1 5384 136 REDIFFERENTIATION OF RADIOIODINE-REFRACTORY THYROID CANCERS. THE MANAGEMENT OF RADIOIODINE REFRACTORY THYROID CANCERS (RAIR TC) IS CHALLENGING FOR THE CLINICIAN. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS CLASSICALLY PRESCRIBED IN THIS SETTING CAN FAIL DUE TO PRIMARY OR ACQUIRED RESISTANCE OR THE NECESSITY OF DRUG WITHDRAWAL BECAUSE OF SERIOUS OR MODERATE BUT CHRONIC AND DELETERIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS. THUS, THE CONCEPT OF REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY, WHICH INVOLVES TREATING PATIENTS WITH ONE OR MORE DRUGS CAPABLE OF RESTORING RADIOIODINE SENSITIVITY FOR RAIR TC, HAS EMERGED. THE AREA OF REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY LEADS TO THE CREATION OF NEW DEFINITIONS OF RAIR TC INCLUDING PERSISTENT NON RADIOIODINE-AVID PATIENTS AND 'TRUE' RAIR TC PATIENTS. THE LATTER GROUP PRESENTS A RESTORED OR INCREASED RADIOIODINE UPTAKE IN METASTATIC LESIONS BUT WITH NO RADIOLOGICAL RESPONSE ON CONVENTIONAL IMAGING, THAT IS, PROGRESSION OF A METASTATIC DISEASE, THUS PROVING THAT THEY ARE 'TRULY' RESISTANT TO THE RADIATION DELIVERED BY RADIOIODINE. UNLIKE THESE PATIENTS, METASTATIC TC PATIENTS WITH RESTORED RADIOIODINE UPTAKE OFFER THE HOPE OF PROLONGED REMISSION OR EVEN CURE OF THE DISEASE AS FOR RADIOIODINE-AVID METASTATIC TC. HERE, WE REVIEW THE DIFFERENT REDIFFERENTIATION STRATEGIES BASED ON THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISM LEADING TO THE SODIUM IODIDE SYMPORTER (NIS) AND RADIOIODINE UPTAKE REINDUCTION, THAT IS, BY MODULATING SIGNALING PATHWAYS, NIS TRANSCRIPTION, NIS TRAFFICKING TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE, NIS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, BY GENE THERAPY AND OTHER POTENTIAL STRATEGIES. WE DISCUSS CLINICAL TRIALS AND PROMISING PRECLINICAL DATA OF POTENTIAL FUTURE TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2 1688  33 DUAL BET/HDAC INHIBITION TO RELIEVE NEUROPATHIC PAIN: RECENT ADVANCES, PERSPECTIVES, AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES. DESPITE THE INTENSE RESEARCH ON DEVELOPING NEW THERAPIES FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN STATES, AVAILABLE TREATMENTS HAVE LIMITED EFFICACY AND UNFAVORABLE SAFETY PROFILES. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE A GREAT INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES, AS WELL AS NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HISTONE ACETYLATION HAS PREVAILED AS ONE OF THE WELL INVESTIGATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THESE DISEASES. ALTERED SPINAL ACTIVITY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) AND BROMO AND EXTRA TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS AND RESTORATION OF THESE ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SHOWED PAIN-RELIEVING ACTIVITY. OVER THE LAST DECADES HDACS AND BETS HAVE BEEN THE FOCUS OF DRUG DISCOVERY STUDIES, LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMEROUS SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS. CLINICAL TRIALS TO EVALUATE THEIR ANTICANCER ACTIVITY SHOWED GOOD EFFICACY BUT RAISED TOXICITY CONCERNS THAT LIMITED TRANSLATION TO THE CLINIC. TO MAXIMIZE ACTIVITY AND MINIMIZE TOXICITY, THESE COMPOUNDS CAN BE APPLIED IN COMBINATION OF SUB-MAXIMAL DOSES TO PRODUCE ADDITIVE OR SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS (COMBINATION THERAPY). RECENTLY, OF PARTICULAR INTEREST, DUAL BET/HDAC INHIBITORS (MULTI-TARGET DRUGS) HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO ASSURE SIMULTANEOUS MODULATION OF BET AND HDAC ACTIVITY BY A SINGLE MOLECULE. THIS REVIEW WILL SUMMARIZE THE MOST RECENT ADVANCES WITH THESE STRATEGIES, DESCRIBING ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF SINGLE DRUG TREATMENT VS COMBINATION REGIMENS. THIS REVIEW WILL ALSO PROVIDE A FOCUS ON DUAL BET/HDAC DRUG DISCOVERY INVESTIGATIONS AS FUTURE THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITY FOR HUMAN THERAPY OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3 4918  30 PANCREATIC CANCER: FROM BENCH TO 5-YEAR SURVIVAL. PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA IS ONE OF THE MOST AGGRESSIVE HUMAN MALIGNANCIES, WITH AN OVERALL 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE OF LESS THAN 4%. ON THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON GROWTH FACTORS AND RELATED PATHWAYS. SMALL-MOLECULE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ANTIBODIES, AND OTHER APPROACHES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN RECENT YEARS TO TARGET THESE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS, AND FIRST CLINICAL TRIALS SHOW ENCOURAGING RESULTS. IN ADDITION, MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT ENABLE THE CANCER CELLS TO INVADE THE PERINEURIUM AND THE RETROPERITONEAL SPACE, THUS EXPLAINING AT LEAST IN PART THE HIGH RATE OF LOCAL RECURRENCE AND THE SEVERE PAIN SYNDROME. TECHNICALLY, PANCREATIC SURGERY HAS ADVANCED, WITH ACCEPTABLE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATES IN HIGH-VOLUME CENTERS. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS ARE INCREASINGLY CARRIED OUT TO DEFINE THE BEST PALLIATIVE AND ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR THIS DISEASE. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH COMBINED WITH CLINICAL TRIALS WILL HOPEFULLY LEAD TO IMPROVED SURVIVAL AND BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PANCREATIC CANCER PATIENTS IN THE FUTURE.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
4  943  27 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE CATEGORIES: THOSE WHO ARE MINIMALLY AFFECTED BY THE PROBLEM, OFTEN NEVER REQUIRING THERAPY; THOSE THAT INITIALLY FOLLOW AN INDOLENT COURSE BUT SUBSEQUENTLY PROGRESS AND REQUIRE THERAPY; AND THOSE THAT FROM THE POINT OF DIAGNOSIS EXHIBIT AN AGGRESSIVE DISEASE NECESSITATING TREATMENT. LIKEWISE, SUCH PATIENTS PASS THROUGH THREE PHASES: DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE, DIAGNOSIS, AND NEED FOR THERAPY. FINALLY, THE LEUKEMIC CLONES OF ALL PATIENTS APPEAR TO REQUIRE CONTINUOUS INPUT FROM THE EXTERIOR, MOST OFTEN THROUGH MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, TO ALLOW THEM TO SURVIVE AND GROW. THIS REVIEW IS PRESENTED ACCORDING TO THE TEMPORAL COURSE THAT THE DISEASE FOLLOWS, FOCUSING ON THOSE EXTERNAL INFLUENCES FROM THE TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT (TME) THAT SUPPORT THE TIME LINES AS WELL AS THOSE INTERNAL INFLUENCES THAT ARE INHERITED OR DEVELOP AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES OCCURRING OVER THE TIME LINE. REGARDING THE FORMER, SPECIAL EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE INPUT PROVIDED VIA THE B-CELL RECEPTOR FOR ANTIGEN AND THE C-X-C-MOTIF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR-4 AND THE THERAPEUTIC AGENTS THAT BLOCK THESE INPUTS. REGARDING THE LATTER, PROMINENCE IS LAID UPON INHERITED SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES AND THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENTAL AND PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5 5830  38 STRESS, THYROID DYSREGULATION, AND THYROID CANCER IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: PROPOSED IMPENDING MECHANISMS. STRESS IS A POTENTIAL CATALYST FOR THYROID DYSREGULATION THROUGH CROSS-COMMUNICATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID (HPT) AXES. STRESS AND STRESSORS EXPOSURE MOTIVATES MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AFFECTING COMPOUND FEEDBACK LOOPS OF THE HPT AXIS. WHILE THERE IS EVIDENCE OF CONNECTION BETWEEN STRESS AND THYROID DYSREGULATION, THE QUESTION WHETHER THIS CONNECTION IS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID CANCER (TC) REMAINS UNANSWERED. IN VIEW OF THE RISING INCIDENCE OF TC IN BOTH ADULTS AND CHILDREN ALONGSIDE THE INCREASING STRESS IN OUR MODERN SOCIETY, THERE IS A NEED TO UNDERSTAND POSSIBLE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN STRESS, THYROID DYSREGULATION, AND TC. PROLONGED GLUCOCORTICOID SECRETION DUE TO STRESS INTERFERES WITH IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE BY ALTERING THE CYTOKINES, INDUCING LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND SUPPRESSING FUNCTION OF IMMUNE-PROTECTIVE CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS A RISK FACTOR LINKED TO TC. THE ROLE OF AUTOIMMUNITY HAS BEEN A MATTER OF CONTROVERSY. HOWEVER, THERE IS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE (AITD) AND TC; PATIENTS WITH AITD SHOW INCREASED INCIDENCE IN PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA (PTC), AND THOSE WITH TC SHOW A HIGH PREVALENCE OF INTRATHYROIDAL LYMPHOCYTE INFILTRATION AND THYROID AUTOANTIBODIES. TIMING AND DURATION-DEPENDENT EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS) HAS AN IMPACT ON THYROID DEVELOPMENT, FUNCTION, AND PROLIFERATION, LEADING TO THYROID DISEASE AND POTENTIALLY CANCER. THYROID HORMONE IMBALANCE, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND EDCS ARE POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR OXIDATIVE STRESS. OXYGEN FREE RADICALS ARE CAPABLE OF CAUSING DNA DAMAGE VIA STIMULATION OF THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATING PROTEIN KINASE OR PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL-3-KINASE AND/OR NUCLEAR FACTOR KB PATHWAYS, RESULTING IN TC-ASSOCIATED GENE MUTATIONS SUCH AS RET/PTC, AKAP9-BRAF, NTRK1, RAASF, PIK3CA, AND PTEN. STRESSFUL EVENTS DURING THE CRITICAL PERIODS OF PRENATAL AND EARLY LIFE CAN INFLUENCE NEUROENDOCRINE REGULATION AND INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES SUCH AS P16INK4A, RASSF, AND PTEN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PTC; HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION IS SHOWN TO BE HIGHER IN TC, AND THYROID-SPECIFIC NONCODING RNAS ARE DOWNREGULATED IN PTC. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE ABOVE PROPOSED MECHANISMS THAT POTENTIALLY LEAD TO THYROID TUMORIGENESIS WITH THE AIM TO HELP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR TC.	2023	

6 5447  41 REPOSITIONING LIDOCAINE AS AN ANTICANCER DRUG: THE ROLE BEYOND ANESTHESIA. WHILE CANCER TREATMENT HAS IMPROVED DRAMATICALLY, IT HAS ALSO ENCOUNTERED MANY CRITICAL CHALLENGES, SUCH AS DISEASE RECURRENCE, METASTASIS, AND DRUG RESISTANCE, MAKING NEW DRUGS WITH NOVEL MECHANISMS AN URGENT CLINICAL NEED. THE TERM "DRUG REPOSITIONING," ALSO KNOWN AS OLD DRUGS FOR NEW USES, HAS EMERGED AS ONE PRACTICAL STRATEGY TO DEVELOP NEW ANTICANCER DRUGS. ANESTHETICS HAVE BEEN WIDELY USED IN SURGICAL PROCEDURES TO REDUCE THE EXCRUCIATING PAIN. LIDOCAINE, ONE OF THE MOST-USED LOCAL ANESTHETICS IN CLINICAL SETTINGS, HAS BEEN FOUND TO SHOW MULTI-ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING POTENTIAL IN CANCER TREATMENT. GROWING EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT LIDOCAINE MAY NOT ONLY WORK AS A CHEMOSENSITIZER THAT SENSITIZES OTHER CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS TO CERTAIN RESISTANT CANCER CELLS, BUT ALSO COULD SUPPRESS CANCER CELLS GROWTH BY SINGLE USE AT DIFFERENT DOSES OR CONCENTRATIONS. LIDOCAINE COULD SUPPRESS CANCER CELL GROWTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO VIA MULTIPLE MECHANISMS, SUCH AS REGULATING EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND PROMOTING PRO-APOPTOSIS PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS REGULATING ABC TRANSPORTERS, METASTASIS, AND ANGIOGENESIS, ETC., PROVIDING VALUABLE INFORMATION FOR ITS FURTHER APPLICATION IN CANCER TREATMENT AND FOR NEW DRUG DISCOVERY. IN ADDITION, LIDOCAINE IS NOW UNDER CLINICAL TRIALS TO TREAT CERTAIN TYPES OF CANCER. IN THE CURRENT REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE RESEARCH AND ANALYZE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS, AND ADDRESS KEY ISSUES IN THIS AREA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7 5038  22 PHARMACOGENETICS OF CHRONIC PAIN AND ITS TREATMENT. THIS PAPER REVIEWS THE IMPACT OF GENETIC VARIABILITY OF DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYMES, TRANSPORTERS, RECEPTORS, AND PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC PAIN PERCEPTION ON THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ANALGESICS AND OTHER DRUGS USED FOR CHRONIC PAIN TREATMENT. SEVERAL CANDIDATE GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THE LITERATURE, WHILE THERE IS USUALLY ONLY LIMITED CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUBSTANTIATING FOR THE PENETRATION OF THE TESTING FOR THESE CANDIDATE BIOMARKERS INTO THE CLINICAL PRACTICE. FURTHER, THE PAIN-PERCEPTION REGULATION AND MODULATION ARE STILL NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, AND THUS MORE COMPLEX KNOWLEDGE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND FOR ANALGESIA WILL BE NEEDED PRIOR TO THE CLINICAL USE OF THE CANDIDATE GENETIC BIOMARKERS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8 5162  36 PRECISION MEDICINE DRIVEN BY CANCER SYSTEMS BIOLOGY. MOLECULAR INSIGHTS FROM GENOME AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY ARE INFLUENCING HOW CANCER IS DIAGNOSED AND TREATED. WE CRITICALLY EVALUATE BIG DATA CHALLENGES IN PRECISION MEDICINE. THE MELANOMA RESEARCH COMMUNITY HAS IDENTIFIED DISTINCT SUBTYPES INVOLVING CHRONIC SUN-INDUCED DAMAGE AND THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE DRIVER PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, DESPITE LOW MUTATION BURDEN, NON-GENOMIC MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE MELANOMA DRIVERS ARE FOUND IN MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, METABOLISM, OR EPIGENETIC SIGNALING WITH THE ABILITY TO BYPASS CENTRAL MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE MOLECULES AND ACTIVATING A SIMILAR PROGRAM OF MITOGENIC EFFECTORS. MUTATION HOTSPOTS, STRUCTURAL MODELING, UV SIGNATURE, AND GENOMIC AS WELL AS NON-GENOMIC MECHANISMS OF DISEASE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION TO IDENTIFY RESISTANCE MUTATIONS AND NOVEL DRUG TARGETS. A COMPREHENSIVE PRECISION MEDICINE PROFILE OF A MALIGNANT MELANOMA PATIENT ILLUSTRATES FUTURE RATIONAL DRUG TARGETING STRATEGIES. NETWORK ANALYSIS EMPHASIZES AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC MASTER REGULATORS IN ONCOGENESIS. CO-OCCURRENCE OF DRIVER MUTATIONS IN SIGNALING, METABOLIC, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HIGHLIGHTS HOW CUMULATIVE ALTERATIONS OF OUR GENOMES AND EPIGENOMES PROGRESSIVELY LEAD TO UNCONTROLLED CELL PROLIFERATION. PRECISION INSIGHTS HAVE THE ABILITY TO IDENTIFY INDEPENDENT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS SUITABLE FOR DRUG TARGETING. SYNERGISTIC TREATMENT COMBINATIONS OF ORTHOGONAL MODALITIES INCLUDING IMMUNOTHERAPY, MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS, EPIGENETIC INHIBITORS, AND METABOLIC INHIBITORS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO OVERCOME IMMUNE EVASION, SIDE EFFECTS, AND DRUG RESISTANCE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9  789  38 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DRIVING NEUROPATHIC PAIN: RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND CHALLENGES. CURRENT PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS FOR NEUROPATHIC PAIN OFFER ONLY SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF WITHOUT TREATING THE UNDERLYING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. ADDITIONALLY, THEY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS DOSE-LIMITING SIDE EFFECTS. PAIN RESEARCH IN THE PAST FEW DECADES HAS REVOLVED AROUND THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE-NITROSATIVE STRESS, PROTEIN KINASES, GLIAL CELL ACTIVATION, AND INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING CASCADES BUT HAS FAILED TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC AND EFFECTIVE THERAPIES. AREAS COVERED: THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON RECENT ADVANCES IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN THAT MAY BE TRANSLATED INTO FUTURE THERAPIES. WE DISCUSS EMERGING TARGETS SUCH AS WNT SIGNALING MECHANISMS, THE TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN PATHWAY, MRG RECEPTORS, ENDOGENOUS LIPID MEDIATORS, MICRO-RNAS AND THEIR ROLES IN PAIN REGULATION. RECENT EVIDENCE IS ALSO PRESENTED REGARDING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF PAIN MODULATION. EXPERT OPINION: DURING CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN, MALADAPTATION OCCURS IN THE PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS, INCLUDING A SHIFT IN MICROGLIAL PHENOTYPE FROM A SURVEILLANCE STATE TO AN ACTIVATED STATE. MICROGLIAL ACTIVATION LEADS TO AN ALTERED EXPRESSION OF CELL SURFACE PROTEINS, GROWTH FACTORS, AND INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING MOLECULES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPMENT OF A NEUROINFLAMMATORY CASCADE AND CHRONIC PAIN SENSITIZATION. SPECIFIC TARGETING OF THESE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS MAY PROVIDE THE KEY TO DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE NEUROPATHIC PAIN THERAPIES THAT HAVE MINIMAL SIDE EFFECTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 6675  34 USING EPIGENETIC THERAPY TO OVERCOME CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE. IT HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR DECADES THAT AS CANCER PROGRESSES, TUMORS DEVELOP GENETIC ALTERATIONS, MAKING THEM HIGHLY PRONE TO DEVELOPING RESISTANCE TO THERAPIES. CLASSICALLY, IT HAS BEEN THOUGHT THAT THESE ACQUIRED GENETIC CHANGES ARE FIXED. THIS HAS LED TO THE PARADIGM OF MOVING FROM ONE CANCER THERAPY TO THE NEXT WHILE AVOIDING PAST THERAPIES. HOWEVER, EMERGING DATA ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING TUMOR PROGRESSION AND USE OF EPIGENETIC THERAPIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE REVERSIBLE WITH EPIGENETIC THERAPY. IN FACT, PROMISING CLINICAL DATA EXIST THAT TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS CAN DIMINISH CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE IN A NUMBER OF TUMOR TYPES INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA, COLORECTAL, OVARIAN, LUNG AND BREAST CANCER. THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC-MODIFYING DRUGS TO ALLOW FOR TREATMENT OF RESISTANT DISEASE IS EXCITING AND CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE JUST BEGUN TO EVALUATE THIS AREA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11 4852  26 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR PEDIATRIC CANCERS. THE USE OF TARGETED SMALL-MOLECULE THERAPEUTICS AND IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS HAS BEEN LIMITED TO DATE IN PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY. RECENTLY, THE NUMBER OF PEDIATRIC APPROVALS HAS RISEN, AND REGULATORY INITIATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE HAVE AIMED TO INCREASE THE STUDY OF NOVEL ANTICANCER THERAPIES IN CHILDREN. CHALLENGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN INCLUDE THE RARITY OF INDIVIDUAL CANCER DIAGNOSES AND THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF DIFFICULT-TO-DRUG TARGETS, INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. ONGOING PEDIATRIC ADAPTATION OF BIOMARKER-DRIVEN TRIAL DESIGNS AND FURTHER EXPLORATION OF AGENTS TARGETING NON-KINASE DRIVERS CONSTITUTE HIGH-PRIORITY OBJECTIVES FOR FUTURE PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY DRUG DEVELOPMENT. SIGNIFICANCE: INCREASING ATTENTION TO DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR CHILDREN WITH CANCER BY REGULATORS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES HOLDS THE PROMISE OF ACCELERATING THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW THERAPIES FOR CHILDREN WITH CANCER, POTENTIALLY IMPROVING SURVIVAL AND DECREASING THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITIES OF THERAPY. HOWEVER, UNIQUE APPROACHES ARE NECESSARY TO STUDY NOVEL THERAPIES IN CHILDREN THAT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT LOW PATIENT NUMBERS, THE PEDIATRIC CANCER GENOMIC LANDSCAPE AND TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT, AND THE NEED FOR PEDIATRIC FORMULATIONS. IT IS ALSO CRITICAL TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL FOR UNIQUE TOXICITIES IN GROWING HOSTS WITHOUT AFFECTING THE PACE OF DISCOVERY FOR CHILDREN WITH THESE LIFE-THREATENING DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
12 5839  32 STROKE RECOVERY ENHANCING THERAPIES: LESSONS FROM RECENT CLINICAL TRIALS. POSTSTROKE RECOVERY PROCESSES INCLUDE RESTORATION OR COMPENSATION OF FUNCTION, RESPECTIVELY FUNCTIONS INITIALLY LOST OR NEW FUNCTIONS ACQUIRED AFTER AN INJURY. THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS CAN ENHANCE THESE PROCESSES AND/OR REDUCE PROCESSES IMPEDING REGENERATION. NUMEROUS EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGEST GREAT OPPORTUNITIES FOR SUCH TREATMENTS, BUT THE RESULTS FROM RECENT LARGE CLINICAL TRIALS USING NEUROMODULATORS SUCH AS DOPAMINE AND FLUOXETINE ARE DISAPPOINTING. THE REASONS FOR THIS ARE MANIFOLD AFFECTING FORWARD TRANSLATION OF RESULTS FROM ANIMALS MODELS INTO THE HUMAN SITUATION. THIS "TRANSLATIONAL ROAD BLOCK" IS DEFINED BY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMALS AND HUMANS WITH REGARD TO THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND, SIZE AND ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN, CEREBRAL VASCULAR ANATOMY, IMMUNE SYSTEM, AS WELL AS CLINICAL FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR. BACKWARD BLOCKADE INCLUDES THE INCOMPATIBLE ADAPTION OF TARGETS AND OUTCOMES IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH REGARD TO PRIOR PRECLINICAL FINDINGS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE DESIGN OF CLINICAL RECOVERY TRIALS VARIES WIDELY AND WAS CHARACTERIZED BY THE SELECTION OF DIFFERENT CLINICAL ENDPOINTS, THE INCLUSION A BROAD SPECTRUM OF STROKE SUBTYPES AND CLINICAL SYNDROMES AS WELL AS DIFFERENT TIME WINDOWS FOR TREATMENT INITIATION AFTER INFARCT ONSET. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS THESE ASPECTS BASED ON THE RESULTS OF THE RECENT STROKE RECOVERY TRIALS WITH THE GOAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE CURRENTLY BIGGEST UNMET NEED IN STROKE RESEARCH - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RECOVERY ENHANCING THERAPY THAT IMPROVES THE FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME OF A CHRONIC STROKE PATIENT.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
13 4429  35 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER. CANCER IS A GENETIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY UNCONTROLLED CELL GROWTH AND METASTASIS. CANCER CAN HAVE A NUMBER OF CAUSES, SUCH THE ACTIVATION OF ONCOGENES, THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSING GENES, MUTAGENESIS PROVOKED BY EXTERNAL FACTORS, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS AND TREATMENTS USING A MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL APPROACH PERMITS THE USE OF SENSITIVE, LOW-COST, NONINVASIVE TESTS FOR CANCER PATIENTS. BIOMARKERS CAN BE USED TO PROVIDE RAPID, PERSONALIZED ONCOLOGY, IN PARTICULAR THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, AND GASTRIC, COLON, AND BREAST CANCERS. MOLECULAR TESTS BASED ON DNA METHYLATION CAN ALSO BE USED TO DIRECT TREATMENTS OR EVALUATE THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY. THE ADEQUATE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND PREDICTION OF THE RESPONSE OF CANCER PATIENTS TO TREATMENT ARE ESSENTIAL TO ENSURE THE MOST EFFECTIVE THERAPY, REDUCE THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF TREATMENT, AND DIRECT THE THERAPY TO SPECIFIC TARGETS, AND IN THIS CONTEXT, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT IN ONCOLOGY. IN THIS BRIEF REVIEW, WE WILL DEMONSTRATE THE FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF THREE TYPES OF CANCER-CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, HEREDITARY DIFFUSE GASTRIC CANCER, AND ASTROCYTOMAS (SPORADIC TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM). IN EACH OF THESE THREE MODELS, DISTINCT BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CELLS, BUT IN ALL CASES, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED ANALYSES FOR EACH PATIENT AND EACH TYPE OF NEOPLASIA, AND TO GUARANTEE THE SUCCESS OF THE TREATMENT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
14 1882  31 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
15  389  21 AN INTEGRATIVE HYPOTHESIS LINKING CANCER, DIABETES AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS: THE ROLE OF MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. IT APPEARS THAT THE DISEASE STATES OF CANCER, ALTHEROSCLEROSIS AND DIABETES MIGHT SHARE A COMMON ETIOLOGY. THESE CHRONIC DISEASES APPEAR TO BE MULTI-STAGED IN THEIR PROGRESSION, WITH GENETIC, NUTRITIONAL, PSYCHO-SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND VIRAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THEIR APPEARANCE. WE OFFERED A HYPOTHESIS (A "MUTATION THEORY OF DISEASE"), STATING THAT THESE DISEASES CAN BE DESCRIBED BY INITIATION AND PROMOTION PHASES; INITIATION BEING THE RESULT OF THE PRODUCTION OF MUTATED CELLS AFTER UNREPAIRED DAMAGED DNA IS REPLICATED; PROMOTION BEING THE SELECTIVE PROLIFERATION OF THE INITIATED CELLS TO FORM CLONES OF MUTATED CELLS. IT WAS FURTHER POSTULATED THAT PROMOTION AFFECTS CELL PROLIFERATION BY ALTERING A MEMBRANE-CA++ REGULATORY SYSTEM. DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE MUTATION IN THE CLONE OF CELLS, SPECIFIC DISEASE STATES WOULD RESULT. THE ROLES OF RADIATIONS, CHEMICALS, VIRUSES, GENES, NUTRITION AND PSYCHO-SOCIAL STRESS WERE RELATED TO EITHER THE INITIATION (MUTATION PRODUCTION) OR THE PROMOTION (CELL PROLIFERATION) PHASE OF THESE DISEASES.	1980	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16 3958  41 LONG NON-CODING RNAS IN BONE METASTASIS: PROGRESSES AND PERSPECTIVES AS POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. IN A PRECISION MEDICINE PERSPECTIVE, AMONG THE BIOMARKERS POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCERS, AS WELL AS TO DEFINE THEIR PROGNOSIS AND EVENTUALLY TO IDENTIFY NOVEL AND MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS, THERE ARE THE LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS). THE TERM LNCRNA IDENTIFIES A CLASS OF NON-CODING RNA MOLECULES INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION THAT INTERVENE AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND EPIGENETIC LEVEL. METASTASIS IS A NATURAL EVOLUTION OF SOME MALIGNANT TUMOURS, FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CANCERS. ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF METASTASIS REPRESENTS A DETRIMENTAL EVENT THAT WORSEN THE PATIENT'S PROGNOSIS BY PROFOUNDLY INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OMINOUS PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE. DUE TO THE PECULIAR ENVIRONMENT AND THE BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES, BONE IS A PREFERENTIAL SITE FOR THE SECONDARY GROWTH OF BREAST, PROSTATE AND LUNG CANCERS. UNFORTUNATELY, ONLY PALLIATIVE AND PAIN THERAPIES ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE FOR PATIENTS WITH BONE METASTASES, WHILE NO EFFECTIVE AND DEFINITIVE TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE. THE UNDERSTANDING OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BONE METASTASIS FORMATION AND PROGRESSION, AS WELL AS THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT, ARE CENTRAL BUT CHALLENGING TOPICS IN BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW MOLECULAR SPECIES THAT MAY HAVE A ROLE AS EARLY HALLMARKS OF THE METASTATIC PROCESS COULD OPEN THE DOOR TO THE DEFINITION OF NEW, AND MORE EFFECTIVE, THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES. NON-CODING RNAS SPECIES AND, PARTICULARLY, LNCRNAS ARE PROMISING COMPOUNDS IN THIS SETTING, AND THEIR STUDY MAY BRING TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT PROCESSES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF LNCRNAS AS EMERGING MOLECULES IN MEDIATING THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BONE METASTASES, AS POSSIBLE BIOMARKERS FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS, AND AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO COUNTERACT CANCER SPREAD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17 6807  27 [EPIGENETICS AND PAIN]. CHRONIC PAIN AFFECTS APPROXIMATELY 20 % OF ADULTS WORLDWIDE AND IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND VARIOUS COMORBIDITIES. CONVENTIONAL ANALGESIC THERAPIES ARE FREQUENTLY INSUFFICIENT AND SOMETIMES LEAD TO SEVERE SIDE EFFECTS. THEREFORE, GREAT EFFORTS ARE STILL BEING MADE TO ELUCIDATE THE SIGNALLING PATHWAYS IN PAIN AND TO DEVELOP NEW, SAFE AND EFFECTIVE THERAPIES. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WHICH INTERFERE WITH THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION ARE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SEVERAL DISEASES AND ARE GAINING INCREASING IMPETUS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH. AS THEY ARE ALSO INVOLVED IN PAIN PROCESSING, A MODULATION OF THESE MECHANISMS MIGHT REPRESENT A NOVEL OPTION FOR THE THERAPY OF PAIN PATIENTS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 2728  32 EXPLORING EPIGENETIC AND MICRORNA APPROACHES FOR GAMMA-GLOBIN GENE REGULATION. THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AIMED AT INDUCING FETAL HEMOGLOBIN AND REDUCING THE CONCENTRATION OF SICKLE HEMOGLOBIN IS AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO AMELIORATING ACUTE AND CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE, EXEMPLIFIED BY THE LONG-TERM USE OF HYDROXYUREA. HOWEVER, THERE REMAINS AN UNMET NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL SAFE AND EFFECTIVE DRUGS FOR SINGLE AGENT OR COMBINATION THERAPY FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH BETA-HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES. REGULATION OF THE GAMMA-GLOBIN TO BETA-GLOBIN SWITCH IS ACHIEVED BY CHROMATIN REMODELING AT THE HBB LOCUS ON CHROMOSOME 11 AND INTERACTIONS OF MAJOR DNA BINDING PROTEINS, SUCH AS KLF1 AND BCL11A IN THE PROXIMAL PROMOTERS OF THE GLOBIN GENES. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ALSO SUPPORTS A ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION/METHYLATION, AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN GAMMA-GLOBIN GENE SILENCING DURING DEVELOPMENT. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN GAMMA-GLOBIN GENE REGULATION AND DISCUSS DATA GENERATED IN TISSUE CULTURE, PRE-CLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS, AND CLINICAL TRIALS TO SUPPORT DRUG DEVELOPMENT TO DATE. THE QUESTION REMAINS WHETHER MODULATION OF EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS WILL PRODUCE SUFFICIENT EFFICACY AND SPECIFICITY FOR FETAL HEMOGLOBIN INDUCTION AND TO WHAT EXTENT TARGETING THESE PATHWAYS FORM THE BASIS OF PROSPECTS FOR CLINICAL THERAPY.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19 6320  35 THE ROCKY ROAD TO PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE MYELOID BLOOD LINEAGE CHARACTERIZED BY IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION AND INCREASED PROLIFERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS. RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE LED TO AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF AML BIOLOGY BUT ALSO UNCOVERED THE ENORMOUS CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF THE DISEASE. DESPITE THIS HETEROGENEITY, AML IS MOSTLY MANAGED BY A 'ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL' APPROACH CONSISTING OF INTENSIVE, HIGHLY TOXIC INDUCTION AND CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY. THESE TREATMENT PROTOCOLS HAVE REMAINED LARGELY UNCHANGED FOR THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES AND ONLY LEAD TO A CURE IN APPROXIMATELY 30-35% OF CASES. THE ADVENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND OTHER MALIGNANCIES HAS SPARKED HOPE TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOME IN AML. HOWEVER, THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TARGETED AGENTS IN AML THERAPY HAS BEEN UNEXPECTEDLY CUMBERSOME AND REMAINS A DIFFICULT TASK DUE TO A VARIETY OF DISEASE- AND PATIENT-SPECIFIC FACTORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE CURRENT STANDARD AND INVESTIGATIONAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES WITH A FOCUS ON TARGETED AGENTS AND HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL TOOLS THAT MIGHT FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THIS FATAL DISEASE. THE CLASSES OF AGENTS DESCRIBED IN THIS REVIEW INCLUDE CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED SIGNALLING PATHWAY INHIBITORS, SURFACE RECEPTOR TARGETS, EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, DRUGS TARGETING THE INTERACTION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELL WITH THE STROMA AND DRUGS THAT TARGET THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY. THE CLINICAL CONTEXT AND OUTCOME WITH THESE AGENTS WILL BE EXAMINED TO GAIN INSIGHT ABOUT THEIR OPTIMAL UTILIZATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20 6566  35 TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVES TO TREAT EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA-WHERE DO WE STAND? EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA (EB) IS THE PROTOTYPICAL EXAMPLE OF GENETIC SKIN FRAGILITY DISORDERS. GENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY, MODIFIER GENES, EPIGENETIC, BIOCHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ALTER AND DETERMINE PATHOGENIC TRAITS AND, ULTIMATELY, THE WIDE AND STRIKING PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY IN EB. BESIDES THE PRIMARY STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL DEFECT, CHRONIC TISSUE DAMAGE WITH INDUCTION AND DYSREGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS IS A COMMON PATHOGENIC MECHANISM IN EB. IN LOCALIZED VARIANTS, THE INFLAMMATORY ABERRATIONS MAY MAINLY AFFECT THE MICROMILIEU OF LESIONAL SKIN, WHILE A SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE WAS SHOWN TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE SYSTEMIC MORBIDITY IN SEVERE EB SUBTYPES WITH EXTENSIVE CUTANEOUS INVOLVEMENT. OUR CONTINUED UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EB, AS WELL AS ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES, HAS PAVED THE WAY FOR TRANSLATIONAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. THE SPECTRUM COMPRISES OF CORRECTIVE AND SYMPTOM-RELIEVING THERAPIES THAT INCLUDE INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS GARNERED FROM THE BENCH, REPURPOSED DRUGS APPROVED FOR OTHER DISEASES, AS WELL AS STRATEGIES FOR GENE-, PROTEIN- AND CELL-BASED THERAPIES. IMMUNOLOGICAL TRAITS FURTHER DEFINE NEW TARGETS OF THERAPY, AIMED AT IMPROVING SKIN BARRIER RESTORATION, MICROBIAL SURVEILLANCE AND INFECTION CONTROL, WOUND HEALING AND ANTI-NEOPLASTIC EFFECTS. CLINICAL AVAILABILITY AND FEASIBILITY OF THESE APPROACHES FOR ALL EB PATIENTS AND SUBTYPES ARE CURRENTLY LIMITED, REFLECTING ISSUES OF EFFICACY, SPECIFICITY, TOLERABILITY AND SAFETY. A MULTISTEP TARGETING APPROACH AND HIGHLY INDIVIDUALIZED, RISK-STRATIFIED COMBINATORY TREATMENT PLANS WILL THUS BE ESSENTIAL FOR SUSTAINED EFFICACY AND IMPROVED OVERALL QUALITY OF LIFE IN EB.	2020