1 5502 126 RGFP109, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR ATTENUATES L-DOPA-INDUCED DYSKINESIA IN THE MPTP-LESIONED MARMOSET: A PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDY. BACKGROUND: L-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE (L-DOPA)-INDUCED DYSKINESIA (LID) ARE A COMPLICATION OF CHRONIC DOPAMINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD). RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING DEVELOPMENT AND EXPRESSION OF LID IN PD MAY INVOLVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT INCLUDE DEACETYLATION OF STRIATAL HISTONE PROTEINS. WE HYPOTHESISED THAT INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE, THE ENZYME RESPONSIBLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLATION, WOULD ALLEVIATE LID. METHODS: FOUR FEMALE COMMON MARMOSET (CALLITHRIX JACCHUS) WERE RENDERED PARKINSONIAN BY ADMINISTRATION OF 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE (MPTP). FOLLOWING STABILISATION OF THE PARKINSONIAN PHENOTYPE, MARMOSETS WERE PRIMED TO EXHIBIT DYSKINESIA WITH CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF L-DOPA. WE THEN INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF THE BRAIN-PENETRANT HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, RGFP109 (30 MG/KG P.O. ONCE DAILY FOR 6 DAYS), ON LID AND L-DOPA ANTI-PARKINSONIAN EFFICACY. RESULTS: RGFP109 HAD NO ACUTE EFFECTS ON DYSKINESIA AFTER SINGLE OR 6 DAYS ONCE-DAILY TREATMENT (BOTH P > 0.05). HOWEVER, ONE WEEK FOLLOWING CESSATION OF RGFP109, DYSKINESIA AND DURATION OF ON-TIME WITH DISABLING DYSKINESIA WERE REDUCED BY 37% AND 50%, RESPECTIVELY (BOTH P < 0.05), COMPARED TO THAT SEEN PREVIOUSLY WITH L-DOPA ALONE. THERE WAS NO CHANGE IN ANTI-PARKINSONIAN ACTIONS OF, OR ON-TIME DURATION AFFORDED BY, L-DOPA (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HISTONE DEACETYLATION INHIBITION MAY REPRESENT A NOVEL APPROACH TO REVERSE ESTABLISHED LID IN PD AND IMPROVE QUALITY OF THE ANTI-PARKINSONIAN BENEFIT PROVIDED BY L-DOPA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2  135  39 ABERRANT CPG METHYLATION MEDIATES ABNORMAL TRANSCRIPTION OF MAO-A INDUCED BY ACUTE AND CHRONIC L-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE ADMINISTRATION IN SH-SY5Y NEURONAL CELLS. L-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE (L-DOPA) REMAINS THE MOST EFFECTIVE DRUG FOR THERAPY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD); HOWEVER, LONG-TERM USE OF IT CAUSES SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS. L-DOPA-INDUCED DYSKINESIA (LID) HAS CONSISTENTLY BEEN RELATED TO L-DOPA-DERIVED EXCESSIVE DOPAMINE RELEASE, BUT THE MECHANISMS HAVE NOT BEEN ADDRESSED VERY CLEAR. MONOAMINE OXIDASE A (MAO-A) IS ONE OF THE KEY ENZYMES IN DOPAMINE METABOLISM AND THEREFORE MAY BE INVOLVED IN L-DOPA-INDUCED SIDE EFFECTS. AND, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION CONTROLS MAO-A GENE TRANSCRIPTION. TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF L-DOPA ON MAO-A TRANSCRIPTION AND ITS UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC MECHANISM, NEURONAL SH-SY5Y CELLS WERE TREATED WITH L-DOPA FOR 24 H (ACUTE) AND FOR 7-21 DAYS (CHRONIC). RESULTS SHOWED THAT CHRONIC L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION RESULTED IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT AND TIME-DEPENDENT DOWNREGULATION OF MAO-A, WHEREAS ACUTE L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION INDUCED UPREGULATION OF MAO-A TRANSCRIPTION AND EXPRESSION. MEANWHILE, CHRONIC L-DOPA EXPOSURE INDUCED CPG HYPERMETHYLATION IN MAO-A PROMOTER, WHILE ACUTE L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION CAUSED CPG HYPOMETHYLATION. AND, CPG DEMETHYLATION RESULTED IN REACTIVATION OF MAO-A TRANSCRIPTION. THESE RESULTS INDICATED THAT ABERRANT CPG METHYLATION MIGHT PLAY A KEY ROLE IN MAO-A TRANSCRIPTIONAL MISREGULATION IN L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION. IN ADDITION, RESULTS SHOWED THAT ACUTE L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A (DNMT3A). TRANSCRIPTION OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION 1 (TET1) WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DOWNREGULATED IN CHRONIC L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION. THESE DATA INDICATED THAT IN CHRONIC L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION, TET1 DOWNREGULATION MIGHT MEDIATE CPG HYPERMETHYLATION, WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DOWNREGULATION OF MAO-A TRANSCRIPTION. IN CONTRAST, IN ACUTE L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION, DNMT3A DOWNREGULATION MIGHT MEDIATE HYPOMETHYLATION, CONTRIBUTING TO THE MAO-A UPREGULATION. IN CONCLUSION, OUR FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT TET1 AND DNMTS MIGHT MEDIATE ABERRANT CPG METHYLATION, ASSOCIATED WITH THE MISREGULATION OF MAO-A IN L-DOPA ADMINISTRATION, WHICH MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO DOPAMINE RELEASE ABNORMALLY LEADING TO THE SIDE EFFECTS OF L-DOPA.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3  889  25 CHRONIC DIETARY ADMINISTRATION OF VALPROIC ACID PROTECTS NEURONS OF THE RAT NUCLEUS BASALIS MAGNOCELLULARIS FROM IBOTENIC ACID NEUROTOXICITY. VALPROIC ACID (VPA) HAS BEEN USED FOR MANY YEARS AS A DRUG OF CHOICE FOR EPILEPSY AND MOOD DISORDERS. RECENTLY, EVIDENCE HAS BEEN PROPOSED FOR A WIDE SPECTRUM OF ACTIONS OF THIS DRUG, INCLUDING ANTITUMORAL AND NEUROPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES. VALPROIC ACID-MEDIATED NEUROPROTECTION IN VIVO HAS BEEN SO FAR DEMONSTRATED IN A LIMITED NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTAL MODELS. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE TESTED THE NEUROPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF CHRONIC (4 + 1 WEEKS) DIETARY ADMINISTRATION OF VPA ON DEGENERATION OF CHOLINERGIC AND GABAERGIC NEURONS OF THE RAT NUCLEUS BASALIS MAGNOCELLULARIS (NBM), INJECTED WITH THE EXCITOTOXIN, IBOTENIC ACID (IBO), AN ANIMAL MODELS THAT IS RELEVANT FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE NEURODEGENERATION. WE SHOW THAT VPA TREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY PROTECTS BOTH CHOLINERGIC AND GABAERGIC NEURONS PRESENT IN THE INJECTED AREA FROM THE EXCITOTOXIC INSULT. A SIGNIFICANT LEVEL OF NEUROPROTECTION, IN PARTICULAR, IS EXERTED TOWARDS THE CHOLINERGIC NEURONS OF THE NBM PROJECTING TO THE CORTEX, AS DEMONSTRATED BY THE SUBSTANTIALLY HIGHER LEVELS OF CHOLINERGIC MARKERS MAINTAINED IN THE TARGET CORTICAL AREA OF VPA-TREATED RATS AFTER IBO INJECTION IN THE NBM. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT CHRONIC VPA ADMINISTRATION RESULTS IN INCREASED ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 IN BRAIN, CONSISTENT WITH THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORY ACTION OF VPA AND PUTATIVELY LINKED TO A NEUROPROTECTIVE ACTION OF THE DRUG MEDIATED AT THE EPIGENETIC LEVEL.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4 3122  36 GESTATIONAL VALPROIC ACID EXPOSURE INDUCES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN MURINE DECIDUA. INTRODUCTION: VALPROIC ACID (VPA), A WIDELY PRESCRIBED ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG AND AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN, RESULTS IN MULTIPLE DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS FOLLOWING IN UTERO EXPOSURE. UTERINE DECIDUA PROVIDES NUTRITIONAL AND PHYSICAL SUPPORT DURING IMPLANTATION AND EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. PERTURBATIONS IN THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS WITHIN DECIDUAL TISSUE DURING EARLY PREGNANCY MIGHT AFFECT EARLY EMBRYONIC GROWTH, RESULT IN EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS OR CAUSE COMPLICATIONS IN THE LATER GESTATIONAL STAGE. VPA IS A KNOWN HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION AND METHYLATION HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AS A MECHANISM OF VPA-INDUCED TERATOGENESIS. METHODS: THIS STUDY INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF IN UTERO VPA EXPOSURE ON HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN MURINE DECIDUAL TISSUE. PREGNANT CD-1 MICE WERE EXPOSED TO 400 MG/KG VPA OR SALINE ON GD9 VIA SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION. DECIDUAL TISSUE FROM EACH GESTATIONAL SAC WAS HARVESTED AT 1, 3 AND 6 H FOLLOWING EXPOSURE. LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HISTONES H3, H4 AND H3K56, AS WELL AS METHYLATED HISTONES H3K9 AND H3K27 WERE ACID EXTRACTED AND ASSESSED BY WESTERN BLOTTING FOLLOWED BY ACID HISTONE EXTRACTION. RESULTS: VPA EXPOSURE INDUCED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE (P < 0.05) IN THE LEVELS OF ACETYLATED H3 AT 1, 3 H; ACETYLATED H4 AT 1, 3 AND 6 H AND TRIMETHYLATED H3K9 AT 6 H. IN CONTRAST, NO SIGNIFICANT PERTURBATIONS WERE NOTED IN THE LEVELS OF MONOMETHYLATED H3K9, TRIMETHYLATED H3K27 AND ACETYLATED H3K56. DISCUSSION: THE RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY SUGGEST THAT VPA-INDUCED DECIDUAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MIGHT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS A MECHANISM OF VPA-INDUCED TERATOGENESIS DURING EARLY EMBRYONIC GROWTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
5 5205  28 PRENATAL STRESS CHANGES THE GLYCOPROTEIN GPM6A GENE EXPRESSION AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN RAT OFFSPRING BRAIN. PRENATAL STRESS (PS) EXERTS STRONG IMPACT ON FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND ON ADULT OFFSPRING BRAIN FUNCTIONS. PREVIOUS WORK DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC STRESS ALTERS THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF GPM6A, A NEURONAL GLYCOPROTEIN INVOLVED IN FILOPODIUM EXTENSION. IN THIS WORK, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF PS ON GPM6A EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED. PREGNANT WISTAR RATS RECEIVED RESTRAINT STRESS DURING THE LAST WEEK OF GESTATION. MALE OFFSPRING WERE SACRIFICED ON POSTNATAL DAYS 28 AND 60. HIPPOCAMPUS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED FOR GENE EXPRESSION (QPCR FOR MRNAS AND MICRORNAS), METHYLATION STATUS (BISULFITE CONVERSION) AND PROTEIN LEVELS. HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS IN CULTURE WERE USED TO ANALYZE MICRORNA OVEREXPRESSION EFFECTS. PRENATAL STRESS INDUCED CHANGES IN GPM6A LEVELS IN BOTH TISSUES AND AT BOTH AGES ANALYZED, INDICATING A PERSISTENT EFFECT. TWO CPG ISLANDS IN THE GPM6A GENE WERE IDENTIFIED. VARIATIONS IN THE METHYLATION PATTERN AT THREE SPECIFIC CPGS WERE FOUND IN HIPPOCAMPUS, BUT NOT IN PFC SAMPLES FROM PS OFFSPRING. MICRORNAS PREDICTED TO TARGET GPM6A WERE IDENTIFIED IN SILICO. QPCR MEASUREMENTS SHOWED THAT PS MODIFIED THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL MICRORNAS IN BOTH TISSUES, BEING MICRORNA-133B THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED. FURTHER STUDIES OVEREXPRESSING THIS MICRORNA IN NEURONAL CULTURES SHOWED A REDUCTION IN GMP6A MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVEL. MOREOVER FILOPODIUM DENSITY WAS ALSO REDUCED, SUGGESTING THAT GPM6A FUNCTION WAS AFFECTED. GESTATIONAL STRESS AFFECTED GPM6A GENE EXPRESSION IN OFFSPRING LIKELY THROUGH CHANGES IN METHYLATION STATUS AND IN POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION BY MICRORNAS. THUS, OUR FINDINGS PROPOSE GPM6A AS A NOVEL TARGET FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION DURING PRENATAL STRESS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6 3325  32 HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS INVOLVED IN THE EARLY ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE-RELATED INCREASE IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOUR EVOKED BY CHRONIC VARIABLE STRESS IN MICE. INCREASING STUDIES REPORT THAT PROLONGED OR MULTIPLE ANAESTHETIC EXPOSURES EARLY IN LIFE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON BRAIN FUNCTION. ALTHOUGH STUDIES HAVE EVALUATED THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTION, FEW HAVE FOCUSED ON LONG-TERM NEUROPSYCHIATRIC EFFECTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, C57BL/6 MICE RECEIVED EITHER THREE NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURES OR CONTROL EXPOSURE. STARTING ON POSTNATAL DAY 45, THE MICE WERE EITHER EXPOSED OR NOT TO A CHRONIC VARIABLE STRESS (CVS) PARADIGM, AND CVS-RELATED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PERFORMANCE WAS EVALUATED USING A SERIES OF BEHAVIOURAL TESTS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HISTONE 3 LYSINE 9 ACETYLATION (ACETYL-H3K9), BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN-BINDING PROTEIN, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES 1-4 IN THE AMYGDALA WERE MEASURED BY IMMUNOBLOTTING OR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS. IN MICE WITH NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE, THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BUTYRATE (NAB), A COMMONLY USED HDAC INHIBITOR, WERE EXAMINED ON CVS-RELATED BEHAVIOURAL AND MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT REPEATED NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE DID NOT AFFECT INNATE DEPRESSION-LIKE AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOURS UNDER NON-STRESS CONDITIONS BUT FACILITATED THE CVS-INDUCED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOURAL PHENOTYPE. INCREASED HDAC2 EXPRESSION IN THE AMYGDALA WAS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN THE CVS-INDUCED REPRESSION OF ACETYL-H3K9 AND BDNF EXPRESSION AND AN ENHANCED CVS-EVOKED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOURAL PHENOTYPE IN MICE NEONATAL ISOFLURANE EXPOSURE. NAB SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE CVS-INDUCED ANXIETY LEVEL BY ELEVATING ACETYL-H3K9 AND BDNF EXPRESSION. THESE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT EARLY ANAESTHESIA EXPOSURE FACILITATED CHRONIC STRESS-INDUCED NEUROPSYCHIATRIC OUTCOMES, AND THE HDAC2-RELATED EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IS INVOLVED IN THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7 1732  33 DYSTONIA AND LEVODOPA-INDUCED DYSKINESIAS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: IS THERE A CONNECTION? DYSTONIA AND LEVODOPA-INDUCED DYSKINESIA (LID) ARE BOTH HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENT DISORDERS. DYSTONIA ARISES MOST OFTEN SPONTANEOUSLY, ALTHOUGH IT MAY BE SEEN AFTER STROKE, INJURY, OR AS A RESULT OF GENETIC CAUSES. LID IS ASSOCIATED WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD), EMERGING AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC THERAPY WITH LEVODOPA, AND MAY BE EITHER DYSTONIC OR CHOREIFORM. LID AND DYSTONIA SHARE IMPORTANT PHENOMENOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND MECHANISMS. BOTH LID AND DYSTONIA ARE GENERATED BY AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT INVOLVING THE CORTEX, BASAL GANGLIA, THALAMUS AND CEREBELLUM. THEY ALSO SHARE DYSREGULATION OF STRIATAL CHOLINERGIC SIGNALING AND ABNORMALITIES OF STRIATAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. THE LONG DURATION NATURE OF BOTH LID AND DYSTONIA SUGGESTS THAT THERE MAY BE UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AS A PROXIMATE CAUSE. WHILE BOTH MAY IMPROVE AFTER INTERVENTIONS SUCH AS DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION (DBS), NEITHER CURRENTLY HAS A SATISFACTORY MEDICAL THERAPY, AND MANY PEOPLE ARE DISABLED BY THE SYMPTOMS OF DYSTONIA AND LID. FURTHER STUDY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS CONNECTING THESE TWO DISORDERS MAY LEAD TO NOVEL APPROACHES TO TREATMENT OR PREVENTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 5273  30 PROMOTER METHYLATION AND BDNF AND DAT1 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. BACKGROUND: DRUG ADDICTION IS A BRAIN DISORDER THAT HAS NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY. ADDICTIONS ARE CHRONIC RELAPSING DISEASES OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE CAUSED BY DIRECT DRUG-INDUCED EFFECTS AND PERSEVERING NEUROADAPTATIONS AT THE EPIGENETIC, NEUROPEPTIDE AND NEUROTRANSMITTER LEVELS. BECAUSE THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM HAS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE, THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) AND DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT1) GENES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BDNF AND DAT1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED WITH A METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TECHNIQUE IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 75 INDIVIDUALS WITH DRUG ADDICTION AND 65 HEALTHY CONTROLS. THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF BDNF AND DAT1 WERE ASSESSED IN 12 MRNA SAMPLES FROM THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS AND COMPARED TO THE SAMPLES OF HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 12) WITH REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR. RESULTS: NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN THE METHYLATION OF BDNF AND DAT1 BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, BUT THE RELATIVE LEVELS OF EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND DAT1 MRNA DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE PATIENTS COMPARED TO CONTROLS (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE BDNF AND DAT1 GENES HAD NO SIGNIFICANT FUNCTION IN THE PROCESSES OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9  433  30 ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF HOMER1 PROMOTER IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC DEPRESSION. BACKGROUND: UNDERSTANDING THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THERAPEUTIC MEASURES IS CURRENTLY A RESEARCH PRIORITY. WE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE EXPRESSION OF THE SYNAPTIC PROTEIN HOMER1A CORRELATES WITH DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND ITS INDUCTION IS A COMMON MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DIFFERENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM OF HOMER1A REGULATION IS STILL UNKNOWN. METHODS: WE COMBINED THE CHRONIC DESPAIR MOUSE MODEL (CDM) OF CHRONIC DEPRESSION WITH DIFFERENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS. DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR WAS CHARACTERIZED BY FORCED SWIM AND TAIL SUSPENSION TESTS, AND VIA AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF SUCROSE PREFERENCE IN INTELLICAGE. THE HOMER1 MRNA EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION WERE ANALYZED IN CORTEX AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD BY QRT-PCR AND PYROSEQUENCING. RESULTS: CDM MICE SHOW DECREASED HOMER1A AND HOMER1B/C MRNA EXPRESSION IN CORTEX AND BLOOD SAMPLES, WHILE CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH IMIPRAMINE AND FLUOXETINE OR ACUTE KETAMINE APPLICATION INCREASES THEIR LEVEL ONLY IN THE CORTEX. THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES OF THE METHYLATION OF 7 CPG SITES, LOCATED ON THE HOMER1 PROMOTER REGION CONTAINING SEVERAL CRE BINDING SITES, SHOW A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN DNA METHYLATION IN THE CORTEX OF CDM MICE. IN CONTRAST, ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS REDUCE THE METHYLATION LEVEL. LIMITATIONS: HOMER1 EXPRESSION AND PROMOTOR METHYLATION WERE NOT ANALYZED IN DIFFERENT BLOOD CELL TYPES. OTHER CPG SITES OF HOMER1 PROMOTER SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED IN FUTURE STUDIES. OUR EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH DOES NOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: WE DEMONSTRATE THAT STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF HOMER1 PROMOTER, PROVIDING NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISM OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10 2967  26 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE IN RELATION TO INFLAMMATION IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND FIBROMYALGIA. BACKGROUND: CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INFLUENCE CLINICAL PAIN, DESCENDING MODULATION, AND EXERCISE-INDUCED SYMPTOM WORSENING. COMT REGULATES NOCICEPTIVE PROCESSING AND INFLAMMATION, KEY PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND FIBROMYALGIA (CFS/FM). WE AIMED TO DETERMINE THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATING COMT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH CFS/FM. METHODS: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY WITH REPEATED-MEASURES DESIGN WAS USED TO REDUCE THE CHANCE OF FALSE POSITIVE AND INCREASE THE POWER OF OUR FINDINGS. FIFTY-FOUR PARTICIPANTS (28 PATIENTS WITH CFS/FM AND 26 CONTROLS) WERE ASSESSED TWICE WITHIN 4 DAYS. THE ASSESSMENT INCLUDED CLINICAL QUESTIONNAIRES, NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (PAIN THRESHOLDS, TEMPORAL SUMMATION, AND CONDITIONED PAIN MODULATION), AND BLOOD WITHDRAWAL IN ORDER TO ASSESS RS4818, RS4633, AND RS4680 COMT POLYMORPHISMS AND PERFORM HAPLOTYPE ESTIMATION, DNA METHYLATION IN THE COMT GENE (BOTH MB-COMT AND S-COMT PROMOTERS), AND CYTOKINE EXPRESSION (TNF-ALPHA, IFN-GAMMA, IL-6, AND TGF-BETA). RESULTS: COMT HAPLOTYPES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION IN THE S-COMT PROMOTER, TGF-BETA EXPRESSION, AND SYMPTOMS. HOWEVER, THIS WAS NOT SPECIFIC FOR ONE CONDITION. SIGNIFICANT BETWEEN-GROUP DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND FOR INCREASED DNA METHYLATION IN THE MB-COMT PROMOTER AND DECREASED IFN-GAMMA EXPRESSION IN PATIENTS. DISCUSSION: OUR RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH, PROVIDING INTERESTING INSIGHTS INTO GENETIC-EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS. MB-COMT DNA METHYLATION MIGHT BE AN INDEPENDENT FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CFS/FM. FURTHER RESEARCH ON DNA METHYLATION IN COMPLEX CONDITIONS SUCH AS CFS/FM IS WARRANTED. WE RECOMMEND FUTURE RESEARCH TO EMPLOY A REPEATED-MEASURE DESIGN TO CONTROL FOR BIOMARKERS VARIABILITY AND WITHIN-SUBJECT CHANGES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11 1182  37 CONVERGING AND DIFFERENTIAL BRAIN PHOSPHOLIPID DYSREGULATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF REPETITIVE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. REPETITIVE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (RMTBI) IS A MAJOR EPIGENETIC RISK FACTOR FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). THE PRECISE NATURE OF HOW RMTBI LEADS TO OR PRECIPITATES AD PATHOLOGY IS CURRENTLY UNKNOWN. NUMEROUS NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS HAVE SHOWN AN IMPORTANT ROLE FOR DYSFUNCTIONAL PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM AS A DRIVING FACTOR FOR THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. HOWEVER, THE PRECISE ROLE IN RMTBI AND AD REMAINS ELUSIVE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT A DETAILED PHOSPHOLIPID CHARACTERIZATION WOULD REVEAL PROFILES OF RESPONSE TO INJURY IN TBI THAT OVERLAP WITH AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN AD AND THUS PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO THE TBI-AD RELATIONSHIP. WE EMPLOYED A LIPIDOMIC APPROACH EXAMINING BRAIN PHOSPHOLIPID PROFILES FROM MOUSE MODELS OF RMTBI AND AD. CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPAL TISSUE WERE COLLECTED AT 24 H, 3, 6, 9, AND 12 MONTHS POST-RMTBI, AND AT AGES REPRESENTING 'PRE', 'PERI' AND 'POST' ONSET OF AMYLOID PATHOLOGY (I.E., 3, 9, 15 MONTHS-OLD). TOTAL LEVELS OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (PC), PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE (PE), LYSOPE, AND PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL (PI), INCLUDING THEIR MONOUNSATURATED, POLYUNSATURATED AND SATURATED FATTY ACID (FA) CONTAINING SPECIES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AT ACUTE AND/OR CHRONIC TIME POINTS POST-INJURY IN BOTH BRAIN REGIONS. HOWEVER, LEVELS OF MOST PHOSPHOLIPID SPECIES IN PS1/APP MICE WERE NOMINAL IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, WHILE IN THE CORTEX, LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED AT AGES POST-ONSET OF AMYLOID PATHOLOGY. SPHINGOMYELIN AND LYSOPC LEVELS SHOWED COINCIDENTAL TRENDS IN OUR RMTBI AND AD MODELS WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AN INCREASE AT ACUTE AND/OR CHRONIC TIME POINTS EXAMINED. THE RATIO OF ARACHIDONIC ACID (OMEGA-6 FA) TO DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (OMEGA-3 FA)-CONTAINING PE SPECIES WAS INCREASED AT EARLY TIME POINTS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF INJURED VERSUS SHAM MICE, AND IN PS1/APP MICE THERE WAS A COINCIDENTAL INCREASE COMPARED TO WILD TYPE LITTERMATES AT ALL TIME POINTS. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES SOME OVERLAPPING AND DIVERSE PHOSPHOLIPID PROFILES IN RMTBI AND AD MODELS. FUTURE STUDIES ARE REQUIRED TO CORROBORATE OUR FINDINGS IN HUMAN POST-MORTEM TISSUE. INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY MECHANISMS TRIGGERED BY ABERRANT DOWNSTREAM ALTERATIONS IN BIOACTIVE METABOLITES OF THESE PHOSPHOLIPIDS, AND THEIR MODULATION AT THE APPROPRIATE TIME-WINDOWS OF OPPORTUNITY COULD HELP FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE NEURODEGENERATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF RMTBI OR THE POTENTIAL TRIGGERING OF AD PATHOGENESIS BY RMTBI.	2019	
                                                                         
12 2032  33 EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN P21 EXPRESSION IN RENAL CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO BROMATE. THIS STUDY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT BROMATE (KBRO3)-INDUCED RENAL CELL DEATH IS MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION, AS ASSESSED BY 5-METHYLCYTOSINE STAINING, WAS NOT CHANGED IN NORMAL RAT KIDNEY CELLS TREATED WITH ACUTE CYTOTOXIC DOSES OF KBRO3 (100 AND 200 PPM), AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS. HOWEVER, KBRO3 TREATMENT DID INCREASE P38, P53 AND HISTONE 2AX (H2AX) PHOSPHORYLATION, AND P21 EXPRESSION. TREATMENT OF CELLS WITH INHIBITORS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (5-AZACYTIDINE OR 5-AZA) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (TRICHOSTATIN A OR TSA) IN ADDITION TO KBRO3 INCREASED CYTOTOXICITY, AS COMPARED WITH CELLS EXPOSED TO KBRO3 ALONE. 5-AZA AND TSA CO-TREATMENT DID NOT ALTER P38 OR P53 PHOSPHORYLATION, BUT SLIGHTLY DECREASED H2AX PHOSPHORYLATION AND SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED P21 EXPRESSION. WE ALSO ASSESSED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CELLS TREATED UNDER SUB-CHRONIC CONDITIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT CONCENTRATIONS OF KBRO3. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS (0-10PPM KBRO3 FOR UP TO 18 DAYS), WE DETECTED NO INCREASES IN CELL DEATH OR DNA DAMAGE. IN CONTRAST, SLIGHT ALTERATIONS WERE DETECTED IN THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF H2AX, P38, AND P53. SUB-CHRONIC LOW-DOSE KBRO3 TREATMENT ALSO INDUCED A BIPHASIC RESPONSE IN P21 EXPRESSION, WITH LOWER CONCENTRATIONS INCREASING EXPRESSION, BUT HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS DECREASING EXPRESSION. METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR DEMONSTRATED THAT SUB-CHRONIC KBRO3 TREATMENT ALTERED THE METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE BASES IN THE P21 GENE, AS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, CORRELATING TO ALTERATIONS IN P21 PROTEIN EXPRESSION. COLLECTIVELY, THESE DATA SHOW THE NOVEL FINDING THAT KBRO3-INDUCED RENAL CELL DEATH IS ALTERED BY INHIBITORS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFYING ENZYMES AND THAT KBRO3 ITSELF INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE P21 GENE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13 6148  34 THE EXPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS MECP2 AND CREB IS MODULATED IN INFLAMMATORY PELVIC PAIN. EARLY ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IS ONE OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INDUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN STATES. PREVIOUS STUDIES IDENTIFIED THE CHANGES IN A NUMBER OF NOCICEPTION-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP), SUBSTANCE P (SP), AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) IN THE PELVIC ORGANS AFTER TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. THE GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION OF THESE NEUROPEPTIDES COULD BE MODULATED BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) AND CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB). IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MECP2 AND CREB IN THE LUMBOSACRAL (LS) SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER INFLAMMATION-INDUCED PELVIC PAIN IN RAT. ADULT SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS WERE TREATED WITH 2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENESULFONIC ACID (TNBS) TO INDUCE TRANSIENT COLONIC INFLAMMATION. LS (L6-S2) SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS AND RESPECTIVE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIAS (DRGS) WERE ISOLATED FROM CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AT 1, 2, 6, 24 H AND 3 DAYS POST-TNBS TREATMENT. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL (IHC) LABELING AND WESTERN BLOTTING EXPERIMENTS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE EXPRESSION OF MECP2, CREB AND THEIR PHOSPHORYLATED FORMS. TOTAL MECP2 EXPRESSION, BUT NOT PHOSPHORYLATED P-MECP2 (PS421MECP2) EXPRESSION WAS DETECTED IN THE CELLS OF THE SPINAL DORSAL HORN UNDER CONTROL CONDITIONS. COLONIC INFLAMMATION TRIGGERED A SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF MECP2-EXPRESSING NEURONS IN PARALLEL WITH ELEVATED NUMBERS OF PS421MECP2-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 2 H AND 6 H POST-TNBS. THE MAJORITY OF MECP2-POSITIVE CELLS (80 +/- 6%) CO-EXPRESSED CREB. TNBS TREATMENT CAUSED A TRANSIENT UP-REGULATION OF CREB-EXPRESSING CELLS AT 1 H POST-TNBS ONLY. THE NUMBER OF CELLS EXPRESSING PHOSPHORYLATED CREB (PS133CREB) DID NOT CHANGE AT 1 H AND 2 H POST-TNBS, BUT WAS DOWN-REGULATED BY THREE FOLDS AT 6 H POST-TNBS. ANALYSIS OF DRG SECTIONS REVEALED THAT THE NUMBER OF MECP2-POSITIVE NEURONS WAS UP-REGULATED BY TNBS TREATMENT, REACHING THREE-FOLD INCREASE AT 2 H POST-TNBS, AND EIGHT-FOLD INCREASE AT 6 H POST-TNBS (P </= 0.05 TO CONTROL). THESE DATA SHOWED EARLY CHANGES IN MECP2 AND CREB EXPRESSION IN THE DORSAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD AND SENSORY GANGLIA AFTER COLONIC INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTING A POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION MECP2 AND CREB SIGNALING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISCERAL HYPERALGESIA AND PELVIC PAIN FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                  
14 6156  25 THE GENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE CORTICAL PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTAL PAIN AND THE MODERATING EFFECT OF PAIN STATUS. BACKGROUND: RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT THE COMT VAL(158)MET, BDNF VAL(66)MET AND OPRM1 A(118)G POLYMORPHISMS MODERATE THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN. IN ORDER TO OBTAIN EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION AND EXTENSION OF FINDINGS, CORTICAL PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED PAIN WAS USED. METHOD: A SAMPLE OF 78 INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN COMPLAINTS AND 37 HEALTHY CONTROLS UNDERWENT EEG REGISTRATION. EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS WERE MEASURED IN RESPONSE TO ELECTRICAL NOCICEPTIVE STIMULI AND MODERATION BY COMT VAL(158)MET, BDNF VAL(66)MET AND OPRM1 A(118)G POLYMORPHISMS WAS ASSESSED. RESULTS: GENETIC VARIATION DID NOT HAVE A DIRECT EFFECT ON CORTICAL PROCESSING OF EXPERIMENTAL PAIN. HOWEVER, GENETIC EFFECTS (COMT VAL(158)MET AND BDNF VAL(66)MET) ON EXPERIMENTAL PAIN WERE MODERATED BY THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN. IN THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN, THE COMT MET ALLELE AND THE BDNF MET ALLELE AUGMENTED CORTICAL PAIN PROCESSING, WHILST REDUCING PAIN PROCESSING IN PAIN-FREE CONTROLS. NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS WERE FOUND CONCERNING THE OPRM1 A(118)G POLYMORPHISM. CONCLUSIONS: THE CURRENT STUDY SUGGESTS THAT CHRONIC EXPERIENCE OF PAIN ENHANCES GENETIC SENSITIVITY TO EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED MILDLY PAINFUL STIMULI, POSSIBLY THROUGH A PROCESS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 5339  24 QUETIAPINE TREATMENT REVERSES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND REDUCES DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY INDUCED BY MATERNAL DEPRIVATION. STRESS IN EARLY LIFE HAS BEEN APPOINTED AS AN IMPORTANT PHENOMENON IN THE ONSET OF DEPRESSION AND POOR RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH CLASSICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS. FURTHERMORE, CHILDHOOD TRAUMA TRIGGERS EPIGENETIC CHANGES, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD). TREATMENT WITH ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS SUCH AS QUETIAPINE, EXERTS THERAPEUTIC EFFECT FOR MDD PATIENTS AND INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ANALYZE THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH QUETIAPINE (20MG/KG) ON DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR OF RATS SUBMITTED TO MATERNAL DEPRIVATION (MD), AS WELL AS THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE ACETYLATION BY THE ENZYMES HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASES (HAT) AND DEACETYLASES (HDAC) AND DNA METHYLATION, THROUGH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME (DNMT) IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND HIPPOCAMPUS. MATERNALLY DEPRIVED RATS HAD A DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN THE FORCED SWIMMING TEST AND AN INCREASE IN THE HDAC AND DNMT ACTIVITIES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND NAC. TREATMENT WITH QUETIAPINE REVERSED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND REDUCED THE DNMT ACTIVITY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO SHOW THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF QUETIAPINE IN ANIMALS SUBJECTED TO MD AND A PROTECTIVE EFFECT BY QUETIAPINE IN REDUCING EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY STRESS IN EARLY LIFE. THESE RESULTS REINFORCE AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF QUETIAPINE AS THERAPY FOR MDD.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
16 5713  30 SIRT2 INHIBITION REVERSES ANHEDONIA IN THE VGLUT1+/- DEPRESSION MODEL. SOME HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDACS) ENZYMES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED AS EPIGENETIC TARGETS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE ACTION. AMONG THEM, WE HAVE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED SIRT2, A CLASS III NAD(+)-DEPENDENT HDAC, AS BEING OPPOSITELY REGULATED BY STRESS AND ANTIDEPRESSANTS. MOREOVER, SIRT2 INHIBITION HAS SHOWN ANTIANHEDONIC-LIKE ACTION IN THE CHRONIC MILD STRESS MODEL OF DEPRESSION. HERE WE HAVE EXTENDED THE STUDY USING AN ALTERNATIVE MODEL OF DEPRESSION BASED IN A GENETIC MANIPULATION OF GLUTAMATE FUNCTION. SPECIFICALLY, MICE HETEROZYGOUS FOR THE VESICULAR GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER 1 (VGLUT1+/-) WERE USED. FIRSTLY, MRNA EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF THE HDAC SUPERFAMILY IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF VGLUT1+/- MICE AND WT LITTERMATES WERE STUDIED BY RT-PCR. SECONDLY, THE EFFECT OF REPEATED TREATMENT WITH THE SELECTIVE SIRT2 INHIBITOR 33I AND THE ANTIDEPRESSANT IMIPRAMINE ON ANHEDONIC BEHAVIOUR OF VGLUT1+/- MICE WAS STUDIED BY WEEKLY MONITORING OF SUCROSE INTAKE. FURTHER, THE INTERACTION OF 33I TOWARDS SPECIFIC MONOAMINERGIC TARGETS SUCH AS SEROTONIN OR NORADRENALINE TRANSPORTERS AS WELL AS THE MONOAMINOOXIDASE ENZYME WAS STUDIED. THE MRNA OCCURANCE OF THE DIFFERENT MEMBERS OF HDAC SUPERFAMILY WAS NOT ALTERED IN THE PFC OF VGLUT1+/- MICE. WHILE REPEATED IMIPRAMINE SHOWED AN ANTI-ANHEDONIC ACTION IN BOTH VGLUT1+/- AND WT, THE SELECTIVE SIRT2 INHIBITOR 33I FULLY REVERSED ANHEDONIA OF VGLUT1+/-. FURTHER, 33I SHOWED NO INTERACTION WITH THE ABOVE MENTIONED MONOAMINERGIC MOLECULAR TARGETS. THESE RESULTS CONFIRM THAT SIRT2 INHIBITION IS ABLE TO REVERSE ANHEDONIA IN DIFFERENT ANIMAL MODELS AND HIGHLIGHT THE NEED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF SIRT2 INHIBITORS AS NEW ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17 2798  33 FDG-PET IMAGING REVEALS LOCAL BRAIN GLUCOSE UTILIZATION IS ALTERED BY CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK--THE FIRST OF ITS KIND--WAS TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC SELECTIVE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR TREATMENT ON BRAIN ACTIVITY USING UPTAKE OF THE RADIOLIGAND (18)F-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE AND POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY ((18)FDG-PET). HDAC DYSFUNCTION AND OTHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE IMPLICATED IN DIVERSE CNS DISORDERS AND ANIMAL RESEARCH SUGGESTS HDAC INHIBITION MAY PROVIDE A LEAD TOWARD DEVELOPING IMPROVED TREATMENT. TO BEGIN TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF THE CLASS I HDAC SUBTYPES HDAC 1, 2 AND 3 IN MODULATING BRAIN ACTIVITY, WE UTILIZED TWO BENZAMIDE INHIBITORS FROM THE LITERATURE, COMPOUND 60 (CPD-60) AND CI-994 WHICH SELECTIVELY INHIBIT HDAC 1 AND 2 OR HDACS 1, 2 AND 3, RESPECTIVELY. ONE DAY AFTER THE SEVENTH TREATMENT WITH CPD-60 (22.5 MG/KG) OR CI-994 (5 MG/KG), (18)FDG-PET EXPERIMENTS (N=11-12 RATS PER TREATMENT GROUP) REVEALED SIGNIFICANT, LOCAL CHANGES IN BRAIN GLUCOSE UTILIZATION. THESE 2-17% CHANGES WERE REPRESENTED BY INCREASES AND DECREASES IN GLUCOSE UPTAKE. THE PATTERN OF CHANGES WAS SIMILAR BUT DISTINCT BETWEEN CPD-60 AND CI-994, SUPPORTING THAT (18)FDG-PET IS A USEFUL TOOL TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HDAC SUBTYPE ACTIVITY AND BRAIN ACTIVITY. FURTHER WORK USING ADDITIONAL SELECTIVE HDAC INHIBITORS WILL BE NEEDED TO CLARIFY THESE EFFECTS AS WELL AS TO UNDERSTAND HOW BRAIN ACTIVITY CHANGES INFLUENCE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
18 3206  36 HDAC9 IS AN EPIGENETIC REPRESSOR OF KIDNEY ANGIOTENSINOGEN ESTABLISHING A SEX DIFFERENCE. BACKGROUND: SEXUAL DIFFERENCE HAS BEEN SHOWN IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE INDUCED BY HYPERTENSION. FEMALES ARE PROTECTED FROM HYPERTENSION AND RELATED END-ORGAN DAMAGE. AUGMENTATION OF RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULAR ANGIOTENSINOGEN (AGT) EXPRESSION CAN PROMOTE INTRARENAL ANGIOTENSIN FORMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASSOCIATED HYPERTENSION AND KIDNEY INJURY. FEMALE RODENTS EXHIBIT LOWER INTRARENAL AGT LEVELS THAN MALES UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS, SUGGESTING THAT THE SUPPRESSED INTRARENAL AGT PRODUCTION BY PROGRAMMED MECHANISMS IN FEMALES MAY PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM THESE DISEASES. THIS STUDY WAS PERFORMED TO EXAMINE WHETHER EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SERVE AS REPRESSORS OF AGT. METHODS: MALE AND FEMALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE SEX DIFFERENCES OF SYSTEMIC, HEPATIC, AND INTRARENAL AGT LEVELS. ALL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) MRNA LEVELS IN THE KIDNEYS WERE DETERMINED USING A PCR ARRAY. HDAC9 PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN THE KIDNEYS AND CULTURED RENAL PROXIMAL TUBULAR CELLS (PTC) WAS ANALYZED BY WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. THE EFFECTS OF HDAC9 ON AGT EXPRESSION WERE EVALUATED BY USING AN INHIBITOR AND SIRNA. CHIP ASSAY WAS PERFORMED TO INVESTIGATE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE AGT PROMOTER AND HDAC9. RESULTS: PLASMA AND LIVER AGT LEVELS DID NOT SHOW DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. IN CONTRAST, FEMALES EXHIBITED LOWER AGT LEVELS THAN MALES IN THE RENAL CORTEX AND URINE. IN THE ABSENCE OF SUPPLEMENTED SEX HORMONES, PRIMARY CULTURED RENAL CORTICAL CELLS ISOLATED FROM FEMALE RATS SUSTAINED LOWER AGT LEVELS THAN THOSE FROM MALES, SUGGESTING THAT THE KIDNEYS HAVE A UNIQUE MECHANISM OF AGT REGULATION CONTROLLED BY EPIGENETIC FACTORS RATHER THAN SEX HORMONES. HDAC9 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHER IN THE RENAL CORTEX OF FEMALE RATS VERSUS MALE RATS (7.09 +/- 0.88, RATIO TO MALE) WHILE OTHER HDACS DID NOT EXHIBIT A SEX DIFFERENCE. HDAC9 EXPRESSION WAS LOCALIZED IN PTC WHICH ARE THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF INTRARENAL AGT. IMPORTANTLY, HDAC9 KNOCKDOWN AUGMENTED AGT MRNA (1.92 +/- 0.35-FOLD) AND PROTEIN (2.25 +/- 0.50-FOLD) LEVELS, SIMILAR TO AN HDAC9 INHIBITOR. FURTHERMORE, AN INTERACTION BETWEEN HDAC9 AND A DISTAL 5' FLANKING REGION OF AGT VIA A HISTONE COMPLEX CONTAINING H3 AND H4 WAS DEMONSTRATED. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT HDAC9 IS A NOVEL SUPPRESSING FACTOR INVOLVED IN AGT REGULATION IN PTC, LEADING TO LOW LEVELS OF INTRARENAL AGT IN FEMALES. THESE FINDINGS WILL HELP TO DELINEATE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTENSION AND RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM (RAS) ASSOCIATED KIDNEY INJURY.	2017	

19 2886  27 GABA-AALPHA5 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN LEARNING-MEMORY DYSFUNCTION IN THE OFFSPRINGS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL-TREATED RATS VIA GABA-AALPHA5 HISTONE H3K9 ACETYLATION. RECENTLY, NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE BEEN FOCUSED ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GABA-A RECEPTORS AND ALCOHOL-INDUCED SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY DEFICITS. GABA-AALPHA5, A SUBUNIT OF GABA-A RECEPTORS, IS CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ALCOHOL-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM REMAINS OBSCURE. IN THIS STUDY, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION OF GABA-AALPHA5 INCREASED IN RATS TREATED WITH CHRONIC ETHANOL VIA HISTONE H3K9 ACETYLATION. FURTHERMORE, THIS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION COULD BE INHERITED BY THE NEXT GENERATIONS, WHICH EVENTUALLY EXHIBIT SIMILAR SPATIAL LEARNING AND MEMORY DEFICITS IN THE OFFSPRINGS. IN SUMMARY, OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT GABA-AALPHA5 MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT-INDUCED LEARNING-MEMORY DYSFUNCTION AND FOR THE FIRST TIME PROVED THAT LEARNING-MEMORY DYSFUNCTION COULD BE INHERITED BY THE OFFSPRINGS VIA HISTONE H3K9 ACETYLATION. HOPEFULLY, IN THE NEAR FUTURE, GABA-AALPHA5 INHIBITORS WOULD BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO TREAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED COGNITION IMPAIRMENT.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 4499  28 MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL PRODUCES ERK-DEPENDENT AND ERK-INDEPENDENT EPIGENETIC MARKS IN NEURONS OF THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND LATERAL SEPTUM. EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS COVALENT MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONE PROTEINS REPRESENT COMPLEX MOLECULAR SIGNATURES THAT PROVIDE A CELLULAR MEMORY OF PREVIOUSLY EXPERIENCED STIMULI WITHOUT IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES OF THE GENETIC CODE. IN THIS STUDY WE SHOW THAT NEW GENE EXPRESSION INDUCED IN VIVO BY MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL OCCURS WITH CONCOMITANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN BRAIN REGIONS CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN DRUG-DEPENDENT BEHAVIORS. WE FOUND THAT NALOXONE-PRECIPITATED WITHDRAWAL, BUT NOT CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION, CAUSED A STRONG INDUCTION OF PHOSPHO-HISTONE H3 IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) SHELL/CORE AND IN THE LATERAL SEPTUM (LS), A CHANGE THAT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY AUGMENTED H3 ACETYLATION (LYS14) IN NEURONS OF THE NAC SHELL. MORPHINE WITHDRAWAL INDUCED THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE EPIGENETIC FACTOR METHYL-CPG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (MECP2) IN SER421 BOTH IN THE LS AND THE NAC SHELL. THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY THE ACTIVATION OF MEMBERS OF THE ERK PATHWAY AS WELL AS INCREASED EXPRESSION OF THE IMMEDIATE EARLY GENES (IEG) C-FOS AND ACTIVITY-REGULATED CYTOSKELETON-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (ARC/ARG3.1). USING A PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH, WE FOUND THAT H3 PHOSPHORYLATION AND IEG EXPRESSION WERE PARTIALLY DEPENDENT ON ERK ACTIVATION, WHILE MECP2 PHOSPHORYLATION WAS FULLY ERK-INDEPENDENT. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON THE ROLE OF THE ERK PATHWAY IN THE REGULATION OF EPIGENETIC MARKS AND GENE EXPRESSION THAT MAY CONCUR TO REGULATE IN VIVO THE CELLULAR CHANGES UNDERLYING THE ONSET OF THE OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME.	2013