1 5349 125 RASSF1A AND DOK1 PROMOTER METHYLATION LEVELS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, CIRRHOTIC AND NON-CIRRHOTIC LIVER, AND CORRELATION WITH LIVER CANCER IN BRAZILIAN PATIENTS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE SECOND MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CANCER MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. MOST CASES OF HCC ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CIRRHOSIS RELATED TO CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTIONS. HYPERMETHYLATION OF PROMOTER REGIONS IS THE MAIN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF GENE SILENCING AND HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN HCC DEVELOPMENT. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER ABERRANT METHYLATION OF RASSF1A AND DOK1 GENE PROMOTERS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROGRESSION OF LIVER DISEASE IN BRAZILIAN PATIENTS. METHYLATION LEVELS WERE MEASURED BY PYROSEQUENCING IN 41 (20 HCC, 9 CIRRHOTIC, AND 12 NON-CIRRHOTIC) LIVER TISSUE SAMPLES. MEAN RATES OF METHYLATION IN RASSF1A AND DOK1 WERE 16.2% AND 12.0% IN NON-CIRRHOTIC, 26.1% AND 19.6% IN CIRRHOTIC, AND 59.1% AND 56.0% IN HCC TISSUES, RESPECTIVELY, SHOWING A GRADUAL INCREASE ACCORDING TO THE PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE, WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER LEVELS IN TUMOR TISSUES. IN ADDITION, HYPERMETHYLATION OF RASSF1A AND DOK1 WAS FOUND IN THE VAST MAJORITY (88%) OF THE HCC CASES. INTERESTINGLY, DOK1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN HCC SAMPLES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE GROUP OF YOUNGER (<40 YEARS) PATIENTS, AND HIGHER IN MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED THAN IN POORLY DIFFERENTIATED TUMORS (P < 0.05). OUR RESULTS REINFORCE THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF RASSF1A AND DOK1 CONTRIBUTES TO HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS AND IS ASSOCIATED TO CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. RASSF1A AND DOK1 PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION MAY BE A VALUABLE BIOMARKER FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF HCC AND A POTENTIAL MOLECULAR TARGET FOR EPIGENETIC-BASED THERAPY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 4220  50 METHYLATED CYSTEINE DIOXYGENASE-1 GENE PROMOTER IN THE SERUM IS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. EPIGENETIC ANALYSIS HAS ATTRACTED INCREASING ATTENTION IN THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. CYSTEINE DIOXYGENASE 1 (CDO1) IS A KEY ENZYME IN THE TAURINE BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY AND CONVERTS CYSTEINE TO CYSTEINE SULFINATE. THE CDO1 GENE IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE AND IS USUALLY SILENCED BY THE METHYLATION OF ITS PROMOTER IN CARCINOGENESIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE EVALUATED WHETHER THE METHYLATION STATUS OF CDO1 GENE PROMOTER IS OF DIAGNOSTIC VALUE FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV)-RELATED HCC. THE CDO1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS WAS DETERMINED IN SERUM SAMPLES USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) IN A COHORT OF 123 PATIENTS WITH HBV-RELATED HCC, 28 WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS (LC), 29 WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) AND 20 HEALTHY CONTROLS. THE FREQUENCY OF THE CDO1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IN HBV-RELATED HCC (42.3%) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN LC (14.3%), CHB (6.9%) AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (0%) (P = 0.006; P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001; RESPECTIVELY). FURTHERMORE, IN HCC PATIENTS, THE FREQUENCY OF CDO1 PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS HIGHER IN ADVANCED STAGES (III-IV) (53%) THAN THE EARLY STAGES (I-II) (20%) (P = 0.001). EVALUATION OF THE CDO1 PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS IN SERUM, IN COMBINATION WITH AFP (> 20 NG/ML), SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE, WITH SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF 82.9% AND 75.4%, RESPECTIVELY IN DISTINGUISHING HCC FROM LC AND CHB. IN CONCLUSION, METHYLATION STATUS OF SERUM CDO1 GENE PROMOTER MAY BE HELPFUL IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HCC AND THE ESTIMATION OF THE HCC STAGES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3 6645  47 UP-REGULATION OF DBPA MRNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME. PURPOSE: METABOLIC SYNDROME (MS) IS A GROUP OF RECOGNIZED RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ANALYZE THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HCC PATIENTS WITH MS AND THE RISK FACTORS FOR RECURRENCE. ALSO, THE AIM WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE COLD SHOCK PROTEIN: DNA-BINDING PROTEIN A (DBPA) EXPRESSION IN HCC PATIENTS WITH MS. METHODS: A TOTAL OF 243 PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT CURATIVE RESECTIONS FOR HCC WERE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO GROUPS. DBPA EXPRESSION WAS INVESTIGATED IN 66 HCC PATIENTS WITH MS AND IN 30 PATIENTS WITHOUT MS BY USING REAL-TIME RT-PCR. PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS WAS EXAMINED BY USING MS-PCR. RESULTS: THE INCIDENCE OF METABOLIC FACTORS AFFECT THE HCC SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN NON-B NON-C PATIENTS THAN IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) PATIENTS (P < 0.001). UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF HCC PATIENTS WITH MS RECURRENCE REVEALED ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST), MULTIPLE TUMORS, LIVER DAMAGE, HEPATIC VEIN INVASION, ADVANCED CANCER STAGES (P < 0.01), ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) AND DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II (P < 0.05) AS RISK FACTORS. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS, AST, MULTIPLE TUMORS, AND HEPATIC VEIN INVASION (P < 0.01) WERE IDENTIFIED AS INDEPENDENT FACTORS FOR THE RECURRENCE. DBPA MRNA WAS HIGHER IN PATIENTS WITH MS THAN IN THOSE WITHOUT MS (P = 0.016), AND IT WAS MOSTLY UPREGULATED IN NON-B NON-C HCC PATIENTS WITH MS THAN IN NON-B NON-C HCC PATIENTS WITHOUT HBV OR HCV. ESPECIALLY, IN HCC PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II, THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHLY UPREGULATED. THE DBPA EXPRESSION WAS REGULATED BY PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IDENTIFIES THAT DBPA MAY ACCELERATE THE HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IN HCC PATIENTS WITH MS VIA INFLAMMATION-INDUCED AND OXIDATIVE STRESS PATHWAYS. THE DEMETHYLATION-RELATED EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION MAY BE ONE OF THE REGULATING FACTORS FOR HCC PATIENTS WITH MS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 5844  41 STUDY OF PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION PROFILES OF RAS ONCOGENES IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA DERIVED FROM HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPE 3A IN PAKISTANI POPULATION. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION CONTRIBUTE TO PROGRESSION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION TO LIFE-THREATENING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) BY PROMOTING THE SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES THROUGH DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND BY CAUSING GENOMIC INSTABILITY THROUGH GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION. HOWEVER FEW STUDIES HAVE ADDRESSED THE PROMOTER REGION HYPOMETHYLATION STATUS OF THE ONCOGENES INVOLVED IN HCV DERIVED HCC. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED THE PROMOTER REGION METHYLATION PATTERN OF RAS ONCOGENES (HRAS, KRAS, AND NRAS) USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR FOR 50 CHRONIC HCV PATIENTS INFECTED WITH GENOTYPE 3A (27 HCC PATIENTS AND 23 CONTROL NON-HCC PATIENTS). METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT THE NRAS ONCOGENE PROMOTER (P = .0025) WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HYPOMETHYLATED IN HCC PATIENTS COMPARED TO THE NON-HCC PATIENTS SUGGESTING ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROGRESSION OF HCV TOWARDS HCC. TO IDENTIFY THE AGENT FOR ALTERATION IN THE RAS ONCOGENE EXPRESSION, 7 HCV GENES WERE EXPRESSED IN THE HUH-7 CELL LINE FOLLOWED BY MEASUREMENT OF THE NRAS EXPRESSION LEVEL IN HUH-7 BY A QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. AN INCREASE IN THE MESSENGER RNA LEVEL OF THE NRAS GENE WAS DETECTED WHEN HUH-7 WERE TRANSFECTED WITH CORE, NS5A, AND NS2 GENES. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THE INVOLVEMENT OF NRAS ONCOGENE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HCV3A DERIVED HCC IN PAKISTANI POPULATION AND ALSO IDENTIFIES THE HCV GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ENHANCED EXPRESSION. OUR STUDY RAISES THE HYPOTHESIS THAT A SINGLE HCV GENE MAY INCREASE THE CHANCES OF MALIGNANCY. THEREFORE, OUR STUDY MAY HAVE IDENTIFIED A USEFUL EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER OF HCC PROGRESSION IN HCV PATIENTS AND MAY HELP TO DEVELOP NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 6488  43 TP53 R72P POLYMORPHISM MODULATES DNA METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS CHARACTERIZED BY WIDESPREAD EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY. PREVIOUS WORK SHOWED THAT IN THE WESTERN PART OF NORTH AFRICA, A REGION OF LOW INCIDENCE OF HCC, MUTATIONS ARE SCARCE FOR THIS TUMOR TYPE. AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE CONSIDERED POSSIBLE SURROGATES TO MUTATIONS IN HUMAN CANCERS, WE DECIDED, THUS, TO CHARACTERIZE DNA METHYLATION IN HCC FROM NORTH-AFRICAN PATIENTS. METHODS: A SET OF 11 LOCI WAS INVESTIGATED IN A SERIES OF 45 TUMOR SPECIMENS USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC AND COMBINED-BISULFITE RESTRICTION ASSAY PCR. RESULTS OBTAINED ON CLINICAL SAMPLES WERE SUBSEQUENTLY VALIDATED IN LIVER CANCER CELL LINES. RESULTS: DNA METHYLATION AT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR LOCI IS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN SAMPLES DISPLAYING CHROMOSOME INSTABILITY. MORE IMPORTANTLY, DNA METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN ARG/ARG WHEN COMPARED TO PRO/PRO GENOTYPE CARRIERS AT CODON 72 RS1042522 OF TP53 (65% VS 20% METHYLATED LOCI, P = 0.0006), A POLYMORPHISM ALREADY KNOWN TO AFFECT SOMATIC MUTATION RATE IN HUMAN CARCINOMAS. IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS IN CELL LINES INDICATED THAT ENZYMES CONTROLLING DNA METHYLATION WERE DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED BY CODON 72 ARG OR PRO ISOFORMS OF P53. FURTHERMORE, THE ARG72-CARRYING VERSION OF P53 WAS SHOWN TO RE-METHYLATE DNA MORE RAPIDLY THAN THE PRO-HARBORING ISOFORM. FINALLY, PRO-CARRYING CELL LINES WERE SHOWN TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE RESISTANT TO DECITABINE TREATMENT (TWO-FOLD, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT ARG72PRO POLYMORPHISM IN A WT P53 CONTEXT MAY ACT AS A PRIMARY DRIVER OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC. IT SUGGESTS, IN ADDITION, THAT RS1042522 GENOTYPE MAY PREDICT SENSITIVITY TO EPIGENETIC-TARGETED THERAPY. THIS MODEL OF LIVER TUMORIGENESIS THAT ASSOCIATES LOW PENETRANCE GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO EPIGENETIC CHANGES EMERGES FROM A REGION OF LOW HCC INCIDENCE AND IT MAY, THEREFORE, APPLY ESSENTIALLY TO POPULATION LIVING IN SIMILAR AREAS. SURVEYS ON POPULATIONS SUBMITTED TO HIGHLY MUTAGENIC CONDITIONS AS PERINATALLY-ACQUIRED CHRONIC HEPATITIS B OR AFLATOXIN B1 EXPOSURE REMAINED TO BE CONDUCTED TO VALIDATE OUR OBSERVATIONS AS A GENERAL MODEL.	2015	
                                                                                          
6 3307  38 HIGH-RESOLUTION GENOMIC PROFILING OF LIVER CANCER LINKS ETIOLOGY WITH MUTATION AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES. BACKGROUND & AIMS: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A MODEL OF A DIVERSE SPECTRUM OF CANCERS BECAUSE IT IS INDUCED BY WELL-KNOWN ETIOLOGIES, MAINLY HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS. HERE, WE AIMED TO IDENTIFY HCV-SPECIFIC MUTATIONAL SIGNATURES AND EXPLORED THE LINK BETWEEN THE HCV-RELATED REGIONAL VARIATION IN MUTATIONS RATES AND HCV-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN GENOME-WIDE CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION. METHODS: TO IDENTIFY AN HCV-SPECIFIC MUTATIONAL SIGNATURE IN HCC, WE PERFORMED HIGH-RESOLUTION TARGETED SEQUENCING TO DETECT PASSENGER MUTATIONS ON 64 HCC SAMPLES FROM 3 ETIOLOGY GROUPS: HEPATITIS B VIRUS, HCV, OR OTHER. TO EXPLORE THE LINK BETWEEN THE GENOMIC SIGNATURE AND GENOME-WIDE CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION WE PERFORMED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING FOR THE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY PERMISSIVE H3K4ME3, H3K9AC, AND SUPPRESSIVE H3K9ME3 MODIFICATIONS AFTER HCV INFECTION. RESULTS: REGIONAL VARIATION IN MUTATION RATE ANALYSIS SHOWED SIGNIFICANT ETIOLOGY-DEPENDENT REGIONAL MUTATION RATES IN 12 GENES: LRP2, KRT84, TMEM132B, DOCK2, DMD, INADL, JAK2, DNAH6, MTMR9, ATM, SLX4, AND ARSD. WE FOUND AN ENRICHMENT OF C->T TRANSVERSION MUTATIONS IN THE HCV-ASSOCIATED HCC CASES. FURTHERMORE, THESE CASES SHOWED REGIONAL VARIATION IN MUTATION RATES ASSOCIATED WITH GENOMIC INTERVALS IN WHICH HCV INFECTION DICTATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. THIS SIGNATURE MAY BE RELATED TO THE HCV-INDUCED DECREASED EXPRESSION OF GENES ENCODING KEY ENZYMES IN THE BASE EXCISION REPAIR PATHWAY. CONCLUSIONS: WE IDENTIFIED NOVEL DISTINCT HCV ETIOLOGY-DEPENDENT MUTATION SIGNATURES IN HCC ASSOCIATED WITH HCV-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE MODIFICATION. THIS STUDY PRESENTS A LINK BETWEEN CANCER-CAUSING MUTAGENESIS AND THE INCREASED PREDISPOSITION TO LIVER CANCER IN CHRONIC HCV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS, AND UNVEILS NOVEL ETIOLOGY-SPECIFIC MECHANISMS LEADING TO HCC AND CANCER IN GENERAL.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7  155  32 ABERRANT METHYLATION OF POLO-LIKE KINASE CPG ISLANDS IN PLK4 HETEROZYGOUS MICE. BACKGROUND: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CANCERS WORLD-WIDE OCCURS TWICE AS OFTEN IN MEN COMPARED TO WOMEN. PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS SUCH AS ALCOHOLISM, CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS, AFLATOXIN B1 INGESTION, AND CIRRHOSIS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. METHODS: WE USED A COMBINATION OF METHYLATION SPECIFIC PCR AND BISULFITE SEQUENCING, QREAL-TIME PCR (QPCR), AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS TO EXAMINE EPIGENETIC CHANGES FOR THE POLO-LIKE KINASES (PLKS) DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN PLK4 HETEROZYGOUS MICE AND MURINE EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS (MEFS). RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT THAT THE PROMOTER METHYLATION OF PLK4 CPG ISLANDS INCREASES WITH AGE, WAS MORE PREVALENT IN MALES AND THAT PLK4 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND SUBSEQUENT DOWNREGULATION OF EXPRESSION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN PLK4 MUTANT MICE. INTERESTINGLY, THE OPPOSITE OCCURS WITH ANOTHER PLK FAMILY MEMBER, PLK1 WHICH WAS TYPICALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IN NORMAL LIVER TISSUE BUT BECAME HYPOMETHYLATED AND UPREGULATED IN LIVER TUMOURS. FURTHERMORE, UPON ALCOHOL EXPOSURE MURINE EMBRYONIC FIBROBLASTS EXHIBITED INCREASED PLK4 HYPERMETHYLATION AND DOWNREGULATION ALONG WITH INCREASED CENTROSOME NUMBERS AND MULTINUCLEATION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT PLK METHYLATION IS CORRELATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC IN MICE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
8  388  45 AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF SOCS1 DOWN-REGULATION IN HBV INFECTION-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION TOGETHER WITH GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION-RELATED HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HERE, WE INVESTIGATED THE ALTERATIONS OF THE SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALLING (SOCS) FAMILY GENES IN HBV-RELATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). A TOTAL OF 116 PATIENTS WITH HCC WERE ENROLLED IN THIS STUDY. THE METHYLATION STATUSES OF SOCS1-7 AND CISH GENES WERE QUANTITATIVELY MEASURED AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCS1 METHYLATION WAS STATISTICALLY ANALYSED. THE GENE COPY NUMBER VARIATION WAS ASSAYED BY ACGH. LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY AND WESTERN BLOT WERE USED TO DETECT THE INVOLVEMENT OF SOCS1 IN P53 SIGNALLING. WE FOUND HIGH FREQUENCIES OF SOCS1 GENE HYPERMETHYLATION IN BOTH TUMOUR (56.03%) AND ADJACENT NONTUMOUR TISSUES (54.31%), BUT TUMOUR TISSUES EXHIBITED INCREASED METHYLATION INTENSITY (24.01% VS 13.11%, P < 0.0001), PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS WITH LARGER TUMOUR SIZE OR CIRRHOSIS BACKGROUND (P < 0.0001). IN ADDITION, THE FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF SOCS1 HYPERMETHYLATION IN TUMOUR TISSUES WERE BOTH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE IN NONTUMOUR TISSUES IN MALE GENDER PATIENTS AND IN PATIENTS >/=45 YEARS OLD (P = 0.0214 AND P < 0.0001, P = 0.0232 AND P < 0.0001, RESPECTIVELY). SOCS1 GENE DELETION WAS FOUND IN 8 OF 25 ACGH ASSAYED TUMOUR SPECIMENS, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER SOCS1 MRNA EXPRESSION (P = 0.0448). FURTHERMORE, ECTOPIC SOCS1 OVEREXPRESSION COULD ACTIVATE THE P53 SIGNALLING PATHWAY IN HCC CELL LINES. HYPERMETHYLATION OF SOCS2-7 AND CISH GENES WAS SELDOM FOUND IN HCC. OUR RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT THE GENE LOSS AND EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SOCS1 WERE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH HBV-RELATED HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9 3125  33 GHSR DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IS A COMMON EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF HIGH DIAGNOSTIC VALUE IN A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CANCERS. IDENTIFICATION OF A SINGLE MOLECULAR TRAIT THAT IS DETERMINANT OF COMMON MALIGNANCIES MAY SERVE AS A POWERFUL DIAGNOSTIC SUPPLEMENT TO CANCER TYPE-SPECIFIC MARKERS. HERE, WE REPORT A DNA METHYLATION MARK THAT IS CHARACTERISTIC OF SEVEN STUDIED MALIGNANCIES, NAMELY CANCERS OF LUNG, BREAST, PROSTATE, PANCREAS, COLORECTUM, GLIOBLASTOMA AND B CELL CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) (N = 137). THIS MARK WAS DEFINED BY SUBSTANTIAL HYPERMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND FIRST EXON OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOUGE RECEPTOR (GHSR) THROUGH BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE DEGREE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION WAS CAPABLE OF ACCURATE DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES. THE HIGHEST SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF CANCER DETECTION WAS ACHIEVED FOR CANCERS OF PANCREAS, LUNG, BREAST AND CLL YIELDING THE AREA UNDER THE CURVE (AUC) VALUES OF 1.0000, 0.9952, 0.9800 AND 0.9400, RESPECTIVELY. NARROWING TO A SINGLE CPG SITE WITHIN THE GENE'S PROMOTER OR FOUR CONSECUTIVE CPG UNITS OF THE HIGHEST METHYLATION LEVELS WITHIN THE FIRST EXON IMPROVED THE DETECTION POWER. GHSR HYPERMETHYLATION WAS DETECTED ALREADY AT THE EARLY STAGE TUMORS. THE ACCURATE PERFORMANCE OF THIS MARKER WAS FURTHER REPLICATED IN AN INDEPENDENT SET OF PANCREATIC CANCER AND CONTROL SAMPLES (N = 78). THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE CANDIDATURE OF GHSR METHYLATION AS A HIGHLY ACCURATE PAN-CANCER MARKER.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
10 1428  42 DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF LONG NONCODING RNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ON TOP OF CHRONIC HCV AND HBV INFECTIONS. AIM OF THE STUDY: THE TASK OF LONG NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) AS A PROSPECTIVE GOAL FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A CANDIDATE FOR RESEARCH. SEVERAL LNCRNAS ARE INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, DIRECTING GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN NORMAL AND CANCER CELLS. DYSREGULATION OF DIVERSE LNCRNAS HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF DIFFERENT CANCERS INCLUDING HCC. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF LNCRNAS (AHIF, HPVT1, ANRIL) IN HCC ON TOP OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTIONS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 182 PARTICIPANTS WERE INCLUDED: 85 PATIENTS WITH HCC IN ADDITION TO 50 PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS ON TOP OF CHRONIC HCV OR HBV, AND 47 HEALTHY SUBJECTS AS CONTROLS. HCC WAS DIAGNOSED BY TRIPHASIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT). DETECTION OF ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) AND SEROLOGICAL MARKERS OF HCVAB AND HBSAG BY ENZYME-LINKED FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY (ELFA) AND QUANTITATION OF LNCRNAS BY REAL TIME PCR WERE APPLIED. RESULTS: UPREGULATION OF ANRIL AND HPVT1 AND DOWNREGULATION OF AHIF WERE OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH HCC ON TOP OF HCV AND HBV VS. CONTROLS. CIRCULATING AHIF COULD BE OF MAJOR DIAGNOSTIC IMPORTANCE TO DISCRIMINATE HCC ON TOP OF HCV FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS WITH SENSITIVITY 86.67% AND SPECIFICITY 91.89% WHEREAS CIRCULATING HPVT1 HAD SENSITIVITY 85.0% AND SPECIFICITY 84.62%; MOREOVER ANRIL HAD AUC 0.902 AND COULD DISCRIMINATE HCC ON TOP OF HBV FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF LNCRNAS (ANRIL, HPVT1 AND AHIF) MIGHT BE OF MAJOR WORTH IN PREDICTING THE OCCURRENCE OF HCC IN CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS RELATED TO CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS AND COULD BE BENEFICIAL IN THE EARLY MANAGEMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11 1342  49 DETECTING ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) HAS A HIGH RATE OF MORTALITY. FURTHER STUDIES INTO EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HCC, PARTICULARLY THE ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS), ARE REQUIRED, SINCE THESE CHANGES MAY PROVIDE NOVEL BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. BY USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP), THE PRESENT STUDY DETECTED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF 4 CANDIDATE TSGS, GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, AND RASSF1A, RESPECTIVELY, IN 35 PAIRED HCC AND TUMOR-ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES IN ADDITION TO 20 NORMAL LIVER TISSUES. THEIR EFFECT ON THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF HCC WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED BY ANALYZING THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA. THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT STUDY REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION LEVEL OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IN HCC WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P<0.01) AND THE NORMAL LIVER TISSUES (P<0.01). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT OBSERVED IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES (P>0.05) BUT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THE NORMAL TISSUES (P<0.01). IN HCC TISSUES, THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF THE GSTP1 GENE IN TUMORS WITH CAPSULAR INVASION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN TUMORS WITHOUT CAPSULAR INVASION (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION FREQUENCY OF P16 GENE IN HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBSAG)-POSITIVE HCC PATIENTS WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED COMPARED WITH THAT IN HBSAG-NEGATIVE PATIENTS (P<0.05). THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND RASSF1A GENES WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA (P>0.05). PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THE METHYLATION STATUS OF RIZ1 AND GSTP1 GENES IS HCC-SPECIFIC, AND THUS MAY BE USED AS A BIOMARKER TO ASSIST THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF HCC. WHILE THE METHYLATION OF GSTP1 GENE PROMOTER MAY ASSOCIATE WITH THE INVASIVENESS OF HCC, CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION MAY BE THE CAUSE OF METHYLATION-INDUCED P16 INACTIVATION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                              
12  977  40 CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE TO INORGANIC ARSENATE INTERFERES WITH METHYLATION STATUS OF P16INK4A AND RASSF1A AND INDUCES LUNG CANCER IN A/J MICE. ALTHOUGH INORGANIC ARSENATE (IAS(V)) OR ARSENITE (IAS(III)) IS CLEARLY A HUMAN CARCINOGEN, IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO PRODUCE TUMORS IN RODENTS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE ORALLY ADMINISTERED IAS(V) TO A/J MICE TO EXAMINE ARSENIC CARCINOGENICITY IN RODENT. A/J MICE (MALE, N = 120) ASSIGNED TO FOUR GROUPS WERE GIVEN DRINKING WATER CONTAINING 0, 1, 10, AND 100 PPM IAS(V) FOR 18 MONTHS. AT THE END OF EXPERIMENT, THE COMPLETE LUNGS WERE REMOVED AND USED FOR EXAMINING HISTOPATHOLOGY AND EXTRACTING RNA AND DNA. EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF IAS(V) ON DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF P16INK4A AND RASSF1A GENES WERE DETERMINED BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. CHANGES OF P16INK4A AND RASSF1A AT MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE EXAMINED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. ARSENIC WAS ACCUMULATED DOSE DEPENDENTLY IN THE LUNG TISSUES OF IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE. INCREASE IN LUNG TUMOR NUMBER AND LUNG TUMOR SIZE WAS OBSERVED IN IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE COMPARED TO THE CONTROL. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION SHOWED THAT THE RATE OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA WAS MUCH HIGHER IN IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE THAN IN THE CONTROL. METHYLATION RATES APPEARED TO BE HIGHER IN A DOSE-RELATED TENDENCY IN LUNG TUMORS FROM IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE COMPARED TO THE CONTROL. LOWER OR LOSS OF P16INK4A AND RASSF1A EXPRESSION WAS FOUND IN LUNG TUMORS FROM IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE, COMPARED TO THAT IN NONTUMOR LUNG TISSUES FROM BOTH CONTROL AND IAS(V)-EXPOSED MICE, AND THIS REDUCED OR LOST EXPRESSION WAS IN ACCORDANCE WITH HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE GENES. IN CONCLUSION, IAS(V) EXPOSURE INCREASED LUNG TUMOR INCIDENCE AND MULTIPLICITY IN A/J MICE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES SUCH AS P16INK4A AND RASSF1A ARE INVOLVED IN THE IAS(V)-INDUCED LUNG CARCINOGENESIS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13 2258  26 EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE IMPACTS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND GENETIC LANDSCAPES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCCS) USUALLY ARISE FROM CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (CLD). PRECANCEROUS CELLS IN CHRONICALLY INFLAMED ENVIRONMENTS MAY BE 'EPIGENETICALLY PRIMED', SENSITISING THEM TO ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION. WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CLD MAY AFFECT HCC OUTCOMES BY INFLUENCING THE GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC LANDSCAPES OF HCC. ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION ARRAYS FROM 10 PAIRED CLD-HCC IDENTIFIED 339 SHARED DYSREGULATED CPG SITES AND 18 SHARED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS COMPARED WITH HEALTHY LIVERS. THESE REGIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DYSREGULATED EXPRESSION OF GENES WITH RELEVANCE IN HCC, INCLUDING UBIQUITIN D (UBD), CYTOCHROME P450 FAMILY 2 SUBFAMILY C MEMBER 19 (CYP2C19) AND O-6-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (MGMT). METHYLATION CHANGES WERE RECAPITULATED IN AN INDEPENDENT COHORT OF NINE PAIRED CLD-HCC. HIGH CLD METHYLATION SCORE, DEFINED USING THE 124 DYSREGULATED CPGS IN CLD AND HCC IN BOTH COHORTS, WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR SURVIVAL, INCREASED SOMATIC GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND TP53 MUTATIONS IN TWO INDEPENDENT HCC COHORTS. ONCOGENIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND METHYLATION DYSREGULATION IS EVIDENT IN CLD AND COMPOUNDED IN HCC. EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CLD SCULPTS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LANDSCAPE OF HCC AND CREATES AN ENVIRONMENT FAVOURING THE ACQUISITION OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUGGESTING THAT THE EXTENT OF EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN CLD COULD INFLUENCE DISEASE OUTCOME.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14 4221  39 METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE RECEPTOR TYPE O IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: PREVIOUS STUDIES IN OUR LABORATORY HAVE SHOWN THE PROGRESSIVE METHYLATION AND SUPPRESSION OF THE GENE ENCODING PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, PTPRO, IN THE LIVERS OF RATS FED A METHYL-DEFICIENT DIET THAT INDUCES HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OBSERVED THE METHYLATION OF PTPRO IN PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG TUMORS AND ALSO SHOWED ITS POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THE TRUNCATED FORM OF PTPRO (PTPROT), SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN NAIVE B LYMPHOCYTES, WAS ALSO METHYLATED AND SUPPRESSED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), A DISEASE GENERALLY AFFECTING B LYMPHOCYTES. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: INITIAL SCREENING SHOWED THAT 60% OF THE 52 CLL SAMPLES ANALYZED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ASSAY WERE METHYLATED COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, WHICH WERE NOT METHYLATED. THE EXPRESSION OF PTPROT, AS MEASURED BY SEMIQUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH METHYLATION IN THE FEW SAMPLES TESTED. ANALYSIS OF ADDITIONAL SAMPLES (N = 50) BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE PTPRO CPG ISLAND WAS METHYLATED IN 82% OF PATIENTS WITH CLL COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. FURTHERMORE, OVERALL EXPRESSION OF PTPRO WAS REDUCED IN CLL RELATIVE TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES. THE PTPRO GENE WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED BY METHYLATION IN THE CLL CELL LINE WAC3CD5, WHERE IT COULD BE REACTIVATED UPON TREATMENT WITH THE DNA HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZAC. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF PTPROT IN A NONEXPRESSING CELL LINE INCREASED GROWTH INHIBITION WITH FLUDARABINE TREATMENT, A THERAPY COMMONLY USED FOR CLL. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY REVEALS THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PTPRO METHYLATION AND SILENCING IN CLL TUMORIGENESIS AND ALSO PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGET IN THE EPIGENETIC THERAPY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15 6849  29 [MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS]. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN JAPAN IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES OF INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUSES. ANALYSIS OF HCC TISSUES FREQUENTLY DETECTS LOSS OF HETEROZYGOSITY AT CHROMOSOMES 1P, 4, 6Q, 8P, 10Q, 13Q, 16Q, 17P, AND MANY GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC ABNORMALITIES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN P53, BETA-CATENIN, P16CDKI, DNA MISMATCH REPAIR GENES, AND OTHERS. HOWEVER, NO SPECIFIC ABNORMAL GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES FOR HCC HAVE BEEN FOUND SO FAR. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC HAS BEEN REPORTED IN MICE TRANSGENIC FOR THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS X GENE OR THE HEPATITIS C VIRUS CORE GENE, AND THESE VIRAL PROTEINS MIGHT PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND FIBROSIS DUE TO PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION MIGHT ALSO INFLUENCE THE GENOMIC INSTABILITY OF HEPATOCYTES, LEADING TO ACCUMULATION OF GENOMIC CHANGES.	1999	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16 6770  52 [ABERRANT METHYLATION OF MULTIPLE GENES AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA]. OBJECTIVE: TO INVESTIGATE THE METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF MULTIPLE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AND THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS OF HCC. METHODS: SIXTY SAMPLES OF HCC AND THE PAIRED ADJACENT LIVER TISSUE, 16 SAMPLES FROM POST-HEPATITIS CIRRHOTIC LIVERS, 5 FROM LIVERS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND 5 FROM NORMAL LIVERS WERE COLLECTED. EIGHT TSGS FREQUENTLY SILENCED BY HYPERMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTERS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF DIGESTIVE TUMORS WERE SELECTED, INCLUDING APC, RASSF1A, P16, GSTP1, MGMT, DAPK, SOCS-1 AND RIZ1. THE STATUS OF PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THESE 8 GENES WAS INVESTIGATED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. THE CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DATA OF HCC WERE ALSO ANALYZED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF ABERRANT METHYLATION IN HCC. RESULTS: METHYLATION OF THE 8 TSGS WAS QUITE FREQUENT IN HCC, WITH A METHYLATION RATE OF 95.0% IN RASSF1A, 90.0% IN APC, 73.3% IN GSTP1, 65.0% IN P16, 61.6% IN RIZ1 AND 60.0% IN MGMT. METHYLATION OF THE 6 GENES WAS MORE FREQUENT IN HCC THAN THAT IN ADJACENT TISSUES (P < 0.05). THE METHYLATION RATE OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 IN THE ADJACENT TISSUES WAS 41.6%, 40.0% AND 25.0%, RESPECTIVELY, SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THAT IN CIRRHOTIC LIVER (P < 0.05). P16 METHYLATION WAS MORE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN HCC IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. THE FREQUENCY OF MGMT METHYLATION WAS TENDED TO BE HIGHER IN GIANT HCC THAN THAT IN THE OTHER TYPES OF HCC. PATIENTS WITH MGMT METHYLATION IN THE TUMOR WERE FOUND TO HAVE A SHORTER DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: DIFFERENT FREQUENCY OF METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, ADJACENT LIVER TISSUES AND CIRRHOTIC LIVERS IMPLIES THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN THE HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOGENESIS MAY BE A GRADUALLY PROGRESSIVE PROCESS. METHYLATION STATUS OF MGMT, GSTP1 AND RIZ1 MAY BE PROMISING IN RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS. FURTHERMORE, MGMT METHYLATION MIGHT BE ALSO USED AS A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA PATIENTS.	2008	
                                                                                                                                          
17 2637  37 EPIGENOME-WIDE STUDY IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC OUTLIERS IN NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. NONGENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO COLORECTAL CANCER CONTINUES TO BE DIFFICULT TO MEASURE PRECISELY, HAMPERING EFFORTS IN TARGETED PREVENTION AND SCREENING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER CAN SERVE AS A TOOL IN PREDICTING COLORECTAL CANCER OUTCOMES. WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFFECTING THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. DNA METHYLATION PROFILING ON NORMAL COLON MUCOSA FROM 77 PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER AND 68 CONTROLS IDENTIFIED A DISTINCT SUBGROUP OF NORMALLY-APPEARING MUCOSA WITH MARKEDLY DISRUPTED DNA METHYLATION AT A LARGE NUMBER OF CPGS, TERMED AS "OUTLIER METHYLATION PHENOTYPE" (OMP) AND ARE PRESENT IN 15 OF 77 PATIENTS WITH CANCER VERSUS 0 OF 68 CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SIMILAR FINDINGS WERE ALSO SEEN IN PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATASETS. COMPARISON OF NORMAL COLON MUCOSA TRANSCRIPTION PROFILES OF PATIENTS WITH OMP CANCER WITH THOSE OF PATIENTS WITH NON-OMP CANCER INDICATES GENES WHOSE PROMOTERS ARE HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE OMP PATIENTS ARE ALSO TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWNREGULATED, AND THAT MANY OF THE GENES MOST AFFECTED ARE INVOLVED IN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPITHELIAL CELLS, THE MUCUS LAYER, AND THE MICROBIOME. ANALYSIS OF 16S RRNA PROFILES SUGGESTS THAT NORMAL COLON MUCOSA OF OMPS ARE ENRICHED IN BACTERIAL GENERA ASSOCIATED WITH COLORECTAL CANCER RISK, ADVANCED TUMOR STAGE, CHRONIC INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION, MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS, AND KRAS MUTATIONS. IN CONCLUSION, OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE WHETHER OMP COULD SERVE AS A BIOMARKER FOR AN ELEVATED EPIGENETIC RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER DEVELOPMENT. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. IDENTIFICATION OF OMPS IN HEALTHY CONTROLS AND PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER WILL LEAD TO PREVENTION AND BETTER PROGNOSIS, RESPECTIVELY.	2022	

18 2234  37 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PRECEDE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS AND DRIVE HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCER IS A MULTISTAGE PROCESS. DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF SEQUENTIAL EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS LARGELY MISSING. HERE, WE PERFORMED INFINIUM HUMAN METHYLATION 450K BEADCHIPS AND RNA-SEQ ANALYSES FOR GENOME-WIDE METHYLOME AND TRANSCRIPTOME PROFILING OF CIRRHOTIC LIVER (N = 7), LOW- (N = 4) AND HIGH-GRADE (N = 9) DYSPLASTIC LESIONS, AND EARLY (N = 5) AND PROGRESSED (N = 3) HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS (HCC) SYNCHRONOUSLY DETECTED IN 8 PATIENTS WITH HCC WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION. INTEGRATIVE ANALYSES OF EPIGENETICALLY DRIVEN MOLECULAR CHANGES WERE IDENTIFIED AND VALIDATED IN 2 INDEPENDENT COHORTS COMPRISING 887 HCCS. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCING WAS FURTHER EMPLOYED FOR CLONALITY ANALYSES, INDICATING MULTICLONAL ORIGIN IN THE MAJORITY OF INVESTIGATED HCCS. ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION PROGRESSIVELY INCREASED FROM LIVER CIRRHOSIS (CL) TO DYSPLASTIC LESIONS AND REACHED A MAXIMUM IN EARLY HCCS. ASSOCIATED EARLY ALTERATIONS IDENTIFIED BY INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS (IPA) INVOLVED APOPTOSIS, IMMUNE REGULATION, AND STEMNESS PATHWAYS, WHILE LATE CHANGES CENTERED ON CELL SURVIVAL, PROLIFERATION, AND INVASION. WE FURTHER VALIDATED 23 PUTATIVE EPIDRIVERS WITH CONCOMITANT EXPRESSION CHANGES AND ASSOCIATED WITH OVERALL SURVIVAL. FUNCTIONALLY, STRIATIN 4 (STRN4) WAS DEMONSTRATED TO BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED, AND INHIBITION OF STRN4 SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPRESSED TUMORIGENICITY OF HCC CELL LINES. OVERALL, APPLICATION OF INTEGRATIVE GENOMIC ANALYSES DEFINES EPIGENETIC DRIVER ALTERATIONS AND PROVIDES PROMISING TARGETS FOR POTENTIALLY NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19 1011  27 CIGARETTE SMOKE CONDENSATE INDUCES DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION PROFILES OF CRITICAL GENES INVOLVED IN LUNG CANCER IN NL-20 LUNG CELLS IN VITRO: SHORT-TERM AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE. ESTABLISHING EARLY DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS OF HARM IS CRITICAL FOR EFFECTIVE PREVENTION PROGRAMS AND REGULATION OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS. THIS STUDY EXAMINED EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE CONDENSATE (CSC) ON EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION PROFILE OF CRITICAL GENES (DAPK, ECAD, MGMT, AND RASSF1A) INVOLVED IN LUNG CANCER DEVELOPMENT IN DIFFERENT HUMAN LUNG CELL LINES. NL-20 CELLS WERE TREATED WITH 0.1-100 MUG/ML OF CSC FOR 24 TO 72 HRS FOR SHORT-TERM EXPOSURES. DAPK EXPRESSION OR METHYLATION STATUS WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED. HOWEVER, CSC TREATMENT RESULTED IN CHANGES IN EXPRESSION AND PROMOTER METHYLATION PROFILE OF ECAD, MGMT, AND RASSF1A. FOR CHRONIC STUDIES, CELLS WERE EXPOSED TO 1 OR 10 MUG/ML CSC UP TO 28 DAYS. CELLS SHOWED MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSFORMATION AND CHANGES IN INVASION CAPACITIES AND GLOBAL METHYLATION STATUS. THIS STUDY PROVIDES CRITICAL DATA SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES COULD SERVE AS AN EARLY BIOMARKER OF HARM DUE TO EXPOSURE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
20 1190  31 CORRELATION BETWEEN HEPATIC HUMAN MALES ABSENT ON THE FIRST (HMOF) AND VIRAL PERSISTENCE IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) REMAINS A GLOBAL HEALTH DILEMMA WITH HIGH MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY. HUMAN MALES ABSENT ON THE FIRST (HMOF) (A HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DNA DAMAGE REPAIR, TUMORIGENESIS AND CELL CYCLE REGULATION. PERSISTENCE OF HBV DNA CONTRIBUTES TO CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IN CHB PATIENTS. HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ENHANCES HBV REPLICATION, HOWEVER THE PRECISE UNDERLYING MECHANISM OF HMOF IN HBV REPLICATION IN CHB PATIENTS REMAINS TO BE EXPLORED. THIS STUDY AIMS TO INVESTIGATE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HEPATIC HMOF AND HBV DNA REPLICATION IN CHB PATIENTS, AND MAY PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS TOWARDS THE TREATMENT OF CHB PATIENTS. METHODS: HMOF IN LIVER BIOPSY (CHB, N = 33 HBEAG(+); N = 20 HBEAG(-), AND THREE HEALTHY CONTROLS) WAS DETERMINED, USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY, QPCR AND WESTERN BLOT. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMOF AND HBSAG, AS WELL AS, HBEAG WERE DETERMINED. RESULTS: A POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMOF AND HBV DNA IN OVERALL CHB PATIENTS WAS OBSERVED. A DISTINCT POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN HMOF AND HBSAG AND/OR HBEAG IN HBEAG(+) CHB PATIENTS WAS ALSO DETECTED, HOWEVER NOT OBSERVED BETWEEN HMOF AND HBSAG IN HBEAG(-) CHB PATIENTS. NO CORRELATION WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN HMOF AND HEPATIC INFLAMMATION SEVERITY AND FIBROTIC STAGE IN CHB PATIENTS. CONCLUSIONS: HEPATIC HMOF MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO HOST HBV CLEARANCE IN CHB PATIENTS AND POSSIBLE PATHOGENESIS.	2018