1 5499 113 REVIEW: RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS IN EPIGENETIC THERAPY. EPIGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION ARE KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF CELLS BY SILENCING CRITICAL GENES. DRUGS THAT INHIBIT DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES OR HISTONE DEACETYLASES WERE SHOWN TO HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO REACTIVATE SILENCED GENES AND INDUCE DIFFERENTIATION OR APOPTOSIS OF MALIGNANT CELLS. THE MOST INTENSIVELY STUDIED CLASS OF SUCH AGENTS IS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS, INCLUDING 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZACITIDINE) AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (DECITABINE). IN 2004, AZACITIDINE WAS APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME ON THE BASIS OF PHASE II AND III STUDIES THAT SHOWED A RESPONSE RATE (COMPLETE AND PARTIAL RESPONSES) OF 15%. AZACITIDINE IS ALSO BEING EVALUATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS FOR OTHER MALIGNANT DISEASES. DECITABINE HAS RESPONSE RATES OF 17-49% IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME IN MULTIPLE PHASE II AND III STUDIES AND ALSO ACTIVITY IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS BELONG TO ANOTHER CLASS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFYING AGENTS THAT INCLUDE DEPSIPEPTIDE, BUTYRATE DERIVATIVES, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID AND VALPROIC ACID. NO AGENT IN THIS CLASS HAS BEEN STUDIED IN A PHASE III TRIAL, BUT SEVERAL AGENTS HAVE BEEN OR ARE BEING STUDIED IN PHASE II TRIALS. FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE PATIENT SELECTION AND DOSING SCHEDULES.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2 1616  42 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IN THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. THE RECENTLY APPROVED DRUGS 5-AZACITIDINE (5AC) AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYAZACYTIDINE (DAC) ARE IN WIDE CLINICAL USE FOR THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) OF ALL TYPES AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). THESE AGENTS WERE DEVELOPED BASED UPON AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN MALIGNANCY, AND THEY HAVE BEEN EVALUATED IN RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS, WHICH DEMONSTRATE RESPONSE RATES BETWEEN 20% AND 40% IN PATIENTS FOR WHOM NO PREVIOUS STANDARD OF CARE WAS AVAILABLE. AS UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE IMPROVES, WE ARE ABLE TO TARGET OTHER REGULATORS OF CHROMATIN CONFORMATION THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND DYSREGULATED CELL GROWTH. THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS BELONG TO ONE CLASS OF THERAPEUTICS DEVELOPED USING THIS PARADIGM. ALTHOUGH RESPONSES USING HDAC INHIBITORS ALONE IN MDS HAVE BEEN MODEST, ROBUST PRECLINICAL DATA DRIVE CLINICAL TRIALS IN WHICH THEY ARE UTILIZED IN COMBINATION WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITORS. COMBINATION THERAPY OFFERS THE POSSIBILITY OF HEMATOLOGIC IMPROVEMENT AND REMISSION TO MYELODYSPLASTIC PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUSLY UNTREATABLE DISEASE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
3 1046  48 CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DECITABINE AS A PROTOTYPE FOR AN EPIGENETIC DRUG PROGRAM. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS DECITABINE AS A PROTOTYPE EPIGENETIC MODIFYING DRUG TO SHOW HOW THE CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS DIFFERS FROM THAT OF TRADITIONAL CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPIES. DECITABINE, A CYTOSINE ANALOGUE, IS CYTOTOXIC AT HIGH DOSES BUT HAS SELECTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATING ACTIVITY AT LOW DOSES. THE FOCUS OF CURRENT DECITABINE INVESTIGATIONS IS TWOFOLD: TO ELUCIDATE ALL OF THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMAL DOSE, SCHEDULE, AND CONCOMITANT THERAPIES. NEW PHASE I TRIALS HAVE IDENTIFIED A "BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSE," WHICH IS 1 TO 2 LOGS LOWER THAN THE CYTOTOXIC DOSE. A CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM WITH LOW-DOSE DECITABINE IN MALIGNANT DISEASES IS FOCUSED ON MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML), AND CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). A PHASE III TRIAL IN MDS SHOWED OBJECTIVE RESPONSES (COMPLETE [CR] PLUS PARTIAL [PR] REMISSION) AND LONGER MEDIAN TIME TO PROGRESSION TO AML OR DEATH WITH DECITABINE THAN WITH SUPPORTIVE CARE ALONE. THE OPTIMAL USE OF DECITABINE MAY BE IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER AGENTS THAT PROMOTE GENE EXPRESSION, NAMELY, HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS. OPTIMIZED DECITABINE DOSES AND COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER EPIGENETIC THERAPIES THAT CAN BE USED AT MINIMALLY TOXIC DOSES PROVIDE POTENTIALLY SAFER THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS AND INTRODUCE NOVEL COMBINATION THERAPIES.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4 1288  44 DECITABINE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: DECITABINE IS A CYTOSINE ANALOGUE SYNTHESIZED IN THE 1960S THAT IS CURRENTLY ENJOYING A REVIVAL OF INTEREST PROMPTED BY THE ELUCIDATION OF DNA METHYLATION INHIBITION AS ITS MAJOR MECHANISM OF ACTION, ALONG WITH INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IN CANCER. THESE ADVANCES HAVE TURNED THIS AGENT FROM JUST ANOTHER CYTOSINE ANALOGUE INTO A TARGETED DRUG AIMED AT REVERSING EPIGENETIC SILENCING IN CANCER CELLS. HERE, RECENT CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES WITH DECITABINE ARE REVIEWED. RECENT FINDINGS: SCIENTISTS ARE NOW TAKING A CLOSER LOOK AT THIS DRUG AS A TARGETED AGENT, WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO SCHEDULES OF ADMINISTRATION AND MECHANISMS OF IN VIVO EFFICACY. TWO PHASE II TRIALS HAVE REPORTED SUBSTANTIAL CLINICAL ACTIVITY OF DECITABINE IN THE MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. THERE IS CONSIDERABLE INTEREST IN COMBINING DECITABINE WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS AND IN USING IT TO SENSITIZE CELLS TO CHEMOTHERAPY OR TO BIOLOGIC THERAPY. FINALLY, ONGOING EFFORTS ARE DECIPHERING THE IN VIVO MECHANISMS OF RESPONSES SEEN AFTER DECITABINE ADMINISTRATION. SUMMARY: DECITABINE, AN OLD DRUG, HAS NOW MADE A COMEBACK AS A TARGETED AGENT AND A PROTOTYPE FOR EPIGENETIC THERAPY IN CANCER. DOSES, SCHEDULES OF ADMINISTRATION, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF RATIONAL COMBINATIONS INCLUDING THIS AGENT MUST ALL TAKE THIS CRITICAL MECHANISM OF ACTION INTO ACCOUNT.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5 1542  40 DNA METHYLATION IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF DECITABINE. NORMAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION IS DEPENDENT UPON CONTROLLED GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION AT CYTOSINE RESIDUES IN GENE PROMOTER CPG SEQUENCES IS KNOWN TO INHIBIT GENE TRANSCRIPTION. INAPPROPRIATE INHIBITION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION OF TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES, GENES THAT INHIBIT ANGIOGENESIS AND METASTASIS AND GENES INVOLVED IN DNA REPAIR BY UNCONTROLLED METHYLATION, CAN LEAD TO UNREGULATED GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION OF A CELL AND CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AFFECTING THE P16 GENE, RESULTING IN GENE SILENCING, HAS BEEN SHOWN TO OCCUR IN MANY HUMAN SOLID TUMOURS AND A 'HYPERMETHYLATION PROFILE' IN SOME LEUKAEMIAS HAS BEEN DEFINED. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION TAKES PLACE DURING CARCINOGENESIS ARE STILL NOT CLEAR. HOWEVER, THE LARGE NUMBER OF TARGET GENES (INVOLVED IN TUMORIGENESIS) THAT ARE SILENCED BY ABERRANT METHYLATION SUGGESTS THAT INHIBITION OF THIS PROCESS MAY HAVE POTENTIAL AS CANCER THERAPY. DECITABINE (NSC-127716, DACOGEN; SUPERGEN) IS A POTENT AND SPECIFIC HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT AND AN INHIBITOR OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY THAT MEDIATES DNA METHYLATION. DECITABINE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A BROAD RANGE OF ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY IN PRECLINICAL STUDIES. THIS AGENT HAS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITY IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, ALTHOUGH CLINICAL PHASE I AND II STUDIES WITH SOLID TUMOURS HAVE NOT BEEN VERY PROMISING. PHASE II AND III STUDIES ARE CURRENTLY ONGOING TO EVALUATE DECITABINE, BOTH ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, IN VARIOUS STAGES OF THESE HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 2494  31 EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS GENERALLY LOWER THAN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION IS GLOBALLY DECREASED, REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE PROMOTERS LEADS TO GENE SILENCING. MANY OF THESE GENES HAVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PHENOTYPES. UNLIKE MUTATIONS OR DELETIONS, HYPERMETHYLATION IS POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE AFTER INHIBITION WITH DNA METHYLATION MODULATORS. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME HAS BEEN A MODEL DISEASE IN WHICH TREATMENT OF PATIENTS RESULTS IN DEMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES. THE STORY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS SLOWLY UNRAVELING AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LIKELY ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE. ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS CORRELATING CLINICAL RESPONSE TO GENE EXPRESSION AFTER TREATMENT WITH DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS WILL ULTIMATELY ALLOW US TO BETTER RISK STRATIFY AND PREDICT THE SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH THIS CLASS OF DRUGS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7 2237  43 EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. MYELOID HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES ARE CLONAL BONE MARROW NEOPLASMS, COMPRISING OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), THE MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN) AND SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS (SM). THE FIELD OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT HEMATOPOIESIS IS RAPIDLY GROWING. IN RECENT YEARS, HETEROZYGOUS SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN GENES ENCODING EPIGENETIC REGULATORS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ALL SUBTYPES OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, SUPPORTING THE RATIONALE FOR TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) ARE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS THAT, IN VITRO, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE GROWTH ARREST, APOPTOTIC OR AUTOPHAGIC CELL DEATH, AND TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MYELOID TUMOR CELLS. THESE EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED BOTH AT THE BULK TUMOR LEVEL AND IN THE MOST IMMATURE CD34(+)38(-) CELL COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS. THUS, THERE IS A STRONG RATIONALE SUPPORTING HDACI THERAPY IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, DESPITE INITIAL PROMISING RESULTS IN PHASE I TRIALS, HDACI IN MONOTHERAPY AS WELL AS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER DRUGS, HAVE FAILED TO IMPROVE RESPONSES OR SURVIVAL. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE RATIONALE FOR HDACI IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, CLINICAL RESULTS AND SPECULATIONS ON WHY CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE THUS FAR NOT MET THE EXPECTATIONS, AND HOW THIS MAY BE IMPROVED IN THE FUTURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8 6773  27 [ADVANCES OF RESEARCH ON DEMETHYLATION THERAPY FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES]. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT AND REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WHICH REGULATES GENOMIC STABILITY. METHYLATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT. GENERALLY, GENE EXPRESSION LEVEL AND DNA METHYLATION ARE NEGATIVE CORRELATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING VIA METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE PROMOTER IS IMPORTANT FOR CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION AND PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN TUMORIGENESIS. DEMETHYLATION DRUG CAN MODIFY CHROMATIN AND RESTORE THE ABILITY OF ANTI-ONCOGENE. DEMETHYLATION THERAPY AS A NEW THERAPY MAY TREAT EFFICIENTLY HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES WITH RESISTANCE AND RELAPSE. IN THIS REVIEW, DNA METHYLATION MECHANISM, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABERRANT METHYLATION AND HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, MECHANISM OF DEMETHYLATION THERAPY, THE ADVANCE OF RESEARCH ON THE DEMETHYLATION THERAPY OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME WERE SUMMARIZED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
9 1621  55 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AS TARGETS FOR CANCER THERAPY. METHYLATION OF DNA AT 5-POSITION OF CYTOSINE, CATALYZED BY DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, IS THE PREDOMINANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN MAMMALS. ABERRATIONS IN METHYLATION PLAY A CAUSAL ROLE IN A VARIETY OF DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER. RECENT STUDIES HAVE ESTABLISHED THAT LIKE MUTATION, METHYLATION-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING OFTEN LEADS TO TUMORIGENESIS. PARADOXICALLY, GENOME-WIDE DNA HYPOMETHYLATION MAY ALSO PLAY A CAUSAL ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS BY INDUCING CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AND SPURIOUS GENE EXPRESSION. SINCE METHYLATION DOES NOT ALTER DNA BASE SEQUENCE, MUCH ATTENTION HAS BEEN FOCUSED RECENTLY ON DEVELOPING SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES THAT CAN POTENTIALLY BE USED AS ANTICANCER AGENTS. VIDAZA (5-AZACYTIDINE), MARKETED BY PHARMION (BOULDER, CO, USA), WAS THE FIRST DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR APPROVED BY THE U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) FOR CHEMOTHERAPY AGAINST MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), A HETEROGENEOUS BONE MARROW DISORDER. RECENTLY MGI PHARMA INC. (BLOOMINGTON, MN, USA) GOT FDA APPROVAL TO MARKET DACOGEN (5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE, OR DECITABINE) FOR TREATING MDS PATIENTS. THESE DRUGS WERE USED EARLIER AGAINST CERTAIN ANEMIAS TO INDUCE EXPRESSION OF FETAL GLOBIN GENES. INTEREST IN CLINICAL TRIALS OF THESE DRUGS AS ANTICANCER AGENTS HAS BEEN RENEWED ONLY RECENTLY BECAUSE OF REVERSAL OF METHYLATION-MEDIATED SILENCING OF CRITICAL GENES IN CANCER. CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE SHOWN THAT BOTH DRUGS HAVE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AGAINST LEUKEMIA SUCH AS MDS, ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. IN CONTRAST, THEIR EFFECTIVENESS WITH SOLID TUMORS APPEARS TO BE LESS PROMISING, WHICH CHALLENGES RESEARCHERS TO DEVELOP INHIBITORS WITH MORE EFFICACY AND LESS TOXICITY. THE MAJOR HINDRANCE OF THEIR USAGE AS ANTICANCER AGENTS IS THEIR INSTABILITY IN VIVO AS WELL AS THE TOXICITY SECONDARY TO THEIR EXCESSIVE INCORPORATION INTO DNA, WHICH CAUSES CELL CYCLE ARREST. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING IN CANCER CELLS REVEALED THAT ANTINEOPLASTIC PROPERTY OF THESE DRUGS IS MEDIATED THROUGH BOTH METHYLATION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT PATHWAYS. RECENTLY, WE HAVE SHOWN THAT TREATMENT OF CANCER CELLS WITH THESE CYTIDINE ANALOGUES ALSO INDUCES PROTEASOMAL DEGRADATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1, THE UBIQUITOUSLY EXPRESSED ENZYME UPREGULATED IN ALMOST ALL CANCER CELLS. DEVELOPMENT OF RELATED STABLE DRUGS THAT CAN FACILITATE GENE ACTIVATION IN CANCER CELLS BY ENHANCING DEGRADATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES WITHOUT BEING INCORPORATED INTO DNA WOULD BE IDEAL FOR CHEMOTHERAPY. IN THIS MONOGRAPH WE REVIEW HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND RECENT ADVANCES ON THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF THESE DNA HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS.	2007	
                                                                          
10  160  34 ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL: DOES IT MATTER FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT? OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS, STUDIES OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES HAVE BEEN DOMINATED BY THE PRIMARY FOCUS OF UNDERSTANDING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. THESE EFFORTS NOT ONLY RESULTED IN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASIS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES BUT ALSO RESULTED IN APPROVAL OF HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEVERAL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. RECENT ADVANCES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION PROFILING COUPLED WITH THE USE OF MOUSE MODELS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IS ALSO A FREQUENT EVENT IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, PARTICULARLY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND, THEREFORE, MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. HERE, WE REVIEW RECENT FINDINGS AND DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 4660  45 NEW APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASIA. THE THERAPEUTIC DILEMMA THAT CONFRONTS THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) IS ILLUSTRATED BY THE ABSENCE OF A FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION-APPROVED AGENT WITH AN INDICATION FOR THIS DISEASE. CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY AND INADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE PATHOBIOLOGY HAVE LIMITED PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT RECIPROCAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MALIGNANT CLONE AND THE MICROENVIRONMENT SERVE TO CREATE A HOSTILE MILIEU THAT REINFORCES INEFFECTIVE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION. INEFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS, THE HALLMARK OF MDS, ARISES FROM IMPAIRED PROGENITOR RESPONSIVENESS TO NORMAL TROPHIC SIGNALS AND EXCESS LOCAL GENERATION OF INHIBITORY CYTOKINES, WHICH PROMOTE ACCELERATED APOPTOTIC LOSS OF PROGENITORS AND THEIR PROGENY. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS MODEL DERIVES FROM CYTOKINE NEUTRALIZATION STUDIES AND THE DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLASMA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA CONCENTRATION AND DNA OXIDATION AND GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION IN MALIGNANT CD34+ PROGENITORS. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT ANGIOGENIC MOLECULES GENERATED BY MALIGNANT MYELOMONOCYTIC PRECURSORS REPRESENT INTEGRAL DIFFUSABLE SIGNALS THAT REINFORCE LEUKEMIA PROGENITOR SELF-RENEWAL WHILE PROMOTING THE GENERATION OF PROAPOPTOTIC CYTOKINES AND MEDULLARY ANGIOGENIC RESPONSE. THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION IS COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDING METHYLATION SILENCING OF THE P15 PROTO-ONCOGENE OR ACTIVATING RAS POINT MUTATIONS. DELINEATION OF SUCH BIOLOGIC FEATURES THAT ARE CENTRAL TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF MDS PROVIDES A RELIABLE FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS IN CLINICAL TESTING INCLUDE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, THALIDOMIDE AND RELATED ANALOGUES, AND THE RECOMBINANT VEGF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY, BEVACIZUMAB. AGENTS WHOSE ACTIONS MAY RESTORE DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAMS, SUCH AS THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS OR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, OFFER THE PROSPECT TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS WHILE IMPACTING THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION. RAS FARNESYL TRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAVE SHOWN ENCOURAGING PRELIMINARY RESULTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN ADVANCED MDS AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (ATO) INTERACTS WITH A SPECTRUM OF BIOLOGIC TARGETS THAT MAY BE UNIQUELY SUITED TO MDS. ATO IS A POTENT INDUCER OF APOPTOSIS IN THIOL-DEPLETED MALIGNANT PROGENITORS AND NEOVASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, WHILE PROMOTING DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH HISTONE ACETYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COREPRESSORS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT BIOLOGIC TARGETS IN MDS HAS RAISED EXPECTATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC THERAPIES FOR MDS IN THE YEARS THAT FOLLOW.	2002	

12 1882  33 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
13 4487  34 MOLECULARLY TARGETED DRUG COMBINATIONS DEMONSTRATE SELECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS FOR MYELOID- AND LYMPHOID-DERIVED HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. TRANSLATING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY UNDERLYING HUMAN CANCERS INTO THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IS AN ONGOING CHALLENGE. LARGE-SCALE SEQUENCING EFFORTS HAVE UNCOVERED A SPECTRUM OF MUTATIONS IN MANY HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), SUGGESTING THAT COMBINATIONS OF AGENTS WILL BE REQUIRED TO TREAT THESE DISEASES EFFECTIVELY. COMBINATORIAL APPROACHES WILL ALSO BE CRITICAL FOR COMBATING THE EMERGENCE OF GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS SUBCLONES, RESCUE SIGNALS IN THE MICROENVIRONMENT, AND TUMOR-INTRINSIC FEEDBACK PATHWAYS THAT ALL CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE RELAPSE. TO IDENTIFY NOVEL AND EFFECTIVE DRUG COMBINATIONS, WE PERFORMED EX VIVO SENSITIVITY PROFILING OF 122 PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES FROM A VARIETY OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES AGAINST A PANEL OF 48 DRUG COMBINATIONS. THE COMBINATIONS WERE DESIGNED AS DRUG PAIRS THAT TARGET NONOVERLAPPING BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND COMPRISE DRUGS FROM DIFFERENT CLASSES, PREFERABLY WITH FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION APPROVAL. A COMBINATION RATIO (CR) WAS DERIVED FOR EACH DRUG PAIR, AND CRS WERE EVALUATED WITH RESPECT TO DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES AS WELL AS AGAINST GENETIC, CYTOGENETIC, AND CELLULAR PHENOTYPES OF SPECIMENS FROM THE TWO LARGEST DISEASE CATEGORIES: AML AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). NEARLY ALL TESTED COMBINATIONS INVOLVING A BCL2 INHIBITOR SHOWED ADDITIONAL BENEFIT IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, WHEREAS SELECT COMBINATIONS INVOLVING PI3K, CSF1R, OR BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS SHOWED PREFERENTIAL BENEFIT IN LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES. EXPANDED ANALYSES OF PATIENTS WITH AML AND CLL REVEALED SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF EX VIVO DRUG COMBINATION EFFICACY THAT WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SELECT GENETIC, CYTOGENETIC, AND PHENOTYPIC DISEASE SUBSETS, WARRANTING FURTHER EVALUATION. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE HEURISTIC VALUE OF AN INTEGRATED FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14  358  34 ALTERNATIVE SPLICING IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML): A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET? ALTHOUGH THE IMATINIB BASED THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REPRESENTS A TRIUMPH OF MEDICINE, NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CML BENEFIT FROM THIS DRUG DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE AND INTOLERANCE. THE INTERRUPTION OF IMATINIB TREATMENT IS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY CLINICAL RELAPSE, SUGGESTING A FAILURE IN THE KILLING OF RESIDUAL LEUKAEMIC STEM CELLS. THERE IS NEED TO IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE SELECTIVE MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THIS DISEASE AND DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. ALTERNATIVE PRE-MRNA SPLICING (AS) IS AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT GREATLY DIVERSIFIES THE REPERTOIRE OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME. AS ORCHESTRATES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES OF PROTEINS AND BETWEEN PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. CHANGES CAUSED BY INDIVIDUAL SPLICING EVENTS IN THE CELLS ARE SMALL, HOWEVER, "SPLICING PROGRAMS" TYPICALLY REACT TO THESE INDIVIDUAL CHANGES WITH CONSIDERABLE EFFECTS IN CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL SURVIVAL, AND APOPTOSIS. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A PIVOTAL ROLE OF AS IN LEUKEMIAS, PARTICULARLY IN MYELODISPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTE LEUKEMIA (CLL). FROM THESE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN OTHER MALIGNANCES, IT IS CLEAR THAT SPLICING ABNORMALITIES PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. EVALUATION OF AS EVENTS IN CML CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL DISEASE MARKERS AND DRUGSENSITIVE TARGETS TO OVERCOME THE LIMITS OF THE SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS CURRENTLY USED FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH CML. THE USE OF ABERRANT SPLICE VARIANTS AS DISEASE MARKERS HAS BEEN REPORTED, HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE USE OF SPLICING ABNORMALITIES AS DRUG TARGETS IN CML. HEREIN WE DISCUSS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES THAT CAN BE USED TO TARGET SPLICING ABNORMALITIES IN CML.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15 2083  36 EPIGENETIC DRUGS: A LONGSTANDING STORY. IN THIS CHAPTER, THE DEVELOPMENT OF DECITABINE FROM ITS SYNTHESIS IN 1964 TO THE SUBMISSION OF A REGISTRATION FILE IN 2004 IS REVIEWED. THE PROPER APPLICATION OF THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF DECITABINE TOOK QUITE SOME TIME TO ELUCIDATE. IN ADDITION, THE PRACTICAL HANDLING IN THE CLINIC WAS NOT EASY AS THE PROLONGED MYELOSUPPRESSION OF DECITABINE MADE IT DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE THE PREFERRED DOSE AND SCHEDULE. LABORATORY STUDIES ON DNA METHYLATION AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION SHOWED POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS IN SOLID AND HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, DESPITE MANY ATTEMPTS, RESULTS IN SOLID TUMORS HAVE BEEN DISAPPOINTING THUS FAR. AFTER THOROUGH INVESTIGATION, DECITABINE ACHIEVED THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), IN PARTICULAR IN PATIENTS WITH A POOR PROGNOSIS. FURTHER INDICATIONS MAY INCLUDE ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML), HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION, SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, AND THALASSEMIA. WHEREAS MOST DRUGS ARE ALREADY AT THE END OF THEIR LIFE CYCLE AFTER 40 YEARS, DECITABINE IS ONLY AT THE BEGINNING. ITS APPLICATION WILL BROADEN WITH THE INCREASE IN KNOWLEDGE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO DRUG THERAPY.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 3571  36 IMPACT OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS ON EPIGENETICS IN CANCER. DEFECTIVE SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES THROUGH EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CONTRIBUTES TO ONCOGENESIS BY PERTURBING CELL CYCLE REGULATION, DNA REPAIR OR CELL DEATH MECHANISMS. REVERSAL OF SUCH EPIGENETIC CHANGES INCLUDING DNA HYPERMETHYLATION PROVIDES A PROMISING ANTICANCER STRATEGY. UNTIL NOW, THE NUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVES 5-AZACYTIDINE AND DECITABINE ARE THE SOLE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITORS APPROVED BY THE FDA FOR THE TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC HEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS. NEVERTHELESS, DUE TO THEIR NUCLEOSIDE STRUCTURE, THESE INHIBITORS DIRECTLY INCORPORATE INTO DNA, WHICH LEADS TO SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS AND COMPROMISES GENOMIC STABILITY. MUCH EMPHASIS HAS BEEN PLACED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LESS TOXIC EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. RECENTLY, SEVERAL PRECLINICAL STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THE POTENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS, WHICH ARE ROUTINELY USED DURING PRIMARY TUMOR RESECTION TO RELIEF SURGICAL PAIN. THESE NON-NUCLEOSIDE MOLECULES INHIBIT DNMT ACTIVITY, AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF MICRO-RNAS AND REPRESS HISTONE ACETYLATION, THUS EXERTING CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS ON MALIGNANT CELLS. THE IN-DEPTH MECHANISTIC COMPREHENSION OF THESE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS MIGHT PROMOTE THE USE OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS AS ANTICANCER DRUGS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
17 6896  39 [TARGETED EPIGENETIC THERAPY OF CANCER. ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES]. IN THIS REVIEW, WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF NORMAL CELLS AND CANCER CELLS, AND EMPHASIZE THE ACHIEVEMENTS AND THE PERSPECTIVES OF CANCER EPIGENETIC THERAPY. CANCER EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CORRESPOND FOREMOST TO HYPERMETHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES PROMOTORS, GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, AND OVEREXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES. THE PURPOSE OF EPIGENETIC THERAPY IS TO REVERT THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CANCER CELLS AND OBTAIN THE "NORMAL EPIGENOME" RESTORATION. EPIGENETIC TARGETS IN CANCER THERAPY HAVE FOCUSED ON HDACS AND DNMTS INHIBITION. THE AZACITIDINE AND THE DECITABINE, THE VORINOSTAT AND THE ROMIDEPSIN WERE APPROVED BY US-FDA FOR TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME, AND CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA, RESPECTIVELY. EPIGENETIC AND EPIGENOMIC CHANGES IN SINGLE OR MULTIPLE GENES HAVE SHOWED POTENTIAL IMPACT IN CANCER AS EARLY DETECTION, PROGNOSIS AND PREDICTIVE MARKS. THE EPIGENETIC REVOLUTION HAS ARRIVED FOR BIOLOGY. THE SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS IN EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE ALLOWED US, TO UNDERSTAND NEW LOOKS IN THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. SPECIFIC MOLECULAR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN DIFFERENT CANCER TYPES, GIVE US NEW STRATEGIES TO DESIGN IMPROVED CANCER THERAPY. THE CHALLENGE FOR EPIGENETIC INVESTIGATORS IS DESIGN MORE SPECIFIC EPIDRUGS WITH LESSER SIDE EFFECTS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18  171  33 ABROGATION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) DECREASES SURVIVAL OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS: NEW INSIGHT INTO ATTENUATING EFFECTS OF THE PI3K/C-MYC AXIS ON PANOBINOSTAT CYTOTOXICITY. ALTHOUGH THE IDENTIFICATION OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) HAS CHANGED THE TREATMENT PARADIGM OF MANY CANCER TYPES INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), STILL ADJUSTMENT OF NEOPLASTIC CELLS TO CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ANTICANCER DRUGS IS A SERIOUS CHALLENGE. IN THE AREA OF DRUG RESISTANCE, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE AT THE CENTER OF ATTENTION AND THE PRESENT STUDY AIMED TO EVALUATE WHETHER BLOCKAGE OF EPIGENETICS MECHANISMS USING A PAN-HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR INDUCES CELL DEATH IN CML-DERIVED K562 CELLS. WE FOUND THAT THE ABROGATION OF HDACS USING PANOBINOSTAT RESULTED IN A REDUCTION IN SURVIVAL OF THE K562 CELL LINE THROUGH P27-MEDIATED CELL CYCLE ARREST. NOTEWORTHY, THE RESULTS OF THE SYNERGISTIC EXPERIMENTS REVEALED THAT HDAC SUPPRESSION COULD BE RECRUITED AS A WAY TO POTENTIATE CYTOTOXICITY OF IMATINIB AND TO ENHANCE THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF CML. HERE, WE PROPOSED FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF PANOBINOSTAT WAS OVERSHADOWED, AT LEAST PARTIALLY, THROUGH THE ABERRANT ACTIVATION OF THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3-KINASE (PI3K)/C-MYC AXIS. MEANWHILE, WE FOUND THAT UPON BLOCKAGE OF AUTOPHAGY AND THE PROTEASOME PATHWAY, AS THE MAIN AXIS INVOLVED IN THE ACTIVATION OF AUTOPHAGY, THE ANTI-LEUKEMIC PROPERTY OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR WAS POTENTIATED. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR STUDY SUGGESTS THE BENEFICIAL APPLICATION OF HDAC INHIBITION IN THE TREATMENT STRATEGIES OF CML; HOWEVER, FURTHER IN VIVO STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE EFFICACY OF THIS INHIBITOR, EITHER AS A SINGLE AGENT OR IN COMBINATION WITH SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF PI3K AND/OR C-MYC IN THIS MALIGNANCY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19  834  32 CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF LYSINE DEMETHYLASES. ABNORMAL LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION AND/OR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ARE OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH A WIDE VARIETY OF CHRONIC DISEASES. METHYLATION OF LYSINES WITHIN HISTONE TAILS IS A KEY MODIFICATION THAT CONTRIBUTES TO INCREASED GENE EXPRESSION OR REPRESSION DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC RESIDUE AND DEGREE OF METHYLATION, WHICH IS IN TURN CONTROLLED BY THE INTERPLAY OF LYSINE METHYL TRANSFERASES AND DEMETHYLASES. DRUGS THAT TARGET THESE AND OTHER ENZYMES CONTROLLING CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS CAN MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF CLUSTERS OF GENES, POTENTIALLY OFFERING HIGHER THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY THAN CLASSICAL AGENTS ACTING ON DOWNSTREAM BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEGENERACY. LYSINE DEMETHYLASES, FIRST DISCOVERED IN 2004, ARE THE SUBJECT OF INCREASING INTEREST AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT FINDINGS IMPLICATING LYSINE DEMETHYLASES IN A RANGE OF THERAPEUTIC AREAS INCLUDING ONCOLOGY, IMMUNOINFLAMMATION, METABOLIC DISORDERS, NEUROSCIENCE, VIROLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, TOGETHER WITH A SUMMARY OF RECENT ADVANCES IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY AND SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR DISCOVERY, SUPPORTING THE TRACTABILITY OF THE PROTEIN FAMILY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVE DRUGLIKE INHIBITORS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20 5589  27 ROLE OF SIRT1 IN THE GROWTH AND REGULATION OF NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC AND LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: RECENT STUDIES HAVE ENHANCED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THE SIRT1 DEACETYLASE IN REGULATION OF NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) AND LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS), AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN REGULATING AUTOPHAGY AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN RESPONSE TO METABOLIC ALTERATIONS. RECENT FINDINGS: STUDIES EMPLOYING CONDITIONAL DELETION MOUSE MODELS INDICATE AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF SIRT1 IN MAINTENANCE OF ADULT HSCS UNDER CONDITIONS OF STRESS. SIRT1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY OVEREXPRESSED IN LSC POPULATIONS FROM ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) PATIENTS WITH THE FLT3-ITD MUTATION, AND MAINTAINS THEIR SURVIVAL, GROWTH AND DRUG RESISTANCE, AS PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED FOR CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). SIRT1 CAN ALSO ENHANCE LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE BY PROMOTING GENETIC INSTABILITY. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF SIRT1 IN REGULATING AUTOPHAGY IN RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS, AND HAVE ELUCIDATED COMPLEX MECHANISMS BY WHICH SIRT1 REGULATES EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF STEM CELLS. SUMMARY: SIRT1 INHIBITION HOLDS PROMISE AS A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ABLATION OF LSCS IN CHRONIC PHASE CML OR FLT3-ITD-ASSOCIATED AML. ADDITIONAL STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF SIRT1 IN LINKING METABOLIC ALTERATIONS TO GENOMIC STABILITY, AUTOPHAGY AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF STEM CELLS ARE WARRANTED.	2015