1 5444 140 REPEATED TOLUENE EXPOSURE MODIFIES THE ACETYLATION PATTERN OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 IN THE RAT BRAIN. TOLUENE IS A VOLATILE ORGANIC SOLVENT WITH ADDICTIVE POTENTIAL THAT EXHIBITS SIMILARITIES IN ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND MODES OF ACTION TO OTHER ADDICTIVE DRUGS. DESPITE ITS WIDESPREAD ABUSE, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DRIVING THE RESPONSE AND ADAPTATION OF THE ORGANISM TO THIS DRUG ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. IN RECENT YEARS, DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED TO COCAINE, AMPHETAMINE AND ALCOHOL MISUSE-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN NEURONAL FUNCTION. FOR EXAMPLE, IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT DRUG CONSUMPTION INDUCES VARIATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS IN BRAIN REWARD REGIONS AND THESE PLAY A RELEVANT ROLE ON THE ABUSE-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY. IN ORDER TO DECIPHER WHETHER REPEATED TOLUENE EXPOSURE COULD MEDIATE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE RAT BRAIN, WE HERE ANALYZED THE ACETYLATION PATTERN OF HISTONES H3 AND H4 IN THREE BRAIN AREAS THAT HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED TO SUBSTANCE ABUSE REWARD PATHWAYS: THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) AND THE CENTRAL AMYGDALA (CEA). USING IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF BRAIN SECTIONS WITH SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES THAT RECOGNIZE THE ACETYLATED FORMS OF HISTONES H3 AND H4, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC TOLUENE INHALATION DIFFERENTIALLY MODIFIES HISTONE H3 AND H4 ACETYLATION IN THE NAC AND THE VTA WHILE NO EFFECT IS OBSERVED IN THE CEA. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE ACTIVITY OF CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES SUCH AS HISTONE DE-ACETYLASES (HDACS) IN CERTAIN BRAIN AREAS ARE RESPONSIVE TO TOLUENE INHALATION AND MIGHT BE CRUCIAL MEDIATORS IN THE ADDICTIVE RESPONSE TO TOLUENE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2 5624  42 SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS OF ABUSE BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITION. HISTONE ACETYLATION AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS OF THE CHROMATIN ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, MAY CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND NEUROPLASTICITY. EARLIER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A REDUCTION IN HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) ACTIVITY RESULTS IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF SOME PSYCHOSTIMULANT-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXTEND THOSE SEMINAL FINDINGS BY SHOWING THAT THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE ENHANCES MORPHINE-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR SENSITIZATION AND CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. IN CONTRAST, THIS COMPOUND HAS NO EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORPHINE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE. SIMILAR EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED FOR COCAINE AND ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS. THESE BEHAVIORAL CHANGES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY A SELECTIVE BOOSTING OF A COMPONENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM ACTIVATED BY CHRONIC MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION THAT INCLUDED CIRCADIAN CLOCK GENES AND OTHER GENES RELEVANT TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A SPECIFIC FUNCTION FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION AND THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AT A REDUCED NUMBER OF BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT LOCI ON NON-HOMEOSTATIC, LONG-LASTING, DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
3 2013  44 EPIGENETIC BASIS OF THE DARK SIDE OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION. ALCOHOLISM IS A COMPLEX BRAIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THREE DISTINCT STAGES OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE THAT MANIFEST AS NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. ONE SUCH STAGE OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE IS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND THE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES THAT PROMOTE DRINKING AND MAINTAIN ADDICTION. REPEATED ALCOHOL USE, GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO ALCOHOLISM AND ANXIETY, AND ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DURING CRUCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED WITHDRAWAL AND NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WITHIN THE AMYGDALA HAVE PROVIDED A MOLECULAR BASIS OF THESE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS, ALSO KNOWN AS THE DARK SIDE OF ADDICTION. HERE, WE PROPOSE THAT ALLOSTATIC CHANGE WITHIN THE EPIGENOME IN THE AMYGDALA IS A PRIME MECHANISM OF THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES RESULTING FROM, AND CONTRIBUTING TO, ALCOHOLISM. ACUTE ALCOHOL EXPOSURE PRODUCES AN ANXIOLYTIC RESPONSE WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPENING OF CHROMATIN DUE TO INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, INCREASED CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) LEVELS, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION. AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, THESE CHANGES RETURN TO BASELINE ALONG WITH ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. HOWEVER, DURING WITHDRAWAL, HISTONE ACETYLATION DECREASES DUE TO INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY AND DECREASED CBP LEVELS IN THE AMYGDALA CIRCUITRY LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. ADDITIONALLY, INNATELY HIGHER EXPRESSION OF THE HDAC2 ISOFORM LEADS TO A DEFICIT IN GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY-ASSOCIATED GENES AND MAINTAINING HEIGHTENED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL INTAKE. ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ALSO LEADS TO HIGHER EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND A DEFICIT IN HISTONE ACETYLATION LEADING TO DECREASED EXPRESSION OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY-ASSOCIATED GENES AND HIGH ANXIETY AND DRINKING BEHAVIOR IN ADULTHOOD. ALL THESE STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENOME CAN UNDERGO ALLOSTATIC REPROGRAMMING IN THE AMYGDALOID CIRCUITRY DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. FURTHERMORE, OPENING THE CHROMATIN BY INHIBITING HDACS USING PHARMACOLOGICAL OR GENETIC MANIPULATIONS CAN LEAD TO THE ATTENUATION OF ANXIETY AS WELL AS ALCOHOL INTAKE. CHROMATIN REMODELING PROVIDES A CLEAR BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES SEEN DURING ALCOHOL ADDICTION AND PRESENTS OPPORTUNITIES FOR NOVEL DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED "ALCOHOLISM".	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
4 6801  64 [EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET]. ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IS A DEVASTATING ILLNESS WITH A PROFOUND HEALTH IMPACT, AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS DISEASE OCCURS OVER TIME AND REQUIRES CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION. THERE IS CONVERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THAT THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE ALCOHOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS AND BEHAVIOR SUCH AS THE INTERVENTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION, LIKE HISTONE METHYLATION, IS A HIGHLY DYNAMIC PROCESS REGULATED BY TWO CLASSES OF ENZYMES: HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). TO DATE, 18 HUMAN HDAC ISOFORMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED, AND BASED ON THEIR SEQUENCE HOMOLOGIES AND COFACTOR DEPENDENCIES, THEY HAVE BEEN PHYLOGENETICALLY CATEGORIZED INTO 4 MAIN CLASSES: CLASSES I, II (A AND B), III, AND IV. IN THE BRAIN, EXPRESSION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF HDACS VARIES BETWEEN CELL TYPES AND ALSO IN THEIR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION (NUCLEUS AND/OR CYTOSOL). FURTHERMORE, WE RECENTLY SHOWED THAT A SINGLE ETHANOL EXPOSURE INHIBITS HDAC ACTIVITY AND INCREASES BOTH H3 AND H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. IN THE BRAIN OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS, ETHANOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE HISTONE-RELATED AND DNA METHYLATION EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SEVERAL REWARD REGIONS INVOLVED IN REWARD PROCESSES SUCH AS HIPPOCAMPUS, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND AMYGDALA. WE RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED ALTERATION OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION LEVELS IN SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS FROM THE REWARD CIRCUIT OF RATS MADE DEPENDENT TO ALCOHOL AFTER CHRONIC AND INTERMITTENT EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL VAPOR. IN NEURONAL CELL LINE CULTURE, ETHANOL WAS SHOWN TO INDUCE HDAC EXPRESSION. IN MOUSE AND RAT BRAIN, NUMEROUS STUDIES REPORTED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT BOTH THE EXPRESSION OF GENES AND THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE CHANGED AFTER REPEATED ADMINISTRATIONS OF ETHANOL IN MICE SENSITIZED TO THE MOTOR STIMULANT EFFECT OF ETHANOL (A MODEL OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTICITY). NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HDAC INHIBITORS ARE ABLE TO COUNTER ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORS AND THE ETHANOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HDAC AND/OR LEVELS OF ACETYLATED HDAC. FOR EXAMPLE, TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA) TREATMENT CAUSED THE REVERSAL OF ETHANOL-INDUCED TOLERANCE, ANXIETY, AND ETHANOL DRINKING BY INHIBITING HDAC ACTIVITY, THEREBY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA OF RATS. ANOTHER STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT TSA PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHANOL WITHDRAWAL INDUCED ANXIETY IN RATS BY RESCUING DEFICITS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION INDUCED BY INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY IN THE AMYGDALA. WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT TREATMENT WITH THE HDAC INHIBITOR SODIUM BUTYRATE BLOCKS BOTH THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE EXPRESSION OF ETHANOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL SENSITIZATION IN MICE. IN THIS CONTEXT, CONVERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HDAC INHIBITORS COULD BE USEFUL IN COUNTERACTING ETHANOL-INDUCED GENE REGULATIONS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, THAT IS, HDAC INHIBITORS COULD AFFECT DIFFERENT ACETYLATION SITES AND MAY ALSO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT GENES THAT COULD IN TURN COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL. RECENT WORK IN RODENTS HAS SHOWN THAT SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF PAN HDAC CLASS I AND II INHIBITORS, TSA AND N-HYDROXY-N-PHENYL-OCTANEDIAMIDE [SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID] (SAHA), AND OF THE MORE SELECTIVE INHIBITOR (MAINLY HDAC1 AND HDAC9) MS-275, DECREASE BINGE-LIKE ALCOHOL DRINKING IN MICE. SAHA SELECTIVELY REDUCED ETHANOL OPERANT SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SEEKING IN RATS. OUR PREVIOUS STUDY REVEALED THAT MS-275 STRONGLY DECREASED OPERANT ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT RATS WHEN ADMINISTERED 30 MINUTES BEFORE THE SESSION AT THE SECOND DAY OF INJECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATED THAT INTRA-CEREBRO-VENTRICULAR INFUSION OF MS-275 INCREASES ACETYLATION OF HISTONE 4 WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND THE DORSOLATERAL STRIATUM, ASSOCIATED TO A DECREASE IN ETHANOL SELF-ADMINISTRATION BY ABOUT 75%. MS-275 ALSO DIMINISHED BOTH THE MOTIVATION TO CONSUME ETHANOL (25% DECREASE), RELAPSE (BY ABOUT 50%) AND POSTPONED REACQUISITION AFTER ABSTINENCE. BOTH LITERATURE AND SEVERAL OF OUR STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC INTEREST OF TARGETING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL DRINKING AND STRENGTHEN THEINTEREST OF FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISOFORMS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES.	2017	

5 4643  48 NEUROPATHIC PAIN AS A TRIGGER FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN LIMBIC CIRCUITRY. CHRONIC PAIN INVOLVES BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NEURONAL PLASTICITY THAT ENCOMPASSES CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL NOCICEPTORS. WITHIN THE FOREBRAIN, MESOCORTICOLIMBIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL REGULATION HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXHIBIT LASTING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW SUCH ENDURING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MIGHT BE REGULATED WITHIN BRAIN STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING OF PAIN OR AFFECT, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED WITH ACTIVE OR PERMISSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES (HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 MONO AND TRIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION) IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY (PAG), LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) 5 WEEKS AFTER SCIATIC NERVE INJURY IN MICE TO MODEL CHRONIC PAIN. FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MICE IN CHRONIC PAIN, WE OBSERVED AN OVERALL TREND FOR A REDUCTION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, LH, AND NAC, BUT NOT VTA. MOREOVER, WE DISCOVERED THAT SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS EXHIBITED CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HISTORY, WHILE OTHERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY. WHEN TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY LEADS TO CHRONIC CHROMATIN-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN KEY LIMBIC BRAIN STRUCTURES AND CIRCUITS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE ENDURING CHANGES IN PAIN PROCESSING AND SENSITIVITY WITHIN THESE SYSTEMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6 3952  41 LOCUS-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC REMODELING CONTROLS ADDICTION- AND DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO DRUGS OF ABUSE OR STRESS REGULATES TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, CHROMATIN-MODIFYING ENZYMES AND HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN DISCRETE BRAIN REGIONS. GIVEN THE PROMISCUITY OF THE ENZYMES INVOLVED, IT HAS NOT YET BEEN POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN DIRECT CAUSAL EVIDENCE TO IMPLICATE THE REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND CONSEQUENT BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY BY CHROMATIN REMODELING THAT OCCURS AT A SINGLE GENE. WE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISM LINKING CHROMATIN DYNAMICS TO NEUROBIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA BY APPLYING ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO SELECTIVELY MODIFY CHROMATIN AT A SPECIFIC MOUSE GENE IN VIVO. WE FOUND THAT HISTONE METHYLATION OR ACETYLATION AT THE FOSB LOCUS IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A BRAIN REWARD REGION, WAS SUFFICIENT TO CONTROL DRUG- AND STRESS-EVOKED TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES VIA INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENDOGENOUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY. THIS APPROACH ALLOWED US TO RELATE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE AT A GIVEN GENE DIRECTLY TO REGULATION OF ITS EXPRESSION AND TO ITS SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS ON REWARD BEHAVIOR.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 2280  56 EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN DRUG ADDICTION. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS AND GENES HAS NOW TAKEN ON A CLEAR MOLECULAR FORM AS DEMONSTRATED BY STABLE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. THESE CHANGES OCCUR THROUGH ACTIVATION OR REPRESSION OF SPECIFIC GENE PROGRAMMES BY A COMBINATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELLING, ACTIVATION AND ENZYMATIC MODIFICATION OF DNA AND HISTONES AS WELL AS NUCLEOSOMAL SUBUNIT EXCHANGE. RECENT RESEARCH INVESTIGATING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING DRUG-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY HAS SHOWN A DIRECT ROLE FOR CHROMATIN REMODELLING--TERMED AS EPIGENETIC REGULATION--OF NEURONAL GENE PROGRAMMES AND SUBSEQUENT ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR ARISING FROM IT. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT REPEATED EXPOSURE TO CERTAIN DRUGS PROMOTES CHANGES IN LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION AND METHYLATION, TOGETHER WITH ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN THE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN REWARD CENTRE, LOCALISED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) REGION OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM. THE COMBINATION OF ACETYLATING, PHOSPHORYLATING AND METHYLATING H3 AND H4 HISTONE TAILS ALTER CHROMATIN COMPACTION THEREBY PROMOTING ALTERED LEVELS OF CELLULAR GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, WHICH WEAKEN HISTONE INTERACTION WITH DNA OR THAT PROMOTE RECRUITMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATING COMPLEXES, CORRELATE WITH PERMISSIVE GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION, (WHICH STRENGTHEN HISTONE: DNA CONTACTS), OR HISTONE METHYLATION, (WHICH RECRUITS REPRESSIVE COMPLEXES TO CHROMATIN), PROMOTE A STATE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. USING ANIMAL MODELS, ACUTE COCAINE TREATMENT INCREASES H4 ACETYLATION AT ACUTELY REGULATED GENE PROMOTERS, WHEREAS H3 ACETYLATION APPEARS TO PREDOMINATE AT CHRONICALLY INDUCED PROMOTERS. CHRONIC COCAINE AND ALCOHOL TREATMENT ACTIVATE AND REPRESS MANY GENES SUCH AS FOSB, CDK5, AND BDNF, WHERE THEIR DYSREGULATION, AT THE CHROMATIN LEVEL, CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ADDICTION. FOLLOWING DRUG EXPOSURE, IT IS STILL UNKNOWN, HOWVER, HOW LONG THESE CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE PERSIST IN AFFECTING NEURONAL FUNCTION, BUT SOME DO SO FOR LIFE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 4150  50 MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE THAT SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF EPIGENETIC MODULATORS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDAC) AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT), CAN REDUCE VOLUNTARY ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN ANIMAL MODELS, BUT MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROCESSES UNDERLYING THIS BEHAVIORAL EFFECT ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE USED C57BL/6J MALE MICE TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF TWO FDA-APPROVED DRUGS, DECITABINE (A DNMT INHIBITOR) AND SAHA (AN HDAC INHIBITOR), ON ETHANOL CONSUMPTION USING TWO TESTS: BINGE-LIKE DRINKING IN THE DARK (DID) AND CHRONIC INTERMITTENT EVERY OTHER DAY (EOD) DRINKING. DECITABINE BUT NOT SAHA REDUCED ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN BOTH TESTS. WE FURTHER INVESTIGATED DECITABINE'S EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN'S REWARD PATHWAY BY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA), USING RNA SEQUENCING AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS FROM VTA DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS. DECITABINE-INDUCED DECREASES IN EOD DRINKING WERE ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, IMPLICATING REGULATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIZATION, AND NEUROIMMUNE FUNCTIONS IN DECITABINE ACTIONS. IN ADDITION, AN IN VIVO ADMINISTRATION OF DECITABINE SHORTENED ETHANOL-INDUCED EXCITATION OF VTA DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IN VITRO, SUGGESTING THAT DECITABINE REDUCES ETHANOL DRINKING VIA CHANGES IN THE REWARD PATHWAY. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR DATA SUGGEST A CONTRIBUTION OF BOTH NEURONAL AND NON-NEURONAL MECHANISMS IN THE VTA IN THE REGULATION OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION. DECITABINE AND OTHER EPIGENETIC COMPOUNDS HAVE BEEN APPROVED FOR CANCER TREATMENT, AND UNDERSTANDING THEIR MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS IN THE BRAIN MAY ASSIST IN REPURPOSING THESE DRUGS AND DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPIES FOR CENTRAL DISORDERS, INCLUDING DRUG ADDICTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9 6477  33 TOLUENE IMPAIRS LEARNING AND MEMORY, HAS ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECTS, AND MODIFIES HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE DENTATE GYRUS OF ADOLESCENT AND ADULT RATS. TOLUENE MISUSE USUALLY INITIATES AT AN EARLY AGE WHEN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IS STILL IMMATURE, CAUSING DELETERIOUS EFFECTS SUCH AS COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT. EPIGENETIC REGULATORY MECHANISMS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO EXPLAIN LONG-TERM CHANGES INVOLVED NOT ONLY IN MEMORY, BUT ALSO IN TOLUENE'S ACTIONS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOLUENE EXPOSURE ON LEARNING, MEMORY AND HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS DURING TWO STAGES OF LIFE: ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD. BECAUSE THE MEMORY TESTS USED IN THIS WORK INVOLVED OBJECT EXPLORATION AND THE PERCEPTION OF A NOXIOUS STIMULUS, GENERAL ACTIVITY AND NOCICEPTION TESTS WERE ALSO CONDUCTED. ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOLUENE INHALATION IMPAIRED LEARNING, SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM MEMORY IN AN OBJECT-RECOGNITION TEST AND IN AN INHIBITORY AVOIDANCE TASK IN BOTH GROUPS OF AGE. THIS EFFECT WAS CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENT AND OCCURRED EVEN AT LOW TOLUENE CONCENTRATIONS (1000, 2000 PPM) THAT WERE OTHERWISE NON-EFFECTIVE. ACUTE TOLUENE INHALATION PRODUCED ANTINOCICEPTION, AND TOLERANCE TO THIS EFFECT DEVELOPED AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE. HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE DENTATE GYRUS SHOWED DIFFERENCES DEPENDING ON THE HISTONE, TREATMENT AND AGE: A SINGLE TOLUENE EXPOSURE INCREASED H4 ACETYLATION IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULT RATS, WHEREAS CHRONIC EXPOSURE DECREASED H3 ACETYLATION, BUT ONLY IN ADULTS. IN CONCLUSION, THIS WORK PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF TOLUENE-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT ON LEARNING, SHORT- AND LONG-TERM MEMORY IN ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT RATS, AND SHOWS THAT EVEN A SINGLE TOLUENE EXPOSURE CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  883  49 CHRONIC COCAINE-REGULATED EPIGENOMIC CHANGES IN MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. BACKGROUND: INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS A ROLE FOR ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION IN MEDIATING THE LASTING EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON THE BRAIN, AND RECENT WORK HAS DEMONSTRATED THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS IN THESE ALTERATIONS. HOWEVER, ALL SUCH STUDIES TO DATE HAVE BEEN RESTRICTED BY THEIR RELIANCE ON MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGIES THAT HAVE INTRINSIC LIMITATIONS. RESULTS: WE USE NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING METHODS, RNA-SEQ AND CHIP-SEQ FOR RNA POLYMERASE II AND SEVERAL HISTONE METHYLATION MARKS, TO OBTAIN A MORE COMPLETE VIEW OF COCAINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED ADAPTATIONS IN NUMEROUS MODES OF CHROMATIN REGULATION IN THE MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE DEMONSTRATE AN UNEXPECTEDLY LARGE NUMBER OF PRE-MRNA SPLICING ALTERATIONS IN RESPONSE TO REPEATED COCAINE TREATMENT. IN ADDITION, WE IDENTIFY COMBINATIONS OF CHROMATIN CHANGES, OR SIGNATURES, THAT CORRELATE WITH COCAINE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, INCLUDING THOSE INVOLVING PRE-MRNA ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. THROUGH BIOINFORMATIC PREDICTION AND BIOLOGICAL VALIDATION, WE IDENTIFY ONE PARTICULAR SPLICING FACTOR, A2BP1(RBFOX1/FOX-1), WHICH IS ENRICHED AT GENES THAT DISPLAY CERTAIN CHROMATIN SIGNATURES AND CONTRIBUTES TO DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. TOGETHER, THIS DELINEATION OF THE COCAINE-INDUCED EPIGENOME IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS REVEALS SEVERAL NOVEL MODES OF REGULATION BY WHICH COCAINE ALTERS THE BRAIN. CONCLUSIONS: WE ESTABLISH COMBINATORIAL CHROMATIN AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES IN MOUSE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AFTER REPEATED COCAINE TREATMENT. THESE RESULTS SERVE AS AN IMPORTANT RESOURCE FOR THE FIELD AND PROVIDE A TEMPLATE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF OTHER SYSTEMS TO REVEAL NEW TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL REGULATION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
11 3314  55 HIPPOCAMPAL CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTORS ARE MODULATED FOLLOWING COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN MALE RATS. COCAINE ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX PATHOLOGY INDUCING LONG-TERM NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES THAT, IN TURN, CONTRIBUTE TO MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS. THIS BEHAVIORAL DYSREGULATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING IN BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITRY, ALTHOUGH THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS MODULATION REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THE ENDOGENOUS CANNABINOID SYSTEM MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THIS PROCESS IN THAT CANNABINOID MECHANISMS MODULATE DRUG REWARD AND CONTRIBUTE TO COCAINE-INDUCED NEURAL ADAPTATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION INDUCES LONG-TERM ADAPTATIONS, INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS AND ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC PROCESSES. WE FIRST EXAMINED ENDOCANNABINOID GENE EXPRESSION IN REWARD-RELATED BRAIN REGIONS OF THE RAT FOLLOWING SELF-ADMINISTERED (0.33 MG/KG INTRAVENOUS, FR1, 10 DAYS) COCAINE INJECTIONS. INTERESTINGLY, WE FOUND INCREASED CNR1 EXPRESSION IN SEVERAL STRUCTURES, INCLUDING PREFRONTAL CORTEX, NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, DORSAL STRIATUM, HIPPOCAMPUS, HABENULA, AMYGDALA, LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA, AND ROSTROMEDIAL TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS, WITH MOST PRONOUNCED EFFECTS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS. ENDOCANNABINOID LEVELS, MEASURED BY MASS SPECTROMETRY, WERE ALSO ALTERED IN THIS STRUCTURE. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOLLOWED BY QPCR IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS REVEALED THAT TWO ACTIVATING HISTONE MARKS, H3K4ME3 AND H3K27AC, WERE ENRICHED AT SPECIFIC ENDOCANNABINOID GENES FOLLOWING COCAINE INTAKE. TARGETING CB1 RECEPTORS USING CHROMOSOME CONFORMATION CAPTURE, WE HIGHLIGHTED SPATIAL CHROMATIN RE-ORGANIZATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AS WELL AS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS, SUGGESTING THAT DESTABILIZATION OF THE CHROMATIN MAY CONTRIBUTE TO NEURONAL RESPONSES TO COCAINE. OVERALL, OUR RESULTS HIGHLIGHT A KEY ROLE FOR THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN COCAINE-INDUCED PLASTICITY AND BROADEN THE UNDERSTANDING OF NEURONAL ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOCANNABINOID SIGNALING. THE LATTER SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CONTRIBUTE TO MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC DRUG USE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12 6207  37 THE INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES REDUCES THE REINSTATEMENT OF COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR IN RATS. DRUG ADDICTION IS A CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY A PERSISTENT RISK OF RELAPSE, EVEN AFTER A LONG PERIOD OF ABSTINENCE. A CURRENT HYPOTHESIS STATES THAT RELAPSE RESULTS FROM LASTING NEUROADAPTATIONS THAT ARE INDUCED IN RESPONSE TO REPEATED DRUG ADMINISTRATION. THE ADAPTATIONS REQUIRE GENE EXPRESSION, SOME OF WHICH BEING UNDER THE CONTROL OF STABLE EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED THAT PRETREATMENT WITH HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS REDUCES THE COCAINE REINFORCING PROPERTIES AS WELL AS THE MOTIVATION OF RATS FOR COCAINE. WE SHOW HERE THAT THE SAME HDAC INHIBITORS, TRICHOSTATIN A AND PHENYLBUTYRATE, SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE COCAINE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR INDUCED BY THE COMBINATION OF A COCAINE INJECTION TOGETHER WITH THE EXPOSURE TO A LIGHT CUE PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH COCAINE TAKING. REINSTATEMENT OF DRUG-SEEKING BEHAVIOR WAS CARRIED OUT AFTER A 3-WEEK WITHDRAWAL PERIOD, WHICH CAME AFTER TEN DAILY SESSIONS OF COCAINE INTRAVENOUS SELF-ADMINISTRATION. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT AIMED AT MODULATING EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND PARTICULARLY TREATMENT THAT WOULD INHIBIT HDAC ACTIVITY, COULD REDUCE THE RISK OF RELAPSE, A MAJOR DRAWBACK IN THE TREATMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13 2058  35 EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE ALCOHOLIC BRAIN. CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE CAUSES WIDESPREAD CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION IN HUMANS AND ANIMAL MODELS. MANY OF THESE CONTRIBUTE TO CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS THAT ULTIMATELY LEAD TO BEHAVIORAL TOLERANCE AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE. THERE IS AN EMERGING APPRECIATION FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES IN ALCOHOL-INDUCED CHANGES IN BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION AND BEHAVIOR. FOR EXAMPLE, CHRONIC ALCOHOL EXPOSURE PRODUCES CHANGES IN DNA AND HISTONE METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION, AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION THAT AFFECT EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE GENES IN VARIOUS TYPES OF BRAIN CELLS (I.E., NEURONS AND GLIA) AND CONTRIBUTE TO BRAIN PATHOLOGY AND BRAIN PLASTICITY ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE. DRUGS TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC "MASTER REGULATORS" ARE EMERGING AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DRUG ADDICTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14 6806  35 [EPIGENETICS AND DRUG ADDICTION: A FOCUS ON MECP2 AND ON HISTONE ACETYLATION]. CHRONIC DRUG EXPOSURE ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN, WHICH IS BELIEVED TO UNDERLIE COMPULSIVE DRUG SEEKING AND DRUG TAKING BEHAVIOR. RECENT EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT DRUG-INDUCED LONG-TERM NEUROADAPTATIONS IN THE BRAIN ARE MEDIATED IN PART BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. BY REMODELING CHROMATIN, THIS TYPE OF REGULATION CONTRIBUTES TO DRUG-INDUCED SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY THAT TRANSLATES INTO BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATIONS. HOW DRUG-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION IS REVIEWED HERE, WITH A FOCUS ON MECP2, A PROTEIN BINDING METHYLATED DNA. THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, ESPECIALLY ACETYLATION IS ALSO DISCUSSED, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES ON DRUG-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL CHANGES. THE PRECISE IDENTIFICATION OF THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ARE UNDER THE CONTROL OF DRUGS OF ABUSE MAY HELP TO UNCOVER NOVEL TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DRUG SEEKING AND RELAPSE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15 1331  31 DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. PERSISTENT SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION INDICATE THE ADAPTIVE INVOLVEMENT OF STABLE MOLECULES IN THE BRAIN THAT MAY BE MANIFESTED AT THE LEVEL OF CHROMATIN REMODELING, SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLATION. FORMER STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION IN SEVERAL ANIMAL MODELS ABOUT DEPRESSION. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC HISTONE DEACETYLASES RELATED WITH DEPRESSION ARE NEEDED TO BE EXPLORED. HERE, SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS, ANXIETY-, AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE ALL FOUND IN MICE SUFFERED FROM CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. MOREOVER, WE ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THE AMOUNT OF THE CLASS II HISTONE DEACETYLASE, HDAC7 RATHER THAN HDAC2, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF DEFEATED MICE, WHICH SUGGESTED THAT HDAC7 MIGHT BE A CRUCIAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE IN A CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS MODEL. OUR DATA SHOWED THAT THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS INDUCED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HDAC7 REDUCTION IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. HDAC7 MIGHT BE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR DEPRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
16 2325  47 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL FOSB EXPRESSION CONTROLS BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO COCAINE. DRUG ADDICTION RESULTS IN PART FROM MALADAPTIVE LEARNING, INCLUDING THE FORMATION OF STRONG ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE DRUG AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF CONSUMPTION. HOWEVER, DRUG-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION UNDERLYING THE SALIENCY OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS REMAIN UNDERSTUDIED. CONSOLIDATION OF EXPLICIT MEMORIES OCCURS WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND WE HAVE SHOWN THAT SPATIAL LEARNING INDUCES EXPRESSION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DELTAFOSB IN HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THIS INDUCTION IS CRITICAL FOR LEARNING. DRUGS OF ABUSE ALSO UPREGULATE DELTAFOSB IN HIPPOCAMPUS, BUT THE MECHANISM OF ITS INDUCTION BY COCAINE AND ITS ROLE IN HIPPOCAMPUS-DEPENDENT COCAINE RESPONSES IS UNKNOWN. WE INVESTIGATED DIFFERENCES IN MOUSE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPAL DELTAFOSB EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC COCAINE, BECAUSE THESE REGIONS APPEAR TO REGULATE DISTINCT COCAINE-RELATED BEHAVIORS. WE FOUND THAT COCAINE-MEDIATED INDUCTION OF DELTAFOSB WAS SUBREGION-SPECIFIC, AND THAT DELTAFOSB TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN BOTH THE DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS IS NECESSARY FOR COCAINE CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE. FURTHER, WE CHARACTERIZE CHANGES IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT THE FOSB PROMOTER IN HIPPOCAMPUS IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC COCAINE AND FOUND THAT LOCUS-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR FOSB INDUCTION AND MULTIPLE HIPPOCAMPUS-DEPENDENT BEHAVIORS, INCLUDING COCAINE PLACE PREFERENCE. COLLECTIVELY, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT EXPOSURE TO COCAINE INDUCES HISTONE MODIFICATION AT THE HIPPOCAMPAL FOSB GENE PROMOTER TO CAUSE DELTAFOSB INDUCTION CRITICAL FOR COCAINE-RELATED LEARNING.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT ALTHOUGH COCAINE ADDICTION IS DRIVEN IN PART BY THE FORMATION OF INDELIBLE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THE DRUG AND THE ENVIRONMENT, PARAPHERNALIA, AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF USE, AND ALTHOUGH THIS TYPE OF ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING IS DEPENDENT UPON CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN A BRAIN REGION CALLED THE HIPPOCAMPUS, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH COCAINE ALTERS HIPPOCAMPAL GENE EXPRESSION TO DRIVE FORMATION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT CHRONIC COCAINE ENGAGES LOCUS-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN THE EPIGENETIC PROFILE OF THE FOSB GENE IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND THAT THESE ALTERATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR COCAINE-DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION AND COCAINE-ENVIRONMENT ASSOCIATIONS. THIS WORK PROVIDES NOVEL INSIGHT INTO ADDICTION ETIOLOGY AND POTENTIAL INROADS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN COCAINE ADDICTION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17 4653  41 NEUROSCIENCE OF ALCOHOLISM: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS. ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE APPEAR TO BE RELATED TO NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES AT FUNCTIONAL, NEUROCHEMICAL, AND STRUCTURAL LEVELS. ACUTE AND CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO MODULATE FUNCTION OF THE ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT GENE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, CAMP-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING (CREB) PROTEIN IN THE BRAIN, WHICH MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM. STUDY OF THE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTORS OF CREB HAVE IDENTIFIED SEVERAL IMPORTANT CREB-RELATED GENES, SUCH AS NEUROPEPTIDE Y, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR, ACTIVITY-REGULATED CYTOSKELETON-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN, AND CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING FACTOR, THAT MAY PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ETHANOL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES IN THE SPECIFIC NEUROCIRCUITRY THAT UNDERLIE BOTH ALCOHOL ADDICTION AND A GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO ALCOHOLISM. BRAIN CHROMATIN REMODELING DUE TO HISTONE COVALENT MODIFICATIONS MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS AND NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING ETHANOL EXPOSURE. THIS REVIEW OUTLINES PROGRESSIVE NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH INTO MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF ALCOHOLISM.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18 5974  34 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19 5019  39 PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IS LINKED WITH ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE, AND REDUCED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE RAT AMYGDALA. CHRONIC PAIN INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING ANXIETY, WITH LIMBIC AREAS BEING LIKELY NEUROLOGICAL SUBSTRATES. DESPITE HIGH CLINICAL RELEVANCE, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE PRECISE BEHAVIORAL, HORMONAL, AND BRAIN NEUROPLASTIC CORRELATES OF ANXIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF PERSISTENT PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DECREASED NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS IN CHRONIC PAIN MODELS ARE PARALLELED BY ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN RATS, BUT THERE ARE CONFLICTING IDEAS REGARDING ITS EFFECTS ON THE STRESS RESPONSE AND CIRCULATING CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS. EVEN LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE BRAIN ENCODES PAIN-RELATED ANXIETY. THIS STUDY EXAMINES HOW PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IN A RAT MODEL WOULD IMPACT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND CORTICOSTERONE RELEASE, AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES WOULD BE REFLECTED IN LEVELS OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BRAIN AREAS INVOLVED IN STRESS REGULATION. COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) OR SALINE WAS ADMINISTERED IN THE RIGHT HINDPAW OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS. BEHAVIORAL TESTING INCLUDED THE MEASUREMENT OF NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS (DIGITAL ANESTHESIOMETER), MOTOR FUNCTION (OPEN FIELD TEST), AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS (ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND THE DARK-LIGHT BOX TEST). CORTICOSTERONE WAS MEASURED VIA RADIOIMMUNOASSAY. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY) AS WELL AS DNMT3A LEVELS (WESTERN BLOTTING) WERE QUANTIFIED IN THE AMYGDALA, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS. CFA ADMINISTRATION RESULTED IN PERSISTENT REDUCTION IN NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLD IN THE ABSENCE OF LOCOMOTOR ABNORMALITIES. INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE OBSERVED IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS 10 DAYS AFTER PAIN INDUCTION. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS DECREASED IN THE AMYGDALA, WITH NO CHANGES IN DNMT3A ABUNDANCE IN ANY OF THE REGIONS EXAMINED. PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN PROMOTES ANXIETY -LIKE BEHAVIORS, HPA AXIS ACTIVATION, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA. THESE FINDINGS DESCRIBE A MOLECULAR MECHANISM THAT LINKS PAIN AND STRESS IN A WELL-CHARACTERIZED RODENT MODEL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 3587  47 IMPACT OF TLR4 ON BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ALCOHOL-INDUCED NEUROINFLAMMATORY DAMAGE. TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRS) PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE, AND EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES THEIR ROLE IN BRAIN INJURY AND NEURODEGENERATION. OUR RECENT RESULTS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT ETHANOL IS CAPABLE OF ACTIVATING GLIAL TLR4 RECEPTORS AND THAT THE ELIMINATION OF THESE RECEPTORS IN MICE PROTECTS AGAINST ETHANOL-INDUCED GLIAL ACTIVATION, INDUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND APOPTOSIS. THIS STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO ASSESS WHETHER ETHANOL-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY DAMAGE CAUSES BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE CONSEQUENCES, AND IF BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS ARE DEPENDENT OF TLR4 FUNCTIONS. HERE WE SHOW IN MICE DRINKING ALCOHOL FOR 5MONTHS, FOLLOWED BY A 15-DAY WITHDRAWAL PERIOD, THAT ACTIVATION OF THE ASTROGLIAL AND MICROGLIAL CELLS IN FRONTAL CORTEX AND STRIATUM IS MAINTAINED AND THAT THESE EVENTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE AND ANXIETY-RELATED BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENTS IN WILD-TYPE (WT) MICE, AS DEMONSTRATED BY TESTING THE ANIMALS WITH OBJECT MEMORY RECOGNITION, CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION AND DARK AND LIGHT BOX ANXIETY TASKS. MICE LACKING TLR4 RECEPTORS ARE PROTECTED AGAINST ETHANOL-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY DAMAGE, AND BEHAVIORAL ASSOCIATED EFFECTS. WE FURTHER ASSESS THE POSSIBILITY OF THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PARTICIPATING IN SHORT- OR LONG-TERM BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROINFLAMMATORY DAMAGE. WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC ALCOHOL TREATMENT DECREASES H4 HISTONE ACETYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES ACTIVITY IN FRONTAL CORTEX, STRIATUM AND HIPPOCAMPUS OF WT MICE. ALTERATIONS IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE WERE NOT OBSERVED IN TLR4(-/-) MICE. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE THE FIRST EVIDENCE OF THE ROLE THAT TLR4 FUNCTIONS PLAY IN THE BEHAVIORAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY DAMAGE AND SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MEDIATED BY TLR4 COULD CONTRIBUTE TO SHORT- OR LONG-TERM ALCOHOL-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL OR COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS.	2011