1 5760 154 SOLUBLE URIC ACID PRIMES TLR-INDUCED PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF IL-1RA. OBJECTIVES: THE STUDY OF THE PROINFLAMMATORY ROLE OF URIC ACID HAS FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ITS CRYSTALS OF MONOSODIUM URATE (MSU). HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN WHETHER URIC ACID ITSELF CAN DIRECTLY HAVE PROINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATE THE PRIMING EFFECTS OF URIC ACID EXPOSURE ON THE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN CELLS UPON STIMULATION WITH GOUT-RELATED STIMULI. METHODS: PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WERE HARVESTED FROM PATIENTS WITH GOUT AND HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS. CELLS WERE PRETREATED WITH OR WITHOUT URIC ACID IN SOLUBLE FORM FOR 24 H AND THEN STIMULATED FOR 24 H WITH TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR (TLR)2 OR TLR4 LIGANDS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF MSU CRYSTALS. CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS MEASURED BY ELISA; MRNA LEVELS WERE ASSESSED USING QPCR. RESULTS: THE PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS AND THIS CORRELATED WITH SERUM URATE LEVELS. PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY POTENTIATED WHEN CELLS FROM HEALTHY SUBJECTS WERE PRETREATED WITH URIC ACID. SURPRISINGLY, THIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A SIGNIFICANT DOWNREGULATION OF THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA). THIS EFFECT WAS SPECIFIC TO STIMULATION BY URIC ACID AND WAS EXERTED AT THE LEVEL OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION. EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT THE LEVEL OF HISTONE METHYLATION BY URIC ACID WAS INVOLVED IN THIS EFFECT. CONCLUSIONS: IN THIS STUDY WE DEMONSTRATE A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF URIC ACID (UP TO 50 MG/DL) INFLUENCE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES BY FACILITATING IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN PBMCS. WE SHOW THAT A MECHANISM FOR THE AMPLIFICATION OF IL-1BETA CONSISTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF IL-1RA AND THAT THIS EFFECT COULD BE EXERTED VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION. HYPERURICAEMIA CAUSES A SHIFT IN THE IL-1BETA/IL-1RA BALANCE PRODUCED BY PBMCS AFTER EXPOSURE TO MSU CRYSTALS AND TLR-MEDIATED STIMULI, AND THIS PHENOMENON IS LIKELY TO REINFORCE THE ENHANCED STATE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2 3342  51 HISTONE DEACETYLASE9 REPRESENTS THE EPIGENETIC PROMOTION OF M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE VIA TLR4 REGULATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MEDIATED BY VARIOUS FACTORS, WHERE EPIGENETIC REGULATION INVOLVING HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS ENVISAGED TO MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF RELATED PROTEINS BY REGULATING THE BINDING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO DNA, THEREBY INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THE MECHANISM OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS PARTLY KNOWN; HENCE, THIS PROJECT AIMED AT INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDAC9) IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. FOR THIS PURPOSE, SERUM WAS SEPARATED FROM BLOOD SAMPLES FOLLOWING CLOTTING AND CENTRIFUGATION FROM ATHEROSCLEROTIC AND HEALTHY PATIENTS (N = 40 EACH), AND THEN, VARIOUS TESTS WERE PERFORMED. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 4 (TLR4) WAS NOT ONLY POSITIVELY CORRELATED TO THE HDAC9 GENE, BUT WAS ALSO UPREGULATED IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHERE IT WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS CELL MODEL OF OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN-INDUCED MACROPHAGES. CONVERSELY, THE TLR4 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN INSTANCES OF LOSS OF HDAC9 FUNCTION, CEMENTING THE BRIDGING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HDAC9 AND MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION, WHERE THE HDAC9 WAS FOUND TO UPREGULATE M1 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION WHICH TRANSLATED INTO THE RELEASE OF HIGHER CONTENT OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES SUCH AS INTERLEUKIN-1BETA (IL-1BETA) AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA), WHICH TEND TO SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE FOLLOWING THE DELETION OF TLR4. HENCE, THIS STUDY REPORTS NOVEL RELATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS, WHICH COULD PARTLY BE EXPLAINED BY HISTONE DEACETYLATION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
3 3456  49 HYPOMETHYLATION OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENES IS LINKED TO THE DYSBALANCE IN IL1BETA/IL-1RA AXIS IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. INFLAMMATION HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM). SUPPORTING THIS CONCEPT, ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND INCREASED INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES ARE OBSERVED IN PANCREATIC ISLETS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM. ALTHOUGH IL-1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (IL-1RA) PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN CONTROLLING OF IL-1BETA-MEDIATED INFLAMMATION, ITS COUNTERACTION EFFECTS AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN T2DM ARE LESS STUDIED. THUS, WE AIMED TO ANALYZE THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN IL1RN, RELA (P65) AND NFKB1 (P50) GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) FROM TREATED T2DM PATIENTS (N = 35) AND AGE-/SEX- MATCHED HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 31). PRODUCTION OF IL-1BETA AND IL-1RA WAS ANALYZED IN PLASMA AND SUPERNATANTS FROM LPS-INDUCED PBMCS. IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF IL-1BETA AND IL-1RA WERE STUDIED ON THP-1 CELLS. AVERAGE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENE PROMOTERS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN T2DM PATIENTS IN COMPARISON WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS (P< 0.05), WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCREASED IL-1RA (P< 0.001) AND IL-1BETA (P = 0.039) PLASMA LEVELS IN T2DM PATIENTS. NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AVERAGE METHYLATION OF IL1RN GENE AND IL-1RA PLASMA LEVELS WERE OBSERVED IN FEMALE T2DM PATIENTS. METHYLATION OF NFKB1 GENE WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH IL-1RA LEVELS IN THE PATIENTS AND POSITIVELY WITH IL-1BETA LEVELS IN FEMALE PATIENTS. LPS-STIMULATED PBMCS FROM FEMALE PATIENTS FAILED TO RAISE IL-1BETA PRODUCTION, WHILE THE CELLS FROM HEALTHY FEMALES INCREASED IL-1BETA PRODUCTION IN COMPARISON WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS (P< 0.001). TAKEN TOGETHER, THE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HYPOMETHYLATION OF IL1RN AND NFKB1 GENE PROMOTERS MAY PROMOTE THE INCREASED IL-1BETA/IL-1RA PRODUCTION AND REGULATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN T2DM. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO ELUCIDATE THE CAUSAL DIRECTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS AND POTENTIAL ROLE OF IL-1RA IN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN TREATED PATIENTS WITH T2DM.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4 2008  41 EPIGENETIC BASIS FOR MONOCYTE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: SEVERE FORMS OF ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIONS WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS. THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS ALTERED HOST DEFENSE ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. METHODS: WE PERFORMED WHOLE BLOOD PHENOTYPIC ANALYSIS AND EX VIVO STIMULATION WITH VARIOUS PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS). WE INCLUDED 34 PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOL-RELATED CIRRHOSIS (18 OF WHOM HAD BIOPSY-PROVEN SEVERE ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS [SAH]), 12 HEALTHY CONTROLS AND 11 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT LIVER DISEASE. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC (RNA-SEQ) AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY (ATAC-SEQ) PROFILES OF CD14(+) MONOCYTES FROM A SUBSET OF PATIENTS. RESULTS: CIRCULATING MONOCYTES AND CONVENTIONAL DENDRITIC CELLS (DCS) FROM PATIENTS WITH SAH DISPLAYED COMPLEX ALTERATIONS CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF BOTH ACTIVATING AND INHIBITORY SURFACE MARKERS AND AN IMPAIRED PRO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE UPON STIMULATION WITH PAMPS REPRESENTATIVE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA (LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE, PAM3CSK4) OR FUNGAL PATHOGENS (ZYMOSAN). THEIR DECREASED ABILITY TO PRODUCE MORE THAN 1 CYTOKINE (POLYFUNCTIONALITY) UPON PAMP STIMULATION CORRELATED WITH THE RISK OF DEVELOPING INFECTION AT 28 DAYS OR MORTALITY AT 90 DAYS. THE PRESENCE OF ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE IN PATIENTS WITH SAH DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY MODIFY THE IMMUNE PROFILE OF MONOCYTES AND DCS. MOREOVER, CD14(+) MONOCYTES OF PATIENTS WITH SAH DISPLAYED ALTERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENOMIC PROFILES CHARACTERIZED BY DOWNREGULATION OF KEY INNATE IMMUNE AND METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND UPREGULATION OF IMPORTANT IMMUNOMODULATORY FACTORS. CONCLUSIONS: IN PATIENTS WITH SAH, THE ALTERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF MONOCYTES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO PATIENTS' SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION HAVE STRONG EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS. LAY SUMMARY: PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF INFECTIONS, WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE POOR PROGNOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE. HEREIN, WE SHOW THAT EPIGENETIC DETERMINANTS UNDERLY THE IMMUNE CELL DYSFUNCTION AND INAPPROPRIATE RESPONSES TO PATHOGENS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                          
5 5592  34 ROLE OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA IN THE HUMAN SYSTEMIC ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME. TNFALPHA HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF VARIOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO INHIBIT TNFALPHA IN PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS HAVE SHOWN CONTRASTING OUTCOMES. ALTHOUGH TNFALPHA INHIBITORS ARE WIDELY USED IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, THE IMPACT OF TNFALPHA ANTAGONISM ON WHITE BLOOD CELL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATION IN HUMANS IN VIVO HAS NOT BEEN ASSESSED. WE HERE LEVERAGED THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF HUMAN ENDOTOXEMIA TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF THE TNFALPHA ANTAGONIST, ETANERCEPT, ON THE GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES IN CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES INDUCED BY INTRAVENOUS LPS ADMINISTRATION IN MALE SUBJECTS. ETANERCEPT PRE-TREATMENT RESULTED IN A MARKEDLY DAMPENED TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSE TO LPS. GENE CO-EXPRESSION NETWORK ANALYSIS REVEALED THIS LPS-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTOME CAN BE CATEGORIZED AS TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE AND NON-RESPONSIVE MODULES. HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE MODULES INCLUDE NF-KB SIGNALING, ANTIVIRAL RESPONSES AND T-CELL MEDIATED RESPONSES. WITHIN THESE TNFALPHA RESPONSIVE MODULES WE DELINEATE FUNDAMENTAL GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, TRANSCRIPTIONAL INITIATION AND ELONGATION. THUS, WE PROVIDE COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION ABOUT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT MIGHT BE TARGETED BY THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT SEEK TO INHIBIT TNFALPHA ACTIVITY DURING HUMAN INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6 3440  34 HYPERMETHYLATION AND LOW TRANSCRIPTION OF TLR2 GENE IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. PERIODONTITIS IS AN INFLAMMATORY DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS AND HOST'S IMMUNE RESPONSE. EPIGENETIC MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND OUTCOME BY INFLUENCING THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLR) PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE RESPONSE TO PERIODONTOPATHIC BACTERIA. THE AIM OF STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE METHYLATION STATUS AND THE EXPRESSION OF TLR2 GENE IN GINGIVAL SAMPLES FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT PERIODONTITIS. DNA WAS ANALYZED USING THE METHYL PROFILER DNA METHYLATION QPCR ASSAY. DNA METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPT LEVELS WERE EVALUATED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE PERIODONTITIS GROUP SHOWED A HYPERMETHYLATED PROFILE AND A LOW EXPRESSION OF GENE. POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TLR2 METHYLATION FREQUENCY AND PROBING DEPTH WAS OBSERVED. THIS STUDY GIVES THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF METHYLATION FREQUENCY IN INFLAMED PERIODONTAL TISSUES AND OF THE POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTITIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7 4234  45 METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC CPG SITES IN IL-1BETA AND IL1R1 GENES IS AFFECTED BY HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS. OBJECTIVE: TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D), WHICH IS THE MOST COMMON METABOLIC DISORDER IN THE WORLD, RESULTS FROM INSULIN RESISTANCE OF TARGET TISSUES AND REDUCED PRODUCTION OF INSULIN FROM PANCREATIC BETA CELLS WITH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS BOTH PLAYING ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ON DNA METHYLATION OF IL-1BETA AND IL1R1 GENES IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) OF NON-DIABETIC, TYPE 2 PRE-DIABETIC AND DIABETIC INDIVIDUALS.METHODS: IN THIS CASE-CONTROL STUDY, 54 NON-DIABETIC, PRE-DIABETIC AND TYPE 2 DIABETIC INDIVIDUALS WERE ENROLLED AND CATEGORIZED BASED ON THEIR FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE (FPG) AND GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN (A1C) LEVELS. DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM PBMCS AND SUBJECTED TO BISULFITE TREATMENT. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO CPG SITES IN THE IL-1BETA GENE AND THREE CPG SITES IN IL1R1 GENE WAS THEN DETERMINED USING SANGER SEQUENCING.RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT THE METHYLATION OF IL-1BETA GENE IS DECREASED AND THE METHYLATION OF IL1R1 GENE IS INCREASED IN DIABETIC INDIVIDUALS WITH HYPERGLYCEMIA. FURTHER ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT BOTH CPG SITES IN IL-1BETA GENE ARE AFFECTED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA AND DISPLAY DECREASED METHYLATION WHILE ONLY ONE CPG SITE IN IL1R1 GENE IS AFFECTED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA.CONCLUSION: WE PROPOSE THAT THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF THE CPG SITES CG18773937 AND CG23149881 IN IL-1BETA GENE AND THE CPG SITE CG13399261 IN IL1R1 GENE COULD SERVE AS AN EPIGENETIC MARKER OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND T2D DEVELOPMENT. THESE CPG SITES CAN ALSO BE CONSIDERED FOR STUDIES ON METABOLIC MEMORY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8  537  31 ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA: IS IT REALLY ASYMPTOMATIC? PURPOSE OF REVIEW: HYPERURICEMIA IS HIGHLY PREVALENT, AFFECTING APPROXIMATELY 38 MILLION INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES. HOWEVER, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA - HYPERURICEMIA IN THE ABSENCE OF GOUT - CONTINUES TO BE DEBATED. RECENT FINDINGS: ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA RESULTS IN MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION IN TISSUES, WHICH MAY PROMOTE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. INTRACELLULARLY, HYPERURICEMIA INHIBITS THE MASTER REGULATOR ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (AMP)-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE AND MAY CONDITION INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES THROUGH DURABLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. AT THE POPULATION LEVEL, ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE COMORBIDITIES, INCLUDING HYPERTENSION, CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE, AND DIABETES; LIMITATIONS OF THESE STUDIES INCLUDE THAT MOST ARE RETROSPECTIVE AND SOME DO NOT RIGOROUSLY DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA AND GOUT. TREATMENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT URATE LOWERING MAY REDUCE THE RISK OF INCIDENCE OR PROGRESSION OF SOME OF THESE COMORBIDITIES; UNFORTUNATELY, MANY OF THESE TREATMENT STUDIES ARE SMALL OR FLAWED, AND NOT ALL STUDY RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT. SUMMARY: ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA CONTRIBUTES TO THE COMORBIDITIES WITH WHICH IT ASSOCIATES AND THAT PROPER ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA TREATMENT MAY REDUCE FUTURE RISK. ADDITIONAL PROSPECTIVE TRIALS ARE NEEDED TO DEFINITELY ESTABLISH CAUSALITY AND SUPPORT DECISION-MAKING AS TO WHETHER, AND WHICH PATIENTS WITH ASYMPTOMATIC HYPERURICEMIA WOULD WARRANT URATE-LOWERING TREATMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 5305  46 PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF HUMAN OBESITY REVEALS THE EPIGENETIC FACTOR HDAC4 AS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR OBESITY. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AND EXCESSIVE ENERGY INTAKE ARE PROMINENT CONTRIBUTORS TO OBESITY; A MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. ELUCIDATING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE CHRONIC CONDITIONS IS OF RELEVANT IMPORTANCE AS IT MIGHT LEAD TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL ANTI-OBESITY TARGETS. THE PURPOSE OF THE CURRENT STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED PROTEINS BETWEEN LEAN AND OBESE SUBJECTS THROUGH A SHOT-GUN QUANTITATIVE PROTEOMICS APPROACH USING PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) EXTRACTS AS WELL AS POTENTIAL MODULATION OF THOSE PROTEINS BY PHYSICAL EXERCISE. USING THIS APPROACH, A TOTAL OF 47 PROTEINS SHOWED AT LEAST 1.5 FOLD CHANGE BETWEEN LEAN AND OBESE SUBJECTS. IN OBESE, THE PROTEOMIC PROFILING BEFORE AND AFTER 3 MONTHS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF 38 PROTEINS. THROMBOSPONDIN 1 (TSP1) WAS AMONG THE PROTEINS THAT WERE UPREGULATED IN OBESE SUBJECTS AND THEN DECREASED BY PHYSICAL EXERCISE. CONVERSELY, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE 4 (HDAC4) WAS DOWNREGULATED IN OBESE SUBJECTS AND THEN INDUCED BY PHYSICAL EXERCISE. THE PROTEOMIC DATA WAS FURTHER VALIDATED BY QRT-PCR, WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IN BOTH PBMCS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE. WE ALSO SHOWED THAT HDAC4 LEVELS CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (VO2 MAX) BUT NEGATIVELY WITH BODY MASS INDEX, PERCENT BODY FAT, AND THE INFLAMMATORY CHEMOKINE RANTES. IN FUNCTIONAL ASSAYS, OUR DATA INDICATED THAT ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF HDAC4 SIGNIFICANTLY IMPAIRED TNF-ALPHA-DEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB, ESTABLISHING THUS A LINK BETWEEN HDAC4 AND REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. TOGETHER, THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF HDAC4 IN OBESE SUBJECTS BEFORE AND AFTER PHYSICAL EXERCISE, ITS CORRELATION WITH VARIOUS PHYSICAL, CLINICAL AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS ALONG WITH ITS INHIBITORY EFFECT ON NF-KAPPAB ARE SUGGESTIVE OF A PROTECTIVE ROLE OF HDAC4 AGAINST OBESITY. HDAC4 COULD THEREFORE REPRESENT A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR THE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND PRESUMABLY INSULIN RESISTANCE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10  141  34 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF MTOR PATHWAY GENES PROMOTES INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD), BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL IMMUNE CELLS CONTRIBUTES TO DKD PROGRESSION. WE SHOWED THAT LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), A KEY ENZYME FOR DNA METHYLATION, WERE INCREASED ALONG WITH INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN DKD PATIENTS. INHIBITION OF DNMT1 WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA) MARKEDLY INCREASED THE PROPORTION OF CD4(+)CD25(+) REGULATORY T CELLS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN CULTURE AND IN DIABETIC ANIMALS. ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNE CELLS FROM 5-AZA-TREATED ANIMALS SHOWED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM, RESULTING IN A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF DKD. USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS, WE IDENTIFIED THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CYTOSINES IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) REGULATORS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS OF DIABETIC PATIENTS. FURTHER, MRNA ARRAYS CONFIRMED THE CONSISTENT INDUCTION OF GENES EXPRESSED IN THE MTOR PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, DOWN-REGULATION OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION VIA RNA INTERFERENCE RESULTED IN PROMINENT CYTOSINE DEMETHYLATION OF MTOR NEGATIVE REGULATORS AND SUBSEQUENT DECREASE OF MTOR ACTIVITY. LASTLY, MODULATION OF MTOR RESULTED IN CHANGES IN THE EFFECT OF 5-AZA ON DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS. THUS, UP-REGULATION OF DNMT1 IN DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS INDUCES ABERRANT CYTOSINE METHYLATION OF THE UPSTREAM REGULATORS OF MTOR, LEADING TO PATHOGENIC ACTIVATION OF THE MTOR PATHWAY AND CONSEQUENT INFLAMMATION IN DIABETIC KIDNEYS. HENCE, THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR TREATING DKD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 3701  31 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO REGULATED CELL DEATH IN GOUT AND ITS FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS. GOUT, A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS DISEASE, IS CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERURICEMIA AND CAUSED BY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METABOLIC FACTORS. ACUTE GOUT SYMPTOMS ARE TRIGGERED BY THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTALS, WHICH IS MEDIATED BY THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND IMMUNE CELLS (E.G., MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS), THE NACHT, LRR, AND PYD DOMAINS-CONTAINING PROTEIN 3 (NLRP3) INFLAMMASOME ACTIVATION, AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE (E.G., IL-1BETA) RELEASE. RECENT STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT THE MULTIPLE PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE INCLUDE PYROPTOSIS, NETOSIS, NECROPTOSIS, AND APOPTOSIS, WHICH INITIATE INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXPLORE THE CORRELATION AND INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE FACTORS AND THEIR ROLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GOUT TO PROVIDE FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND ENHANCING OUR UNDERSTANDING OF GOUT PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
12 3795  42 INTERLEUKIN-6 CONTRIBUTES TO GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA CELLS BY ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MALIGNANCY IS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE BILIARY TRACT WHERE PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) ENHANCES TUMOR GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA BY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION VIA AUTOCRINE MECHANISMS. IL-6 CAN REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND MOREOVER, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CARCINOGENESIS. WE THEREFORE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO IL-6 ON METHYLATION-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH IN HUMAN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUTOCRINE IL-6 PATHWAYS, DNA METHYLATION, AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH WAS ASSESSED USING MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES STABLY TRANSFECTED TO OVEREXPRESS IL-6. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND METHYLCYTOSINE CONTENT OF MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES. HOWEVER, THIS EFFECT WAS NOT OBSERVED IN IL-6-OVEREXPRESSING CELLS. IL-6 OVEREXPRESSION RESULTED IN THE ALTERED EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SEVERAL GENES, INCLUDING THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR). EGFR PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS DECREASED AND GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED BY IL-6. THUS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY IL-6 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY ALTERING PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF GROWTH-REGULATORY PATHWAYS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING EGFR. MOREOVER, ENHANCED IL-6 EXPRESSION MAY DECREASE THE SENSITIVITY OF TUMOR CELLS TO THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS. THESE OBSERVATIONS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND PROVIDE A MECHANISM BY WHICH PERSISTENT CYTOKINE STIMULATION CAN PROMOTE TUMOR GROWTH.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 2766  42 EXPRESSION, POLYMORPHISM AND METHYLATION PATTERN OF INTERLEUKIN-6 IN PERIODONTAL TISSUES. PERIODONTITIS IS CONSIDERED AN INFLAMMATORY DISORDER OF BACTERIAL ETIOLOGY THAT RESULTS IN PERIODONTAL TISSUE DESTRUCTION, AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS, HOST AND IMMUNE RESPONSE. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY MODULATE THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE SINCE IT IS ABLE TO INFLUENCE THE GENE EXPRESSION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF -174 G/C POLYMORPHISM AND THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF IL-6 GENE ON THE EXPRESSION OF IL-6 IN GINGIVAL SAMPLES FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. GINGIVAL BIOPSIES WERE COLLECTED FROM 21 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS AND 21 CONTROLS. HISTOLOGIC SECTIONS STAINED BY HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN WERE USED FOR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION. THE IL-6 GENE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR. THE POLYMORPHISM IL-6 -174 C/G WAS STUDIED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AMPLIFICATION AND RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE DIGESTION (HSPII). METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION WAS USED TO VERIFY THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN. THE NUMBER OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN TISSUE FRAGMENTS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS WAS HIGHER THAN IN THE CONTROL GROUP AND THE INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE WAS PREDOMINANTLY MONONUCLEAR. THE EXPRESSION OF IL-6 WAS HIGHER IN THE GROUP WITH PERIODONTITIS. IN POLYMORPHISM ASSAY, NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GENOTYPES AND ALLELES IN BOTH GROUPS WERE OBSERVED. THE MOST OF SAMPLES WERE PARTIALLY METHYLATED. NO DIFFERENCE WAS OBSERVED IN METHYLATION PATTERN FROM TWO DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE IL-6 GENE AMONG GROUPS. THE HIGH EXPRESSION OF IL-6 IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR RELATED TO CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS, BUT WAS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH METHYLATION STATUS OR THE -174 (G/C) GENETIC POLYMORPHISM, SUGGESTING THAT OTHER MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THIS GENE TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14 6764  40 ZINC DEFICIENCY ENHANCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE BY INCREASING IMMUNE CELL ACTIVATION AND INDUCING IL6 PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION. SCOPE: ZINC DEFICIENCY RESULTS IN IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION AND PROMOTES SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF ZINC DEFICIENCY ON CELLULAR IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT PROMOTE INFLAMMATION. THIS WORK IS POTENTIALLY RELEVANT TO THE AGING POPULATION GIVEN THAT AGE-RELATED IMMUNE DEFECTS, INCLUDING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, COINCIDE WITH DECLINING ZINC STATUS. METHODS AND RESULTS: AN IN VITRO CELL CULTURE SYSTEM AND THE AGED MOUSE MODEL WERE USED TO CHARACTERIZE IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND DNA METHYLATION PROFILES THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ENHANCED PROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MEDIATED BY ZINC DEFICIENCY. ZINC DEFICIENCY UPREGULATED CELL ACTIVATION MARKERS ICAM1, MHC CLASS II, AND CD86 IN THP1 CELLS, WHICH COINCIDED WITH INCREASED IL1BETA AND IL6 RESPONSES FOLLOWING LPS STIMULATION. A DECREASED ZINC STATUS IN AGED MICE WAS SIMILARLY ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ICAM1 AND IL6 GENE EXPRESSION. REDUCED IL6 PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN ZINC-DEFICIENT THP1 CELLS, AS WELL AS IN AGED MICE AND HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL LINES DERIVED FROM AGED INDIVIDUALS. CONCLUSION: ZINC DEFICIENCY INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN PART BY ELICITING ABERRANT IMMUNE CELL ACTIVATION AND ALTERED PROMOTER METHYLATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ZINC STATUS, EPIGENETICS, AND IMMUNE FUNCTION, AND HOW THEIR DYSREGULATION COULD CONTRIBUTE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15 6311  40 THE RELATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS AND SERUM CYTOKINE LEVELS IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY. BACKGROUND: THE LEVELS OF CIRCULATING CYTOKINES FLUCTUATE WITH AGE, ACUTE ILLNESS, AND CHRONIC DISEASE, AND ARE PREDICTIVE OF MORTALITY; THIS IS ALSO TRUE FOR PATTERNS OF DNA (CPG) METHYLATION. GIVEN THAT IMMUNE CELLS ARE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CYTOKINES IN THEIR MICROENVIRONMENT, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT SERUM LEVELS OF TNF, IL-6, IL-8 AND IL-10 WOULD CORRELATE WITH GENOME-WIDE ALTERATIONS IN THE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS OF BLOOD LEUKOCYTES. TO TEST THIS, WE EVALUATED COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS (N = 14; 48-78 YEARS OLD) RECRUITED TO A PILOT STUDY FOR THE CANADIAN LONGITUDINAL STUDY ON AGING (CLSA), EXAMINING DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS USING THE ILLUMINA HUMANMETHYLATION 450 K BEADCHIP. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT, APART FROM AGE, SERUM IL-10 LEVELS EXHIBITED THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL ASSOCIATION TO DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, FOLLOWED BY TNF, IL-6 AND IL-8. FURTHERMORE, WHILE THE LEVELS OF THESE CYTOKINES WERE HIGHER IN ELDERLY ADULTS, NO ASSOCIATIONS WITH EPIGENETIC ACCELERATED AGING, DERIVED USING THE EPIGENETIC CLOCK, WERE OBSERVED. CONCLUSIONS: AS A PRELIMINARY STUDY WITH A SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, THE CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THIS WORK MUST BE VIEWED WITH CAUTION; HOWEVER, OUR OBSERVATIONS ARE ENCOURAGING AND CERTAINLY WARRANT MORE SUITABLY POWERED STUDIES OF THIS RELATIONSHIP.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16 1715  34 DYSLIPIDEMIC DIET-INDUCED MONOCYTE "PRIMING" AND DYSFUNCTION IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IS TRIGGERED BY ELEVATED PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND ACCOMPANIED BY ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION. MONOCYTES AND THE RECRUITMENT OF MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES INTO SITES OF INFLAMMATION PLAY A KEY ROLE IN ATHEROGENESIS AND OTHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES LINKED TO CARDIOMETABOLIC SYNDROME AND OBESITY. PREVIOUS STUDIES FROM OUR GROUP HAVE SHOWN THAT METABOLIC STRESS PROMOTES MONOCYTE PRIMING, I.E., ENHANCED ADHESION AND ACCELERATED CHEMOTAXIS OF MONOCYTES IN RESPONSE TO CHEMOKINES, BOTH IN VITRO AND IN DYSLIPIDEMIC LDLR(-/-) MICE. WE ALSO SHOWED THAT METABOLIC STRESS-INDUCED MONOCYTE DYSFUNCTION IS, AT LEAST TO A LARGE EXTENT CAUSED BY THE S-GLUTATHIONYLATION, INACTIVATION, AND SUBSEQUENT DEGRADATION OF MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE PHOSPHATASE 1. HERE, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF A WESTERN-STYLE, DYSLIPIDEMIC DIET (DD), WHICH WAS COMPOSED OF HIGH LEVELS OF SATURATED FAT, CHOLESTEROL, AND SIMPLE SUGARS, ON MONOCYTE (DYS)FUNCTION IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES (NHPS). WE FOUND THAT SIMILAR TO MICE, A DD ENHANCES MONOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS IN NHP WITHIN 4 WEEKS, OCCURRING CONCORDANTLY WITH THE ONSET OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA BUT PRIOR TO CHANGES IN TRIGLYCERIDES, BLOOD GLUCOSE, MONOCYTOSIS, OR CHANGES IN MONOCYTE SUBSET COMPOSITION. IN ADDITION, WE IDENTIFIED TRANSITORY DECREASES IN THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT THE LYSINE RESIDUES 18 AND 23 IN METABOLICALLY PRIMED MONOCYTES, AND WE FOUND THAT MONOCYTE PRIMING WAS CORRELATED WITH THE ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 27 AFTER AN 8-WEEK DD REGIMEN. OUR DATA SHOW THAT METABOLIC STRESS PROMOTES MONOCYTE PRIMING AND HYPER-CHEMOTACTIC RESPONSES IN NHP. THE HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ACCOMPANYING MONOCYTE PRIMING IN PRIMATES SUGGEST A REPROGRAMMING OF THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, WHICH MAY LEAD TO DYSREGULATED RESPONSES AND FUNCTIONALITIES IN MACROPHAGES DERIVED FROM PRIMED MONOCYTES THAT ARE RECRUITED TO SITES OF INFLAMMATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17  531  47 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	

18 3791  43 INTERLEUKIN 6 SUPPORTS THE MAINTENANCE OF P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION. A STRONG ASSOCIATION EXISTS BETWEEN STATES OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CANCER, AND IT IS BELIEVED THAT MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS PHENOMENON. INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6) IS AN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE KNOWN TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF MANY TYPES OF TUMORS, YET THE MECHANISMS EMPLOYED BY THIS PLEOMORPHIC CYTOKINE TO ACCOMPLISH THIS FEAT ARE STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACTOR IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT SEEMS TO BE THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS LOCATED WITHIN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. THIS COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION ENABLES TUMOR CELLS TO REDUCE OR INACTIVATE THE EXPRESSION OF IMPORTANT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND CELL CYCLE REGULATORY GENES. HERE WE SHOW THAT IN THE IL-6-RESPONSIVE HUMAN MULTIPLE MYELOMA CELL LINE KAS 6/1, THE PROMOTER REGION OF P53 IS EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED BY METHYLTRANSFERASES, RESULTING IN DECREASED LEVELS OF EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, CELLS TREATED WITH IL-6 EXHIBIT AN INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE DNA MAINTENANCE METHYLATION ENZYME, DNMT-1. THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR ZEBULARINE REVERSES THE METHYLATION OF THE P53 PROMOTER, ALLOWING THE RESUMPTION OF ITS EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, WHEN ZEBULARINE IS WITHDRAWN FROM THE CELLS, THE REESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORIGINAL CPG ISLAND METHYLATION WITHIN THE P53 PROMOTER DOES NOT OCCUR IN THE ABSENCE OF IL-6, AND CELLS WHICH DO NOT RECEIVE IL-6 EVENTUALLY DIE, AS P53 EXPRESSION CONTINUES UNCHECKED BY REMETHYLATION. INTERESTINGLY, THIS LOSS OF VIABILITY SEEMS TO INVOLVE NOT THE WITHDRAWAL OF CYTOKINE, BUT THE INABILITY OF THE CELL TO RESILENCE THE PROMOTER. CONSISTENT WITH THIS MODEL, WHEN CELLS THAT EXPRESS IL-6 IN AN AUTOCRINE FASHION ARE SUBJECTED TO IDENTICAL TREATMENT, P53 EXPRESSION IS REDUCED SHORTLY AFTER WITHDRAWAL OF ZEBULARINE. THEREFORE, IT SEEMS IL-6 IS CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING PROMOTER METHYLATION THUS REPRESENTING ONE OF THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS USED BY INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS IN THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF TUMORS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19 1500  48 DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS OF CD4+ T CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS. PSORIASIS IS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASE THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY ABERRANT CROSS-TALK BETWEEN KERATINOCYTES AND IMMUNE CELLS SUCH AS CD4+ T CELLS, RESULTING IN KERATINOCYTE HYPERPROLIFERATION IN THE EPIDERMIS. DNA METHYLATION, ONE OF SEVERAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT CHANGING THE DNA SEQUENCE. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN SKIN LESIONS FROM PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF CD4+ T CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS COMPARED WITH HEALTHY SUBJECTS USING METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (MEDIP-SEQ). THE RESULTS OF MEDIP-SEQ SHOWED THAT THE GLOBAL METHYLATION VALUES OF CD4+ T CELLS ARE HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS THAN IN HEALTHY CONTROLS, PARTICULARLY IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS. AMONG THE MOST HYPERMETHYLATED GENES IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS, WE SELECTED THE GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION IS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN THE CD4+ T CELLS OF PSORIASIS PATIENTS. STUDIES USING THE METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE IN VITRO METHYLATION ASSAYS HAVE SHOWN THAT THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE METHYLATION STATUS OF EACH GENE. BISULFITE SEQUENCING OF THE TRANSCRIPTION START REGION OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID PHOSPHATASE TYPE 2 DOMAIN CONTAINING 3 (PPAPDC3), ONE OF THE SELECTED GENES, SHOWED HYPERMETHYLATION IN THE CD4+ T CELLS OF PSORIASIS PATIENTS. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS, WHICH IS IDENTIFIED BY MEDIP-SEQ OF THE GENES, WAS CORRELATED WITH THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVEL OF THE GENES. COLLECTIVELY, THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN CD4+ T CELLS MIGHT BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20  169  39 ABNORMALITIES OF AMPK ACTIVATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME. BACKGROUND: POST EXERTIONAL MUSCLE FATIGUE IS A KEY FEATURE IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (CFS). ABNORMALITIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTION HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN SOME BUT NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CFS. TO TRY TO LIMIT POTENTIAL CONFOUNDERS THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THIS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, WE DEVELOPED A NOVEL IN VITRO SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS COMPARISON OF AMP KINASE (AMPK) ACTIVATION AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS. METHODS: SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL CULTURES WERE ESTABLISHED FROM 10 SUBJECTS WITH CFS AND 7 AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, SUBJECTED TO ELECTRICAL PULSE STIMULATION (EPS) FOR UP TO 24H AND EXAMINED FOR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE. RESULTS: IN THE BASAL STATE, CFS CULTURES SHOWED INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION BUT DECREASED IL6 SECRETION DURING DIFFERENTIATION COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES. CONTROL CULTURES SUBJECTED TO 16 H EPS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN BOTH AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE COMPARED WITH UNSTIMULATED CELLS. IN CONTRAST, CFS CULTURES SHOWED NO INCREASE IN AMPK PHOSPHORYLATION OR GLUCOSE UPTAKE AFTER 16 H EPS. HOWEVER, GLUCOSE UPTAKE REMAINED RESPONSIVE TO INSULIN IN THE CFS CELLS POINTING TO AN EXERCISE-RELATED DEFECT. IL6 SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO EPS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN CFS COMPARED WITH CONTROL CULTURES AT ALL TIME POINTS MEASURED. CONCLUSION: EPS IS AN EFFECTIVE MODEL FOR ELICITING MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND THE METABOLIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EXERCISE IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS. WE FOUND FOUR MAIN DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS FROM SUBJECTS WITH CFS; INCREASED MYOGENIN EXPRESSION IN THE BASAL STATE, IMPAIRED ACTIVATION OF AMPK, IMPAIRED STIMULATION OF GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND DIMINISHED RELEASE OF IL6. THE RETENTION OF THESE DIFFERENCES IN CULTURED MUSCLE CELLS FROM CFS SUBJECTS POINTS TO A GENETIC/EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, AND PROVIDES A SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2015