRESSION BY H3K27ME3 CONTRIBUTES TO ENDOTHELIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. RATIONALE: ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND EPIGENETIC DISEASE THAT IS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF BLOOD FLOW. HOWEVER, THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM WHEREBY ATHEROPROTECTIVE FLOW CONTROLS ENDOTHELIAL GENE PROGRAMMING REMAINS ELUSIVE. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBILITY THAT FLOW ALTERS ENDOTHELIAL GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: EN FACE STAINING AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO DETECT PROTEIN EXPRESSION. REAL-TIME PCR WAS USED TO DETERMINE RELATIVE GENE EXPRESSION. RNA-SEQUENCING OF HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TREATED WITH SIRNA OF ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2) OR LAMINAR FLOW WAS USED FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING. RESULTS: WE FOUND THAT TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3), A REPRESSIVE EPIGENETIC MARK THAT ORCHESTRATES GENE REPRESSION, WAS REDUCED IN LAMINAR FLOW AREAS OF MOUSE AORTA AND FLOW-TREATED HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. THE DECREASE OF H3K27ME3 PARALLELED A REDUCTION IN THE EPIGENETIC "WRITER"-EZH2, THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2). MOREOVER, LAMINAR FLOW DECREASED EXPRESSION OF EZH2 VIA MECHANOSENSITIVE MIR101. GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILING STUDIES IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TREATED WITH EZH2 SIRNA AND FLOW REVEALED THE UPREGULATION OF NOVEL MECHANOSENSITIVE GENE IGFBP5 (INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN 5), WHICH IS EPIGENETICALLY SILENCED BY H3K27ME3. FUNCTIONALLY, INHIBITION OF H3K27ME3 BY EZH2 SIRNA OR GSK126 (A SPECIFIC EZH2 INHIBITOR) REDUCED H3K27ME3 LEVELS AND MONOCYTE ADHESION TO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. ADENOVIRAL OVEREXPRESSION OF IGFBP5 ALSO RECAPITULATED THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF H3K27ME3 INHIBITION. MORE IMPORTANTLY, WE OBSERVED EZH2 UPREGULATION, AND IGFBP5 DOWNREGULATION, IN ADVANCED ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES FROM HUMAN PATIENTS. CONCLUSION: TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THAT ATHEROPROTECTIVE FLOW REDUCES H3K27ME3 AS A CHROMATIN-BASED MECHANISM TO AUGMENT THE EXPRESSION OF GENES THAT CONFER AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE ENDOTHELIUM. OUR STUDY EXEMPLIFIES FLOW-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ENDOTHELIAL GENE EXPRESSION, AND ALSO SUGGESTS THAT TARGETING THE EZH2/H3K27ME3/IGFBP5 PATHWAY MAY OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTICS FOR INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16 6020  37 THE ATTENUATION OF RENAL FIBROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PLASTICITY OF FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS. BACKGROUND: THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, WHICH HAS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, HAD BEEN REPORTED TO ATTENUATE RENAL FIBROSIS. CD4(+) FORKHEAD BOX P3 (FOXP3)(+) T REGULATORY (TREG) CELLS MAY BE CONVERTED TO INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED T HELPER 17 CELLS (TH17) WITH TISSUE FIBROSIS PROPERTIES. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS AND THE ATTENUATION OF RENAL FIBROSIS BY THE HDAC INHIBITOR IS NOT CLEAR. METHODS: THIS STUDY EVALUATED THE ROLES OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR, TREG CELLS AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION INTO TH17 CELLS, WHICH AGGRAVATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RENAL FIBROSIS IN A UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MOUSE MODEL. THE STUDY GROUPS INCLUDED CONTROL AND UUO MICE THAT WERE MONITORED FOR 7, 14 OR 21 DAYS. RESULTS: JUXTAGLOMERULAR (JG) HYPERPLASIA, ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR (AT1R) EXPRESSION AND LYMPHOCYTE INFILTRATION WERE OBSERVED IN RENAL TISSUES AFTER UUO BUT WERE DECREASED AFTER TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT, A HDAC INHIBITOR. THE NUMBER OF CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T CELLS INCREASED PROGRESSIVELY, ALONG WITH THE NUMBER OF FOXP3(+)INTERLEUKIN (IL)-17(+) T CELLS, AFTER 14 DAYS, AND THEIR NUMBERS THEN PROGRESSIVELY DECREASED WITH INCREASING CD4(+)IL-17(+) T CELL NUMBERS, AS DEMONSTRATED BY DOUBLE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. PROGRESSIVE RENAL FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF CD4(+)FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS IN SPLENIC SINGLE-CELL SUSPENSIONS. FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) T CELLS EXPRESSED TGF-BETA1 BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, AND TGF-BETA1 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY KNOCKDOWN BY IL-17 SIRNA IN VITRO. THESE CELLS WERE FOUND TO PLAY A ROLE IN CONVERTING TREGS INTO IL-17- AND TGF-BETA1-PRODUCING CELLS. CONCLUSIONS: TSA TREATMENT DECREASED JG HYPERPLASIA, THE PERCENTAGE OF FOXP3(+)IL-17(+) CELLS AND THE DEGREE OF FIBROSIS, SUGGESTING THAT THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS MAY RESULT FROM EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17 1022  35 CIRCULAR RNA HSA_CIRC_0098181 INHIBITS METASTASIS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA BY ACTIVATING THE HIPPO SIGNALING PATHWAY VIA INTERACTION WITH EEF2. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A MULTI-STEP PROCESS THAT ACCUMULATES GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING CHANGES IN CIRCULAR RNA (CIRCRNA). THIS STUDY AIMED TO UNDERSTAND THE ALTERATIONS IN CIRCRNA EXPRESSION IN HCC DEVELOPMENT AND METASTASIS AND TO EXPLORE THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CIRCRNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TEN PAIRS OF ADJACENT CHRONIC HEPATITIS TISSUES AND HCC TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITHOUT VENOUS METASTASES, AND TEN HCC TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH VENOUS METASTASES WERE ANALYZED USING HUMAN CIRCRNA MICROARRAYS. DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED CIRCRNAS WERE THEN VALIDATED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE ROLES OF THE CIRCRNA IN HCC PROGRESSION. RNA PULL-DOWN ASSAY, MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS, AND RNA-BINDING PROTEIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION WERE CONDUCTED TO EXPLORE THE PROTEIN PARTNERS OF THE CIRCRNA. RESULTS: CIRCRNA MICROARRAYS REVEALED THAT THE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF CIRCRNAS ACROSS THE THREE GROUPS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT. AMONG THESE, HSA_CIRC_0098181 WAS VALIDATED TO BE LOWLY EXPRESSED AND ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF HSA_CIRC_0098181 DELAYED HCC METASTASIS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. MECHANISTICALLY, HSA_CIRC_0098181 SEQUESTERED EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION ELONGATION FACTOR 2 (EEF2) AND DISSOCIATED EEF2 FROM FILAMENTOUS ACTIN (F-ACTIN) TO PREVENT F-ACTIN FORMATION, WHICH BLOCKED ACTIVATION OF THE HIPPO SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE RNA BINDING PROTEIN QUAKING-5 BOUND DIRECTLY TO HSA_CIRC_0098181 AND INDUCED ITS BIOGENESIS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY REVEALS CHANGES IN CIRCRNA EXPRESSION FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS, PRIMARY HCC, TO METASTATIC HCC. FURTHER, THE QKI5-HSA_CIRC_0098181-EEF2-HIPPO SIGNALING PATHWAY EXERTS A REGULATORY ROLE IN HCC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18 3240  29 HEPATIC LIPID ACCUMULATION ALTERS GLOBAL HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 AND 4 TRIMETHYLATION IN THE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA NETWORK. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT THE ETIOLOGY OF SEVERAL METABOLIC DISEASES IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATION BY ABERRANT HISTONE METHYLATION. WE PERFORMED DNA MICROARRAY AND CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSES TO EXAMINE TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILING AND TRIMETHYLATION ALTERATIONS TO IDENTIFY THE GENOMIC SIGNATURE OF NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD), THE MOST COMMON FORM OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT STEATOTIC LIVERS IN HIGH-FAT DIET-FED APOLIPOPROTEIN E2 MICE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED THE EXPRESSION OF APPROXIMATELY 70% OF TOTAL GENES COMPARED WITH NORMAL DIET-FED CONTROL LIVERS, SUGGESTING THAT HEPATIC LIPID ACCUMULATION INDUCES DRAMATIC ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION IN VIVO. ALSO, PATHWAY ANALYSIS SUGGESTED THAT GENES ENCODING CHROMATIN-REMODELING ENZYMES, SUCH AS JUMONJI C-DOMAIN-CONTAINING HISTONE DEMETHYLASES THAT REGULATE HISTONE H3K9 AND H3K4 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K9ME3, H3K4ME3), WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED IN STEATOTIC LIVERS. THUS, WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED THE GLOBAL H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 STATUS IN LIPID-ACCUMULATED MOUSE PRIMARY HEPATOCYTES BY CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSIS. RESULTS SHOWED THAT HEPATIC LIPID ACCUMULATION INDUCED ABERRANT H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 STATUS IN PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA AND HEPATIC LIPID CATABOLISM NETWORK GENES, REDUCING THEIR MRNA EXPRESSION COMPARED WITH NON-TREATED CONTROL HEPATOCYTES. THIS STUDY PROVIDES THE FIRST EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 IN HEPATOCYTES MAY BE INVOLVED IN HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF NAFLD. THUS, CONTROL OF H3K9ME3 AND H3K4ME3 REPRESENTS A POTENTIAL NOVEL NAFLD PREVENTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
19 3792  32 INTERLEUKIN-1BETA INCREASES THE RISK OF GASTRIC CANCER THROUGH INDUCTION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN A MOUSE MODEL. INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN CHRONIC GASTRIC INFLAMMATION AND MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTRIC DISEASES. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF IL-1BETA IN INDUCTION OF DNA METHYLATION USING IL-1 RECEPTOR TYPE 1 KNOCKOUT (IL-1R1(-)/(-)) MICE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WILD-TYPE (WT) AND IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE WERE INJECTED WITH IL-1BETA (5 MICROG/KG/DAY). SERUM LEVELS OF IL-1BETA, INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) AND NITRIC OXIDE (NO) WERE MEASURED BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT OR NO ASSAYS. E-CADHERIN (E-CAD) METHYLATION STATUS AND MESSENGER (M)RNA EXPRESSION OF IL-1BETA, IL-6, E-CAD AND INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (INOS) WERE ANALYZED. RESULTS FROM THE PRESENT STUDY INDICATED SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IL-1BETA MRNA EXPRESSION (P<0.001) IN WT MICE COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 RELEASE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN TREATED WT MICE COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE AT 1 H, 4 H AND 8 H (ALL P<0.005). IL-1BETA RELEASE WAS ONLY DETECTED IN WT MICE FOLLOWING A SECOND DOSE MEASURED AT DAY 3, WEEK 1 AND WEEK 2 WHEN COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. PROMOTER METHYLATION OF E-CAD AND A DECREASE IN GENE EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED IN TREATED WT MICE. MRNA EXPRESSION OF INOS IN WT MICE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AT WEEK 1 COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE (P=0.0411). FURTHERMORE, A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED LEVEL OF NO PRODUCTION WAS OBSERVED IN TREATED WT MICE (P<0.005 AT 8 H AND WEEK 1; P<0.001 AT 4 H AND DAY 3) WHEN COMPARED WITH IL-1R1(-)/(-) MICE. THE PRESENT RESULTS INDICATED THAT IL-1BETA WAS ABLE TO DIRECTLY INDUCE DNA METHYLATION, WHICH MAY LINK INFLAMMATION-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRIC DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20 1272  34 CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF VALPROIC ACID ON PRIMARY CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CELLS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS THE MOST COMMON ADULT LEUKEMIA IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION. THE ACCUMULATION OF CD5+CD19+ B LYMPHOCYTES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IS DUE TO A DEFECT IN THE APOPTOTIC PATHWAY RATHER THAN EXCESSIVE PROLIFERATION IN THE BONE MARROW AND LYMPH NODES. DESPITE A NUMBER OF TREATMENTS, CLL REMAINS AN INCURABLE DISEASE. VALPROIC ACID (VPA) ACTIVITY, AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, COULD RESTORE THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES UNDERLYING THE PATHOGENESIS OF CLL AND THUS INDUCE CELL DEATH. OBJECTIVES: IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT VPA COULD INDUCE CLL PRIMARY CELLS DEATH THROUGH ACTIVATION OF APOPTOSIS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED FROM 53 CLL PATIENTS. PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS WERE ISOLATED THROUGH DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION AND WERE THE SUBJECT OF A 24-HOUR CELL CULTURE WITH 10 MM OF VPA. THE CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF VPA WAS EVALUATED WITH AN XTT TEST AND THEREAFTER CONFIRMED USING ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI STAINING AND FLOW CYTOMETRY TECHNIQUES. RESULTS: IN THIS STUDY, A MEDIAN VPA CYTOTOXICITY OF 13.88% WITH A RANGE OF 0-54.65% WAS OBSERVED. ANNEXIN V/PI STAINING CONFIRMED THAT THE DEMONSTRATED CYTOTOXICITY WAS CAUSED BY INCREASED APOPTOSIS IN THE VPA TREATED CELLS AS COMPARED TO CONTROL CELLS. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT VPA'S EFFECT ON CLL CELLS DEPENDS ON LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE SERUM LEVELS, BUT IS INDEPENDENT OF ALL OTHER PROGNOSTIC MARKERS. CONCLUSIONS: THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT EXPERIMENTS FOUND THAT VPA AT A CLINICALLY APPLICABLE CONCENTRATION SIGNIFICANTLY INDUCES APOPTOSIS INDEPENDENTLY OF THE DISEASE STAGE AND MIGHT BE A VALUABLE THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR ALL CLL PATIENTS.	2015