1 5450 146 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF COMBINED EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION. CONFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL, GENETIC, AND LIFESTYLE VARIABLES IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DETERIORATION OF HUMAN FECUNDITY. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS OR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) MAY BE FOUND IN A VARIETY OF FOODS, WATER, AIR, BEVERAGES, AND TOBACCO SMOKE. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS THAT A WIDE RANGE OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS HAVE NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION. HOWEVER, EVIDENCE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS IS SPARSE AND/OR CONFLICTING IN THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. THE COMBINED TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT IS A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE HAZARDS OF COCKTAILS OF CHEMICALS, CO-EXISTING IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THE CURRENT REVIEW PROVIDES A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF STUDIES EMPHASIZING THE COMBINED TOXICITY OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER TO DISRUPT THE DIFFERENT ENDOCRINE AXES, RESULTING IN SEVERE GONADAL DYSFUNCTIONS. TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS HAVE ALSO BEEN INDUCED IN GERM CELLS, MOSTLY THROUGH DNA METHYLATION AND EPIMUTATIONS. SIMILARLY, AFTER ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS COMBINATIONS, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS (OS), ELEVATED ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, DISRUPTED REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE, AND REDUCED STEROIDOGENESIS ARE OFTEN REPORTED CONSEQUENCES. THE ARTICLE ALSO DISCUSSES THE CONCENTRATION ADDITION (CA) AND INDEPENDENT ACTION (IA) PREDICTION MODELS, WHICH REVEAL THE IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS SYNERGISTIC ACTIONS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS MIXTURES. MORE CRUCIALLY, THIS EVIDENCE-BASED STUDY ADDRESSES THE RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION GAPS, AS WELL AS PARTICULARLY PRESENTS THE FUTURE RESEARCH VIEWS ON COMBINED ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS TOXICITY ON HUMAN REPRODUCTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2 4805  44 OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL DISEASES? OBESITY AND METABOLIC COMORBIDITIES REPRESENT INCREASING HEALTH PROBLEMS. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING COMPOUNDS (EDCS) ARE EXOGENOUS AGENTS THAT CHANGE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND CAUSE ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS. MOST EDCS ARE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS; SOME ARE NATURAL FOOD COMPONENTS AS PHYTOESTROGENS. PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO COMPLEX MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. EDCS IMPACT HORMONE-DEPENDENT METABOLIC SYSTEMS AND BRAIN FUNCTION. LABORATORY AND HUMAN STUDIES PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT HUMAN CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION CAN PLAY A ROLE IN OBESITY EPIDEMIC. CHEMICAL EXPOSURES MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF OBESITY BY ALTERING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOCYTES. EDCS CAN ALTER METHYLATION PATTERNS AND NORMAL EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN CELLS. OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE INDUCED BY MANY OF THESE CHEMICALS, AND ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT IT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES. THE INDIVIDUAL SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICALS IS VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON ENVIRONMENT AND ABILITY TO METABOLIZE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS. A NUMBER OF GENES, ESPECIALLY THOSE REPRESENTING ANTIOXIDANT AND DETOXIFICATION PATHWAYS, HAVE POTENTIAL APPLICATION AS BIOMARKERS OF RISK ASSESSMENT. THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBINED EXPOSURES MAKE THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS MORE COMPLEX COMPARED TO THE ASSESSMENT OF SINGLE CHEMICALS. TECHNIQUES AND METHODS NEED TO BE FURTHER DEVELOPED TO FILL DATA GAPS AND INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE ON HARMFUL EXPOSURE COMBINATIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3 1106  72 COMBINED TOXICITY OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS: A REVIEW. THE COMBINED TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PROVIDES A REALISTIC APPROACH FOR HAZARD EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COCKTAILS THAT CO-EXISTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES A HOLISTIC INSIGHT INTO THE STUDIES HIGHLIGHTING THE MIXTURE TOXICITY OF THE ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS), ESPECIALLY FOCUSING ON THE SCREENING OF BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS AND OTHER TOXICOGENETIC ENDPOINTS. REVIEWED LITERATURE SHOWED THAT NUMEROUS MULTIPLEXED TOXICOGENOMIC TECHNIQUES WERE APPLIED TO DETERMINE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS IN VERTEBRATES, BUT LIMITED STUDIES WERE FOUND IN NON-MAMMALIAN SPECIES AFTER MIXTURE CHEMICAL EXPOSURE. FURTHER, WE FOUND THAT THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND CONCENTRATION SELECTION ARE THE TWO IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN MIXTURE TOXICITY STUDIES THAT SHOULD BE TIME- AND COST-EFFECTIVE, HIGHLY PRECISE, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT. A SUMMARY OF EDC MIXTURES AFFECTING THE THYROID AXIS, ESTROGEN AXIS, ANDROGEN AXIS, GROWTH STRESS, AND IMMUNE SYSTEM VIA IN VIVO BIOASSAYS WAS ALSO PRESENTED. IT IS INTERESTING TO MENTION THAT MAJORITY OF ESTROGENIC EFFECTS OF THE MIXTURES WERE SEX-DEPENDENT, PARTICULARLY OBSERVED IN MALE FISH AS COMPARED TO FEMALE FISH. FURTHER, THE ANDROGEN AXIS WAS PERTURBED WITH SERIOUS MALFORMATIONS IN MALE RAT TESTIS (EPIDIDYMAL OR GUBERNACULAR LESIONS, AND DECIDUOUS SPERMATIDS). ALSO, TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS WERE PROMOTED IN THE F(3) AND F(4) GENERATIONS IN THE FORM OF DNA METHYLATION EPIMUTATIONS IN SPERM, INCREASING POLYCYSTIC OVARIES AND REDUCING THE OFFSPRING. SIMILARLY, INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS, HIGH ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES, DISTURBED ESTROUS CYCLE, AND DECREASED STEROIDOGENESIS WERE THE COMMONLY FOUND EFFECTS AFTER ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO EDC MIXTURES. IMPORTANTLY, THE CONCENTRATION ADDITION (CA) AND INDEPENDENT ACTION (IA) MODELS BECAME MORE PREVALENT AND SUITABLE PREDICTIVE MODELS TO UNVEIL THE PROMINENCE OF SYNERGISTIC ESTROGENIC AND ANTI-ANDROGENIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MIXTURES. MORE IMPORTANTLY, THIS REVIEW ENCOMPASSES THE RESEARCH CHALLENGES AND GAPS IN THE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE AND SPECIFIC FUTURE RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ON COMBINED TOXICITY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 1919  37 ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS: NEW DIABETOGENS? THE PREVALENCE OF TYPE-2 DIABETES HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WORLDWIDE DURING THE LAST FEW DECADES. WHILE LIFESTYLE FACTORS (SEDENTARINESS, NOXIOUS FOOD), TOGETHER WITH GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, ARE WELL-KNOWN ACTORS, THERE IS ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) MAY ALSO PLAY A PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF METABOLIC DISEASES. BOTH EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORT A ROLE FOR EARLY AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS WITH ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISRUPTING EFFECTS. MOST ARE PRESENT IN THE FOOD CHAIN AND ACCUMULATE IN THE FAT MASS AFTER ABSORPTION. IN RODENTS, BISPHENOL A STIMULATES SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF PANCREATIC BETA CELLS AND DISTURBS INSULIN SIGNALING IN LIVER, MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGES LEADING TO INSULIN RESISTANCE AND BETA CELL IMPAIRMENT. IN HUMANS, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL REPORTS SHOW STATISTICAL LINK BETWEEN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORINATED BISPHENYLS, BISPHENOL A, PHTHALATES, DIOXINS OR AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBIDES OR HEAVY METALS AND DT2 AFTER ACUTE ACCIDENTAL RELEASES OR EARLY IN LIFE AND/OR CHRONIC, LOW DOSES EXPOSURE. MORE PROSPECTIVE, LONGITUDINAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE IMPORTANCE OF SUCH ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
5 1644  39 DOES THE ENVIRONMENT AFFECT MENOPAUSE? A REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ON MENOPAUSE. ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HUMANS ARE EXPOSED TO THESE COMPOUNDS NOT ONLY THROUGH THEIR OCCUPATIONS, BUT ALSO THROUGH DIETARY CONSUMPTION AND EXPOSURE TO CONTAMINATED WATER, PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS AND TEXTILES. CHEMICALS THAT ARE PERSISTENT IN THE BODY AND IN OUR ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE DIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS. NON-PERSISTENT CHEMICALS INCLUDING BISPHENOL A, PHTHALATES AND PARABENS ARE EQUALLY AS IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY ARE UBIQUITOUS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT. HEAVY METALS, INCLUDING LEAD AND CADMIUM, CAN ALSO HAVE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING PROPERTIES. ALTHOUGH DIFFICULT TO STUDY DUE TO THEIR VARIETY OF SOURCES OF EXPOSURES AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION, THESE CHEMICALS HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY MENOPAUSE, INCREASED FREQUENCY OF VASOMOTOR SYMPTOMS, ALTERED STEROID HORMONE LEVELS AND MARKERS OF DIMINISHED OVARIAN RESERVE. UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACTS OF THESE EXPOSURES IS IMPORTANT GIVEN THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, WHICH CAN ALTER GENE FUNCTION AND RESULT IN MULTI-GENERATIONAL EFFECTS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES FINDINGS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS OR CELL-BASED MODELS FROM THE PAST DECADE OF RESEARCH. CONTINUED RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS, CHRONIC EXPOSURES AND NEW COMPOUNDS THAT ARE CONTINUOUSLY BEING DEVELOPED AS REPLACEMENTS FOR TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE BEING PHASED OUT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6 3397  36 HOW ADVANCED ARE WE ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF ORAL EXPOSURE TO FOOD CONTAMINANTS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CHRONIC NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES? THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL DURING FETAL LIFE AND CHILDHOOD IS CHARACTERIZED BY RAPID GROWTH AS WELL AS GRADUAL MATURATION OF ORGANS AND SYSTEMS. BEYOND THE NUTRITIONAL INTAKE IN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS, FOOD CONTAMINANTS CAN PERMANENTLY INFLUENCE THE WAY ORGANS MATURE AND FUNCTION. THESE PROCESSES ARE CALLED "PROGRAMMING" AND PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. POPULATIONS AS PREGNANT WOMEN, FETUSES AND YOUNG CHILDREN ARE VULNERABLE AND PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO FOOD CONTAMINANTS WHICH CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS TRANSMISSIBLE TO FUTURE GENERATIONS. AMONG THESE CONTAMINANTS, PESTICIDES ARE FOUND IN MOST FOOD MATRICES EXPOSING HUMANS TO COCKTAILS OF MOLECULES THROUGH VARIABLE CONCENTRATIONS AND DURATION OF EXPOSURE. THE MAILLARD REACTION PRODUCTS (MRPS) REPRESENT OTHER FOOD CONTAMINANTS RESULTING FROM HEAT TREATMENT OF FOOD. MODERN DIET, RICH IN FATS AND SUGARS, IS ALSO RICH IN NEOFORMED PATHOGENIC COMPOUNDS, ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS (AGES), THE LEVELS OF WHICH DEPEND ON THE HEAT TREATMENT OF FOODS AND EATING HABITS AND WHOSE EFFECTS ON HEALTH ARE CONTROVERSIAL. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE CHOSEN TO PRESENT THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON THE IMPACTS OF SELECTED PESTICIDES AND MRPS, ON THE RISK OF DEVELOPING DURING LIFE NON-COMMUNICABLE CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS IBD, METABOLIC DISORDERS OR ALLERGIES. A LARGE REVIEW OF LITERATURE WAS PERFORMED VIA PUBMED, AND THE MOST APPROPRIATE STUDIES WERE SUMMARISED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7 6295  40 THE PROMISES AND CHALLENGES OF TOXICO-EPIGENOMICS: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE EPIGENOME. BACKGROUND: IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF CHRONIC AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES CAN BE CAUSED OR EXACERBATED BY EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE INDICATE THAT EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AT RELATIVELY LOW CONCENTRATIONS COULD HAVE LASTING EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION HEALTH. ALTHOUGH THE POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS ARE KNOWN TO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY, REGULATORY AGENCIES, AND THE PUBLIC, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MECHANISTIC BASIS BY WHICH THESE CHEMICALS CAN INDUCE LONG-TERM OR TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS. TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS HAVE EMERGED AS THE POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE. OBJECTIVES: WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND A SUMMARY OF REPORTED EVIDENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AS EPIGENETIC DISRUPTORS. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF USING EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS AS AN INDICATOR OF TOXICANT EXPOSURE, USING MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN TO IMPROVE RISK ASSESSMENT, AND OUR PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN TOXICOLOGY. DISCUSSION: UNTIL RECENTLY, EFFORTS TO APPLY EPIGENOMIC DATA IN TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT WERE RESTRICTED BY AN INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENOMIC VARIABILITY ACROSS TISSUE TYPES AND POPULATIONS. THIS IS POISED TO CHANGE WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TOOLS AND CONCERTED EFFORTS BY RESEARCHERS ACROSS DISCIPLINES THAT HAVE LED TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND COMPREHENSIVE MAPS OF EPIGENOMIC VARIATION. WITH THE FOUNDATIONS NOW IN PLACE, WE FORESEE THAT UNPRECEDENTED ADVANCEMENTS WILL TAKE PLACE IN THE FIELD IN THE COMING YEARS. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1289/EHP6104.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8 1932  34 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES: AN UNDERRECOGNIZED CONTRIBUTION TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE TO WHICH EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) HAVE BEEN VERY CONSERVATIVE AND HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERESTIMATED THE ACTUAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR AT LEAST TWO REASONS. FIRSTLY, MOST PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE EXCLUDED THE CONTRIBUTION OF LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS, BUT THESE USUALLY INVOLVE SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS THAT INCREASE RISK OF DISEASE. SECONDLY, EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IS NOW CLEARLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELEVATED RISK OF SEVERAL DISEASES LATER IN LIFE, BUT THESE CONNECTIONS ARE OFTEN DIFFICULT TO DISCERN. THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR ASTHMA AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS, BUT THERE IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASES. MOST CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. IN ADDITION, NEW INFORMATION SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DIABETES AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS PRESENT IN AIR, FOOD, AND WATER. THESE RELATIONSHIPS LIKELY REFLECT THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND GENE INDUCTION. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE TO NCDS THAN PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE SUGGESTED. PREVENTION NEEDS TO SHIFT FOCUS FROM INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND AN UNDERSTANDING THAT EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF NCDS ULTIMATELY RELIES ON IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO MODIFIABLE RISKS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9 4541  43 MULTISYSTEMIC ALTERATIONS IN HUMANS INDUCED BY BISPHENOL A AND PHTHALATES: EXPERIMENTAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES REVEAL THE NEED TO CHANGE HEALTH POLICIES. A VAST AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT BISPHENOL A (BPA) AND PHTHALATES ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN THE ENVIRONMENT SINCE THESE COMPOUNDS ARE MASS-PRODUCED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS AND PLASTICIZERS. THESE COMPOUNDS BELONG TO A LARGE GROUP OF SUBSTANCES TERMED ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDC). IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT HUMANS AND LIVING ORGANISMS ARE UNAVOIDABLY AND UNINTENTIONALLY EXPOSED TO BPA AND PHTHALATES FROM FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS AND MANY OTHER EVERYDAY PRODUCTS. BPA AND PHTHALATES EXERT THEIR EFFECT BY INTERFERING WITH HORMONE SYNTHESIS, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND ACTION, THEREBY ALTERING CELLULAR PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION, TISSUE DEVELOPMENT, AND THE REGULATION OF SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. IN FACT, THESE EDC CAN ALTER FETAL PROGRAMMING AT AN EPIGENETIC LEVEL, WHICH CAN BE TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMITTED AND MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS CHRONIC PATHOLOGIES LATER IN THE ADULTHOOD, INCLUDING METABOLIC, REPRODUCTIVE AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES, AND CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE MOST RECENT PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF THESE EDC AND OFFER A COMPELLING SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES, WHICH SHOW EVIDENCE OF HOW EXPOSURE TO THESE POLLUTANTS AFFECTS OUR HEALTH DURING DEVELOPMENT, AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH A WIDE RANGE OF REPRODUCTIVE, METABOLIC AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES, AS WELL AS HORMONE-RELATED CANCERS. WE STRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF CONCERN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION AND THE URGENT NEED FOR THE MEDICAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM TO CLOSELY MONITOR EDC LEVELS IN THE POPULATION DUE TO UNAVOIDABLE AND INVOLUNTARY EXPOSURE TO THESE POLLUTANTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 4626  35 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS: EPIGENETICS AS AN UNDERLYING MECHANISM. THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS, ESPECIALLY AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD) AND ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD), CALLS FOR MORE RESEARCH INTO THE IDENTIFICATION OF ETIOLOGIC AND RISK FACTORS. THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN OF HEALTH AND DISEASE (DOHAD) HYPOTHESIZES THAT THE ENVIRONMENT DURING FETAL AND CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS THE RISK FOR MANY CHRONIC DISEASES IN LATER STAGES OF LIFE, INCLUDING NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. EPIGENETICS, A TERM DESCRIBING MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE CHANGES IN THE CHROMOSOME STATE WITHOUT AFFECTING DNA SEQUENCES, IS SUGGESTED TO BE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISM, ACCORDING TO THE DOHAD HYPOTHESIS. MOREOVER, MANY NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS ARE ALSO RELATED TO EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO PRENATAL ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. IN ADDITION, THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS CAN RESULT IN EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, NOTABLY DNA METHYLATION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FIRST FOCUS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS, IN PARTICULAR MATERNAL SMOKING, PLASTIC-DERIVED CHEMICALS (BISPHENOL A AND PHTHALATES), PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS, AND HEAVY METALS. WE THEN REVIEW STUDIES SHOWING THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF THOSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN HUMANS THAT MAY AFFECT NORMAL NEURODEVELOPMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11 1767  39 EARLY-LIFE EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS AND LATER-LIFE HEALTH OUTCOMES: AN EPIGENETIC BRIDGE? A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE DEMONSTRATES THAT ADVERSE EVENTS EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT, AND PARTICULARLY DURING INTRAUTERINE LIFE, MAY PROGRAM RISKS FOR DISEASES IN ADULT LIFE. INCREASING EVIDENCE HAS BEEN ACCUMULATED INDICATING THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MIRNAS IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. AMONG THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WHICH PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PROGRAMMING OF CHRONIC PATHOLOGIES, THE ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) THAT HAVE ESTROGENIC, ANTI-ESTROGENIC, AND ANTI-ANDROGENIC ACTIVITY ARE OF SPECIFIC CONCERN BECAUSE THE DEVELOPING ORGANISM IS EXTREMELY SENSITIVE TO PERTURBATION BY SUBSTANCES WITH HORMONE-LIKE ACTIVITY. AMONG EDCS, THERE ARE MANY SUBSTANCES THAT ARE CONSTANTLY PRESENT IN THE MODERN HUMAN ENVIRONMENT OR ARE IN WIDESPREAD USE, INCLUDING DIOXIN AND DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS, PHTHALATES, AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS, INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS, PHARMACEUTICALS, AND HEAVY METALS. APART FROM THEIR COMMON ENDOCRINE ACTIVE PROPERTIES, SEVERAL EDCS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO DISRUPT DEVELOPMENTAL EPIGENOMIC PROGRAMMING. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS WHICH INDICATE THAT EXPOSURE TO EDCS DURING IN-UTERO AND/OR NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT CAN CAUSE LONG-TERM HEALTH OUTCOMES VIA MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC MEMORY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12  754  41 CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS TO PARTICLE INHALATION EXPOSURE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE TOXICOLOGY. AMBIENT AIR, OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS, AND THE USE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS ALL SERVE AS CONDUITS FOR TOXICANT EXPOSURE THROUGH INHALATION. WHILE THE PULMONARY SYSTEM REMAINS A PRIMARY TARGET FOLLOWING INHALATION EXPOSURE, CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLICATIONS ARE EXCEPTIONALLY CULPABLE FOR INCREASED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION RESULTING FROM ACUTE OR CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER HAS BEEN WELL DOCUMENTED, BUT THE MECHANISMS DRIVING THE RESULTING DISTURBANCES REMAIN ELUSIVE. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT ARE DIRECTLY LINKED TO CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO A VARIETY OF INHALED TOXICANTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW IS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF THE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FOLLOWING PARTICLE INHALATION EXPOSURE AND TO HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS THAT EXIST ACROSS MULTIPLE EXPOSURE PARADIGMS. WE ATTEMPT TO INTEGRATE THESE MOLECULAR SIGNATURES IN AN EFFORT TO PROVIDE DIRECTION FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS. THIS REVIEW ALSO CHARACTERIZES HOW MOLECULAR RESPONSES ARE MODIFIED IN AT-RISK POPULATIONS, SPECIFICALLY THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL WINDOWS OF DEVELOPMENT. MATERNAL EXPOSURE TO PARTICULATE MATTER DURING GESTATION CAN LEAD TO FETAL EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, RESULTING IN LONG-TERM DEFICITS TO THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. IN BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT (GESTATIONAL) EXPOSURES, CONNECTING THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS WITH FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS OUTLINES PATHWAYS THAT CAN BE TARGETED FOR FUTURE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION. ULTIMATELY, FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS INTEGRATING "OMICS"-BASED APPROACHES WILL BETTER ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISMS THAT ARE ALTERED BY XENOBIOTIC INHALATION EXPOSURE, IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS, AND GUIDE IN CLINICAL DECISION MAKING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13 4383  55 MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: MAKING A CASE FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS. RECENT STUDIES IMPLICATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES, WHICH MAY BE PARTIALLY DUE TO MODIFICATIONS IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA). THERE IS ALSO MOUNTING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS TO MTDNA MAY BE AN ADDITIONAL LAYER OF REGULATION THAT CONTROLS MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS AND FUNCTION. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (EG, SMOKING, AIR POLLUTION) HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED MTDNA METHYLATION IN A HANDFUL OF MECHANISTIC STUDIES AND IN OBSERVATIONAL HUMAN STUDIES. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS UNDERSTOOD ABOUT OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS THAT INDUCE MTDNA EPIGENETIC CHANGES. NUMEROUS ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS). BEYOND THEIR ACTIONS ON HORMONAL PATHWAYS, EDC EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED OXIDATIVE STRESS, WHICH MAY OCCUR THROUGH OR RESULT IN MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION. ALTHOUGH ONLY A FEW STUDIES HAVE ASSESSED THE IMPACTS OF EDCS ON MTDNA METHYLATION, THE CURRENT REVIEW PROVIDES REASONS TO CONSIDER MTDNA EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION AS A MECHANISM OF ACTION OF EDCS AND REVIEWS POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS RELATED TO CURRENTLY AVAILABLE EVIDENCE. FIRST, THERE IS SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE THAT EDCS (INCLUDING BISPHENOLS AND PHTHALATES) DIRECTLY TARGET MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION, AND MORE DIRECT EVIDENCE IS NEEDED TO CONNECT THIS TO MTDNA METHYLATION. SECOND, THESE AND OTHER EDCS ARE POTENT MODULATORS OF NUCLEAR DNA EPIGENETICS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. FINALLY, EDCS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO DISRUPT SEVERAL MODULATORS OF MTDNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES AND THE MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A/NUCLEAR RESPIRATORY FACTOR 1 PATHWAY. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE STUDIES HIGHLIGHT THE NEED FOR FUTURE RESEARCH EVALUATING MTDNA EPIGENETIC DISRUPTION BY EDCS AND TO DETAIL SPECIFIC MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR SUCH DISRUPTIONS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
14 6781  50 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

15 1371  35 DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE: NEW INSIGHTS. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES SHOW THAT SMALL CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENT CAN INDUCE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES AFFECTING AN INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSES TO THEIR LATER ENVIRONMENT. THESE MAY ALTER THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME OR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS THAT ANIMALS EXPOSED TO SUCH A MISMATCH BETWEEN PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT DEVELOP OBESITY, REDUCED ACTIVITY, LEPTIN AND INSULIN RESISTANCE, ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE AND VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN SUCH EFFECTS, TARGETED TO PROMOTER REGIONS OF SPECIFIC GENES IN SPECIFIC TISSUES. SUCH FINE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION SUGGESTS THAT THE MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN RETAINED THROUGH EVOLUTION THROUGH THEIR ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE, RATHER THAN REPRESENTING EXTREME EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISRUPTION AKIN TO TERATOGENESIS. THERE MAY BE ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGE IN A DEVELOPMENTAL CUE INDUCING A PHENOTYPIC CHANGE IN GENERATIONS BEYOND THE IMMEDIATE PREGNANCY, AND A RANGE OF DATA THAT SUPPORT THIS CONCEPT. IN ANIMALS, EPIGENETIC EFFECTS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION CAN BE PASSED TO SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, INCLUDING ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS, MAY INDUCE GREATER RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE, EVEN AT LOW EXPOSURE LEVELS, IF THEY AFFECT SUCH NORMAL DEVELOPMENTAL EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS MAY HAVE LONG-TERM MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECTS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
16 4803  32 OBESITY AND MALE INFERTILITY. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IS INCREASING AMONG BOTH SEXES, WITH ASSOCIATED IMPACTS ON CHRONIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL COMORBIDITIES. SIMILARLY, THE EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ARE INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNIZED. ADIPOSITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED FERTILITY IN MEN, WITH A COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY. THE REPORTED EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON SEMEN PARAMETERS AND IMPAIRED FERTILITY ARE CONTRASTING, WITH SOME STUDIES SHOWING A CLEAR REDUCTION IN REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BODY MASS INDEX, WHILE OTHERS DO NOT SHOW SUCH IMPACTS. THESE CONTROVERSIES MAY BE DUE TO THE COMPLEX PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND INTERPLAY BETWEEN GONADOTROPINS AND END ORGANS, AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS ON MALE FERTILITY AND FUNCTION. THESE DIFFERENT ASPECTS HAVE LED TO HETEROGENEOUS PARTICIPANTS IN STUDIES AND VARYING IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES AS WELL AS OFFSPRING HEALTH. TREATMENT MODALITIES TO MANAGE OBESITY INCLUDE LIFESTYLE, MEDICAL, AND SURGICAL OPTIONS, WITH EMERGING AND EFFECTIVE MEDICAL TREATMENTS SHOWING PROMISE IN REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17 6287  42 THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN MODULATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA EPIGENETIC MARKS. MANY STUDIES IMPLICATE MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF NUMEROUS CHRONIC DISEASES. MITOCHONDRIA ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST CELLULAR ENERGY PRODUCTION, AND UNLIKE OTHER CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES, MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN THEIR OWN GENOME. MOST RESEARCH TO DATE, THROUGH INVESTIGATING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER, HAS FOCUSED ON LARGER STRUCTURAL CHANGES OR ALTERATIONS TO THE ENTIRE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME AND THEIR ROLE IN HUMAN DISEASE. USING THESE METHODS, MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HAS BEEN LINKED TO CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, AND METABOLIC HEALTH. HOWEVER, LIKE THE NUCLEAR GENOME, THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME MAY EXPERIENCE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION THAT MAY PARTIALLY EXPLAIN SOME OF THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF VARIOUS EXPOSURES. RECENTLY, THERE HAS BEEN A MOVEMENT TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE EXPOSOME, WHICH AIMS TO DESCRIBE AND QUANTIFY THE ENTIRETY OF ALL EXPOSURES PEOPLE ENCOUNTER THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES. THESE INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES, HEAVY METALS, AND LIFESTYLE AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT RESEARCH ON MITOCHONDRIA AND HUMAN HEALTH, PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ON MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS, AND DESCRIBE THE EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES THAT HAVE INVESTIGATED PARTICULAR EXPOSURES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. WE CONCLUDE THE CHAPTER WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH THAT IS NEEDED TO ADVANCE THE GROWING FIELD OF MITOCHONDRIAL EPIGENETICS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 3582  23 IMPACT OF PRENATAL AND EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ON NORMAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. THE GLOBAL BURDEN AND PATTERN OF DISEASE HAS CHANGED IN RECENT DECADES, WITH FEWER EARLY CHILDHOOD DEATHS AND LONGER LIVES COMPLICATED BY CHRONIC DISEASE. DISRUPTION OF NORMAL HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BY ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, ESPECIALLY DURING FOETAL DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE INCREASE LIFE-LONG RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THE DEVELOPMENTAL TIMING AND METHOD OF ADVERSE EXPOSURE DETERMINES THE LIKELY IMPACT ON HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT. WHILE MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE STRUCTURALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY MATURE AT BIRTH, THE CNS, RESPIRATORY AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS ARE NOT AND UNDERGO PROLONGED PERIODS OF POSTNATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. AS SUCH, THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE VULNERABLE TO ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BOTH PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. WHILE THE PRECISE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CHRONIC DISEASE ARE UNKNOWN, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ARE LIKELY TO BE INVOLVED. AN UNDERSTANDING OF THESE PROCESSES IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP MITIGATION STRATEGIES AIMED AT REDUCING CHRONIC DISEASE PREVALENCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 1911  35 ENVIRONMENT IN CHILDREN'S HEALTH: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT. IN THE LAST FEW YEARS, MANY STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD OR INFANCY AS PREDICTORS OF HEALTH OUTCOMES IN THE FUTURE. IN THESE TIME WINDOWS, DUE TO THEIR RAPID GROWTH, AND PHYSIOLOGIC AND METABOLIC DEVELOPMENT, WE CAN OBSERVE A HIGHER VULNERABILITY TO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT, WITH RESPECT TO ADULTHOOD. THE EVIDENCE OF POSSIBLE INFLUENCES, PARTLY MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INVOLVE NEUROBEHAVIORAL RESPONSES AND IMMUNE, ENDOCRINE, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS, ACTING DIRECTLY ON THE CHILD OR INDIRECTLY WHEN MEDIATED BY PLACENTAL TRANSFER OR BREAST FEEDING. IN PARTICULAR, DUE TO A GREATER INTAKE OF AIR, FOOD, AND FLUIDS RELATIVE TO BODY WEIGHT, CRAWLING BEHAVIORS AND SHORT STATURE, THE RISK OF EXCESSIVE EXPOSURE IS GREATER IN CHILDREN. HOWEVER, DATA ON THE LONG-TERM IMPLICATIONS OF EARLY EXPOSURES ARE SCARCE. ADDITIONALLY, SO THAT PHYSICIANS AND INSTITUTIONS FOR CHILD CARE AND ASSISTANCE OF PREGNANT WOMEN CAN TAKE ACTIONS TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION (I.E., BY EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES), A RISK ASSESSMENT PERSPECTIVE THAT RESPONDS TO THE BIOCOMPLEXITY OF THE HUMAN BEING IS NEEDED. THE PRESENT PAPER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD AND IN CHILDHOOD, SUGGESTING IN A MORE INTEGRATED WAY, THE NEED OF A NEW RISK-ASSESSMENT APPROACH TO MANAGING CHRONIC DISEASE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20 4375  33 MISREGULATED INFLAMMATION AS AN OUTCOME OF EARLY-LIFE EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS. THIS REVIEW INTRODUCES A POTENTIAL UNIFYING CONCEPT INVOLVING THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES IN WHICH EARLY-LIFE EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) CAN PROGRAM HOST RESPONSES FOR MISREGULATED INFLAMMATION. INFLAMMATION IS A PART OF HOST DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENIC CHALLENGES AND ONE OF THE PROCESSES NECESSARY FOR NORMAL TISSUE HOMEOREGULATION AND FOR REPRODUCTION (E.G., IMPLANTATION, LABOR). DEVIATIONS FROM TIGHTLY REGULATED INFLAMMATION PRESENT A SIGNIFICANT HEALTH RISK BECAUSE UNRESOLVED INFLAMMATION CAN COMPROMISE TISSUE FUNCTION AND INCREASE THE RISK FOR LATER-LIFE CANCER IN THE AFFECTED TARGET TISSUE. THE CRITICAL WINDOWS OF INNATE IMMUNE VULNERABILITY DURING PRENATAL AND NEONATAL MATURATION ARE WHEN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING AND THE TRAJECTORY FOR CHILDHOOD AND ADULT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES ARE LARGELY ESTABLISHED. MISREGULATED INFLAMMATION IS A COMMON THREAD THAT LINKS MOST SIGNIFICANT CHRONIC DISEASES AND CONDITIONS ACROSS ALL PHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEMS AS WELL AS THE ASSOCIATED COMORBID CONDITIONS. AS A RESULT, CHRONIC DISEASES EXIST BOTH AS A MYRIAD OF CONDITIONS AND AS AN INTEGRATED, DYSFUNCTIONALLY CONNECTED UNIT. BECAUSE THE HORMONE MICROENVIRONMENT EXERTS A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON RESIDENT INNATE IMMUNE CELL FUNCTION, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION IS LIKELY TO PRODUCE MISREGULATED INFLAMMATION IN TISSUES. AMONG THE FACTORS DETERMINING SPECIFIC HEALTH RISKS AND DISEASE OUTCOMES ACROSS A LIFETIME ARE THE AGE OF EXPOSURE, SEX, GENETIC BACKGROUND, AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EXPERIENCES. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH INTO EARLY-LIFE EDC EXPOSURE AND MISREGULATION OF INFLAMMATION APPEARS TO BE A USEFUL AVENUE FOR REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS.	2012