1 5690 138 SILENCING OF FEM1CR3 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE DBA/2J MOUSE PRECEDES RETINAL GANGLION CELL DEATH AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY. PURPOSE: DOWNREGULATION OF NORMAL GENE EXPRESSION IN DYING RETINAL GANGLION CELLS HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED IN BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC MODELS OF OPTIC NERVE DISEASE. THE AUTHORS EXAMINED THE MECHANISM AND TIMING OF THIS PHENOMENON IN DBA/2J MICE, USING GENETICALLY MODIFIED SUBSTRAINS OF THIS INBRED LINE. METHODS: DBA/2J MICE, DOUBLY CONGENIC FOR THE BAX MUTANT ALLELE AND THE GANGLION CELL REPORTER GENE FEM1C(ROSA3) (R3), WERE EVALUATED TO ELUCIDATE THE TIMING OF LOSS OF NORMAL GENE EXPRESSION DURING THE APOPTOTIC PROCESS. THE LOCALIZATION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 3 (HDAC3) AND NUCLEAR HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION WERE EXAMINED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN DYING CELLS. THE ROLE OF HDACS IN GENE SILENCING DURING GLAUCOMA WAS INTERROGATED USING THE GLOBAL HDAC INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA). RESULTS: SILENCING OF THE R3 ALLELE OCCURRED IN BAX(-/-) GANGLION CELLS, INDICATING THAT THIS PROCESS PRECEDED THE COMMITTED STEP OF THE INTRINSIC APOPTOTIC PATHWAY. WEEKLY TSA TREATMENT, BETWEEN THE AGES OF 6 AND 10 MONTHS, WAS ABLE TO ATTENUATE THE LOSS OF R3 EXPRESSION IN THE RETINA, BUT HAD NO EFFECT ON OPTIC NERVE DEGENERATION. DYING CELLS IN AGING DBA/2J MICE EXHIBITED NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION OF HDAC3 AND A DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF H4 ACETYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: RETINAL GANGLION CELLS EXHIBIT A LOSS OF NORMAL GENE EXPRESSION AS AN EARLY (PRE-BAX INVOLVEMENT) PART OF THEIR APOPTOTIC PROGRAM DURING GLAUCOMATOUS DEGENERATION. THIS PROCESS CAN BE AMELIORATED, BUT NOT COMPLETELY BLOCKED, USING HDAC INHIBITORS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO ACTIVE CHROMATIN, SUCH AS DEACETYLATION, MAY BE MEDIATED BY HDAC3 IN DYING NEURONS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2 3341  35 HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY MODIFICATION. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS UPREGULATES BLOOD GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND IMPAIRS COGNITION VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLATION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION CAN LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MANY PROTEINS INVOLVED IN COGNITION AND MAY ALSO CAUSE LEARNING AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE?2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO EPIGENETICALLY BLOCK COGNITION VIA A REDUCTION IN THE HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL; HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER HDAC2 IS INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE DECLINE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. TO THE BEST OF AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTEROID UPREGULATE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN NEURO?2A CELLS AND CAUSE CELL INJURIES. HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMELIORATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN N2A CELLS VIA THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS IN THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3?KINASE/PROTEIN KINASE B SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN 12?MONTH?OLD FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE UNDER CHRONIC STRESS IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT HDAC2 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEGATIVE REGULATOR INVOLVED IN CHRONIC STRESS?INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3 3194  34 HDAC INHIBITORS ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS) INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ARE KNOWN TO HAVE ANALGESIC PROPERTIES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THESE COMPOUNDS COULD ALSO AFFECT NEUROPATHIC PAIN. DIFFERENT CLASS I HDACIS WERE DELIVERED INTRATHECALLY INTO RAT SPINAL CORD IN MODELS OF TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURY AND ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (STAVUDINE, D4T). MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ATTENUATED BY 40% TO 50% AS A RESULT OF HDACI TREATMENT, BUT ONLY IF STARTED BEFORE ANY INSULT. THE DRUGS GLOBALLY INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD, BUT APPEARED TO HAVE NO MEASURABLE EFFECTS IN RELEVANT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IN THIS TREATMENT PARADIGM, SUGGESTING THAT ANY POTENTIAL MECHANISM SHOULD BE SOUGHT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF DORSAL CORD RNA REVEALED THE SIGNATURE OF THE SPECIFIC COMPOUND USED (MS-275) AND SUGGESTED THAT ITS MAIN EFFECT WAS MEDIATED THROUGH HDAC1. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUPPORT A ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE EMERGENCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4 4173  36 MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN THE RAT BRAIN. WE HAVE REPORTED THAT MELATONIN INDUCES HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION IN MOUSE NEURAL STEM CELLS, SUGGESTING AN EPIGENETIC ROLE FOR THIS PLEIOTROPIC HORMONE. TO SUPPORT SUCH A ROLE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MELATONIN PRODUCES SIMILAR EFFECTS IN VIVO. HISTONE ACETYLATION, FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH MELATONIN (4MUG/ML IN DRINKING WATER FOR 17 DAYS), WAS EXAMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING IN SELECTED RAT BRAIN REGIONS. MELATONIN INDUCED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN HISTONE H3 AND HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. HISTONE H4 WAS ALSO HYPERACETYLATED IN THE STRIATUM, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IN THIS BRAIN REGION. NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE ACETYLATION OF EITHER HISTONE H3 OR H4 WERE OBSERVED IN THE MIDBRAIN AND CEREBELLUM. AN EXAMINATION OF KINASE ACTIVATION, WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THESE CHANGES, REVEALED THAT MELATONIN TREATMENT INCREASED THE LEVELS OF PHOSPHO-ERK (EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE) IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND STRIATUM, BUT PHOSPHO-AKT (PROTEIN KINASE B) LEVELS WERE UNCHANGED. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT CHROMATIN REMODELING AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLIE THE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MELATONIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5 6801  55 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

6 2590  36 EPIGENETICS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE LIVER OF RATS FED ETHANOL CHRONICALLY. AIM: TO EXAMINE THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL-INDUCED PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AND THE EFFECTS OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN THE REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. METHODS: RATS WERE FED ETHANOL FOR 1 MO USING THE TSUKAMOTO-FRENCH MODEL AND WERE COMPARED TO RATS GIVEN THE PROTEASOME INHIBITOR PS-341 (BORTEZOMIB, VELCADE(TM)) BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS AND REAL TIME PCR WERE PERFORMED AND PROTEASOME ACTIVITY ASSAYS AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED USING ISOLATED NUCLEI. RESULTS: CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT INHIBITION OF THE UBIQUITIN PROTEASOME PATHWAY IN THE NUCLEUS, WHICH LED TO CHANGES IN THE TURNOVER OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS, HISTONE-MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, AFFECTED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING WAS RELATED TO AN INCREASE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION, AND IT IS HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE PROTEASOME PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY REGULATED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY CONTROLLING THE STABILITY OF HISTONE MODIFYING ENZYMES, AND, THEREFORE, REGULATED THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, ALLOWING EASY ACCESS TO CHROMATIN BY RNA POLYMERASE, AND, THUS, PROPER GENE EXPRESSION. PROTEASOME INHIBITION BY PS-341 INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION SIMILAR TO CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING. IN ADDITION, PROTEASOME INHIBITION CAUSED DRAMATIC CHANGES IN HEPATIC REMETHYLATION REACTIONS AS THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGENERATION OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, AND, IN PARTICULAR, A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE BETAINE-HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME. THIS SUGGESTED THAT HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEASOME INHIBITION, AS INDICATED BY THE DECREASE IN HISTONE METHYLATION. CONCLUSION: THE ROLE OF PROTEASOME INHIBITION IN REGULATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND ITS LINK TO LIVER INJURY IN ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE, IS THUS A PROMISING APPROACH TO STUDY LIVER INJURY DUE TO CHRONIC ETHANOL CONSUMPTION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7 2297  31 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8 3319  28 HISTONE ACETYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN: AN UNRESOLVED PUZZLE? CHRONIC PAIN IS BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO SOMATIC, VISCERAL OR NEUROPATHIC PAIN DEPENDING UPON THE LOCATION AND EXTENT OF PAIN PERCEPTION. EVIDENCES FROM DIFFERENT ANIMAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT INFLAMMATORY OR NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE PROTEINS, WHICH RESULT IN ABNORMAL TRANSCRIPTION OF NOCICEPTIVE PROCESSING GENES. THERE HAVE BEEN A NUMBER OF STUDIES INDICATING THAT NERVE INJURY UP-REGULATES HISTONE DEACETYLASE ENZYMES, WHICH LEADS TO INCREASED HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND INDUCE CHRONIC PAIN. TREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS RELIEVES PAIN BY NORMALIZING NERVE INJURY-INDUCED DOWN REGULATION OF METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTERS, GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE 65, NEURON RESTRICTIVE SILENCER FACTOR AND SERUM AND GLUCOCORTICOID INDUCIBLE KINASE 1. ON THE OTHER HAND, A FEW STUDIES REFER TO INCREASED EXPRESSION OF HISTONE ACETYLASE ENZYMES IN RESPONSE TO NERVE INJURY THAT PROMOTES HISTONE ACETYLATION LEADING TO PAIN INDUCTION. TREATMENT WITH HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO RELIEVE CHRONIC PAIN BY BLOCKING THE UP-REGULATION OF CHEMOKINES AND CYCLOOXYGENASE-2, THE CRITICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTONE ACETYLATION-INDUCED PAIN. THE PRESENT REVIEW DESCRIBES THE DUAL ROLE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION IN DEVELOPMENT OR ATTENUATION OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN ALONG WITH THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  531  44 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10  808  28 CHANGED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS IN NORMAL-APPEARING WHITE MATTER AND EARLY MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS LESIONS. THE EPIGENETIC IDENTITY OF OLIGODENDROCYTES IS MODULATED BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES. ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 RESULTS FROM THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND MODULATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT, IN RODENTS, HISTONE DEACETYLATION FAVORS OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, WHEREAS ACETYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. HERE, WE REPORT, IN HUMANS BRAINS, A SHIFT TOWARD HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE WHITE MATTER OF THE FRONTAL LOBES OF AGED SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS). INCREASED IMMUNOREACTIVITY FOR ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 WAS OBSERVED IN THE NUCLEI OF NOGOA+ OLIGODENDROCYTES IN A SUBSET OF MS SAMPLES. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION (I.E., TCF7L2, ID2, AND SOX2) AND HIGHER HAT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS (I.E., CBP, P300) IN FEMALE MS PATIENTS COMPARED WITH NON-NEUROLOGICAL CONTROLS AND CORRELATED WITH DISEASE DURATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FROM SAMPLES OF MS PATIENTS REVEALED ENRICHMENT OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AT THE PROMOTER OF THE INCREASED TARGET GENES (I.E., TCF7L2). THE DATA IN CHRONIC LESIONS CONTRASTED WITH FINDINGS IN EARLY MS LESIONS, WHERE A MARKED OLIGODENDROGLIAL HISTONE DEACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS A PROCESS THAT OCCURS AT THE EARLY STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND WHOSE EFFICIENCY DECREASES WITH DISEASE DURATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
11 5624  29 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12 4497  38 MORPHINE LEADS TO GLOBAL GENOME CHANGES IN H3K27ME3 LEVELS VIA A POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2) SELF-REGULATORY MECHANISM IN MESCS. BACKGROUND: ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES CAN LEAD TO HEALTH PROBLEMS OR DISEASE, BUT THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED REMAIN UNCLEAR. MORPHINE CAN PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTAL BARRIER LEADING TO ABNORMAL EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH MORPHINE CAUSES THESE EFFECTS AND HOW THEY SOMETIMES PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD IS NOT WELL KNOWN. TO UNRAVEL THE MORPHINE-INDUCED CHROMATIN ALTERATIONS INVOLVED IN ABERRANT EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT, WE EXPLORED THE ROLE OF THE H3K27ME3/PRC2 REPRESSIVE COMPLEX IN GENE EXPRESSION AND ITS TRANSMISSION ACROSS CELLULAR GENERATIONS IN RESPONSE TO MORPHINE. RESULTS: USING MOUSE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS AS A MODEL SYSTEM, WE FOUND THAT CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT INDUCES A GLOBAL DOWNREGULATION OF THE HISTONE MODIFICATION H3K27ME3. CONVERSELY, CHIP-SEQ SHOWED A REMARKABLE INCREASE IN H3K27ME3 LEVELS AT SPECIFIC GENOMIC SITES, PARTICULARLY PROMOTERS, DISRUPTING SELECTIVE TARGET GENES RELATED TO EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT, CELL CYCLE AND METABOLISM. THROUGH A SELF-REGULATORY MECHANISM, MORPHINE DOWNREGULATED THE TRANSCRIPTION OF PRC2 COMPONENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR H3K27ME3 BY ENRICHING HIGH H3K27ME3 LEVELS AT THE PROMOTER REGION. DOWNREGULATION OF PRC2 COMPONENTS PERSISTED FOR AT LEAST 48 H (4 CELL CYCLES) FOLLOWING MORPHINE REMOVAL, THOUGH PROMOTER H3K27ME3 LEVELS RETURNED TO CONTROL LEVELS. CONCLUSIONS: MORPHINE INDUCES TARGETING OF THE PRC2 COMPLEX TO SELECTED PROMOTERS, INCLUDING THOSE OF PRC2 COMPONENTS, LEADING TO CHARACTERISTIC CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND A GLOBAL REDUCTION IN H3K27ME3. FOLLOWING MORPHINE REMOVAL, ENHANCED PROMOTER H3K27ME3 LEVELS REVERT TO NORMAL SOONER THAN GLOBAL H3K27ME3 OR PRC2 COMPONENT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS. WE SUGGEST THAT H3K27ME3 IS INVOLVED IN INITIATING MORPHINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, BUT NOT IN THEIR MAINTENANCE. MODEL OF POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2) AND H3K27ME3 ALTERATIONS INDUCED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE. MORPHINE INDUCES H3K27ME3 ENRICHMENT AT PROMOTERS OF GENES ENCODING CORE MEMBERS OF THE PRC2 COMPLEX AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR TRANSCRIPTIONAL DOWNREGULATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13  710  30 C-TERMINAL DOMAIN SMALL PHOSPHATASE 1 (CTDSP1) REGULATES GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION AND AXONAL REGENERATION IN PERIPHERAL NERVE TISSUE. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY (PNI) REPRESENTS A MAJOR CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC BURDEN. DESPITE THE ABILITY OF PERIPHERAL NEURONS TO REGENERATE THEIR AXONS AFTER AN INJURY, PATIENTS ARE OFTEN LEFT WITH MOTOR AND/OR SENSORY DISABILITY AND MAY DEVELOP CHRONIC PAIN. SUCCESSFUL REGENERATION AND TARGET ORGAN REINNERVATION REQUIRE COMPREHENSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN BOTH INJURED NEURONS AND SUPPORT CELLS LOCATED AT THE SITE OF INJURY. THE EXPRESSION OF MOST OF THE GENES REQUIRED FOR AXON GROWTH AND GUIDANCE AND FOR SYNAPSIS FORMATION IS REPRESSED BY A SINGLE MASTER TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR, THE REPRESSOR ELEMENT 1 SILENCING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (REST). SUSTAINED INCREASE OF REST LEVELS AFTER INJURY INHIBITS AXON REGENERATION AND LEADS TO CHRONIC PAIN. AS TARGETING OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS CHALLENGING, WE TESTED WHETHER MODULATION OF REST ACTIVITY COULD BE ACHIEVED THROUGH KNOCKDOWN OF CARBOXY-TERMINAL DOMAIN SMALL PHOSPHATASE 1 (CTDSP1), THE ENZYME THAT STABILIZES REST BY PREVENTING ITS TARGETING TO THE PROTEASOME. TO TEST WHETHER KNOCKDOWN OF CTDSP1 PROMOTES NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION IN BOTH SUPPORT CELLS LOCATED AT THE SITE OF INJURY AND IN PERIPHERAL NEURONS, WE TRANSFECTED MESENCHYMAL PROGENITOR CELLS (MPCS), A TYPE OF SUPPORT CELLS THAT ARE PRESENT AT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS AT THE SITE OF INJURY, AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) NEURONS WITH REST OR CTDSP1 SPECIFIC SIRNA. WE QUANTIFIED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION BY RT-QPCR AND WESTERN BLOT, AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) RELEASE IN THE CELL CULTURE MEDIUM BY ELISA, AND WE MEASURED NEURITE OUTGROWTH OF DRG NEURONS IN CULTURE. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CTDSP1 KNOCKDOWN PROMOTES NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR EXPRESSION IN BOTH DRG NEURONS AND THE SUPPORT CELLS MPCS, AND PROMOTES DRG NEURON REGENERATION. THERAPEUTICS TARGETING CTDSP1 ACTIVITY MAY, THEREFORE, REPRESENT A NOVEL EPIGENETIC STRATEGY TO PROMOTE PERIPHERAL NERVE REGENERATION AFTER PNI BY PROMOTING THE REGENERATIVE PROGRAM REPRESSED BY INJURY-INDUCED INCREASED LEVELS OF REST IN BOTH NEURONS AND SUPPORT CELLS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14 2442  36 EPIGENETIC STABILITY IN THE ADULT MOUSE CORTEX UNDER CONDITIONS OF PHARMACOLOGICALLY INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION IS CONSIDERED A MAJOR EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT AFFECTS BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, AS WELL AS LEARNING AND MEMORY. THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECTORS AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR PLASTICITY AS A RESULT OF LONG-TERM MODIFICATIONS TO HISTONE ACETYLATION ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. TO THIS END, WE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INHIBITED HISTONE DEACETYLATION USING TRICHOSTATIN A IN ADULT (6-MONTH-OLD) MICE AND FOUND SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN THE LEVELS OF THE ACETYLATED HISTONE MARKS H3LYS9, H3LYS14 AND H4LYS12. HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS OF DIVERSE BRAIN REGIONS UNCOVERED FEW DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION BETWEEN TREATED AND CONTROL ANIMALS, NONE OF WHICH WERE PLASTICITY RELATED. INSTEAD, AFTER INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE DETECTED A LARGE NUMBER OF NOVEL TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE REGIONS, WHICH CORRESPOND TO LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS). WE ALSO SURPRISINGLY FOUND NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DENDRITIC SPINE PLASTICITY IN LAYERS 1 AND 2/3 OF THE VISUAL CORTEX USING LONG-TERM IN VIVO TWO-PHOTON IMAGING. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT CHRONIC PHARMACOLOGICALLY INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION CAN BE DECOUPLED FROM GENE EXPRESSION AND INSTEAD, MAY POTENTIALLY EXERT A POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECT THROUGH THE DIFFERENTIAL PRODUCTION OF LNCRNAS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15 2417  33 EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE IN RATS. CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE DECLINE IN AGING AND AGE-RELATED NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE MAINTENANCE OF LONG-TERM HYPOXIA-ADAPTED CELLULAR PHENOTYPES. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION, AS WELL AS S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM) CYCLE USING CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION RAT MODEL WERE EXPLORED. CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED GLOBAL DNA HYPERMETHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCREASE OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 3A AS WELL AS ALTERATION OF SAM CYCLE. MEANWHILE, AN ENHANCED LEVEL OF GLOBAL HISTONE H4 ACETYLATION ACCOMPANIED WITH THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, P300/CREB-BINDING PROTEIN (CBP), AND THE DOWNREGULATION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS), WAS ALSO OBSERVED. SAM COULD IMPROVE SPATIAL CAPACITY THROUGH THE UPREGULATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) RATHER THAN ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION LEVELS. IN CONCLUSION, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED A GENOME-WIDE ADJUSTMENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION UNDER CHRONIC CEREBRAL HYPOXIC CONDITIONS IN A RAT'S BRAIN. THESE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES MAY REPRESENT AN ADDITIONAL MECHANISM TO PROMOTE AND MAINTAIN A HYPOXIC-ADAPTED CELLULAR RESPONDS WITH A POTENTIAL ROLE IN MEMORY DEFICITS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16 2280  38 EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DRUG ADDICTION. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS AND GENES HAS NOW TAKEN ON A CLEAR MOLECULAR FORM AS DEMONSTRATED BY STABLE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. THESE CHANGES OCCUR THROUGH ACTIVATION OR REPRESSION OF SPECIFIC GENE PROGRAMMES BY A COMBINATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELLING, ACTIVATION AND ENZYMATIC MODIFICATION OF DNA AND HISTONES AS WELL AS NUCLEOSOMAL SUBUNIT EXCHANGE. RECENT RESEARCH INVESTIGATING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING DRUG-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY HAS SHOWN A DIRECT ROLE FOR CHROMATIN REMODELLING--TERMED AS EPIGENETIC REGULATION--OF NEURONAL GENE PROGRAMMES AND SUBSEQUENT ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR ARISING FROM IT. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT REPEATED EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN DRUGS PROMOTES CHANGES IN LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AND METHYLATION, TOGETHER WITH ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN REWARD CENTRE, LOCALISED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) REGION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM. THE COMBINATION OF ACETYLATING, PHOSPHORYLATING AND METHYLATING H3 AND H4 HISTONE TAILS ALTER CHROMATIN COMPACTION THEREBY PROMOTING ALTERED LEVELS OF CELLULAR GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH WEAKEN HISTONE INTERACTION WITH DNA OR THAT PROMOTE RECRUITMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATING COMPLEXES, CORRELATE WITH PERMISSIVE GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION, (WHICH STRENGTHEN HISTONE: DNA CONTACTS), OR HISTONE METHYLATION, (WHICH RECRUITS REPRESSIVE COMPLEXES TO CHROMATIN), PROMOTE A STATE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. USING ANIMAL MODELS, ACUTE COCAINE TREATMENT INCREASES H4 ACETYLATION AT ACUTELY REGULATED GENE PROMOTERS, WHEREAS H3 ACETYLATION APPEARS TO PREDOMINATE AT CHRONICALLY INDUCED PROMOTERS. CHRONIC COCAINE AND ALCOHOL TREATMENT ACTIVATE AND REPRESS MANY GENES SUCH AS FOSB, CDK5, AND BDNF, WHERE THEIR DYSREGULATION, AT THE CHROMATIN LEVEL, CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ADDICTION. FOLLOWING DRUG EXPOSURE, IT IS STILL UNKNOWN, HOWVER, HOW LONG THESE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE PERSIST IN AFFECTING NEURONAL FUNCTION, BUT SOME DO SO FOR LIFE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 3348  38 HISTONE DEACETYLASES MEET MICRORNA-ASSOCIATED MMP-9 EXPRESSION REGULATION IN GLUCOCORTICOID-SENSITIVE AND -RESISTANT CELL LINES. GLUCOCORTICOIDS ARE LARGELY USED IN THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES AND/OR HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF A VARIETY OF GENES INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION OR METASTASIS SUCH AS MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMP). LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS CAN RESULT IN FAILURE OF RESPONSIVENESS, WHICH IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN UNWANTED GENE EXPRESSION. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN GENE EXPRESSION MODULATED AFTER DEVELOPMENT OF GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE BUT HOW THESE MECHANISMS TAKE PLACE MUST BE FURTHER STUDIED. THE EFFECTS OF HDAC INHIBITORS (HDACI) IN A CONTEXT OF GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE ARE STILL NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD AND NEED TO BE FURTHER INVESTIGATED. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ACQUIRED GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED TO HDACI COULD DISTURBS EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, ESPECIALLY MIR EXPRESSION, LEADING TO A MODULATION OF MMP-9 GENE EXPRESSION AND/OR PROTEIN SECRETION, DESCRIBED AS LARGELY INVOLVED IN BONE REMODELING AND TUMOR INVASION IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA. TO THIS AIM, WE USED SENSITIVE RPMI-8226 CELL LINE AND ITS DEXAMETHASONE- AND METHYLPREDNISOLONE-RESISTANT DERIVATIVES. THE RESISTANT CELL LINES DISPLAYED AN 'OPEN CHROMATIN' AND AN MMP-9 OVEREXPRESSION COMPARATIVELY TO THE SENSITIVE CELL LINE. HDACI TREATMENT WITH MS-275 INCREASED EVEN MORE MMP-9 OVEREXPRESSION NOT ONLY AT AN MRNA LEVEL BUT ALSO AT THE PROTEIN LEVEL. WE SHOWED THAT MMP-9 EXPRESSION REGULATION WAS NOT DIRECTLY LINKED WITH HAT/HDAC BALANCE ALTERATIONS BUT RATHER WITH THE DEREGULATION OF MMP-9-TARGETING MIRS. THEN, WE FIRST DEMONSTRATED THAT MIR?149 DOWNREGULATION WAS DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN THE MMP-9 OVEREXPRESSION FOLLOWING A CHRONIC GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE AND THAT MS-275 COULD AMPLIFY THIS OVEREXPRESSION BY INHIBITION OF MIR?149 EXPRESSION AND MIR?520C OVEREXPRESSION. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE USE OF HDACI IN A CONTEXT OF ACQUIRED GLUCOCORTICOID RESISTANCE COULD MODIFY THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE, HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF TAKING THE GLUCOCORTICOID RESPONSE STATUS INTO CONSIDERATION IN TREATMENT WITH HDACI.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18 1035  42 CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION IMPROVES PANCREATITIS OUTCOME BY LIMITING LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT AND ACINAR-TO-DUCTAL METAPLASIA. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: PANCREATITIS IS A COMMON INFLAMMATION OF THE PANCREAS WITH RISING INCIDENCE IN MANY COUNTRIES. DESPITE IMPROVEMENTS IN DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, THE DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH RISK OF SEVERE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AND THERE IS AN URGENT NEED FOR NEW THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED WHETHER HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS), KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION, ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: WE ANALYSED HDAC REGULATION DURING CERULEIN-INDUCED ACUTE, CHRONIC AND AUTOIMMUNE PANCREATITIS USING DIFFERENT TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODELS. THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF CLASS I HDACS WAS TESTED WITH THE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR MS-275 IN VIVO UPON PANCREATITIS INDUCTION AND IN VITRO IN ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES AND PRIMARY ACINAR CELL EXPLANTS. KEY RESULTS: HDAC EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY WERE UP-REGULATED IN A TIME-DEPENDENT MANNER FOLLOWING INDUCTION OF PANCREATITIS, WITH THE HIGHEST ABUNDANCE OBSERVED FOR CLASS I HDACS. CLASS I HDAC INHIBITION DID NOT PREVENT THE INITIAL ACINAR CELL DAMAGE. HOWEVER, IT EFFECTIVELY REDUCED THE INFILTRATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, INCLUDING MACROPHAGES AND T CELLS, IN BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC PHASES OF THE DISEASE, AND DIRECTLY DISRUPTED MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION. IN ADDITION, MS-275 TREATMENT REDUCED DNA DAMAGE IN ACINAR CELLS AND LIMITED ACINAR DE-DIFFERENTIATION INTO ACINAR-TO-DUCTAL METAPLASIA IN A CELL-AUTONOMOUS MANNER BY IMPEDING THE EGF RECEPTOR SIGNALLING AXIS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CLASS I HDACS ARE CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC FORMS OF PANCREATITIS AND SUGGEST THAT BLOCKADE OF CLASS I HDAC ISOFORMS IS A PROMISING TARGET TO IMPROVE THE OUTCOME OF THE DISEASE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19 5279  26 PROMOTER-SPECIFIC RELEVANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY DEXAMETHASONE DURING THE REGULATION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS (GCS) ARE WIDELY USED TO TREAT DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNE DISEASES THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES. MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY GCS IS KNOWN TO OCCUR THROUGH DIVERSE MECHANISMS OF VARYING RELEVANCE TO SPECIFIC CLASSES OF GENES. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE INDEED A PIVOTAL REGULATORY FEATURE OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. IN THIS STUDY, HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS WERE INVESTIGATED FOR THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE REGULATION OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES - EXPRESSED IN HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES - IN RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH SYNTHETIC GC DEXAMETHASONE (DEX). WE SHOW THAT HISTONE TAIL ACETYLATION STATUS IS MODIFIED FOLLOWING DEX ADMINISTRATION, THROUGH DISTINCT AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS AT THE PROMOTERS OF INTERLEUKIN-8 AND INTERLEUKIN-23. IN ADDITION TO HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT H3 LYSINE 4 TRIMETHYLATION IS AFFECTED FOLLOWING DRUG TREATMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20 3754  32 INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF OMICS DATA REVEAL AP-1 AS A POTENTIAL REGULATION HUB IN THE INFLAMMATION-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA RAT MODEL. INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC PAIN IS A GLOBAL CLINICAL PROBLEM, AFFECTING MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC PAIN REMAIN UNCLEAR. A RAT MODEL OF CUTANEOUS INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) HAS BEEN WIDELY USED AS AN INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY MODEL. WE PRESENT THE TRANSCRIPTOMICS PROFILE OF CFA-INDUCED INFLAMMATION IN THE RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (DRG) VIA AN APPROACH THAT TARGETS GENE EXPRESSION, DNA METHYLATION, AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. WE IDENTIFIED 418 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MRNAS, 120 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), AND 2,670 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS), WHICH WERE ALL HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE INFLAMMATION-RELATED PATHWAYS, INCLUDING NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B (NF-KAPPAB) AND INTERFERON (IFN) SIGNALING PATHWAYS. AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS FURTHER DEMONSTRATED THAT THE ACTIVATOR PROTEIN 1 (AP-1) NETWORK, WHICH MAY ACT AS A REGULATOR OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, IS REGULATED AT BOTH THE TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS. WE BELIEVE OUR DATA WILL NOT ONLY PROVIDE DRUG SCREENING TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN AND INFLAMMATION BUT WILL ALSO SHED LIGHT ON THE MOLECULAR NETWORK ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA.	2021