1 5538 94 ROLE OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM CAUSING CANCER IN OMNIVORES AND VEGETARIANS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. ONE OF THE SIGNIFICANT CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS CANCER FORMATION VIA SEVERAL CONTRIBUTING FACTORS SUCH AS ACTION OF ALCOHOL METABOLITES, VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. ALL THESE FACTORS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO CAUSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS VIA DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, THUS FORMING A BASIS FOR CANCER DEVELOPMENT. SEVERAL PUBLISHED REVIEWS AND STUDIES WERE SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED. OMNIVORES AND VEGETARIANS DIFFER IN TERMS OF NUTRITIONAL INTAKE AND DEFICIENCIES. AS FOLATE DEFICIENCY WAS FOUND TO BE COMMON AMONG THE OMNIVORES, CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM COULD POSSIBLY CAUSE DAMAGE AND EVENTUALLY CANCER IN AN OMNIVOROUS INDIVIDUAL VIA DNA HYPOMETHYLATION DUE TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY. FURTHERMORE, AS NIACIN WAS FOUND TO BE DEFICIENT AMONG VEGETARIANS, DAMAGE IN VEGETARIAN CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS COULD BE DUE TO INCREASED NADH/NAD (+) RATIO, THUS SLOWING ALCOHOL METABOLISM IN LIVER LEADING TO INCREASED ALCOHOL AND ACETALDEHYDE WHICH INHIBIT METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYMES, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO DNA HYPOMETHYLATION. HENCE CORRECTING THE CONCERNED DEFICIENCY AND SUPPLEMENTATION WITH S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE COULD PROVE TO BE PROTECTIVE IN CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2  318 39 ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CANCER. CHRONIC, HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH SERIOUS NEGATIVE HEALTH EFFECTS, INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL CANCER TYPES. ONE OF THE PATHWAYS AFFECTED BY ALCOHOL TOXICITY IS THE ONE-CARBON METABOLISM. THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT OF THIS METABOLIC PATHWAY RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER DEVELOPMENT. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE INDUCED BY FOLATE DEFICIENCY AND BY PRODUCTS OF THE ETHANOL METABOLISM. THE CHANGES INDUCED BY LONG-TERM HEAVY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION RESULT IN ELEVATIONS OF HOMOCYSTEINE AND S-ADENOSYL-HOMOCYSTEINE (SAH) AND REDUCTIONS IN S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM) AND ANTIOXIDANT GLUTATHIONE (GSH) LEVELS, LEADING TO ABNORMAL PROMOTER GENE HYPERMETHYLATION, GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION, AND METABOLIC INSUFFICIENCY OF ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE MECHANISMS. IN ADDITION, REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (ROS) GENERATED DURING THE ETHANOL METABOLISM INDUCE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS THAT PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT. SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ESOPHAGEAL, HEPATIC, AND COLORECTAL CANCERS HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN BLOOD SAMPLES AND PROPOSED TO BE USED CLINICALLY AS EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF THESE CANCERS. ALSO, GENETIC VARIANTS OF GENES INVOLVED IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND ETHANOL METABOLISM WERE FOUND TO MODULATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND CANCER RISK. FURTHERMORE, ALCOHOL METABOLISM PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN NADH LEVELS, WHICH LEAD TO HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT IN TURN INFLUENCE CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY. CHRONIC EXCESSIVE USE OF ALCOHOL ALSO AFFECTS SELECTED MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY OF MICRORNAS, AND AS MIRNAS COULD ACT AS EPIGENETIC REGULATORS, THIS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS. IN CONCLUSION, TARGETING ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL CANCER TYPES COULD MAKE AVAILABLE CLINICAL TOOLS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF THESE CANCERS, WITH AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PRECISION MEDICINE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
3  315 36 ALCOHOL, DNA METHYLATION, AND CANCER. CANCER IS ONE OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, AND CHRONIC DRINKING IS A STRONG RISK FACTOR FOR CANCER, PARTICULARLY OF THE UPPER AERODIGESTIVE TRACT, LIVER, COLORECTUM, AND BREAST. SEVERAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED CANCER DEVELOPMENT (I.E., CARCINOGENESIS), INCLUDING THE ACTIONS OF ACETALDEHYDE, THE FIRST AND PRIMARY METABOLITE OF ETHANOL, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. HOWEVER, INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ABERRANT PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION, AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL, ALSO COULD BE PART OF THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED CANCER DEVELOPMENT. THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON GLOBAL AND LOCAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS LIKELY ARE MEDIATED BY ITS ABILITY TO INTERFERE WITH THE AVAILABILITY OF THE PRINCIPAL BIOLOGICAL METHYL DONOR, S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME), AS WELL AS PATHWAYS RELATED TO IT. SEVERAL MECHANISMS MAY MEDIATE THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING REDUCED FOLATE LEVELS AND INHIBITION OF KEY ENZYMES IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM THAT ULTIMATELY LEAD TO LOWER SAME LEVELS, AS WELL AS INHIBITION OF ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION (I.E., DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES). FINALLY, VARIATIONS (I.E., POLYMORPHISMS) OF SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM ALSO MODULATE THE RISK OF ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4 4683 42 NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FOLATE TRANSPORT IN RELATION TO ALCOHOLISM-INDUCED FOLATE MALABSORPTION--ASSOCIATION WITH EPIGENOME STABILITY AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT. FOLATES ARE MEMBERS OF THE B-CLASS OF VITAMINS, WHICH ARE REQUIRED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES, AND FOR THE METHYLATION OF ESSENTIAL BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING PHOSPHOLIPIDS, DNA, AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS. FOLATES CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED DE NOVO BY MAMMALS; HENCE, AN EFFICIENT INTESTINAL ABSORPTION PROCESS IS REQUIRED. INTESTINAL FOLATE TRANSPORT IS CARRIER-MEDIATED, PH-DEPENDENT AND ELECTRONEUTRAL, WITH SIMILAR AFFINITY FOR OXIDIZED AND REDUCED FOLIC ACID DERIVATIVES. THE VARIOUS TRANSPORTERS, I.E. REDUCED FOLATE CARRIER, PROTON-COUPLED FOLATE TRANSPORTER, FOLATE-BINDING PROTEIN, AND ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS, ARE INVOLVED IN THE FOLATE TRANSPORT PROCESS IN VARIOUS TISSUES. ANY IMPAIRMENT IN UPTAKE OF FOLATE CAN LEAD TO A STATE OF FOLATE DEFICIENCY, THE MOST PREVALENT VITAMIN DEFICIENCY IN WORLD, AFFECTING 10% OF THE POPULATION IN THE USA. SUCH IMPAIRMENTS IN FOLATE TRANSPORT OCCUR IN A VARIETY OF CONDITIONS, INCLUDING CHRONIC USE OF ETHANOL, SOME INBORN HEREDITARY DISORDERS, AND CERTAIN DISEASES. AMONG THESE, ETHANOL INGESTION HAS BEEN THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY. ETHANOL-ASSOCIATED FOLATE DEFICIENCY CAN DEVELOP BECAUSE OF DIETARY INADEQUACY, INTESTINAL MALABSORPTION, ALTERED HEPATOBILIARY METABOLISM, ENHANCED COLONIC METABOLISM, AND INCREASED RENAL EXCRETION. ETHANOL REDUCES THE INTESTINAL AND RENAL UPTAKE OF FOLATE BY ALTERING THE BINDING AND TRANSPORT KINETICS OF FOLATE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS. ALSO, ETHANOL REDUCES THE EXPRESSION OF FOLATE TRANSPORTERS IN BOTH INTESTINE AND KIDNEY, AND THIS MIGHT BE A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR FOR FOLATE MALABSORPTION, LEADING TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY. THE MAINTENANCE OF INTRACELLULAR FOLATE HOMEOSTASIS IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE ONE-CARBON TRANSFER REACTIONS NECESSARY FOR DNA SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL METHYLATION REACTIONS. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC DETERMINANT IN GENE EXPRESSION, IN THE MAINTENANCE OF DNA INTEGRITY AND STABILITY, IN CHROMOSOMAL MODIFICATIONS, AND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUTATIONS. ETHANOL, A TOXIN THAT IS CONSUMED REGULARLY, HAS BEEN FOUND TO AFFECT THE METHYLATION OF DNA. IN ADDITION TO ITS EFFECT ON DNA METHYLATION DUE TO FOLATE DEFICIENCY, ETHANOL COULD DIRECTLY EXERT ITS EFFECT THROUGH ITS INTERACTION WITH ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, IMPAIRMENT OF METHYL GROUP SYNTHESIS, AND AFFECTING THE ENZYMES REGULATING THE SYNTHESIS OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE, THE PRIMARY METHYL GROUP DONOR FOR MOST BIOLOGICAL METHYLATION REACTIONS. THUS, ETHANOL PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL DISEASES THROUGH ITS POTENTIAL ABILITY TO MODULATE THE METHYLATION OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF FOLATE MALABSORPTION IN ALCOHOLISM, THE MECHANISM OF METHYLATION-ASSOCIATED SILENCING OF GENES, AND HOW THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHANOL AND FOLATE DEFICIENCY AFFECTS THE METHYLATION OF GENES, THEREBY MODULATING EPIGENOME STABILITY AND THE RISK OF CANCER.	2009	

5 2899 30 GC-MS-BASED URINARY ORGANIC ACID PROFILING REVEALS MULTIPLE DYSREGULATED METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. METABOLOMICS STUDIES OF DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE OF SEVERAL PERTURBED METABOLIC PATHWAYS. MOREOVER, THE HOLISTIC APPROACH OF SUCH STUDIES GIVES INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL-INDUCED DISABILITY, MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. HERE, WE REPORT ON A GC-MS-BASED ORGANIC ACID PROFILING STUDY ON ACUTE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. OUR INVESTIGATION - INVOLVING 12 HEALTHY, MODERATE-DRINKING YOUNG MEN - SIMULATED A SINGLE BINGE DRINKING EVENT, AND INDICATED ITS METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES. WE GENERATED TIME-DEPENDENT DATA THAT PREDICTED THE METABOLIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ALCOHOL INTERVENTION. MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL MODELLING WAS APPLIED TO THE LONGITUDINAL DATA OF 120 BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT ORGANIC ACIDS, OF WHICH 13 PROVIDED STATISTICAL EVIDENCE OF THE ALCOHOL EFFECT. THE KNOWN ALCOHOL-INDUCED INCREASED NADH:NAD(+) RATIO IN THE CYTOSOL OF HEPATOCYTES CONTRIBUTED TO THE GLOBAL DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL METABOLIC REACTIONS OF GLYCOLYSIS, KETOGENESIS, THE KREBS CYCLE AND GLUCONEOGENESIS. THE SIGNIFICANT PRESENCE OF 2-HYDROXYISOBUTYRIC ACID SUPPORTS THE EMERGING PARADIGM THAT THIS COMPOUND IS AN IMPORTANT ENDOGENOUS METABOLITE. ITS METABOLIC ORIGIN REMAINS ELUSIVE, BUT RECENT EVIDENCE INDICATED 2-HYDROXYISOBUTYRYLATION AS A NOVEL REGULATORY MODIFIER OF HISTONES. METABOLOMICS HAS THUS OPENED AN AVENUE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ON THE REPROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND EPIGENETIC NETWORKS IN RELATION TO THE SEVERE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6 3751 30 INTAKE OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS AND CIRCULATING MICRORNA EXPRESSION LEVELS: THEIR RELATIONSHIP INVESTIGATED IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS WITH DIFFERENT DIETARY HABITS. DIET HAS A STRONG INFLUENCE ON MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, WHICH IN TURN HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS ON A VARIETY OF PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. IN THIS RESPECT, MICRORNAS (MIRNAS), A CLASS OF SMALL NON-CODING RNAS PLAYING A RELEVANT EPIGENETIC ROLE IN CONTROLLING GENE EXPRESSION, MAY REPRESENT MEDIATORS BETWEEN THE DIETARY INTAKE AND THE HEALTHY STATUS. DESPITE GREAT ADVANCES IN THE FIELD OF NUTRI-EPIGENOMICS, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW MIRNA EXPRESSION IS MODULATED BY THE DIET AND, SPECIFICALLY, THE INTAKE OF SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS. WE INVESTIGATED THE WHOLE CIRCULATING MIRNOME BY SMALL RNA-SEQUENCING PERFORMED ON PLASMA SAMPLES OF 120 HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS WITH DIFFERENT DIETARY HABITS (VEGANS, VEGETARIANS, AND OMNIVORES). DIETARY INTAKES OF SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS WERE ESTIMATED FOR EACH SUBJECT FROM THE INFORMATION REPORTED IN THE FOOD-FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE PREVIOUSLY VALIDATED IN THE EPIC STUDY. WE FOCUSED HEREBY ON THE INTAKE OF 23 NATURAL COMPOUNDS (NCS) OF THE CLASSES OF LIPIDS, MICRO-ELEMENTS, AND VITAMINS. WE IDENTIFIED 78 SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS (RHO > 0.300, P-VALUE < 0.05) AMONG THE ESTIMATED DAILY INTAKE OF 13 NCS AND THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF 58 PLASMA MIRNAS. OVERALL, VITAMIN D, SODIUM, AND VITAMIN E CORRELATED WITH THE LARGEST NUMBER OF MIRNAS. ALL THE IDENTIFIED CORRELATIONS WERE CONSISTENT AMONG THE THREE DIETARY GROUPS AND 22 OF THEM WERE CONFIRMED AS SIGNIFICANT (P-VALUE < 0.05) BY AGE-, GENDER-, AND BODY-MASS INDEX-ADJUSTED GENERALIZED LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL ANALYSIS. MIR-23A-3P EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE RELATED WITH DIFFERENT NCS INCLUDING A SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE CORRELATION WITH SODIUM (RHO = 0.377) AND SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATIONS WITH LIPID-RELATED NCS AND VITAMIN E. CONVERSELY, THE ESTIMATED INTAKE OF VITAMIN D WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE EXPRESSION OF THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF CIRCULATING MIRNAS, PARTICULARLY MIR-1277-5P (RHO = -0.393) AND MIR-144-3P (RHO = -0.393). FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE TARGETS OF SODIUM INTAKE-CORRELATED MIRNAS HIGHLIGHTED TERMS RELATED TO CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT. A SIMILAR APPROACH ON TARGETS OF THOSE MIRNAS CORRELATED WITH VITAMIN D INTAKE SHOWED AN ENRICHMENT IN GENES INVOLVED IN HORMONE METABOLISMS, WHILE THE RESPONSE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION WAS AMONG THE TOP ENRICHED PROCESSES INVOLVING TARGETS OF MIRNAS NEGATIVELY RELATED WITH VITAMIN E INTAKE. OUR FINDINGS SHOW THAT NUTRIENTS THROUGH THE HABITUAL DIET INFLUENCE CIRCULATING MIRNA PROFILES AND HIGHLIGHT THAT THIS ASPECT MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE NUTRI-EPIGENOMIC RESEARCH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7 2833 23 FOLATE AND DNA METHYLATION: A REVIEW OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND THE EVIDENCE FOR FOLATE'S ROLE. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION CRITICAL TO NORMAL GENOME REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT. THE VITAMIN FOLATE IS A KEY SOURCE OF THE ONE CARBON GROUP USED TO METHYLATE DNA. BECAUSE NORMAL MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON DNA METHYLATION, THERE IS ENORMOUS INTEREST IN ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL FOR CHANGES IN FOLATE INTAKE TO MODULATE DNA METHYLATION BOTH AS A BIOMARKER FOR FOLATE STATUS AND AS A MECHANISTIC LINK TO DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND CHRONIC DISEASES INCLUDING CANCER. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL GENOME FUNCTION, HOW IT CAN BE ALTERED, AND THE EVIDENCE OF THE ROLE OF FOLATE/FOLIC ACID IN THESE PROCESSES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 6726 26 VITAMIN-DEPENDENT METHIONINE METABOLISM AND ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE. EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT ETHANOL-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN HEPATIC METHIONINE METABOLISM PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD). BECAUSE MALNUTRITION IS A UNIVERSAL CLINICAL FINDING IN THIS DISEASE AND HEPATIC METHIONINE METABOLISM IS DEPENDENT UPON DIETARY FOLATE AND VITAMINS B-6 AND B-12, ALD CAN BE CONSIDERED AN INDUCED NUTRITIONAL DISORDER THAT IS CONDITIONED BY ALCOHOL ABUSE. THE PRESENT REVIEW DESCRIBES THE ETIOLOGIES OF THESE 3 VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES IN ALD AND HOW THEY INTERACT WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE TO ALTER HEPATIC METHIONINE METABOLISM. SUBSEQUENT SECTIONS FOCUS ON MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR THE INTERACTIONS OF ABERRANT METHIONINE METABOLISM WITH ETHANOL IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ALD, IN PARTICULAR THE ROLE OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM) IN REGULATING THE EPIGENETIC EXPRESSIONS OF GENES RELEVANT TO PATHWAYS OF LIVER INJURY. THE REVIEW WILL CONCLUDE WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF STUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF SAM IN THE TREATMENT OF ALD AND WITH DISCUSSION OF POTENTIALLY FRUITFUL FUTURE AVENUES OF RESEARCH.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  339 30 ALTERATIONS IN HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM AMONG ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS--CLINICAL, PATHOBIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC ASPECTS. ADDICTION RESEARCH FOCUSING ON HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE HAS REVEALED IMPORTANT FINDINGS. RECENT LITERATURE ON THIS TOPIC HAS BEEN TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR THE REVIEW PROVIDED. METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (MTHFR) IS A KEY ENZYME IN THE HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM. PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS ARE INFLUENCED BY THE SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNP) MTHFR C677T. BESIDES GENETIC FACTORS, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE AN IMPACT ON HOMOCYSTEINE PLASMA LEVELS TOO. THUS, CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTAKE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS. ELEVATION OF PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE CONCENTRATION IS CONSIDERED AS A PREDICTOR FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SEIZURES AND--AS HOMOCYSTEINE IS A CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR--MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE HIGHER RISK FOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AMONG ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS. HOMOCYSTEINE ACTS AS AN N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE (NMDA) RECEPTOR AGONIST AND HAS EXCITOTOXIC EFFECTS. FURTHERMORE, IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT HOMOCYSTEINE HAS NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS ESPECIALLY ON DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS. AS THE REWARDING EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ARE MEDIATED BY THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM, A HOMOCYSTEINE-DEPENDENT IMPAIRMENT OF THE REWARD SYSTEM POSSIBLY LEADS TO AN ALTERED DRINKING BEHAVIOUR ACCORDING TO THE DEFICIT HYPOTHESIS OF ADDICTION. HOMOCYSTEINE IS INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF METHYL GROUPS AND DNA-METHYLATION PLAYS A ROLE IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. THEREFORE IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT HOMOCYSTEINE IS AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC FACTOR. IT REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED WHETHER ALCOHOL DEPENDENT PATIENTS BENEFIT FROM HOMOCYSTEINE LOWERING STRATEGIES, E.G., VIA SUPPLEMENTATION OF FOLATE, VITAMIN B6 AND B12. IN THIS RESPECT IT IS NOT CLEAR YET, IF A SUPPLEMENTATION THERAPY CAN REDUCE THE RISK FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SEIZURES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10 6717 31 VITAMIN B SUPPLEMENTATION AND NUTRITIONAL INTAKE OF METHYL DONORS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE IMPACT ON EPIGENETIC MACHINERY. CARDIOVASCULAR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE SEVERAL-FOLD HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) THAN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION. HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA HAS UNDOUBTEDLY A CENTRAL ROLE IN SUCH A PROMINENT CARDIOVASCULAR BURDEN. THE LEVELS OF HOMOCYSTEINE ARE REGULATED BY METHYL DONORS (FOLATE, METHIONINE, CHOLINE, BETAINE), AND COFACTORS (VITAMIN B6, VITAMIN B12,). UREMIA-INDUCED HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA HAS AS ITS MAIN TARGETS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, AND THIS LEADS TO AN ALTERED EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENES REGULATED THROUGH METHYLATION. IN RENAL PATIENTS, THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE IS STRICTLY CORRELATED WITH THE UREMIC PHENOTYPE AND DEPENDENT ON DIETARY INTAKE OF MICRONUTRIENTS, INFLAMMATION, GUT MICROBIOME, INFLAMMATORY STATUS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND LIFESTYLE HABITS. ALL THESE FACTORS ARE KEY CONTRIBUTORS IN METHYLOME MAINTENANCE AND IN THE MODULATION OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH DNA HYPO- OR HYPERMETHYLATION IN CKD. THIS IS AN OVERVIEW OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES RELATED TO DNA METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CKD AND ESRD. WE EXPLORED THE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE DATA ON THE MOLECULAR DYSREGULATIONS RESULTING FROM ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION IN UREMIA. SPECIAL ATTENTION WAS PAID TO THE EFFICACY OF B-VITAMINS SUPPLEMENTATION AND DIETARY INTAKE OF METHYL DONORS ON HOMOCYSTEINE LOWERING AND CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 6725 28 VITAMIN D: NOT JUST BONE METABOLISM BUT A KEY PLAYER IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. VITAMIN D IS THE FIRST ITEM OF DRUG EXPENDITURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS. ITS DEFICIENCY IS A CONDITION THAT AFFECTS NOT ONLY OLDER INDIVIDUALS BUT ALSO YOUNG PEOPLE. RECENTLY, THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY HAS FOCUSED ITS ATTENTION ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO HIGHLIGHT THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. IN PARTICULAR, HERE WE EXAMINE (1) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN DIABETES MELLITUS, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND OBESITY, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INSULIN SECRETION; (2) ITS ROLE IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, IN WHICH CHRONIC VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, LOWER THAN 20 NG/ML (50 NMOL/L), HAS EMERGED AMONG THE NEW RISK FACTORS; (3) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION, IN WHICH LOW PLASMA LEVELS OF VITAMIN D HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AND DIASTOLIC HYPERTENSION; (4) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIOPATHIES AND ANEURYSMAL PATHOLOGY, REPORTING THAT PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASES HAD LOWER VITAMIN D VALUES THAN NON-SUFFERING PAD CONTROLS; (5) THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D, HIGHLIGHTING ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION CAPACITY; AND (6) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIAC REMODELING AND DISEASE. DESPITE THE MANY OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES SUPPORTING THE CRITICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOPATHOLOGY, CLINICAL TRIALS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ARE SCARCE. THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN D AS A MARKER OF PATHOLOGY SHOULD REPRESENT A FUTURE RESEARCH CHALLENGE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 6399 26 THE ROLES AND MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS OF VITAMIN C IN BONE: NEW DEVELOPMENTS. VITAMIN C IS AN IMPORTANT ANTIOXIDANT AND COFACTOR THAT IS INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTION, AND MAINTENANCE OF SEVERAL CELL TYPES IN THE BODY. DEFICIENCIES IN VITAMIN C CAN LEAD TO CONDITIONS SUCH AS SCURVY, WHICH, AMONG OTHER AILMENTS, CAUSES GINGIVIA, BONE PAIN, AND IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING. THIS REVIEW EXAMINES THE FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN C AS IT RELATES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BONE TISSUES. ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES AND GENETIC MOUSE MODELS REGARDING THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C SHOWS A POSITIVE EFFECT ON BONE HEALTH. OVERALL, VITAMIN C EXERTS A POSITIVE EFFECT ON TRABECULAR BONE FORMATION BY INFLUENCING EXPRESSION OF BONE MATRIX GENES IN OSTEOBLASTS. RECENT STUDIES ON THE MOLECULAR PATHWAY FOR VITAMIN C ACTIONS THAT INCLUDE DIRECT EFFECTS OF VITAMIN C ON TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF TARGET GENES BY INFLUENCING THE ACTIVITY OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF KEY GENES INVOLVED IN SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE ARE DISCUSSED. WITH AN UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF VITAMIN C AND KNOWLEDGE OF PRECISE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS FOR VITAMIN C ACTIONS IN BONE CELLS, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES CAN BE DEVELOPED OR EXISTING THERAPIES CAN BE MODIFIED FOR THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 3556 28 IMPACT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON MALE FERTILITY POTENTIAL: A NARRATIVE REVIEW. ALCOHOL ABUSE DISORDER IS A SERIOUS CONDITION, IMPLICATING MORE THAN 15 MILLION PEOPLE AGED 12 YEARS AND OLDER IN 2019 IN THE UNITED STATES. ETHANOL (OR ETHYL ALCOHOL) IS MAINLY OXIDIZED IN THE LIVER, RESULTING IN THE SYNTHESIS OF ACETALDEHYDE AND ACETATE, WHICH ARE TOXIC AND CARCINOGENIC METABOLITES, AS WELL AS IN THE GENERATION OF A REDUCTIVE CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT. MOREOVER, ETHANOL CAN INTERACT WITH LIPIDS, GENERATING FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTERS AND PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOL, WHICH INTERFERE WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL CELLULAR PATHWAYS. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE IMPACT OF EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON MALE FERTILITY BY DESCRIBING ITS METABOLISM AND HOW ETHANOL CONSUMPTION MAY INDUCE CELLULAR DAMAGE. FURTHERMORE, THE IMPACT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON HORMONAL REGULATION, SEMEN QUALITY, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS IS DISCUSSED BASED ON EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL AND HUMAN STUDIES, FOCUSING ON THE CONSEQUENCES ON THE OFFSPRING. FINALLY, THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CURRENT EVIDENCE ARE DISCUSSED. OUR REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND POOR SEMEN QUALITY, MAINLY DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS, AS WELL AS ITS GENOTOXIC IMPACT ON HORMONAL REGULATION AND DNA INTEGRITY, AFFECTING THE OFFSPRING'S HEALTH. NEW LANDSCAPES OF INVESTIGATION ARE PROPOSED FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED INFERTILITY, WITH A FOCUS ON ADVANCED OMICS-BASED APPROACHES APPLIED TO THE ANALYSIS OF SEMEN SAMPLES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
14 4897 33 OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE AND RESULTS IN HIGH HEALTHCARE AND ECONOMIC COSTS. HEAVY ALCOHOL MISUSE LEADS TO ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE, WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF ALCOHOL-ATTRIBUTABLE DEATHS GLOBALLY. OTHER THAN REDUCING ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, THERE ARE CURRENTLY NO EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE. OXIDATIVE STRESS REFERS TO AN IMBALANCE IN THE PRODUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND ANTIOXIDANTS. IT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN SEVERAL ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. HERE, WE REVIEW HOW CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE RESULTS IN OXIDATIVE STRESS THROUGH INCREASED METABOLISM VIA THE CYTOCHROME P450 2E1 SYSTEM PRODUCING REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, ACETALDEHYDE AND PROTEIN AND DNA ADDUCTS. THESE TRIGGER INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAYS WITHIN THE LIVER LEADING TO EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS CAUSING HEPATOCYTE APOPTOSIS AND NECROSIS. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES EXPOSURE ALSO RESULTS IN MITOCHONDRIAL STRESS WITHIN HEPATOCYTES CAUSING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DYSREGULATION OF MITOCHONDRIA AND UPREGULATING APOPTOTIC SIGNALING. THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE THAT OXIDATIVE STRESS AS WELL AS THE DIRECT EFFECT OF ALCOHOL INFLUENCES EPIGENETIC REGULATION. INCREASED GLOBAL HISTONE METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION AND SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLATION INHIBITS ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSES AND PROMOTES EXPRESSION OF KEY PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS ASPECTS OF THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS THAT WARRANT FURTHER STUDY INCLUDING MITOCHONDRIAL STRESS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION. IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THESE PROCESSES MAY IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS FOR THERAPY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 4217 25 METHYL DONOR NUTRIENTS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPACT ON THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS THOSE LINKED TO DNA METHYLATION, MAY POTENTIALLY PROVIDE MOLECULAR EXPLANATIONS FOR COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION IN ILLNESSES, SUCH AS CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). ALTHOUGH BOTH DNA HYPO- AND HYPERMETHYLATION HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN THE UREMIC MILIEU, THIS REMAINS ONLY A SINGLE ASPECT OF THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE AND, THUS, OF ANY BIOCHEMICAL DYSREGULATION ASSOCIATED WITH CKD. NEVERTHELESS, THE ROLE OF UREMIA-PROMOTING ALTERATIONS ON THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION IS STILL A NOVEL AND SCARCELY STUDIED FIELD. ALTHOUGH FEW STUDIES HAVE ACTUALLY REPORTED ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION VIA METHYL DONOR NUTRIENT INTAKE, EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT NUTRITIONAL MODIFICATION OF THE MICROBIOME CAN AFFECT ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND THE CAPACITY TO METHYLATE THE GENOME IN CKD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE NUTRITIONAL MODIFICATIONS THAT MAY AFFECT ONE-CARBON METABOLISM AND THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF METHYL DONOR NUTRIENTS ON THE MICROBIOME, CKD, AND ITS PHENOTYPE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16  313 28 ALCOHOL METABOLISM AND EPIGENETICS CHANGES. METABOLITES, INCLUDING THOSE GENERATED DURING ETHANOL METABOLISM, CAN IMPACT DISEASE STATES BY BINDING TO TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND/OR MODIFYING CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, THEREBY ALTERING GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE ACTIVITIES OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS DNA AND HISTONE METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION, ARE INFLUENCED BY THE LEVELS OF METABOLITES SUCH AS NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD), ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP), AND S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM). CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION LEADS TO SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS IN SAM LEVELS, THEREBY CONTRIBUTING TO DNA HYPOMETHYLATION. SIMILARLY, ETHANOL METABOLISM ALTERS THE RATIO OF NAD+ TO REDUCED NAD (NADH) AND PROMOTES THE FORMATION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND ACETATE, ALL OF WHICH IMPACT EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS. IN ADDITION TO ALTERED CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM, INDUCTION OF CELL DEATH, AND CHANGES IN MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION, THESE METABOLISM-RELATED CHANGES CAN LEAD TO MODULATION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WILL HELP RESEARCHERS DESIGN NOVEL MEDICATIONS TO TREAT OR AT LEAST AMELIORATE ALCOHOL-INDUCED ORGAN DAMAGE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17 4788 30 NUTRITION, EPIGENETICS, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. SIGNIFICANCE: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED A CLOSE LINK BETWEEN MATERNAL NUTRITION AND CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS. COMPELLING EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ALSO INDICATE THAT ADVERSE EFFECTS OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION ON OFFSPRING CAN BE CARRIED FORWARD TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS THROUGH COVALENT MODIFICATIONS OF DNA AND CORE HISTONES. RECENT ADVANCES: DNA METHYLATION IS CATALYZED BY S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE-DEPENDENT DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES. METHYLATION, DEMETHYLATION, ACETYLATION, AND DEACETYLATION OF HISTONE PROTEINS ARE PERFORMED BY HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE, HISTONE DEMETHYLASE, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, AND HISTONE DEACETYLTRANSFERASE, RESPECTIVELY. HISTONE ACTIVITIES ARE ALSO INFLUENCED BY PHOSPHORYLATION, UBIQUITINATION, ADP-RIBOSYLATION, SUMOYLATION, AND GLYCOSYLATION. METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS (GLYCINE, HISTIDINE, METHIONINE, AND SERINE) AND VITAMINS (B6, B12, AND FOLATE) PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN PROVISION OF METHYL DONORS FOR DNA AND PROTEIN METHYLATION. CRITICAL ISSUES: DISRUPTION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CAN RESULT IN OXIDATIVE STRESS, OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, DIABETES, AND VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS. DESPITE A RECOGNIZED ROLE FOR EPIGENETICS IN FETAL PROGRAMMING OF METABOLIC SYNDROME, RESEARCH ON THERAPIES IS STILL IN ITS INFANCY. POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS INCLUDE: 1) INHIBITION OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE DEACETYLATION, AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION; 2) TARGETING EPIGENETICALLY DISTURBED METABOLIC PATHWAYS; AND 3) DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH FUNCTIONAL AMINO ACIDS, VITAMINS, AND PHYTOCHEMICALS. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: MUCH WORK IS NEEDED WITH ANIMAL MODELS TO UNDERSTAND THE BASIC MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ROLES OF SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS IN FETAL AND NEONATAL PROGRAMMING. SUCH NEW KNOWLEDGE IS CRUCIAL TO DESIGN EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING AND TREATING METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES IN OFFSPRING BORN TO MOTHERS WITH A PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE OF MALNUTRITION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18 2539 29 EPIGENETICS IN HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIC STATES. A SPECIAL FOCUS ON UREMIA. AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO REVIEW THE TOPIC OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION, ESPECIALLY REGARDING DNA METHYLATION, IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND UREMIA. HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA IS CONSIDERED AN INDEPENDENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR, ALTHOUGH THE MOST RECENT INTERVENTION STUDIES UTILIZING FOLIC ACID ARE NEGATIVE. THE ACCUMULATION OF HOMOCYSTEINE IN BLOOD LEADS TO AN INTRACELLULAR INCREASE OF S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE (ADOHCY), A POWERFUL COMPETITIVE METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, WHICH IS ITSELF CONSIDERED A PREDICTOR OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS. THE EXTENT OF METHYLATION INHIBITION OF EACH INDIVIDUAL METHYLTRANSFERASE DEPENDS ON THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (ADOMET) AVAILABILITY, ON THE [ADOMET]/[ADOHCY] RATIO, AND ON THE INDIVIDUAL KM VALUE FOR ADOMET AND KI FOR ADOHCY. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ARE AMONG THE PRINCIPAL TARGETS OF HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA, AS STUDIES IN SEVERAL CELL CULTURE AND ANIMAL MODELS, AS WELL AS IN HUMANS, ALMOST UNEQUIVOCALLY SHOW. IN VIVO, DNA METHYLATION MAY BE ALSO INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS FACTORS IN DIFFERENT TISSUES, FOR EXAMPLE BY RATE OF CELL GROWTH, FOLATE STATUS, ETC. AND IMPORTANTLY INFLAMMATION. IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND IN UREMIA, HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA IS COMMONLY SEEN, AND CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, AND WITH ABNORMAL ALLELIC EXPRESSION OF GENES REGULATED THROUGH METHYLATION. THIS ALTERATION IS SUSCEPTIBLE OF REVERSAL UPON HOMOCYSTEINE-LOWERING THERAPY OBTAINED THROUGH FOLATE ADMINISTRATION. IF THIS ABNORMALITY WILL TRANSLATE ITSELF IN ALTERATIONS OF EXPRESSION OF GENES RELEVANT TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS DISEASE STILL REMAINS TO BE ESTABLISHED. IN ADDITION, THESE RESULTS ESTABLISH A LINK BETWEEN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION AND XENOBIOTIC INFLUENCES, SUCH AS FOLATE THERAPY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 6720 25 VITAMIN D METABOLISM GENES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. CONTEXT: RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VITAMIN D MAY INTERACT WITH THE EPIGENOME AND PLAY A ROLE IN THE PAIN EXPERIENCE. IN ORDER FOR PROPER FUNCTIONING TO OCCUR, THERE MUST BE AN ADEQUATE LEVEL OF VITAMIN D PRESENT, MADE POSSIBLE BY ENZYMATIC REACTIONS THAT ALLOW VITAMIN D TO BE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF GENES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. PROCEDURES: COMMUNITY-DWELLING INDIVIDUALS RECRUITED AS PART OF A LARGER STUDY FOCUSED ON KNEE PAIN PROVIDED DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL AND PAIN-RELATED INFORMATION, AS WELL AS AN INTRAVENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE TO DETERMINE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AT CPG SITES. MAIN FINDINGS: THERE WERE DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION BETWEEN THOSE WITH AND WITHOUT PAIN IN GENES THAT CODE FOR ENZYMES RELATED TO VITAMIN D METABOLISM: CYP24A1 (24-HYDROXYLASE) AND CYP27B1 (1-?-HYDROXYLASE). THERE WAS ALSO HYPERMETHYLATION ON THE GENE THAT CODES FOR THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM AND CELLULAR FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS LAY GROUNDWORK IN UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CHRONIC PAIN.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 2158 28 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOR NUTRITION DETERMINANTS OF LATER HEALTH OUTCOMES. EPIGENETIC MARKING ON GENES CAN DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT GENES ARE EXPRESSED. EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS MEDIATED BY THE ADDITION OF METHYL GROUPS TO DNA CYTOSINE BASES, OF METHYL AND ACETYL GROUPS TO PROTEINS (HISTONES) AROUND WHICH DNA IS WRAPPED, AND BY SMALL INTERFERING RNA MOLECULES. SOME COMPONENTS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION HAVE EVOLVED TO PERMIT CONTROL OF WHETHER MATERNAL OR PATERNAL GENES ARE EXPRESSED. THE EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING OF IGF2 EXPRESSION IS AN EXAMPLE OF MATERNAL AND PATERNAL EPIGENETIC MARKING THAT MODULATES FETAL GROWTH AND FETAL SIZE. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC REGULATION ALSO PERMITS THE FETUS AND THE INFANT TO ADAPT GENE EXPRESSION TO THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH IT IS GROWING; SOMETIMES WHEN THIS ADJUSTMENT GOES AWRY, THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE IS INCREASED. RECENT PROGRESS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES ON EPIGENETICS SUGGESTS THAT NUTRIENTS THAT ARE PART OF METHYL-GROUP METABOLISM CAN SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE EPIGENETICS. DURING CRITICAL PERIODS IN DEVELOPMENT, DIETARY METHYL-GROUP INTAKE (CHOLINE, METHIONINE, AND FOLATE) CAN ALTER DNA AND HISTONE METHYLATION, WHICH RESULTS IN LIFELONG CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. IN RODENT MODELS, PREGNANT DAMS THAT WERE FED DIETS HIGH IN METHIONINE, FOLIC ACID, AND CHOLINE PRODUCED OFFSPRING WITH DIFFERENT COAT COLORS OR WITH KINKED TAILS. A NUMBER OF SYNDROMES IN HUMANS CAN BE CAUSED BY DEFECTIVE EPIGENETIC REGULATION, INCLUDING RETT SYNDROME. THERE ARE INTERESTING EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECTS OF NUTRITION IN EARLY LIFE THAT RESULT IN ALTERED HEALTH IN ADULTS, AND SOME OF THESE COULD BE THE RESULT OF ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION.	2009