1 5603 151 ROS PROMOTE HYPER-METHYLATION OF NDRG2 PROMOTERS IN A DNMTS-DEPENDENT MANNER: CONTRIBUTES TO THE PROGRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS. RENAL FIBROSIS IS THE COMMON HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES (CKD), AND THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS INVOLVED IN THE OCCURRENCE AND PROGRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS. N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE 2 (NDRG2) IS SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED IN RENAL FIBROSIS, THE MECHANISM OF WHICH REMAINS UNCLEAR. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE CONFIRMED THAT THE INHIBITION OF NDRG2 EXPRESSION IN TUMOR CELLS IS RELATED TO HYPER-METHYLATION, MAINLY REGULATED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS). HEREIN, WE EXPLORED THE EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 AND ITS EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISM IN RENAL FIBROSIS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED IN VIVO AND IN VITRO, WHILE THE OVEREXPRESSION OF NDRG2 EFFECTIVELY ALLEVIATED RENAL FIBROSIS. MEANWHILE, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF DNMT1/3A/3B WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN HYPOXIA-INDUCED HK2 CELLS AND UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MICE ACCOMPANIED BY HYPER-METHYLATION OF THE NDGR2 PROMOTER. METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (5-AZA-DC) CORRECTED THE ABNORMAL EXPRESSION OF DNMT1/3A/3B, REDUCED THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF NDRG2 PROMOTER AND RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF NDRG2. THE UPSTREAM EVENTS THAT MEDIATE CHANGES IN NDRG2 METHYLATION WERE FURTHER EXPLORED. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS AND HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PLAY A KEY ROLE IN RENAL INJURY DUE TO VARIOUS CAUSES. ACCORDINGLY, WE FURTHER EXPLORED WHETHER ROS COULD INDUCE DNA-EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF THE EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 AND THEN PARTICIPATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL FIBROSIS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT MITOCHONDRIA-TARGETED ANTIOXIDANTS (MITO-TEMPO) COULD REVERSE THE EPIGENETIC INHIBITION OF NDRG2 IN A DNMT-SENSITIVE MANNER, SHOWING STRONG ABILITY OF DNA DEMETHYLATION, EXHIBITING EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND ANTI-FIBROSIS EFFECTS SIMILAR TO 5-AZA-DC. MORE IMPORTANTLY, THE ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS OF 5-AZA-DC AND MITO-TEMPO WERE ELIMINATED IN HK2 CELLS WITH NDRG2 KNOCKDOWN. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THAT TARGETING ROS-MEDIATED HYPER-METHYLATION OF NDRG2 PROMOTER IS A POTENTIALLY EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR RENAL FIBROSIS, WHICH WILL PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE TREATMENT OF CKD.	2023	

2  141  44 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF MTOR PATHWAY GENES PROMOTES INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION OF IMMUNE CELLS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD), BUT THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN PERIPHERAL IMMUNE CELLS CONTRIBUTES TO DKD PROGRESSION. WE SHOWED THAT LEVELS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1), A KEY ENZYME FOR DNA METHYLATION, WERE INCREASED ALONG WITH INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN DKD PATIENTS. INHIBITION OF DNMT1 WITH 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA) MARKEDLY INCREASED THE PROPORTION OF CD4(+)CD25(+) REGULATORY T CELLS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN CULTURE AND IN DIABETIC ANIMALS. ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNE CELLS FROM 5-AZA-TREATED ANIMALS SHOWED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM, RESULTING IN A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF DKD. USING GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSAYS, WE IDENTIFIED THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CYTOSINES IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (MTOR) REGULATORS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS OF DIABETIC PATIENTS. FURTHER, MRNA ARRAYS CONFIRMED THE CONSISTENT INDUCTION OF GENES EXPRESSED IN THE MTOR PATHWAY. IMPORTANTLY, DOWN-REGULATION OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION VIA RNA INTERFERENCE RESULTED IN PROMINENT CYTOSINE DEMETHYLATION OF MTOR NEGATIVE REGULATORS AND SUBSEQUENT DECREASE OF MTOR ACTIVITY. LASTLY, MODULATION OF MTOR RESULTED IN CHANGES IN THE EFFECT OF 5-AZA ON DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS. THUS, UP-REGULATION OF DNMT1 IN DIABETIC IMMUNE CELLS INDUCES ABERRANT CYTOSINE METHYLATION OF THE UPSTREAM REGULATORS OF MTOR, LEADING TO PATHOGENIC ACTIVATION OF THE MTOR PATHWAY AND CONSEQUENT INFLAMMATION IN DIABETIC KIDNEYS. HENCE, THIS STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR TREATING DKD.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3 5972  31 TET REPRESSION AND INCREASED DNMT ACTIVITY SYNERGISTICALLY INDUCE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS DEEPLY INVOLVED IN VARIOUS HUMAN DISORDERS, SUCH AS CANCER, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS, AND METABOLIC DISORDERS. INDUCTION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, ESPECIALLY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IS ONE OF THE MAJOR MECHANISMS, BUT HOW IT IS INDUCED IS STILL UNCLEAR. HERE, WE FOUND THAT EXPRESSION OF TET GENES, METHYLATION ERASERS, WAS DOWNREGULATED IN INFLAMED MOUSE AND HUMAN TISSUES, AND THAT THIS WAS CAUSED BY UPREGULATION OF TET-TARGETING MIRNAS SUCH AS MIR20A, MIR26B, AND MIR29C, LIKELY DUE TO ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING DOWNSTREAM OF IL-1BETA AND TNF-ALPHA. HOWEVER, TET KNOCKDOWN INDUCED ONLY MILD ABERRANT METHYLATION. NITRIC OXIDE (NO), PRODUCED BY NOS2, ENHANCED ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), METHYLATION WRITERS, AND NO EXPOSURE INDUCED MINIMAL ABERRANT METHYLATION. IN CONTRAST, A COMBINATION OF TET KNOCKDOWN AND NO EXPOSURE SYNERGISTICALLY INDUCED ABERRANT METHYLATION, INVOLVING GENOMIC REGIONS NOT METHYLATED BY EITHER ALONE. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT A VICIOUS COMBINATION OF TET REPRESSION, DUE TO NF-KAPPAB ACTIVATION, AND DNMT ACTIVATION, DUE TO NO PRODUCTION, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ABERRANT METHYLATION INDUCTION IN HUMAN TISSUES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4 4362  47 MIR?152 REGULATES TGF?BETA1?INDUCED EPITHELIAL?MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION BY TARGETING HPIP IN TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS. RENAL FIBROSIS IS A COMMON PATHOLOGICAL FEATURE OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES, AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION ARE INFLUENCED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING ABERRANT MICRORNA (MIRNA OR MIR) EXPRESSION. MIRNAS HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO MODULATE THE AGGRESSIVENESS OF VARIOUS CANCERS AND HAVE EMERGED AS POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC AGENTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF RENAL FIBROSIS. TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1 (TGF?BETA1)?INDUCED EPITHELIAL?MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) OF TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS SERVES A ROLE IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS. FURTHERMORE, RECENT RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE PROGRESSION OF EMT IS REVERSIBLE. THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO CLARIFY THE ROLE OF MIR?152 IN EMT OF THE TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELL LINE HK?2, STIMULATED BY TGF?BETA1, USING IN VITRO TRANSFECTION WITH A MIR?152 MIMIC AND TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF MIR?152 ACTIVITY. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, MIR?152 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED IN TGF?BETA1?TREATED HK?2 CELLS, ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PRE?B?CELL LEUKEMIA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (PBX)?INTERACTING PROTEIN (HPIP). ADDITIONALLY, MIR?152 OVEREXPRESSION INHIBITED TGF?BETA1?INDUCED EMT AND SUPPRESSED HPIP EXPRESSION BY DIRECTLY TARGETING THE 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION OF HPIP IN HK?2 CELLS. FURTHERMORE, UPREGULATION OF HPIP REVERSED MIR?152?MEDIATED INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON THE EMT. COLLECTIVELY, THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DOWNREGULATION OF MIR?152 INITIATES THE DEDIFFERENTIATION OF RENAL TUBULES AND PROGRESSION OF RENAL FIBROSIS, WHICH MAY PROVIDE IMPORTANT TARGETS FOR PREVENTION STRATEGIES OF RENAL FIBROSIS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
5 3527  30 IL-6 ENHANCES THE NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF DNA CYTOSINE-5-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DNMT1) VIA PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SEQUENCE BY THE AKT KINASE. THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF GENOMIC DNA IS ACCOMPLISHED, IN PART, BY SEVERAL DNA CYTOSINE-5-METHYLTRANSFERASES THAT ACT BY COVALENTLY MODIFYING CYTOSINES WITH THE ADDITION OF A METHYL GROUP. THIS COVALENT MODIFICATION IS MAINTAINED BY THE DNA CYTOSINE-5-METHYLTRANSFERASE-1 ENZYME (DNMT1), WHICH IS CAPABLE OF ACTING IN CONCERT WITH OTHER SIMILAR ENZYMES TO SILENCE IMPORTANT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. IL-6 IS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL MEDIATOR OF INFLAMMATION, ACTING THROUGH SEVERAL MAJOR SIGNALING CASCADES, INCLUDING THE PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-KINASE PATHWAY (PI-3-K), WHICH ACTIVATES PROTEIN KINASE B (AKT/PKB) DOWNSTREAM. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF DNMT1 CAN BE ALTERED BY THE ADDITION OF IL-6, INCREASING THE RATE OF NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF THE ENZYME FROM THE CYTOSOLIC COMPARTMENT. THE MECHANISM OF NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION OF DNMT1 IS GREATLY ENHANCED BY PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE DNMT1 NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNAL (NLS) BY PKB/AKT KINASE. MUTAGENIC ALTERATION OF THE TWO AKT TARGET AMINO ACIDS WITHIN THE NLS RESULTS IN A MAJOR LOSS OF DNMT1 NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION, WHILE THE CREATION OF A "PHOSPHO-MIMIC" AMINO ACID (MUTATION TO ACIDIC RESIDUES) RESTORES THIS COMPARTMENTATION ABILITY. THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST AN INTERESTING HYPOTHESIS REGARDING HOW MEDIATORS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION MAY DISTURB THE DELICATE BALANCE OF CELLULAR COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF IMPORTANT PROTEINS, AND REVEALS A POTENTIAL MECHANISM FOR THE INDUCTION OR ENHANCEMENT OF TUMOR GROWTH VIA ALTERATION OF THE COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF A CELL.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6 1615  36 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B PLAYS A PROTECTIVE ROLE AGAINST HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS CAUSED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS. MOST HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) DEVELOP ON THE BASIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN INFLAMMATORY HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS HAS YET TO BE ELUCIDATED. AMONG DE NOVO DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), DNMT3B HAS LATELY BEEN REPORTED TO ACT SPECIFICALLY ON ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED GENES, SUGGESTING THE POSSIBILITY THAT IT PLAYS A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER. WE CONFIRMED THAT DNMT3B ISOFORMS LACKING ITS CATALYTIC DOMAIN WERE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN HCCS COMPARED WITH NON-TUMOROUS LIVER TISSUE. TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF DNMT3B IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS, WE GENERATED A GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MOUSE MODEL WITH HEPATOCYTE-SPECIFIC DNMT3B DELETION. THE LIVER OF THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE EXHIBITED AN EXACERBATION OF THIOACETAMIDE-INDUCED HEPATITIS, PROGRESSION OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF HCC COMPARED WITH THE LIVER OF THE CONTROL MICE. WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING VERIFIED A LOWER CG METHYLATION LEVEL IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER, DEMONSTRATING DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS THROUGHOUT THE GENOME. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION IN THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT LIVER. MOREOVER, PRIMARY HEPATOCYTES ISOLATED FROM THE DNMT3B-DEFICIENT MICE SHOWED REDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CAPACITY, LEADING TO THE ENHANCEMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE LIVER TISSUE. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF DNMT3B AGAINST CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND HCC DEVELOPMENT VIA MAINTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7 6431  40 THE USE OF TARGETED NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING TO EXPLORE CANDIDATE REGULATORS OF TGF-BETA1'S IMPACT ON KIDNEY CELLS. AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA (TGF-BETA1) PLAYS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY ROLE IN THE PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE. FURTHER, DAMAGE TO KIDNEY GLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS IS CENTRAL TO THE PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MRNA, MICRORNA, AND EPIGENETICS IN MESANGIAL CELLS IN RESPONSE TO TGF-BETA1. METHODS: THE REGULATORY EFFECTS OF TGF-BETA1 ON MESANGIAL CELLS WERE INVESTIGATED AT DIFFERENT MOLECULAR LEVELS BY TREATING MESANGIAL CELLS WITH TGF-BETA1 FOR 3 DAYS FOLLOWED BY GENOME-WIDE MIRNA, RNA, DNA METHYLATION, AND H3K27ME3 EXPRESSION PROFILING USING NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS). RESULTS: OUR RESULTS PROVIDE THE FIRST COMPREHENSIVE, COMPUTATIONALLY INTEGRATED REPORT OF RNA-SEQ, MIRNA-SEQ, AND EPIGENOMIC ANALYSES ACROSS ALL GENETIC VARIATIONS, CONFIRMING THE OCCURRENCE OF DNA METHYLATION AND H3K27ME3 IN RESPONSE TO TGF-BETA1. OUR FINDINGS SHOW THAT THE EXPRESSION OF KLF7 AND GJA4 ARE INVOLVED IN TGF-BETA1 REGULATED DNA METHYLATION. OUR DATA ALSO PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND THE EXPRESSION OF GENES CLOSELY RELATED TO TGF-BETA1 REGULATION. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY HAS ADVANCED OUR CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE EXPRESSION OF TGF-BETA1-REGULATED GENES INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF KIDNEY DISEASE. THE MOLECULAR UNDERPINNINGS OF TGF-BETA1 STIMULATION OF KIDNEY CELLS WAS DETERMINED, THEREBY PROVIDING A ROBUST PLATFORM FOR FURTHER TARGET EXPLORATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8 4900  40 OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC) IN HUMANS IS POSITIVELY INFLUENCED BY OXIDATIVE STRESS STATUS IN KIDNEYS. WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT ADAPTIVE RESPONSE TO LOW LEVEL OF CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCES MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF IMMORTALIZED HUMAN RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN RCC ARE WELL DOCUMENTED, BUT ITS ROLE IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF KIDNEY CELLS IS NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HK-2, HUMAN RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS. THE RESULTS REVEALED ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION (DNMT1, DNMT3A AND MBD4) AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS (HDAC1, HMT1 AND HAT1) IN HK-2 CELLS MALIGNANTLY TRANSFORMED BY CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS. ADDITIONALLY, BOTH IN VITRO SOFT AGAR ASSAY AND IN VIVO NUDE MICE STUDY SHOWING DECREASED TUMORIGENIC POTENTIAL OF MALIGNANTLY TRANSFORMED HK-2 CELLS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH DNA DE-METHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA 2' DC FURTHER CONFIRMED THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF DNA HYPERMETHYALTION IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. CHANGES OBSERVED IN GLOBAL HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION (H3K9, H3K18, H3K27 AND H3K14) AND DECREASE IN PHOSPHO-H2AX (SER139) ALSO SUGGEST POTENTIAL ROLE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN INCREASED SURVIVAL AND MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HK-2 CELLS BY OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN SUMMARY, THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING INDUCED BY LOW LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ACT AS DRIVER FOR MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS. FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY ARE HIGHLY RELEVANT IN POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPEUTICS FOR TREATMENTS OF KIDNEY CANCERS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  273  44 AGE-INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 MEDIATES INJURY OF PODOCYTES BY REDUCING H3K27ME3. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA, A PIVOTAL FEATURE OF DIABETES MELLITUS (DM), INITIATES THE FORMATION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES) AND THE DYSREGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH MAY CAUSE INJURY TO RENAL PODOCYTES, A CENTRAL FEATURE OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD). PREVIOUS DATA OF OUR GROUP SHOWED THAT AGES SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF NIPP1 (NUCLEAR INHIBITOR OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1) IN PODOCYTES IN VITRO AS WELL AS IN HUMAN AND MURINE DKD. NIPP1 WAS SHOWN BY OTHERS TO INTERACT WITH ENHANCER OF ZESTE HOMOLOG 2 (EZH2), WHICH CATALYZES THE REPRESSIVE METHYLATION OF H3K27ME3 ON HISTONE 3. THEREFORE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT AGES CAN DIRECTLY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PODOCYTES. METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE RELEVANCE OF AGES ON EZH2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY IN A MURINE PODOCYTE CELL LINE. CELLS WERE TREATED WITH 5 MG/ML GLYCATED BSA FOR 24 H. TO DETERMINE THE MEANING OF EZH2 SUPPRESSION, EZH2 ACTIVITY WAS INHIBITED BY INCUBATING THE CELLS WITH THE PHARMACOLOGICAL METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 3-DEAZANEPLANOCIN A; EZH2 EXPRESSION WAS REPRESSED WITH SIRNA. MRNA EXPRESSION WAS ANALYZED WITH REAL-TIME PCR, AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WITH WESTERN BLOT. EZH2 EXPRESSION AND LEVEL OF H3K27 TRIMETHYLATION IN PODOCYTES OF DIABETIC DB/DB MICE, A MOUSE MODEL FOR TYPE 2 DM, WERE ANALYZED USING IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE. RESULTS: OUR DATA DEMONSTRATED THAT AGES DECREASE EZH2 EXPRESSION IN PODOCYTES AND CONSEQUENTLY REDUCE H3K27ME3. THIS SUPPRESSION OF EZH2 MIMICKED THE AGE EFFECTS AND CAUSED AN UPREGULATED EXPRESSION OF PATHOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO PODOCYTE INJURY IN DKD. IN ADDITION, ANALYSES OF DB/DB MICE SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED H3K27ME3 AND EZH2 EXPRESSION IN PODOCYTES. MOREOVER, THE SUPPRESSION OF NIPP1 AND EZH2 SHOWED SIMILAR EFFECTS REGARDING PODOCYTE INJURY. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDIES PROVIDE A NOVEL PATHWAY HOW AGES CONTRIBUTE TO PODOCYTE INJURY AND THE FORMATION OF THE SO-CALLED METABOLIC MEMORY IN DKD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 2297  35 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11 1117  35 COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE GENES ALTERED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN HUMAN BRAIN MICROENDOTHELIAL CELLS. BACKGROUND : HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 ALPHA (HIF1A) IS A MASTER REGULATOR OF ACUTE HYPOXIA; HOWEVER, WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA, HIF1A LEVELS RETURN TO THE NORMOXIC LEVELS. IMPORTANTLY, THE GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE CELL SURVIVAL AND VIABILITY UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA LEADS TO THE UPREGULATION OF A CORE GROUP OF GENES WITH ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT MEDIATES THE CELL SURVIVAL UNDER HYPOXIA. RESULTS : WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA (3 DAYS; 0.5% OXYGEN) ON HUMAN BRAIN MICRO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HBMEC) VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS. HYPOXIA CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN CELL VIABILITY AND AN INCREASE IN APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE EXAMINED CHRONIC HYPOXIA ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTOME AND GENOME-WIDE PROMOTER METHYLATION. THE DATA OBTAINED WAS COMPARED WITH 16 OTHER MICROARRAY STUDIES ON CHRONIC HYPOXIA. NINE GENES WERE ALTERED IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ALL 17 STUDIES. INTERESTINGLY, HIF1A WAS NOT ALTERED WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ANY OF THE STUDIES. FURTHERMORE, WE COMPARED OUR DATA TO THREE OTHER STUDIES THAT IDENTIFIED HIF-RESPONSIVE GENES BY VARIOUS APPROACHES. ONLY TWO GENES WERE FOUND TO BE HIF DEPENDENT. WE SILENCED EACH OF THESE 9 GENES USING CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM. DOWNREGULATION OF EGLN3 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE CELL DEATH UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA, WHEREAS DOWNREGULATION OF ERO1L, ENO2, ADRENOMEDULLIN, AND SPAG4 REDUCED THE CELL DEATH UNDER HYPOXIA. CONCLUSIONS : WE PROVIDE A CORE GROUP OF GENES THAT REGULATES CELLULAR ACCLIMATIZATION UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS, AND MOST OF THEM ARE HIF INDEPENDENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 3795  38 INTERLEUKIN-6 CONTRIBUTES TO GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA CELLS BY ABERRANT PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF MALIGNANCY IS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE BILIARY TRACT WHERE PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION STRONGLY PREDISPOSES TO CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) ENHANCES TUMOR GROWTH IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA BY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION VIA AUTOCRINE MECHANISMS. IL-6 CAN REGULATE THE ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND MOREOVER, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CARCINOGENESIS. WE THEREFORE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO IL-6 ON METHYLATION-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH IN HUMAN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUTOCRINE IL-6 PATHWAYS, DNA METHYLATION, AND TRANSFORMED CELL GROWTH WAS ASSESSED USING MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES STABLY TRANSFECTED TO OVEREXPRESS IL-6. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE DECREASED CELL PROLIFERATION, GROWTH IN SOFT AGAR, AND METHYLCYTOSINE CONTENT OF MALIGNANT CHOLANGIOCYTES. HOWEVER, THIS EFFECT WAS NOT OBSERVED IN IL-6-OVEREXPRESSING CELLS. IL-6 OVEREXPRESSION RESULTED IN THE ALTERED EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION OF SEVERAL GENES, INCLUDING THE EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR). EGFR PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS DECREASED AND GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED BY IL-6. THUS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY IL-6 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO TUMOR PROGRESSION BY ALTERING PROMOTER METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION OF GROWTH-REGULATORY PATHWAYS, SUCH AS THOSE INVOLVING EGFR. MOREOVER, ENHANCED IL-6 EXPRESSION MAY DECREASE THE SENSITIVITY OF TUMOR CELLS TO THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS USING METHYLATION INHIBITORS. THESE OBSERVATIONS HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND PROVIDE A MECHANISM BY WHICH PERSISTENT CYTOKINE STIMULATION CAN PROMOTE TUMOR GROWTH.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13 3448  33 HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE 2 PROMOTER IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. DNA METHYLATION IS A FUNDAMENTAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION. N-MYC DOWNSTREAM-REGULATED GENE (NDRG) 2 IS A CYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN AND PARTICIPATES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN THIS STUDY, THE MRNA EXPRESSION AND METHYLATION STATUS OF NDRG2 WAS EVALUATED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB). THE STUDY INCLUDED 143 CHB PATIENTS AND 65 NORMAL CONTROLS (NC). THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF NDRG2 IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) WAS DETECTED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER IN PBMCS WAS DETECTED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE NDRG2 MRNA LEVEL WAS LOWER IN THE CHB GROUP THAN IN THE NC GROUP (P < 0.001). METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN CHB PATIENTS THAN IN THE NC GROUP (52.44% VS. 26.15%, P < 0.001). IMPORTANTLY, THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF NDRG2 MRNA WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER IN THE METHYLATED GROUP THAN IN THE UNMETHYLATED GROUP IN BOTH CHB PATIENTS AND NC (P < 0.001). FURTHERMORE, A LOWER MRNA LEVEL AND HYPERMETHYLATION OF NDRG2 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER FIBROSIS AND INFLAMMATION GRADE IN CHB. THE ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE-TO-PLATELET RATIO INDEX (APRI) SCORE IS WIDELY USED TO PREDICT LIVER FIBROSIS. THE MRNA EXPRESSION LEVELS AND METHYLATION STATUS OF NDRG2 SHOWED A BETTER SCORE COMPARED TO APRI FOR DISCRIMINATING THE SEVERITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS. IN CONCLUSION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF NDRG2 IN PBMCS WAS CORRELATED WITH DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION AND WITH LIVER FIBROSIS. THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE NDRG2 PROMOTER IN PBMCS IS A POTENTIAL NONINVASIVE BIOMARKER TO PREDICT THE SEVERITY OF LIVER FIBROSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14 4159  35 MECP2 CONTROLS AN EPIGENETIC PATHWAY THAT PROMOTES MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION AND FIBROSIS. BACKGROUND & AIMS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION GENERATES HEPATIC MYOFIBROBLASTS, WHICH PROMOTE LIVER FIBROGENESIS. THE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA (PPARGAMMA) IS A NEGATIVE REGULATOR OF THIS PROCESS. WE INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF PPARGAMMA AND MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION. METHODS: CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAYS ASSESSED THE BINDING OF METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) TO PPARGAMMA AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS THAT SILENCE THIS GENE. MECP2(-/Y) MICE AND AN INHIBITOR (DZNEP) OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY PROTEIN EZH2 WERE USED IN THE CARBON TETRACHLORIDE MODEL OF LIVER FIBROSIS. LIVER TISSUES FROM MICE WERE ASSESSED BY HISTOLOGIC ANALYSIS; MARKERS OF FIBROSIS WERE MEASURED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QPCR). REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR DETECTED CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF THE MICRORNA MIR132 AND ITS TARGET, ELONGATED TRANSCRIPTS OF MECP2. MYOFIBROBLASTS WERE TRANSFECTED WITH MIR132; PPARGAMMA AND MECP2 EXPRESSIONS WERE ANALYZED BY QPCR OR IMMUNOBLOTTING. RESULTS: MYOFIBROBLAST TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS IS CONTROLLED BY A COMBINATION OF MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132 IN A RELAY PATHWAY. THE PATHWAY IS ACTIVATED BY DOWN-REGULATION OF MIR132, RELEASING THE TRANSLATIONAL BLOCK ON MECP2. MECP2 IS RECRUITED TO THE 5' END OF PPARGAMMA, WHERE IT PROMOTES METHYLATION BY H3K9 AND RECRUITS THE TRANSCRIPTION REPRESSOR HP1ALPHA. MECP2 ALSO STIMULATES EXPRESSION OF EZH2 AND METHYLATION OF H3K27 TO FORM A REPRESSIVE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE IN THE 3' EXONS OF PPARGAMMA. GENETIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC DISRUPTIONS OF MECP2 OR EZH2 REDUCED THE FIBROGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MYOFIBROBLASTS AND ATTENUATED FIBROGENESIS. CONCLUSIONS: LIVER FIBROSIS IS REGULATED BY AN EPIGENETIC RELAY PATHWAY THAT INCLUDES MECP2, EZH2, AND MIR132. REAGENTS THAT INTERFERE WITH THIS PATHWAY MIGHT BE DEVELOPED TO REDUCE FIBROGENESIS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 3791  37 INTERLEUKIN 6 SUPPORTS THE MAINTENANCE OF P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION. A STRONG ASSOCIATION EXISTS BETWEEN STATES OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND CANCER, AND IT IS BELIEVED THAT MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS PHENOMENON. INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6) IS AN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE KNOWN TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF MANY TYPES OF TUMORS, YET THE MECHANISMS EMPLOYED BY THIS PLEOMORPHIC CYTOKINE TO ACCOMPLISH THIS FEAT ARE STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACTOR IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT SEEMS TO BE THE HYPERMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS LOCATED WITHIN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. THIS COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION ENABLES TUMOR CELLS TO REDUCE OR INACTIVATE THE EXPRESSION OF IMPORTANT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR AND CELL CYCLE REGULATORY GENES. HERE WE SHOW THAT IN THE IL-6-RESPONSIVE HUMAN MULTIPLE MYELOMA CELL LINE KAS 6/1, THE PROMOTER REGION OF P53 IS EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED BY METHYLTRANSFERASES, RESULTING IN DECREASED LEVELS OF EXPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, CELLS TREATED WITH IL-6 EXHIBIT AN INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE DNA MAINTENANCE METHYLATION ENZYME, DNMT-1. THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR ZEBULARINE REVERSES THE METHYLATION OF THE P53 PROMOTER, ALLOWING THE RESUMPTION OF ITS EXPRESSION. HOWEVER, WHEN ZEBULARINE IS WITHDRAWN FROM THE CELLS, THE REESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORIGINAL CPG ISLAND METHYLATION WITHIN THE P53 PROMOTER DOES NOT OCCUR IN THE ABSENCE OF IL-6, AND CELLS WHICH DO NOT RECEIVE IL-6 EVENTUALLY DIE, AS P53 EXPRESSION CONTINUES UNCHECKED BY REMETHYLATION. INTERESTINGLY, THIS LOSS OF VIABILITY SEEMS TO INVOLVE NOT THE WITHDRAWAL OF CYTOKINE, BUT THE INABILITY OF THE CELL TO RESILENCE THE PROMOTER. CONSISTENT WITH THIS MODEL, WHEN CELLS THAT EXPRESS IL-6 IN AN AUTOCRINE FASHION ARE SUBJECTED TO IDENTICAL TREATMENT, P53 EXPRESSION IS REDUCED SHORTLY AFTER WITHDRAWAL OF ZEBULARINE. THEREFORE, IT SEEMS IL-6 IS CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING PROMOTER METHYLATION THUS REPRESENTING ONE OF THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS USED BY INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS IN THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF TUMORS.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16 3658  33 INDUCTION OF ABERRANT TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 BY INFLAMMATION IN MOUSE COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS. A FIELD FOR CANCERIZATION (FIELD DEFECT), WHERE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED IN NORMAL-APPEARING TISSUES, IS INVOLVED IN HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS, ESPECIALLY CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ALTHOUGH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS INVOLVED IN THE FIELD DEFECT AND INDUCED BY CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, IT IS STILL UNCLEAR FOR TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27ME3), WHICH IS INVOLVED IN GENE REPRESSION INDEPENDENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND FUNCTIONS AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. IN THIS STUDY, USING A MOUSE COLITIS MODEL INDUCED BY DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS), WE AIMED TO CLARIFY WHETHER ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IS INDUCED BY INFLAMMATION AND INVOLVED IN A FIELD DEFECT. CHIP-ON-CHIP ANALYSIS OF COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS REVEALED THAT H3K27ME3 LEVELS WERE INCREASED OR DECREASED FOR 266 GENOMIC REGIONS BY AGING, AND MORE EXTENSIVELY (23 INCREASED AND 3574 DECREASED REGIONS) BY COLITIS. SUCH INCREASE OR DECREASE OF H3K27ME3 WAS INDUCED AS EARLY AS 2 WEEKS AFTER THE INITIATION OF DSS TREATMENT, AND PERSISTED AT LEAST FOR 16 WEEKS EVEN AFTER THE INFLAMMATION DISAPPEARED. SOME OF THE ABERRANT H3K27ME3 IN COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS WAS CARRIED OVER INTO COLON TUMORS. FURTHERMORE, H3K27ME3 ACQUIRED AT DAPK1 BY COLITIS WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED DNA METHYLATION, SUPPORTING ITS FUNCTION AS A PRE-MARK FOR ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT ABERRANT H3K27ME3 CAN BE INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS COLITIS, AND SUGGESTED THAT ABERRANT HISTONE MODIFICATION, IN ADDITION TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IS INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF A FIELD DEFECT.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17 2926  31 GENERATION OF AN EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN PROSTATE CELLS. INCREASING LEVELS OF TISSUE HYPOXIA HAVE BEEN REPORTED AS A NATURAL FEATURE OF THE AGING PROSTATE GLAND AND MAY BE A RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE USED PWR-1E BENIGN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AN EQUIVALENTLY AGED HYPOXIA-ADAPTED PWR-1E SUB-LINE TO IDENTIFY PHENOTYPIC AND EPIGENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN PROSTATE CELLS. WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED CELLULAR PHENOTYPE IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA AS CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED RECEPTOR-MEDIATED APOPTOTIC RESISTANCE, THE INDUCTION OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE, INCREASED INVASION AND THE INCREASED SECRETION OF IL-1 BETA, IL6, IL8 AND TNFALPHA CYTOKINES. IN ASSOCIATION WITH THESE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES AND THE ABSENCE OF HIF-1 ALPHA PROTEIN EXPRESSION, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN GLOBAL LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION AND H3K9 HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THESE CELLS, CONCOMITANT WITH THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DMNT3B AND GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AT KEY IMPRINTING LOCI. IN CONCLUSION, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED A GENOME-WIDE ADJUSTMENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIC CONDITIONS IN THE PROSTATE. THESE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES MAY REPRESENT AN ADDITIONAL MECHANISM TO PROMOTE AND MAINTAIN A HYPOXIC-ADAPTED CELLULAR PHENOTYPE WITH A POTENTIAL ROLE IN TUMOUR DEVELOPMENT.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18 2747  35 EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE EPIGENETIC METHYLTRANSFERASES AND METHYL-CPG BINDING PROTEIN FAMILIES IN THE NORMAL B-CELL AND B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF CONTROVERSY FOR SOME TIME. THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT THAT CHANGES IN GENOMIC HYPERMETHYLATION CONTRIBUTE TO THE SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES. FURTHERMORE, RECENT STUDIES HAVE ALSO IDENTIFIED THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GENOMIC HYPOMETHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AND TUMORIGENESIS. ONE OF THE MOST PERPLEXING QUESTIONS REGARDING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND LEUKEMOGENESIS IS THE RELATIONSHIP WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT'S). THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE DNMT ENZYMES IS TO METHYLATE GENOMIC DNA, WHEREAS THE METHYL-CPG BINDING DOMAIN PROTEINS (MBD) INTERPRET THIS METHYLATION SIGNAL AND REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN BEHAVIOR. IN THIS STUDY WE ANALYSE THESE GENE FAMILIES BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EXPRESSION LEVELS AND THE B-CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) PHENOTYPE ARE ASSOCIATED. FURTHERMORE, GIVEN THE EPIGENETIC CROSSTALK BETWEEN GENOME STABILITY AND THE HISTONE CHROMATIN CODE WE HAVE ANALYSED EUKARYOTIC HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE (EU-HMTASEI). SURPRISINGLY, WE DID NOT OBSERVE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DNMT1 EXPRESSION IN B-CLL CASES WHEN COMPARED TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER WE NORMALISE AGAINST GAPDH OR PCNA AS REFERENCE STANDARDS. INDEED, EXPRESSION OF THE MAINTENANCE AND DE NOVO METHYLASES WERE INDEPENDENTLY REGULATED. OF PARTICULAR NOTE WAS THE SIGNIFICANT DOWN REGULATION OF DNMT3B. FURTHERMORE, WE OBSERVED A POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMTASEI EXPRESSION LEVELS AND STAGE OF LEUKEMIA SUGGESTING THAT CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS IN B-CLL MAY REPRESENT DEREGULATION OF THE EPIGENETIC REPERTOIRE THAT ALSO INCLUDE THE METHYLATION DEPENDENT BINDING PROTEINS, MBD2 AND MECP2. WE ENVISAGE CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAM ARE MULTIFACTORIAL IN NATURE AND POSTULATE THAT THE PREVALENT GENOMIC METHYLASES JUST ONE COMPONENT OF A LARGER EPIGENETIC REPERTOIRE.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19  164  36 ABNORMAL HISTONE METHYLATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASED VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR 165A SECRETION FROM AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN ASTHMA. VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF), A KEY ANGIOGENIC MOLECULE, IS ABERRANTLY EXPRESSED IN SEVERAL DISEASES INCLUDING ASTHMA WHERE IT CONTRIBUTES TO BRONCHIAL VASCULAR REMODELING AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. ASTHMATIC HUMAN AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS HYPERSECRETE VEGF, BUT THE MECHANISM IS UNCLEAR. IN THIS STUDY, WE DEFINED THE MECHANISM IN HUMAN AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS FROM NONASTHMATIC AND ASTHMATIC PATIENTS. WE FOUND THAT ASTHMATIC CELLS LACKED A REPRESSION COMPLEX AT THE VEGF PROMOTER, WHICH WAS PRESENT IN NONASTHMATIC CELLS. RECRUITMENT OF G9A, TRIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 AT LYSINE 9 (H3K9ME3), AND A RESULTANT DECREASE IN RNA POLYMERASE II AT THE VEGF PROMOTER WAS CRITICAL TO REPRESSION OF VEGF SECRETION IN NONASTHMATIC CELLS. AT THE ASTHMATIC PROMOTER, H3K9ME3 WAS ABSENT BECAUSE OF FAILED RECRUITMENT OF G9A; RNA POLYMERASE II BINDING, IN ASSOCIATION WITH TATA-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 1, WAS INCREASED; H3K4ME3 WAS PRESENT; AND SP1 BINDING WAS EXAGGERATED AND SUSTAINED. IN CONTRAST, DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION WERE SIMILAR IN ASTHMATIC AND NONASTHMATIC CELLS. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, TO SHOW THAT AIRWAY CELLS IN ASTHMA HAVE ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF REMODELING GENE(S). HISTONE METHYLATION AT GENES SUCH AS VEGF MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGET.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20  979  37 CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS INCREASES RESISTANCE TO DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY IN RENAL CARCINOMA CELLS POTENTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF KIDNEY CANCER AND IS HIGHLY RESISTANT TO CHEMOTHERAPY. ALTHOUGH THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN KIDNEY CANCER IS KNOWN, THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC RESPONSE OF CANCER CELLS ADAPTED TO CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS IS NOT CLEAR. HENCE, THE EFFECT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON SENSITIVITY TO DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY WAS EVALUATED USING AN IN VITRO MODEL OF HUMAN KIDNEY CANCER CELLS ADAPTED TO CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS. RESULTS OF MTT- AND ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT GROWTH ASSAYS AND CELL CYCLE ANALYSIS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN SENSITIVITY TO DOXORUBICIN IN CAKI-1 CELLS ADAPTED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS. CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN DRUG TRANSPORT, CELL SURVIVAL, AND DNA REPAIR-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS FURTHER CONFIRMED INCREASED RESISTANCE TO DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY IN THESE CELLS. DECREASED EXPRESSION OF MISMATCH REPAIR (MMR) GENE MSH2 IN CELLS EXPOSED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS SUGGESTS THAT LOSS OF MMR-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS COULD BE A POTENTIAL MECHANISM FOR INCREASED RESISTANCE TO DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY. ADDITIONALLY, DOWNREGULATION OF HDAC1, AN INCREASE IN THE LEVEL OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, AND HYPERMETHYLATION OF MSH2 PROMOTER WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN CAKI-1 CELLS ADAPTED TO CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS. DNA-DEMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZA-2DC SIGNIFICANTLY RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF MSH2 AND DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED CYTOTOXICITY IN CAKI-1 CELLS ADAPTED TO CHRONIC OXIDATIVE STRESS, SUGGESTING THE ROLE OF DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN INACTIVATION OF MSH2 EXPRESSION AND CONSEQUENTLY MMR-DEPENDENT APOPTOSIS IN THESE CELLS. IN SUMMARY, THIS STUDY FOR THE FIRST TIME PROVIDES DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE IN RENAL CARCINOMA CELLS POTENTIALLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISM.	2016