1 5478 120 RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED STUDY OF 3 SCHEDULES OF LOW-DOSE DECITABINE IN HIGHER-RISK MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYPOMETHYLATING DRUGS IS NOW THE STANDARD OF CARE IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS). RESPONSE RATES REMAIN LOW, AND MECHANISM-BASED DOSE OPTIMIZATION HAS NOT BEEN REPORTED. WE INVESTIGATED THE CLINICAL AND PHARMACODYNAMIC RESULTS OF DIFFERENT DOSE SCHEDULES OF DECITABINE. ADULTS WITH ADVANCED MDS OR CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) WERE RANDOMIZED TO 1 OF 3 DECITABINE SCHEDULES: (1) 20 MG/M2 INTRAVENOUSLY DAILY FOR 5 DAYS; (2) 20 MG/M2 SUBCUTANEOUSLY DAILY FOR 5 DAYS; AND (3) 10 MG/M2 INTRAVENOUSLY DAILY FOR 10 DAYS. RANDOMIZATION FOLLOWED A BAYESIAN ADAPTIVE DESIGN. NINETY-FIVE PATIENTS WERE TREATED (77 WITH MDS, AND 18 WITH CMML). OVERALL, 32 PATIENTS (34%) ACHIEVED A COMPLETE RESPONSE (CR), AND 69 (73%) HAD AN OBJECTIVE RESPONSE BY THE NEW MODIFIED INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP CRITERIA. THE 5-DAY INTRAVENOUS SCHEDULE, WHICH HAD THE HIGHEST DOSE-INTENSITY, WAS SELECTED AS OPTIMAL; THE CR RATE IN THAT ARM WAS 39%, COMPARED WITH 21% IN THE 5-DAY SUBCUTANEOUS ARM AND 24% IN THE 10-DAY INTRAVENOUS ARM (P < .05). THE HIGH DOSE-INTENSITY ARM WAS ALSO SUPERIOR AT INDUCING HYPOMETHYLATION AT DAY 5 AND AT ACTIVATING P15 EXPRESSION AT DAYS 12 OR 28 AFTER THERAPY. WE CONCLUDE THAT A LOW-DOSE, DOSE-INTENSITY SCHEDULE OF DECITABINE OPTIMIZES EPIGENETIC MODULATION AND CLINICAL RESPONSES IN MDS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 5613  40 SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ABEXINOSTAT, A PAN-HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, IN NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: RESULTS OF A PHASE II STUDY. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS ARE MEMBERS OF A CLASS OF EPIGENETIC DRUGS THAT HAVE PROVEN ACTIVITY IN T-CELL MALIGNANCIES, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEIR EFFICACY IN B-CELL LYMPHOMAS. ABEXINOSTAT IS AN ORALLY AVAILABLE HYDROXAMATE-CONTAINING HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR THAT DIFFERS FROM APPROVED INHIBITORS; ITS UNIQUE PHARMACOKINETIC PROFILE AND ORAL DOSING SCHEDULE, TWICE DAILY FOUR HOURS APART, ALLOWS FOR CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE AT CONCENTRATIONS REQUIRED TO EFFICIENTLY KILL TUMOR CELLS. IN THIS PHASE II STUDY, PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA OR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA RECEIVED ORAL ABEXINOSTAT AT 80 MG BID FOR 14 DAYS OF A 21-DAY CYCLE AND CONTINUED UNTIL PROGRESSIVE DISEASE OR UNACCEPTABLE TOXICITY. A TOTAL OF 100 PATIENTS WITH B-CELL MALIGNANCIES AND T-CELL LYMPHOMAS WERE ENROLLED BETWEEN OCTOBER 2011 AND JULY 2014. ALL PATIENTS RECEIVED AT LEAST ONE DOSE OF STUDY DRUG. PRIMARY REASONS FOR DISCONTINUATION INCLUDED PROGRESSIVE DISEASE (56%) AND ADVERSE EVENTS (25%). GRADE 3 OR OVER ADVERSE EVENTS AND ANY SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS WERE REPORTED IN 88% AND 73% OF PATIENTS, RESPECTIVELY. THE MOST FREQUENTLY REPORTED GRADE 3 OR OVER TREATMENT-EMERGENT RELATED ADVERSE EVENTS WERE THROMBOCYTOPENIA (80%), NEUTROPENIA (27%), AND ANEMIA (12%). AMONG THE 87 PATIENTS EVALUABLE FOR EFFICACY, OVERALL RESPONSE RATE WAS 28% (COMPLETE RESPONSE 5%), WITH HIGHEST RESPONSES OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA (OVERALL RESPONSE RATE 56%), T-CELL LYMPHOMA (OVERALL RESPONSE RATE 40%), AND DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA (OVERALL RESPONSE RATE 31%). FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF ABEXINOSTAT IN FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA, T-CELL LYMPHOMA, AND DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA IMPLEMENTING A LESS DOSE-INTENSE WEEK-ON-WEEK-OFF SCHEDULE IS WARRANTED. (TRIAL REGISTERED AT: EUDRACT-2009-013691-47).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
3 5056  26 PHASE I TRIAL OF LOW DOSE DECITABINE TARGETING DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA AND NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: DOSE-LIMITING MYELOSUPPRESSION WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF DNA HYPOMETHYLATION. TARGETING ABERRANT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) AND NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (NHL) WITH DECITABINE MAY REVERSE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IN B-CELL MALIGNANCIES. TWENTY PATIENTS WERE ENROLLED IN TWO PHASE I TRIALS TO DETERMINE THE MINIMUM EFFECTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL DOSE OF DECITABINE IN PATIENTS WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY CLL (N = 16) AND NHL (N = 4). PATIENTS RECEIVED 1-3 CYCLES OF DECITABINE. DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITY (DLT) WAS OBSERVED IN 2 OF 4 CLL AND 2 OF 2 NHL PATIENTS RECEIVING DECITABINE AT 15 MG/M(2) PER D DAYS 1-10, CONSISTING OF GRADE 3-4 THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND HYPERBILIRUBINAEMIA. SIX PATIENTS WITH CLL RECEIVED DECITABINE AT 10 MG/M(2) PER D DAYS 1-10 WITHOUT DLT; HOWEVER, RE-EXPRESSION OF METHYLATED GENES OR CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WERE NOT OBSERVED. THEREFORE, A 5-DAY DECITABINE SCHEDULE WAS EXAMINED. WITH 15 MG/M(2) PER D DECITABINE DAYS 1-5, DLT OCCURRED IN 2 OF 6 CLL AND 2 OF 2 NHL PATIENTS, CONSISTING OF GRADE 3-4 NEUTROPENIA, THROMBOCYTOPENIA, AND FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA. EIGHT PATIENTS HAD STABLE DISEASE. IN 17 PATIENTS, THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION OR IN TARGET GENE RE-EXPRESSION. IN CONCLUSION, DOSE-LIMITING MYELOSUPPRESSION AND INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS PREVENTED DOSE ESCALATION OF DECITABINE TO LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION OR GENE RE-EXPRESSION IN CLL AND NHL.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
4 6689  42 VALPROIC ACID AT THERAPEUTIC PLASMA LEVELS MAY INCREASE 5-AZACYTIDINE EFFICACY IN HIGHER RISK MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. PURPOSE: EPIGENETIC CHANGES PLAY A ROLE AND COOPERATE WITH GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS). WE CONDUCTED A PHASE II MULTICENTER STUDY ON THE COMBINATION OF THE DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZACYTIDINE (5-AZA) AND THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR VALPROIC ACID (VPA) IN PATIENTS WITH HIGHER RISK MDS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: WE ENROLLED 62 PATIENTS WITH MDS (REFRACTORY ANEMIA WITH EXCESS BLASTS, 39 PATIENTS; REFRACTORY ANEMIA WITH EXCESS BLASTS IN TRANSFORMATION, 19 PATIENTS; AND CHRONIC MYELOMANOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), 4 PATIENTS) AND AN INTERNATIONAL PROGNOSTIC SCORING SYSTEM (IPSS) RATING OF INTERMEDIATE-2 (42 PATIENTS) OR HIGH (20 PATIENTS). VPA WAS GIVEN TO REACH A PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF >50 MICROG/ML, THEN 5-AZA WAS ADDED S.C. AT 75 MG/M(2) FOR 7 DAYS IN EIGHT MONTHLY CYCLES. RESULTS: THE MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS 14.4 MONTHS. AT A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP OF 12 MONTHS (RANGE, 0.7-21.0), THE DISEASE PROGRESSED IN 20 PATIENTS, WITH 21% CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE OF PROGRESSION. OF 26 PATIENTS WHO COMPLETED EIGHT CYCLES, 30.7% OBTAINED COMPLETE OR PARTIAL REMISSION, 15.4% HAD A MAJOR HEMATOLOGIC IMPROVEMENT, WHEREAS 38.5% SHOWED STABLE DISEASE. DRUG-RELATED TOXICITY WAS MILD. FAVORABLE PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR SURVIVAL WERE IPSS INTERMEDIATE-2 AND PLASMA VPA OF > OR =50 MICROG/ML (LOG RANK = 0.013 AND 0.007, RESPECTIVELY). ANALYSIS OF POLYMORPHISMS IMPORTANT FOR THE METABOLISM OF THE DRUGS USED IN THE TRIAL SHOWED THAT CARRIERS OF THE CYP2C19*2 VARIANT OF CYTOCHROME P450 REQUIRED HIGHER VPA DOSES TO ACHIEVE THE TARGET VPA PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF 50 MICROG/ML ON DAY 1 OF 5-AZA TREATMENT (P = 0.0021). CONCLUSION: OUR DATA SHOW THAT THE 5-AZA/VPA COMBINATION IS ACTIVE AND SAFE IN PATIENTS WITH MDS WITH A POOR PROGNOSIS. ACHIEVEMENT OF VPA THERAPEUTIC LEVELS MAY INDEED INCREASE 5-AZA EFFICACY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 5283  40 PROPHYLACTIC OR PREEMPTIVE LOW-DOSE AZACITIDINE AND DONOR LYMPHOCYTE INFUSION TO PREVENT DISEASE RELAPSE FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA OR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. BECAUSE OF THE PERSISTENTLY HIGH RATES OF RELAPSE OF PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML) AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (ALLO-HSCT), POST-TRANSPLANTATION MAINTENANCE THERAPY HAS BEEN PROPOSED. WE PREVIOUSLY INITIATED A PHASE II TRIAL IN WHICH EPIGENETIC THERAPY WAS COMBINED WITH IMMUNOTHERAPY IN AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE DISEASE RELAPSE. IN THAT STUDY, LOW-DOSE AZACITIDINE (AZA) AND ESCALATING DOSES OF DONOR LYMPHOCYTE INFUSION (DLI) WERE GIVEN AS POST-ALLO-HSCT MAINTENANCE TREATMENT. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE RETROSPECTIVELY ANALYZE A LARGER COHORT OF PATIENTS RECEIVING POST-TRANSPLANTATION MAINTENANCE THERAPY AND PROVIDE UPDATES ON SOME PATIENTS OF THE EARLIER STUDY. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY WERE TO ANALYZE THE CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE OF RELAPSE (CIR), OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS), AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (PFS) AND THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD) OF PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK AML OR MDS RECEIVING POST-TRANSPLANTATION MAINTENANCE TREATMENT WITH AZA WITH OR WITHOUT DLI. WE RETROSPECTIVELY ANALYZED 77 PATIENTS (54 WITH AML, 23 WITH MDS) CONSIDERED AT HIGH RISK BASED ON EITHER THEIR GENOMIC OR CLINICAL STATUS AT TRANSPLANTATION. FOLLOWING ALLOGENEIC TRANSPLANTATION, THEY RECEIVED AT LEAST 1 CYCLE OF PROPHYLACTIC OR PREEMPTIVE LOW-DOSE AZA WITH OR WITHOUT ESCALATING DOSES OF DLI TO PREVENT DISEASE RELAPSE. ALMOST ONE-HALF OF THE PATIENTS (47%) WERE ABLE TO RECEIVE THE FULL 12 CYCLES OF SCHEDULED AZA, AND A MAJORITY (79%) RECEIVED AT LEAST 1 DLI. WITH A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP OF 24 MONTHS, 19 PATIENTS (25%; 16 WITH AML, 3 WITH MDS) RELAPSED, AT A MEDIAN OF 9.8 MONTHS (RANGE, 4 TO 58.6 MONTHS), GIVING A 22% CIR AT 24 MONTHS. OS AND PFS AT 24 MONTHS WERE 70.8% AND 68.3%, RESPECTIVELY. THE CUMULATIVE INCIDENCES OF GRADE II-IV ACUTE GVHD AND CHRONIC GVHD WERE 27.4% AND 45%, RESPECTIVELY. ONLY A MINORITY OF PATIENTS (11%) REQUIRED DELAYED ADMINISTRATION OF AZA. THESE FINDINGS CONFIRM THAT AZA-DLI MAINTENANCE IS BOTH TOLERABLE AND EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING THE RISK OF POST-TRANSPLANTATION RELAPSE.	2021	

6 2822  47 FIRST-IN-HUMAN STUDY OF INHALED AZACITIDINE IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. BACKGROUND: AEROSOLIZED AZACITIDINE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INHIBIT ORTHOTOPIC LUNG CANCER GROWTH AND INDUCE RE-EXPRESSION OF METHYLATED TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN MURINE MODELS. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT INHALED AZACITIDINE IS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE IN REVERSING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM SECONDARY TO CHRONIC SMOKING. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WE REPORT THE FIRST IN HUMAN STUDY OF INHALED AZACITIDINE. AZACITIDINE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION WAS USED TO GENERATE AN AEROSOL SUSPENSION OF 0.25-5 MUM PARTICLE SIZE. MAIN INCLUSION CRITERIA: STAGE IV OR RECURRENT NSCLC WITH PREDOMINANTLY LUNG INVOLVEMENT, >/=1 PRIOR SYSTEMIC THERAPY, ECOG PS 0-1, AND ADEQUATE PULMONARY FUNCTION. PATIENTS RECEIVED INHALED AZACITIDINE DAILY ON DAYS 1-5 AND 15-19 OF 28-DAY CYCLES, AT 3 ESCALATING DOSES (15, 30 AND 45 MG/M(2) DAILY). THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY AND TOLERABILITY OF THIS NEW THERAPEUTIC MODALITY. THE KEY SECONDARY OBJECTIVES INCLUDED PHARMACOKINETICS, METHYLATION PROFILES AND EFFICACY. RESULTS: FROM 3/2015 TO 2/2018, EIGHT PATIENTS RECEIVED A MEDIAN NUMBER OF 2 (IQR = 1) CYCLES OF INHALED AZACITIDINE. NO CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE EVENTS WERE OBSERVED, EXCEPT ONE PATIENT TREATED AT THE HIGHEST DOSE DEVELOPED AN ASYMPTOMATIC GRADE 2 DECREASED DLCO WHICH RESOLVED SPONTANEOUSLY. ONE PATIENT RECEIVING 12 CYCLES OF THERAPY HAD AN OBJECTIVE AND DURABLE PARTIAL RESPONSE, AND TWO PATIENTS HAD STABLE DISEASE. PLASMA AZACITIDINE WAS ONLY BRIEFLY DETECTABLE IN PATIENTS TREATED AT THE HIGHER DOSES. MOREOVER, IN 2 OF 3 PARTICIPANTS WHO AGREED AND UNDERWENT PRE- AND POST-TREATMENT BRONCHOSCOPY, THE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM DECREASED BY 24 % AND 79 % POST-THERAPY, RESPECTIVELY. THE INTERVAL BETWEEN LAST INHALED TREATMENT AND BRONCHOSCOPY WAS 3 DAYS. CONCLUSIONS: INHALED AZACITIDINE RESULTED IN NEGLIGIBLE PLASMA LEVELS COMPARED TO THE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION AND WAS WELL-TOLERATED. THE RESULTS JUSTIFY THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF INHALED AZACITIDINE AT NON-CYTOTOXIC DOSES FOR PATIENTS WITH LUNG-CONFINED MALIGNANT AND/OR PREMALIGNANT LESIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                        
7   18  37 5-AZACYTIDINE MODULATES CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. PURPOSE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RESPONSE TO HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IN PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) STILL REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. THEREFORE, THE EFFECTS OF 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZA) ON CLONAL ARCHITECTURE AND DNA METHYLATION WERE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY. METHODS: USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), 30 MYELOID LEUKEMIA-ASSOCIATED GENES WERE ANALYZED IN 15 MDS/CMML PATIENTS WITH EXCELLENT RESPONSE TO AZA. EFFECTS ON METHYLATION LEVELS WERE ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING PYROSEQUENCING FOR THE GLOBAL METHYLATION MARKER LINE-1 IN PATIENTS AND MYELOID CELL LINES. VARIOUS MYELOID CELL LINES AND A HEALTHY COHORT WERE SCREENED FOR METHYLATION LEVELS IN 23 GENES. SELECTED TARGETS WERE VERIFIED ON THE MDS/CMML COHORT. RESULTS: THE STUDY PRESENTED HERE SHOWED A STABLE VARIANT ALLELE FREQUENCY AND STABLE GLOBAL METHYLATION LEVELS IN RESPONDING PATIENTS. A SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 WAS REVEALED IN PATIENTS WITH AZA RESPONSE. CONCLUSIONS: A RESPONSE TO AZA IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ERADICATION OF MALIGNANT CLONES, BUT RATHER WITH A STABILIZATION OF THE CLONAL ARCHITECTURE. WE SUGGEST CHANGES IN CPG METHYLATION LEVELS OF EZH2 AND NOTCH1 AS POTENTIAL TARGETS OF EPIGENETIC RESPONSE TO AZA TREATMENT WHICH MAY ALSO SERVE AS USEFUL BIOMARKERS AFTER CLINICAL EVALUATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8  765  45 CC-486 MAINTENANCE AFTER STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA OR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. RELAPSE IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF TREATMENT FAILURE AFTER ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (ALLOSCT) IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS). INJECTABLE AZACITIDINE CAN IMPROVE POST-TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES BUT PRESENTS CHALLENGES WITH EXPOSURE AND COMPLIANCE. ORAL CC-486 ALLOWS EXTENDED DOSING TO PROLONG AZACITIDINE ACTIVITY. WE INVESTIGATED USE OF CC-486 MAINTENANCE THERAPY AFTER ALLOSCT. ADULTS WITH MDS OR AML IN MORPHOLOGIC COMPLETE REMISSION AT CC-486 INITIATION (42 TO 84 DAYS AFTER ALLOSCT) WERE INCLUDED. PATIENTS RECEIVED 1 OF 4 CC-486 DOSING SCHEDULES PER 28-DAY CYCLE FOR UP TO 12 CYCLES. ENDPOINTS INCLUDED SAFETY, PHARMACOKINETICS, GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (GVHD) INCIDENCE, RELAPSE/PROGRESSION RATE, AND SURVIVAL. OF 30 PATIENTS, 7 RECEIVED CC-486 ONCE DAILY FOR 7 DAYS PER CYCLE (200 MG, N = 3; 300 MG, N = 4) AND 23 FOR 14 DAYS PER CYCLE (150 MG, N = 4; 200 MG, N = 19 [EXPANSION COHORT]). GRADES 3 TO 4 ADVERSE EVENTS WERE INFREQUENT AND OCCURRED WITH SIMILAR FREQUENCY ACROSS REGIMENS. STANDARD CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS DID NOT ALTER CC-486 PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS. THREE PATIENTS (10%) EXPERIENCED GRADE III ACUTE GVHD AND 9 EXPERIENCED CHRONIC GVHD. OF 28 EVALUABLE PATIENTS, 6 (21%) RELAPSED OR HAD PROGRESSIVE DISEASE: 3 OF 7 PATIENTS (43%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 7-DAY DOSING AND 3 OF 23 (13%) WHO HAD RECEIVED 14-DAY DOSING. TRANSPLANT-RELATED MORTALITY WAS 3%. AT 19 MONTHS OF FOLLOW-UP, MEDIAN OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS NOT REACHED. ESTIMATED 1-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES WERE 86% AND 81% IN THE 7-DAY AND 14-DAY DOSING COHORTS, RESPECTIVELY. CC-486 MAINTENANCE WAS GENERALLY WELL TOLERATED, WITH LOW RATES OF RELAPSE, DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND GVHD. CC-486 MAINTENANCE MAY PERMIT EPIGENETIC MANIPULATION OF THE ALLOREACTIVE RESPONSE POSTALLOGRAFT. FINDINGS REQUIRE CONFIRMATION IN RANDOMIZED TRIALS. (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT01835587.).	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
9 1046  42 CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DECITABINE AS A PROTOTYPE FOR AN EPIGENETIC DRUG PROGRAM. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS DECITABINE AS A PROTOTYPE EPIGENETIC MODIFYING DRUG TO SHOW HOW THE CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC AGENTS DIFFERS FROM THAT OF TRADITIONAL CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPIES. DECITABINE, A CYTOSINE ANALOGUE, IS CYTOTOXIC AT HIGH DOSES BUT HAS SELECTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATING ACTIVITY AT LOW DOSES. THE FOCUS OF CURRENT DECITABINE INVESTIGATIONS IS TWOFOLD: TO ELUCIDATE ALL OF THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMAL DOSE, SCHEDULE, AND CONCOMITANT THERAPIES. NEW PHASE I TRIALS HAVE IDENTIFIED A "BIOLOGICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSE," WHICH IS 1 TO 2 LOGS LOWER THAN THE CYTOTOXIC DOSE. A CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM WITH LOW-DOSE DECITABINE IN MALIGNANT DISEASES IS FOCUSED ON MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML), AND CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). A PHASE III TRIAL IN MDS SHOWED OBJECTIVE RESPONSES (COMPLETE [CR] PLUS PARTIAL [PR] REMISSION) AND LONGER MEDIAN TIME TO PROGRESSION TO AML OR DEATH WITH DECITABINE THAN WITH SUPPORTIVE CARE ALONE. THE OPTIMAL USE OF DECITABINE MAY BE IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER AGENTS THAT PROMOTE GENE EXPRESSION, NAMELY, HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS. OPTIMIZED DECITABINE DOSES AND COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER EPIGENETIC THERAPIES THAT CAN BE USED AT MINIMALLY TOXIC DOSES PROVIDE POTENTIALLY SAFER THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS AND INTRODUCE NOVEL COMBINATION THERAPIES.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 6574  32 TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA WITH 5-AZACYTIDINE: CASE REPORTS. EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT (5-AZACYTIDINE; AZA) IS COMMON IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC SUBTYPES OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), BUT THERE ARE ONLY FEW STUDIES IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) PATIENTS. IN THIS PAPER OUR EXPERIENCE WITH 3 CMML PATIENTS TREATED WITH AZA IS DESCRIBED. IN ONE PATIENT TRANSFUSION INDEPENDENCY WAS OBSERVED AFTER 4 TREATMENT CYCLES; IN ONE CASE A PARTIAL RESPONSE WAS RECORDED, BUT A PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) AFTER 13 AZA CYCLES HAS APPEARED. IN ONE PATIENT, AZA IN REDUCED DOSAGE WAS ADMINISTERED AS A BRIDGING TREATMENT BEFORE ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (ASCT), BUT IN THE CONTROL BONE MARROW ASPIRATE (BEFORE ASCT) A PROGRESSION TO AML WAS RECORDED. FUTURE STUDIES ARE MANDATORY FOR EVALUATION OF NEW MOLECULAR AND CLINICAL FEATURES WHICH COULD PREDICT THE EFFICIENCY OF HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IN CMML THERAPY WITH RESPECT TO OVERALL SURVIVAL, EVENT-FREE SURVIVAL, QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR, AND PHARMACOECONOMY.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11 5044  42 PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS WITH EXTENDED DOSING OF CC-486 IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. CC-486 (ORAL AZACITIDINE) IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFIER IN DEVELOPMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. IN PART 1 OF THIS TWO-PART STUDY, A 7-DAY CC-486 DOSING SCHEDULE SHOWED CLINICAL ACTIVITY, WAS GENERALLY WELL TOLERATED, AND REDUCED DNA METHYLATION. EXTENDING DOSING OF CC-486 BEYOND 7 DAYS WOULD INCREASE DURATION OF AZACITIDINE EXPOSURE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EXTENDED DOSING WOULD THEREFORE PROVIDE MORE SUSTAINED EPIGENETIC ACTIVITY. REPORTED HERE ARE THE PHARMACOKINETIC (PK) AND PHARMACODYNAMIC (PD) PROFILES OF CC-486 EXTENDED DOSING SCHEDULES IN PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) OR ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) FROM PART 2 OF THIS STUDY. PK AND/OR PD DATA WERE AVAILABLE FOR 59 PATIENTS WHO WERE SEQUENTIALLY ASSIGNED TO 1 OF 4 EXTENDED CC-486 DOSING SCHEDULES: 300MG ONCE-DAILY OR 200MG TWICE-DAILY FOR 14 OR 21 DAYS PER 28-DAY CYCLE. BOTH 300MG ONCE-DAILY SCHEDULES AND THE 200MG TWICE-DAILY 21-DAY SCHEDULE SIGNIFICANTLY (ALL P < .05) REDUCED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN WHOLE BLOOD AT ALL MEASURED TIME POINTS (DAYS 15, 22, AND 28 OF THE TREATMENT CYCLE), WITH SUSTAINED HYPOMETHYLATION AT CYCLE END COMPARED WITH BASELINE. CC-486 EXPOSURES AND REDUCED DNA METHYLATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED. PATIENTS WHO HAD A HEMATOLOGIC RESPONSE HAD SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER METHYLATION REDUCTIONS THAN NON-RESPONDING PATIENTS. THESE DATA DEMONSTRATE THAT EXTENDED DOSING OF CC-486 SUSTAINS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS THROUGH THE TREATMENT CYCLE. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT00528983.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12 3560  31 IMPACT OF CLINICAL, CYTOGENETIC, AND MOLECULAR PROFILES ON LONG-TERM SURVIVAL AFTER TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES WITH VARIABLE CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR FEATURES. WE ANALYZED LONG-TERM RESULTS OF ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH CMML AND DETERMINED CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OUTCOMES. DATA FROM 129 PATIENTS, AGED 7-74 (MEDIAN 55) YEARS, AT VARIOUS STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND TRANSPLANTED FROM RELATED OR UNRELATED DONORS WERE ANALYZED. USING A PANEL OF 75 GENES SOMATIC MUTATIONS PRESENT BEFORE HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION WERE IDENTIFIED IN 52 PATIENTS. THE PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL RATE AT 10 YEARS WAS 29%. THE MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH WAS RELAPSE (32%), WHICH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH ADVERSE CYTOGENETICS (HAZARD RATIO, 3.77; P=0.0002), CMML PROGNOSTIC SCORING SYSTEM (HAZARD RATIO, 14.3, P=0.01), AND MD ANDERSON PROGNOSTIC SCORES (HAZARD RATIO, 9.4; P=0.005). MORTALITY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-RISK CYTOGENETICS (HAZARD RATIO, 1.88; P=0.01) AND HIGH HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION COMORBIDITY INDEX (SCORE >/=4: HAZARD RATIO, 1.99; P=0.01). HIGH OVERALL MUTATION BURDEN (>/=10 MUTATIONS: HAZARD RATIO, 3.4; P=0.02), AND >/=4 MUTATED EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES (HAZARD RATIO 5.4; P=0.003) WERE LINKED TO RELAPSE. UNSUPERVISED CLUSTERING OF THE CORRELATION MATRIX REVEALED DISTINCT HIGH-RISK GROUPS WITH UNIQUE ASSOCIATIONS OF MUTATIONS AND CLINICAL FEATURES. CMML WITH A HIGH MUTATION BURDEN APPEARED TO BE DISTINCT FROM HIGH-RISK GROUPS DEFINED BY COMPLEX CYTOGENETICS. NEW TRANSPLANT STRATEGIES MUST BE DEVELOPED TO TARGET SPECIFIC DISEASE SUBGROUPS, STRATIFIED BY MOLECULAR PROFILING AND CLINICAL RISK FACTORS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13   87  45 A PHASE 1 STUDY OF AZACITIDINE WITH HIGH-DOSE CYTARABINE AND MITOXANTRONE IN HIGH-RISK ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. IN THIS PHASE 1 STUDY, AZACITIDINE (AZA) WAS GIVEN BEFORE HIGH-DOSE CYTARABINE (HIDAC) AND MITOXANTRONE (MITO) BASED ON THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC PRIMING WITH A HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT BEFORE CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPY WOULD IMPROVE RESPONSE RATES IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH-RISK ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), INCLUDING RELAPSED/REFRACTORY DISEASE. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO ESTABLISH THE RECOMMENDED PHASE 2 DOSE OF AZA GIVEN BEFORE STANDARD HIDAC/MITO. IN A DOSE ESCALATION SCHEME, 46 PATIENTS (MEDIAN AGE, 66 YEARS) RECEIVED AZA AT 37.5, 50, OR 75 MG/M2 SUBCUTANEOUSLY OR IV ONCE DAILY ON DAYS 1 TO 5 FOLLOWED BY HIDAC (3000 MG/M2) AND MITOXANTRONE (30 MG/M2) ONCE EACH ON DAYS 6 AND 10 (THE HIDAC/MITO DOSE WAS REDUCED 33% IN ELDERLY SUBJECTS). TWO DOSE-LIMITING TOXICITIES OCCURRED (BOTH IN THE SAME PATIENT): ACUTE LIVER FAILURE AND KIDNEY INJURY AT THE 50 MG/M2 DOSE. THE 30-DAY INDUCTION DEATH RATE WAS 2.2% (1 OF 46). THE OVERALL RESPONSE RATE, INCLUDING COMPLETE REMISSION AND COMPLETE REMISSION WITH INCOMPLETE COUNT RECOVERY, WAS 61% (28 OF 46). PREVIOUSLY UNTREATED PATIENTS AGED >/=60 YEARS WITH THERAPY-RELATED AML AND DE NOVO AML WERE MORE LIKELY TO RESPOND THAN UNTREATED PATIENTS WITH AML PROGRESSING FROM AN ANTECEDENT HEMATOLOGIC DISORDER (MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA). PATIENTS WITH FAVORABLE EUROPEAN LEUKEMIA NETWORK RISK (P = .008), NPM1 MUTATIONS (P = .007), OR IDH2 MUTATIONS (P = .03) WERE MORE LIKELY TO RESPOND, AND THOSE WITH TP53 MUTATIONS (P = .03) WERE LESS LIKELY TO RESPOND. THE RECOMMENDED PHASE 2 DOSE OF AZA IS 75 MG/M2 PER DAY ON DAYS 1 TO 5 FOLLOWED BY HIDAC (3000 MG/M2) AND MITOXANTRONE (30 MG/M2) ONCE EACH ON DAYS 6 AND 10. THIS TRIAL WAS REGISTERED AT WWW.CLINICALTRIALS.GOV AS #NCT01839240.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14 6680  26 USING PERIPHERAL BLOOD CIRCULATING DNAS TO DETECT CPG GLOBAL METHYLATION STATUS AND GENETIC MUTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) IS A HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDER. SEVERAL GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE DEEPLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS OF MDS. ALTHOUGH BONE MARROW (BM) ASPIRATION IS A COMMON STRATEGY TO OBTAIN MDS CELLS FOR EVALUATING THEIR GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, BM ASPIRATION IS DIFFICULT TO PERFORM REPEATEDLY TO OBTAIN SERIAL SAMPLES BECAUSE OF PAIN AND SAFETY CONCERNS. HERE, WE REPORT THAT CIRCULATING CELL-FREE DNAS FROM PLASMA AND SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH MDS CAN BE USED TO DETECT GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. THE PLASMA DNA CONCENTRATION WAS FOUND TO BE RELATIVELY HIGH IN PATIENTS WITH HIGHER BLAST CELL COUNTS IN BM, AND ACCUMULATION OF DNA FRAGMENTS FROM MONO-/DI-NUCLEOSOMES WAS CONFIRMED. USING SERIAL PERIPHERAL BLOOD (PB) SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS TREATED WITH HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS, GLOBAL METHYLATION ANALYSIS USING BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING WAS PERFORMED AT THE SPECIFIC CPG SITES OF THE LINE-1 PROMOTER. THE RESULTS CONFIRMED A DECREASE OF THE METHYLATION PERCENTAGE AFTER TREATMENT WITH AZACITIDINE (DAYS 3-9) USING DNAS FROM PLASMA, SERUM, AND PB MONO-NUCLEAR CELLS (PBMNC). PLASMA DNA TENDS TO SHOW MORE RAPID CHANGE AT DAYS 3 AND 6 COMPARED WITH SERUM DNA AND PBMNC. FURTHERMORE, THE TET2 GENE MUTATION IN DNAS FROM PLASMA, SERUM, AND BM CELLS WAS QUANTITATED BY PYROSEQUENCING ANALYSIS. THE EXISTENCE RATIO OF MUTATED GENES IN PLASMA AND SERUM DNA SHOWED ALMOST EQUIVALENT LEVEL WITH THAT IN THE CD34+/38- STEM CELL POPULATION IN BM. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ANALYSES USING PB CIRCULATING DNA CAN BE A SAFER AND PAINLESS ALTERNATIVE TO USING BM CELLS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15 2465  35 EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYDRALAZINE AND MAGNESIUM VALPROATE REVERSES IMATINIB RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC DRUGS HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE WERE ADMINISTERED IN A COMPASSIONATE MANNER TO 8 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REFRACTORY TO IMATINIB. TWO PATIENTS HAD A COMPLETE HEMATOLOGIC RESPONSE (25%),1 MAJOR CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE, 1 COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE (25% ANY CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE), AND 3 (37.5%)STABLE DISEASE. NO GRADE 3 OR 4 TOXICITY WAS OBSERVED. THESE RESULTS SHOW THE ABILITY OF EPIGENETIC THERAPY TO REVERT IMATINIB RESISTANCE. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB, HENCE, THE DNA METHYLATION, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE, RESPECTIVELY, HAS THE POTENTIAL TO OVERCOME IT. PATIENT AND METHODS: A SERIES OF 8 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REFRACTORY TO IMATINIB MESYLATE WITH NO ACCESS TO SECOND-GENERATION TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS WERE TREATED WITH HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE IN A COMPASSIONATE MANNER. CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF THESE DRUGS ADDED TO IMATINIB MESYLATE WERE EVALUATED. RESULTS: TWO PATIENTS WERE IN THE BLAST PHASE, 5 WERE IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE, AND 1 WAS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE. ALL THE PATIENTS CONTINUED WITH THE SAME DOSE OF IMATINIB THAT THEY HAD BEEN RECEIVING AT THE TIME OF DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE, WITH A MEDIAN DOSE OF 600 MG DAILY (RANGE, 400-800 MG). THE MEDIAN TIME FROM DIAGNOSIS OF CML TO THE START OF HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE WAS 53.6 MONTHS (RANGE, 19-84 MONTHS). TWO (25%) PATIENTS HAD A COMPLETE HEMATOLOGIC RESPONSE, ONE (12.5%) HAD AN MAJOR CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE, AND ONE (12.5%) HAD A COMPLETE CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE. THREE (37.5%) PATIENTS HAD STABLE DISEASE, AND ONLY ONE (12.5%) PATIENT FAILED TO RESPOND. AT A MEDIAN FOLLOW-UP TIME OF 18 MONTHS (RANGE, 3-18 MONTHS), THE MEDIAN SURVIVAL HAD NOT BEEN REACHED, AND THE PROJECTED OVERALL SURVIVAL WAS 63%. ALL THE PATIENTS HAD MILD NEUROLOGIC TOXICITY, INCLUDING DISTAL TREMOR AND SOMNOLENCE. NO GRADE 3 OR 4 TOXICITY WAS OBSERVED. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC DRUGS HYDRALAZINE AND VALPROATE REVERT THE RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB IN PATIENTS WITH CML.	2012	
                                                                                                            
16 2769  46 EXTENDED DOSING WITH CC-486 (ORAL AZACITIDINE) IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. CC-486 (ORAL AZACITIDINE) IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFIER IN CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR TREATMENT OF HEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS. THIS STUDY OF EXTENDED CC-486 DOSING INCLUDED PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDSS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), OR ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). AFTER A PHARMACOKINETIC ASSESSMENT PERIOD, 31 PATIENTS (MDS N = 18, CMML N = 4, AND AML N = 9) ENTERED A CLINICAL PHASE IN WHICH THEY RECEIVED CC-486 300 MG ONCE-DAILY FOR 21 DAYS OF REPEATED 28-DAY CYCLES. MEDIAN AGE WAS 71 YEARS (RANGE: 53-93); 42% OF PATIENTS WERE AGED >/=75 YEARS. A TOTAL OF 5 PATIENTS WITH AML (63%) HAD PRIOR MDS. MEDIAN NUMBER OF CC-486 TREATMENT CYCLES WAS 4 (RANGE: 1-32). THE MOST COMMON TREATMENT-EMERGENT ADVERSE EVENTS (TEAES) WERE GASTROINTESTINAL (84% OF PATIENTS) AND HEMATOLOGIC (81%). MOST COMMON GRADE 3-4 TEAES WERE NEUTROPENIA (N = 13, 42%) AND ANEMIA (N = 9, 29%). TEN PATIENTS EXPERIENCED GRADE 4 NEUTROPENIA. INFREQUENTLY, CC-486 DOSE WAS INTERRUPTED OR REDUCED DUE TO GASTROINTESTINAL (N = 5, 16%) OR HEMATOLOGIC (N = 6, 19%) TEAES. OVERALL RESPONSE RATE (COMPLETE REMISSION [CR], CR WITH INCOMPLETE HEMATOLOGICAL RECOVERY [CRI], PARTIAL REMISSION [PR], MARROW CR) IN THE MDS/CMML SUBGROUPS WAS 32% AND IN THE AML SUBGROUP (CR/CRI/PR) WAS 22%. RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSION INDEPENDENCE RATES IN THE MDS/CMML AND AML SUBGROUPS WERE 33% AND 25%, RESPECTIVELY, AND 2 MDS/CMML PATIENTS ATTAINED HEMATOLOGIC IMPROVEMENT AS A BEST RESPONSE ON-STUDY. NO BASELINE GENE MUTATION WAS PREDICTIVE OF RESPONSE/NONRESPONSE. CC-486 ALLOWS FLEXIBLE DOSING AND SCHEDULES TO IMPROVE TOLERABILITY OR RESPONSE. NEUTROPENIA IN EARLY TREATMENT CYCLES DESERVES SCRUTINY AND MAY WARRANT INITIATION OF PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS. KEY POINTS: THE SAFETY PROFILE OF ORAL CC-486 WAS COMPARABLE TO THAT OF INJECTABLE AZACITIDINE; MOST ADVERSE EVENTS WERE HEMATOLOGICAL AND GASTROINTESTINAL. EXTENDED (21-DAY/CYCLE) CC-486 DOSING INDUCED RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, MANY OF WHOM HAD PRIOR DNMTI FAILURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17 5979  27 TET2 MUTATIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC 5-METHYLCYTOSINE AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE PROFILES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) HAS RECENTLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH INCIDENCE OF DIVERSE MUTATIONS IN GENES SUCH AS TET2 OR EZH2 THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. WE HAVE PERFORMED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS AND MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TET2, IDH1, IDH2, EZH2 AND JAK2 IN A GROUP OF 24 PATIENTS WITH CMML. 249 GENES WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BETWEEN CMML PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. USING INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS, WE IDENTIFIED ENRICHMENT IN A GENE NETWORK CENTERED AROUND PLC, JNK AND ERK SUGGESTING THAT THESE PATHWAYS, WHOSE DEREGULATION HAS BEEN RECENTLY DESCRIBED IN CMML, ARE AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. MUTATIONS OF TET2, JAK2 AND EZH2 WERE FOUND IN 15 PATIENTS (65%), 4 PATIENTS (17%) AND 1 PATIENT (4%) RESPECTIVELY WHILE NO MUTATIONS IN THE IDH1 AND IDH2 GENES WERE IDENTIFIED. INTERESTINGLY, PATIENTS WITH WILD TYPE TET2 CLUSTERED SEPARATELY FROM PATIENTS WITH TET2 MUTATIONS, SHOWED A HIGHER DEGREE OF HYPERMETHYLATION AND WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RISK KARYOTYPES. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE PRESENCE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN CMML AND IDENTIFIES TET2 MUTANT CMML AS A BIOLOGICALLY DISTINCT DISEASE SUBTYPE WITH A DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC PROFILE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
18 5499  32 REVIEW: RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS IN EPIGENETIC THERAPY. EPIGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE DEACETYLATION ARE KNOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF CELLS BY SILENCING CRITICAL GENES. DRUGS THAT INHIBIT DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES OR HISTONE DEACETYLASES WERE SHOWN TO HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO REACTIVATE SILENCED GENES AND INDUCE DIFFERENTIATION OR APOPTOSIS OF MALIGNANT CELLS. THE MOST INTENSIVELY STUDIED CLASS OF SUCH AGENTS IS DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS, INCLUDING 5-AZACYTIDINE (AZACITIDINE) AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (DECITABINE). IN 2004, AZACITIDINE WAS APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME ON THE BASIS OF PHASE II AND III STUDIES THAT SHOWED A RESPONSE RATE (COMPLETE AND PARTIAL RESPONSES) OF 15%. AZACITIDINE IS ALSO BEING EVALUATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS FOR OTHER MALIGNANT DISEASES. DECITABINE HAS RESPONSE RATES OF 17-49% IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME IN MULTIPLE PHASE II AND III STUDIES AND ALSO ACTIVITY IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS BELONG TO ANOTHER CLASS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFYING AGENTS THAT INCLUDE DEPSIPEPTIDE, BUTYRATE DERIVATIVES, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID AND VALPROIC ACID. NO AGENT IN THIS CLASS HAS BEEN STUDIED IN A PHASE III TRIAL, BUT SEVERAL AGENTS HAVE BEEN OR ARE BEING STUDIED IN PHASE II TRIALS. FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE PATIENT SELECTION AND DOSING SCHEDULES.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19 4555  29 MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA INCLUDES GENES ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC REGULATION: UTX, EZH2, AND DNMT3A. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), A MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM, IS CHARACTERIZED BY MONOCYTIC PROLIFERATION, DYSPLASIA, AND PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CMML HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN DIVERSE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED GENES. WE ANALYZED 72 WELL-CHARACTERIZED PATIENTS WITH CMML (N = 52) AND CMML-DERIVED ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (N = 20) FOR RECURRENT CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES WITH THE USE OF ROUTINE CYTOGENETICS AND SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAYS ALONG WITH COMPREHENSIVE MUTATIONAL SCREENING. CYTOGENETIC ABERRATIONS WERE PRESENT IN 46% OF CASES, WHEREAS SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY INCREASED THE DIAGNOSTIC YIELD TO 60%. AT LEAST 1 MUTATION WAS FOUND IN 86% OF ALL CASES; NOVEL UTX, DNMT3A, AND EZH2 MUTATIONS WERE FOUND IN 8%, 10%, AND 5.5% OF PATIENTS, RESPECTIVELY. TET2 MUTATIONS WERE PRESENT IN 49%, ASXL1 IN 43%, CBL IN 14%, IDH1/2 IN 4%, KRAS IN 7%, NRAS IN 4%, AND JAK2 V617F IN 1% OF PATIENTS. VARIOUS MUTANT GENOTYPE COMBINATIONS WERE OBSERVED, INDICATING MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY IN CMML. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT MOLECULAR DEFECTS AFFECTING DISTINCT PATHWAYS CAN LEAD TO SIMILAR CLINICAL PHENOTYPES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20 1577  26 DNA METHYLATION PROFILE IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA ASSOCIATES WITH DISTINCT CLINICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC FEATURES. CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES ARE DETECTED IN 20-30% OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) AND CORRELATE WITH PROGNOSIS. ON THE MUTATION LEVEL, DISRUPTIVE ALTERATIONS ARE PARTICULARLY FREQUENT IN CHROMATIN REGULATORY GENES. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE CONSEQUENTIAL ALTERATIONS IN THE EPIGENETIC MARKING OF THE GENOME. HERE, WE REPORT THE ANALYSIS OF GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF 64 CMML PATIENTS AND 10 HEALTHY CONTROLS, USING A DNA METHYLATION MICROARRAY FOCUSED ON PROMOTER REGIONS. DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY ABNORMALITIES IN DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES AND LARGE GENOME REGIONS WITH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. UNSUPERVISED HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED TWO MAIN CLUSTERS THAT ASSOCIATED WITH THE CLINICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND GENETIC FEATURES OF PATIENTS. GROUP 1 WAS ENRICHED IN PATIENTS WITH ADVERSE CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND POORER OVERALL AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL. IN ADDITION, SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION WERE OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH LOW RISK AND INTERMEDIATE/HIGH RISK KARYOTYPES AND BETWEEN TET2 MUTANT AND WILD TYPE PATIENTS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT ALTERED DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS REFLECT THE CMML DISEASE STATE AND ALLOW TO IDENTIFY PATIENT GROUPS WITH DISTINCT CLINICAL FEATURES.	2018