1 5334 148 QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN ADVANCED COPD. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND ATROPHY. WE ASSESSED WHETHER QUADRICEPS MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION PROFILE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE). IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF SEDENTARY SEVERE COPD PATIENTS (N=41), WHO WERE FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO THOSE WITH (N=25) AND WITHOUT (N=16) MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (N=19), EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MIRNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING MARKERS, TOTAL PROTEIN AND HISTONE ACETYLATION, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, IN VL OF ALL COPD TOGETHER AND IN MUSCLE-WEAKNESS PATIENTS, EXPRESSION OF MIR-1, MIR-206 AND MIR-27A, LEVELS OF LYSINE-ACETYLATED PROTEINS AND HISTONES AND ACETYLATED HISTONE 3 WERE INCREASED, WHEREAS EXPRESSION OF HDAC3, HDAC4, SIRTUIN-1 (SIRT-1), IGF-1 (INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1) WERE DECREASED, AKT (V-AKT MURINE THYMOMA VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOGUE 1) EXPRESSION DID NOT DIFFER, FOLLISTATIN EXPRESSION WAS GREATER, WHEREAS MYOSTATIN EXPRESSION WAS LOWER, SERUM REPONSE FACTOR (SRF) EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED AND FIBRE SIZE OF FAST-TWITCH FIBRES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED. IN VL OF SEVERE COPD PATIENTS WITH MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY, EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION RATHER THAN PROLIFERATION AND MUSCLE GROWTH AND ATROPHY SIGNALLING, PROBABLY AS FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO PREVENT THOSE MUSCLES FROM UNDERGOING FURTHER ATROPHY. LYSINE-HYPERACETYLATION OF HISTONES MAY DRIVE ENHANCED PROTEIN CATABOLISM IN THOSE MUSCLES. THESE FINDINGS MAY HELP DESIGN NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES (ENHANCERS OF MIRNAS PROMOTING MYOGENESIS AND ACETYLATION INHIBITORS) TO SELECTIVELY TARGET MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND ATROPHY IN SEVERE COPD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
2 1633  71 DO EPIGENETIC EVENTS TAKE PLACE IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE? MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A MAJOR COMORBIDITY IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). SEVERAL BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION IN MODELS OF MUSCLE ATROPHY. INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED SO FAR HAVE FOCUSED ON THE ELUCIDATION OF BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN ADVANCED COPD. WE ASSESSED WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC PROFILE MAY BE ALTERED IN THE VASTUS LATERALIS OF PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD, NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, AND MILDLY IMPAIRED MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. IN VASTUS LATERALIS (VL) OF MILD COPD PATIENTS WITH WELL-PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION AND IN HEALTHY AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION, MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HTAS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE CLINICALLY EVALUATED. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, IN THE VL OF MILD COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY WERE MODERATELY REDUCED, DNA METHYLATION LEVELS DID NOT DIFFER, MIR-1 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE INCREASED AND POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH BOTH FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN ONE SECOND (FEV1) AND QUADRICEPS FORCE, HDAC4 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE INCREASED, AND MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES WERE NOT DIFFERENT. MODERATE SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IS A RELEVANT FEATURE IN PATIENTS WITH MILD COPD AND PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION. SEVERAL EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LIMB MUSCLES OF THESE PATIENTS, PROBABLY AS AN ATTEMPT TO COUNTERBALANCE THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS THAT ALTER MUSCLE FUNCTION AND MASS. THE STUDY OF PATIENTS AT EARLY STAGES OF THEIR DISEASE IS OF INTEREST AS THEY ARE A TARGET FOR TIMELY THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS THAT MAY SLOW DOWN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE AND PREVENT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF MAJOR COMORBIDITIES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3 2170  69 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LUNGS AND AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SKELETAL (PERIPHERAL) MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF COPD PATIENTS. WHETHER EPIGENETIC EVENTS MAY ALSO REGULATE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN COPD REMAINS UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WOULD BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE MAIN INSPIRATORY MUSCLE (DIAPHRAGM) OF PATIENTS WITH COPD OF A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE SPECIMENS (THORACOTOMY DUE TO LUNG LOCALIZED NEOPLASMS) OF SEDENTARY PATIENTS WITH MILD-TO-MODERATE AND SEVERE COPD, WITH PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION, AND SEDENTARY HEALTHY CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), TOTAL DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE ALSO CLINICALLY EVALUATED: LUNG AND MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, PATIENTS EXHIBITED MODERATE AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND DIFFUSION CAPACITY, AND REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE AND TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC STRENGTH. MOREOVER, IN THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNA EXPRESSION WAS DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR (MEF)2C PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHER, AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS, MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. IN THE MAIN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE OF COPD PATIENTS WITH A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY AND NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNAS WERE DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MEF2C LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED. IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS ACT AS BIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO BETTER OVERCOME THE CONTINUOUS INSPIRATORY LOADS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN COPD. THESE FINDINGS MAY OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO SPECIFICALLY TARGET RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4 4544  34 MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY IN HYPOXIA WITH INFLAMMATION IS CONTROLLED BY BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS. SOME OF THE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS ENGAGED IN EXERCISE-BASED MUSCLE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS ARE UNRESPONSIVE. TO UNRAVEL THE RESPECTIVE ROLE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION ON SOLEUS MUSCLE HYPERTROPHIC CAPACITIES, WE CHALLENGED MALE WISTAR RATS TO REPEATED LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INSTILLATIONS, ASSOCIATED OR NOT WITH A CHRONIC HYPOXIA EXPOSURE. MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY WAS INITIATED BY BILATERAL ABLATION OF SOLEUS AGONISTS 1 WEEK BEFORE SACRIFICE. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE ALSO TREATED OUR ANIMALS WITH AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAINS AND EXTRA TERMINAL PROTEINS (I-BET) DURING THE WEEK AFTER SURGERY. PULMONARY INFLAMMATION TOTALLY INHIBITED THIS HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE UNDER BOTH NORMOXIC AND HYPOXIC CONDITIONS (26% LOWER THAN CONTROL SURGERY, P < 0.05), CONSISTENT WITH THE S6K1 AND MYOGENIN MEASUREMENTS. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CLASS IIA HISTONE DEACETYLASES EXPRESSION, FOLLOWING PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTED A PUTATIVE ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION SIGNALING IN THE ALTERED HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE. THE I-BET DRUG RESTORED THE HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE SUGGESTING THAT THE NON-RESPONSE OF MUSCLE TO A HYPERTROPHIC STIMULUS COULD BE MODULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE-ACETYLATION DEPENDANT PATHWAYS. DRUGS TARGETING SUCH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY OPEN THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WHO ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO REHABILITATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5 4302  38 MICRORNA-223 CONTROLS THE EXPRESSION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2: A NOVEL AXIS IN COPD. REDUCED ACTIVITY OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DESCRIBED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), BUT THE MECHANISMS RESULTING IN DECREASED EXPRESSION OF THIS IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MODIFIER REMAIN UNKNOWN. HERE, WE EMPLOYED SEVERAL IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS TO ADDRESS THE ROLE OF MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ON THE REGULATION OF HDAC2 IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. MANIPULATION OF MIRNA LEVELS IN HUMAN PULMONARY ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HPAEC) WAS ACHIEVED BY USING ELECTROPORATION WITH ANTI-MIRNAS AND MIRNA MIMICS. TARGET PREDICTION SOFTWARE IDENTIFIED MIR-223 AS A POTENTIAL REPRESSOR OF HDAC2. IN SUBSEQUENT STIMULATION EXPERIMENTS USING INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES KNOWN TO BE INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, MIR-223 WAS FOUND TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY INDUCED. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS DEMONSTRATED THAT OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-223 DECREASED HDAC2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY IN HPAEC. CONVERSELY, HDAC2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY WAS PRESERVED IN ANTI-MIR-223-TREATED CELLS. DIRECT MIRNA-TARGET INTERACTION WAS CONFIRMED BY REPORTER GENE ASSAY. IN A NEXT STEP, REDUCED EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 WAS FOUND TO INCREASE THE LEVELS OF THE CHEMOKINE FRACTALKINE (CX3CL1). IN VIVO STUDIES CONFIRMED ELEVATED EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MIR-223 IN MICE EXPOSED TO CIGARETTE SMOKE AND IN EMPHYSEMATOUS LUNG TISSUE FROM LPS-TREATED MICE. MOREOVER, A SIGNIFICANT INVERSE CORRELATION OF MIR-223 AND HDAC2 EXPRESSION WAS FOUND IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS OF COPD PATIENTS. THESE DATA EMPHASIZE THAT MIR-223, THE MOST PREVALENT MIRNA IN COPD, CONTROLS EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF HDAC2 IN PULMONARY CELLS, WHICH, IN TURN, MIGHT ALTER THE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF CHEMOKINES. THIS PATHWAY PROVIDES A NOVEL PATHOGENIC LINK BETWEEN DYSREGULATED MIRNA EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC ACTIVITY IN COPD. KEY MESSAGES: HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 IS DIRECTLY TARGETED BY MIR-223. LEVELS OF MIR-223 ARE INDUCED BY INTERLEUKIN-1BETA AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA. MIR-223 CONTROLS THE EXPRESSION OF FRACTALKINE BY TARGETING HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2. MIR-223 LEVELS ARE INCREASED IN COPD MOUSE MODELS. MIR-223 LEVELS INVERSELY CORRELATE WITH HDAC2 EXPRESSION IN COPD PATIENTS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6 3519  32 IGF-1 SIGNALING IN NEONATAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: ROLE OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A FATAL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY A PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE ACCOMPANIED BY PULMONARY VASCULAR REMODELING AND INCREASED VASOMOTOR TONE. ALTHOUGH SOME BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN NEONATAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PH), LITTLE IS KNOWN REGARDING THE ROLE OF GROWTH FACTORS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PH IN NEONATES. IN THIS STUDY, USING A MODEL OF HYPOXIA-INDUCED PH IN NEONATAL MICE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT THE GROWTH FACTOR INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 (IGF-1), A POTENT ACTIVATOR OF THE AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY, IS INVOLVED IN NEONATAL PH. AFTER EXPOSURE TO HYPOXIA, IGF-1 SIGNALING IS ACTIVATED IN PULMONARY ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN VITRO, AND THE IGF-1 DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL PAKT(S473) IS UPREGULATED IN LUNGS OF NEONATAL MICE. WE FOUND THAT IGF-1 REGULATES ET-1 EXPRESSION IN PULMONARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND THAT IGF-1 EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS). IN ADDITION, THERE IS A DIFFERENTIAL CYTOSINE METHYLATION SITE IN THE IGF-1 PROMOTER REGION IN RESPONSE TO NEONATAL HYPOXIA. MOREOVER, INHIBITION OF HDACS WITH APICIDIN DECREASES NEONATAL HYPOXIA-INDUCED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION LEVELS IN LUNGS AND SPECIFIC CYTOSINE METHYLATION LEVELS AROUND THE PULMONARY IGF-1 PROMOTER REGION. FINALLY, HDAC INHIBITION WITH APICIDIN REDUCES CHRONIC HYPOXIA-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF IGF-1/PAKT SIGNALING IN LUNGS AND ATTENUATES RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY VASCULAR REMODELING. TAKEN TOGETHER, WE CONCLUDE THAT IGF-1, WHICH IS EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED, IS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN NEONATAL MICE. THIS STUDY IMPLICATES A NOVEL HDAC/IGF-1 EPIGENETIC PATHWAY IN THE REGULATION OF HYPOXIA-INDUCED PH AND WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY OF THE ROLE OF IGF-1 IN NEONATAL PULMONARY HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7 5305  42 PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS OF HUMAN OBESITY REVEALS THE EPIGENETIC FACTOR HDAC4 AS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR OBESITY. SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AND EXCESSIVE ENERGY INTAKE ARE PROMINENT CONTRIBUTORS TO OBESITY; A MAJOR RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. ELUCIDATING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE CHRONIC CONDITIONS IS OF RELEVANT IMPORTANCE AS IT MIGHT LEAD TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL ANTI-OBESITY TARGETS. THE PURPOSE OF THE CURRENT STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED PROTEINS BETWEEN LEAN AND OBESE SUBJECTS THROUGH A SHOT-GUN QUANTITATIVE PROTEOMICS APPROACH USING PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS (PBMCS) EXTRACTS AS WELL AS POTENTIAL MODULATION OF THOSE PROTEINS BY PHYSICAL EXERCISE. USING THIS APPROACH, A TOTAL OF 47 PROTEINS SHOWED AT LEAST 1.5 FOLD CHANGE BETWEEN LEAN AND OBESE SUBJECTS. IN OBESE, THE PROTEOMIC PROFILING BEFORE AND AFTER 3 MONTHS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE SHOWED DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF 38 PROTEINS. THROMBOSPONDIN 1 (TSP1) WAS AMONG THE PROTEINS THAT WERE UPREGULATED IN OBESE SUBJECTS AND THEN DECREASED BY PHYSICAL EXERCISE. CONVERSELY, THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE 4 (HDAC4) WAS DOWNREGULATED IN OBESE SUBJECTS AND THEN INDUCED BY PHYSICAL EXERCISE. THE PROTEOMIC DATA WAS FURTHER VALIDATED BY QRT-PCR, WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IN BOTH PBMCS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE. WE ALSO SHOWED THAT HDAC4 LEVELS CORRELATED POSITIVELY WITH MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (VO2 MAX) BUT NEGATIVELY WITH BODY MASS INDEX, PERCENT BODY FAT, AND THE INFLAMMATORY CHEMOKINE RANTES. IN FUNCTIONAL ASSAYS, OUR DATA INDICATED THAT ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF HDAC4 SIGNIFICANTLY IMPAIRED TNF-ALPHA-DEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB, ESTABLISHING THUS A LINK BETWEEN HDAC4 AND REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. TOGETHER, THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF HDAC4 IN OBESE SUBJECTS BEFORE AND AFTER PHYSICAL EXERCISE, ITS CORRELATION WITH VARIOUS PHYSICAL, CLINICAL AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS ALONG WITH ITS INHIBITORY EFFECT ON NF-KAPPAB ARE SUGGESTIVE OF A PROTECTIVE ROLE OF HDAC4 AGAINST OBESITY. HDAC4 COULD THEREFORE REPRESENT A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR THE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND PRESUMABLY INSULIN RESISTANCE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 4359  39 MIR-422A SUPPRESSES SMAD4 PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PROMOTES RESISTANCE TO MUSCLE LOSS. BACKGROUND: LOSS OF MUSCLE MASS AND STRENGTH ARE IMPORTANT SEQUELAE OF CHRONIC DISEASE, BUT THE RESPONSE OF INDIVIDUALS IS REMARKABLY VARIABLE, SUGGESTING IMPORTANT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODULATORS OF MUSCLE HOMEOSTASIS. SUCH FACTORS ARE LIKELY TO MODIFY THE ACTIVITY OF PATHWAYS THAT REGULATE WASTING, BUT TO DATE, FEW SUCH FACTORS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED. METHODS: THE EFFECT OF MIR-422A ON SMAD4 EXPRESSION AND TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA SIGNALLING WERE DETERMINED BY WESTERN BLOTTING AND LUCIFERASE ASSAY. MIRNA EXPRESSION WAS DETERMINED BY QPCR IN PLASMA AND MUSCLE BIOPSY SAMPLES FROM A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING AORTIC SURGERY, WHO WERE SUBSEQUENTLY ADMITTED TO THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU). RESULTS: MIR-422A WAS IDENTIFIED, BY A SCREEN, AS A MICRORNA THAT WAS PRESENT IN THE PLASMA OF PATIENTS WITH COPD AND NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH MUSCLE STRENGTH AS WELL AS BEING READILY DETECTABLE IN THE MUSCLE OF PATIENTS. IN VITRO, MIR-422A SUPPRESSED SMAD4 EXPRESSION AND INHIBITED TGF-BETA AND BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-DEPENDENT LUCIFERASE ACTIVITY IN MUSCLE CELLS. IN MALE PATIENTS WITH COPD AND THOSE UNDERGOING AORTIC SURGERY AND ON THE ICU, A MODEL OF ICU-ASSOCIATED MUSCLE WEAKNESS, QUADRICEPS EXPRESSION OF MIR-422A WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH MUSCLE STRENGTH (MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION R = 0.59, P < 0.001 AND R = 0.51, P = 0.004, FOR COPD AND AORTIC SURGERY, RESPECTIVELY). FURTHERMORE, PRE-SURGERY LEVELS OF MIR-422A WERE INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE AMOUNT OF MUSCLE THAT WOULD BE LOST IN THE FIRST POST-OPERATIVE WEEK (R = -0.57, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT DIFFERENCES IN MIR-422A EXPRESSION CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MUSCLE WASTING ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC AND ACUTE DISEASE AND THAT AT LEAST PART OF THIS ACTIVITY MAY BE MEDIATED BY REDUCED TGF-BETA SIGNALLING IN SKELETAL MUSCLE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9 5679  43 SHORT- AND LONG-TERM HINDLIMB IMMOBILIZATION AND RELOADING: PROFILE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN GASTROCNEMIUS. SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND ATROPHY ARE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES ACCOMPANYING CHRONIC CONDITIONS. EPIGENETIC EVENTS REGULATE MUSCLE MASS AND FUNCTION MAINTENANCE. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THE PATTERN OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS (MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS AND HISTONE ACETYLATION) AND ACETYLATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS KNOWN TO SIGNAL MUSCLE WASTING MAY DIFFER BETWEEN EARLY- AND LATE-TIME POINTS IN SKELETAL MUSCLES OF MICE EXPOSED TO HINDLIMB IMMOBILIZATION (I) AND RECOVERY FOLLOWING I. BODY AND MUSCLE WEIGHTS, GRIP STRENGTH, MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS), ACETYLATION OF PROTEINS, HISTONES, AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS (TF), MYOGENIC TF FACTORS, AND MUSCLE PHENOTYPE WERE ASSESSED IN GASTROCNEMIUS OF MICE EXPOSED TO PERIODS (1, 2, 3, 7, 15, AND 30 DAYS, I GROUPS) OF HINDLIMB IMMOBILIZATION, AND IN THOSE EXPOSED TO RELOADING FOR DIFFERENT PERIODS OF TIME (1, 3, 7, 15, AND 30 DAYS, R GROUPS) FOLLOWING 7-DAY IMMOBILIZATION. COMPARED TO NON-IMMOBILIZED CONTROLS, MUSCLE WEIGHT, LIMB STRENGTH, MICRORNAS, ESPECIALLY MIR-486, SIRT1 LEVELS, AND SLOW- AND FAST-TWITCH CROSS-SECTIONAL AREAS WERE DECREASED IN MICE OF I GROUPS, WHEREAS PAX7 AND ACETYLATED FOXO1 AND FOXO3 LEVELS WERE INCREASED. MUSCLE RELOADING FOLLOWING SPLINT REMOVAL IMPROVED MUSCLE MASS LOSS, STRENGTH, AND FIBER ATROPHY, BY INCREASING MICRORNAS, PARTICULARLY MIR-486, AND SIRT1 CONTENT, WHILE DECREASING ACETYLATED FOXO1 AND FOXO3 LEVELS. IN THIS MOUSE MODEL OF DISUSE MUSCLE ATROPHY, MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, ESPECIALLY MIR-486, THROUGH PAX7 REGULATION DELAYED MUSCLE CELL DIFFERENTIATION FOLLOWING UNLOADING OF GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE. ACETYLATION OF FOXO1 AND 3 SEEMED TO DRIVE MUSCLE MASS LOSS AND ATROPHY, WHILE DEACETYLATION OF THESE FACTORS THROUGH SIRT1 WOULD ENABLE THE MUSCLE FIBERS TO REGENERATE. J. CELL. PHYSIOL. 232: 1415-1427, 2017. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10 3719  27 INHIBITION OF BET PROTEINS REDUCES RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION RESULTING FROM COMBINED HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A CO-MORBIDITY, WHICH STRONGLY PARTICIPATES IN MORBI-MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). RECENT FINDINGS SHOWED THAT BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEINS, IN CHARGE OF READING HISTONE ACETYLATION, COULD BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. OUR AIM WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF I-BET151, AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET), ON THE RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, INDUCED BY A COMBINATION OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, AS THE TWO MAIN STIMULI ENCOUNTERED IN COPD. ADULT WISTAR MALE RATS, EXPOSED TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS PULMONARY INFLAMMATION (CHPI), SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY (+57%, P < 0.001), AN INCREASE IN SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (+46%, P < 0.001) AND IN CONTRACTION SPEED (+36%, P < 0.001), WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL ANIMALS. I-BET151 TREATED ANIMALS (CHPI-IB) SHOWED RESTORED HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS TO LEVELS SIMILAR TO CONTROL ANIMALS, DESPITE CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS EXPOSURE TO PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THEY DISPLAYED LOWER RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND HEMATOCRIT COMPARED TO THE CHPI GROUP (RESPECTIVELY -16%, P < 0.001; AND -9%, P < 0.05). OUR DESCRIPTIVE STUDY SHOWS A VALUABLE EFFECT OF THE INHIBITION OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS ON HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THIS SUGGESTS THAT SUCH INHIBITION COULD BE OF POTENTIAL INTEREST FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO UNRAVEL THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INVOLVED AND THE NET BENEFITS OF INHIBITING ADAPTATIONS TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 1708  34 DYSFUNCTION OF ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS FROM SMOKERS AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS DUE TO INCREASED DNA DAMAGE AND SENESCENCE. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD) IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF DEATH IN SMOKERS, PARTICULARLY IN THOSE WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). CIRCULATING ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS (EPC) ARE REQUIRED FOR ENDOTHELIAL HOMEOSTASIS, AND THEIR DYSFUNCTION CONTRIBUTES TO CVD. TO INVESTIGATE EPC DYSFUNCTION IN SMOKERS, WE ISOLATED AND EXPANDED BLOOD OUTGROWTH ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (BOEC) FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES FROM HEALTHY NONSMOKERS, HEALTHY SMOKERS, AND COPD PATIENTS. BOEC FROM SMOKERS AND COPD PATIENTS SHOWED INCREASED DNA DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS AND SENESCENCE COMPARED TO NONSMOKERS. SENESCENCE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF SIRTUIN-1 (SIRT1), A PROTEIN DEACETYLASE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST DNA DAMAGE AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE. INHIBITION OF DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE BY SILENCING OF ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED (ATM) KINASE RESULTED IN UPREGULATION OF SIRT1 EXPRESSION AND DECREASED SENESCENCE. TREATMENT OF BOEC FROM COPD PATIENTS WITH THE SIRT1 ACTIVATOR RESVERATROL OR AN ATM INHIBITOR (KU-55933) ALSO RESCUED THE SENESCENT PHENOTYPE. USING AN IN VIVO MOUSE MODEL OF ANGIOGENESIS, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT SENESCENT BOEC FROM COPD PATIENTS ARE DYSFUNCTIONAL, DISPLAYING IMPAIRED ANGIOGENIC ABILITY AND INCREASED APOPTOSIS COMPARED TO CELLS FROM HEALTHY NONSMOKERS. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF DNA DAMAGE AND SENESCENCE AS PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS LINKED TO ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITORS' DYSFUNCTION IN SMOKERS AND COPD PATIENTS. THESE DEFECTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO VASCULAR DISEASE AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN SMOKERS AND COULD THEREFORE CONSTITUTE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR INTERVENTION.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12  808  34 CHANGED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS IN NORMAL-APPEARING WHITE MATTER AND EARLY MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS LESIONS. THE EPIGENETIC IDENTITY OF OLIGODENDROCYTES IS MODULATED BY POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES. ACETYLATION OF HISTONE H3 RESULTS FROM THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE ACTIVITY OF HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES AND MODULATES TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN THAT, IN RODENTS, HISTONE DEACETYLATION FAVORS OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, WHEREAS ACETYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. HERE, WE REPORT, IN HUMANS BRAINS, A SHIFT TOWARD HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE WHITE MATTER OF THE FRONTAL LOBES OF AGED SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS). INCREASED IMMUNOREACTIVITY FOR ACETYLATED HISTONE H3 WAS OBSERVED IN THE NUCLEI OF NOGOA+ OLIGODENDROCYTES IN A SUBSET OF MS SAMPLES. THESE CHANGES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITORS OF OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION (I.E., TCF7L2, ID2, AND SOX2) AND HIGHER HAT TRANSCRIPT LEVELS (I.E., CBP, P300) IN FEMALE MS PATIENTS COMPARED WITH NON-NEUROLOGICAL CONTROLS AND CORRELATED WITH DISEASE DURATION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FROM SAMPLES OF MS PATIENTS REVEALED ENRICHMENT OF ACETYL-HISTONE H3 AT THE PROMOTER OF THE INCREASED TARGET GENES (I.E., TCF7L2). THE DATA IN CHRONIC LESIONS CONTRASTED WITH FINDINGS IN EARLY MS LESIONS, WHERE A MARKED OLIGODENDROGLIAL HISTONE DEACETYLATION WAS OBSERVED. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT HISTONE DEACETYLATION IS A PROCESS THAT OCCURS AT THE EARLY STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND WHOSE EFFICIENCY DECREASES WITH DISEASE DURATION.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
13 2505  37 EPIGENETICS AND MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A COMMON, PREVENTABLE, AND TREATABLE DISEASE AND A MAJOR LEADING CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. IN COPD, COMORBIDITIES, ACUTE EXACERBATIONS, AND SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS NEGATIVELY INFLUENCE DISEASE SEVERITY AND PROGRESSION REGARDLESS OF THE RESPIRATORY CONDITION. SKELETAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, WHICH IS ONE OF THE COMMONEST SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, HAS A TREMENDOUS IMPACT ON THEIR EXERCISE CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE. SEVERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INCLUDING EPIGENETICS (THE PROCESS WHEREBY GENE EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY HERITABLE MECHANISMS THAT DO NOT AFFECT DNA SEQUENCE) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION. THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IDENTIFIED SO FAR IN CELLS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION, AND NONCODING RNAS SUCH AS MICRORNAS. HEREIN, WE FIRST REVIEW THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SEVERAL MODELS. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC EVENTS REPORTED SO FAR TO BE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND MASS LOSS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, THE DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PROFILE OF SEVERAL MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS IN THE DIAPHRAGM AND VASTUS LATERALIS MUSCLES OF PATIENTS WITH COPD ARE ALSO REVIEWED FROM RESULTS RECENTLY OBTAINED IN OUR GROUP. THE ROLE OF PROTEIN HYPERACETYLATION IN ENHANCED MUSCLE PROTEIN CATABOLISM OF LIMB MUSCLES IS ALSO DISCUSSED. FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD FOCUS ON THE FULL ELUCIDATION OF THE TRIGGERS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THEIR SPECIFIC DOWNSTREAM BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS IN COPD MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION AND WASTING.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
14 2493  43 EPIGENETICS AND CHROMATIN REMODELING PLAY A ROLE IN LUNG DISEASE. EPIGENETICS IS DEFINED AS HERITABLE CHANGES THAT AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE DNA SEQUENCE. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS FACILITATED THROUGH DIFFERENT MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND RNA-ASSOCIATED SILENCING BY SMALL NON-CODING RNAS. ALL THESE MECHANISMS ARE CRUCIAL FOR NORMAL DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION. THESE THREE SYSTEMS INTERACT AND STABILIZE ONE ANOTHER AND CAN INITIATE AND SUSTAIN EPIGENETIC SILENCING, THUS DETERMINING HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE ACETYLATION REGULATES DIVERSE CELLULAR FUNCTIONS INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION, DNA REPAIR AND CELL PROLIFERATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATORS POSSESS INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY AND THIS ACTIVITY DRIVES INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION. ELEVEN CLASSICAL HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ACT TO REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF DISTINCT SUBSETS OF INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNE GENES. THUS, LOSS OF HDAC ACTIVITY OR THE PRESENCE OF HDAC INHIBITORS CAN FURTHER ENHANCE INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION BY PRODUCING A GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGE IN HAT ACTIVITY. FOR EXAMPLE, HDAC2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY ARE REDUCED IN LUNG MACROPHAGES, BIOPSY SPECIMENS, AND BLOOD CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA AND SMOKING ASTHMATICS, AS WELL AS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THIS MAY ACCOUNT, AT LEAST IN PART, FOR THE ENHANCED INFLAMMATION AND REDUCED STEROID RESPONSIVENESS SEEN IN THESE PATIENTS. OTHER PROTEINS, PARTICULARLY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, ARE ALSO ACETYLATED AND ARE TARGETS FOR DEACETYLATION BY HDACS AND SIRTUINS, A RELATED FAMILY OF 7 PREDOMINANTLY PROTEIN DEACETYLASES. THUS THE ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION STATUS OF NF-KAPPAB AND THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR CAN ALSO AFFECT THE OVERALL EXPRESSION PATTERN OF INFLAMMATORY GENES AND REGULATE THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. UNDERSTANDING AND TARGETING SPECIFIC ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS MIGHT LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS, PARTICULARLY IN SITUATIONS IN WHICH CURRENT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES ARE SUBOPTIMAL.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15  172  28 ABSENCE OF HDAC3 BY MATRIX STIFFNESS PROMOTES CHROMATIN REMODELING AND FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION IN IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS. IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS A CHRONIC AND FATAL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY PROGRESSIVE AND IRREVERSIBLE LUNG SCARRING ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT ACTIVATION OF FIBROBLASTS. EPIGENETICS COULD INTEGRATE DIVERSE MICROENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS, SUCH AS STIFFNESS, TO DIRECT PERSISTENT FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY DEACETYLASES (HDAC) MAY PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES INVOLVED IN THE PATHOLOGICAL REMODELING OF THE LUNG. PARTICULARLY, HDAC3 IS CRUCIAL FOR MAINTAINING CHROMATIN AND REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS ROLE IN IPF. IN THE STUDY, CONTROL AND IPF-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF HDAC3 ON CHROMATIN REMODELING AND GENE EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH IPF SIGNATURE. ADDITIONALLY, THE CELLS WERE GROWN ON HYDROGELS TO MIMIC THE STIFFNESS OF A FIBROTIC LUNG. OUR RESULTS SHOWED A DECREASED HDAC3 IN THE NUCLEUS OF IPF FIBROBLASTS, WHICH CORRELATES WITH CHANGES IN NUCLEUS SIZE AND HETEROCHROMATIN LOSS. THE INHIBITION OF HDAC3 WITH A PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITOR CAUSES HYPERACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND PROVOKES AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF COL1A1, ACTA2, AND P21. COMPARABLE RESULTS WERE FOUND IN HYDROGELS, WHERE MATRIX STIFFNESS PROMOTES THE LOSS OF NUCLEAR HDAC3 AND INCREASES THE PROFIBROTIC SIGNATURE. FINALLY, LATRUNCULIN B WAS USED TO CONFIRM THAT CHANGES BY STIFFNESS DEPEND ON THE MECHANOTRANSDUCTION SIGNALS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDAC3 COULD BE A LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE FIBROTIC MICROENVIRONMENT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16 4577  33 MYOSTATIN: BASIC BIOLOGY TO CLINICAL APPLICATION. MYOSTATIN IS A MEMBER OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-BETA SUPERFAMILY. IT IS EXPRESSED BY ANIMAL AND HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS WHERE IT LIMITS MUSCLE GROWTH AND PROMOTES PROTEIN BREAKDOWN. ITS EFFECTS ARE INFLUENCED BY COMPLEX MECHANISMS INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND MODULATION BY EXTRACELLULAR BINDING PROTEINS. DUE TO ITS ACTIONS IN PROMOTING MUSCLE ATROPHY AND CACHEXIA, MYOSTATIN HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED AS A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO COUNTERACT MUSCLE MASS LOSS IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS AND PATIENTS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT MUSCLE-WASTING CONDITIONS. MOREOVER, GROWING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT MYOSTATIN, BEYOND TO REGULATE SKELETAL MUSCLE GROWTH, MAY HAVE A ROLE IN MANY PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CARDIOVASCULAR AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE REVIEW MYOSTATIN BIOLOGY, INCLUDING INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR REGULATORY PATHWAYS, AND THE ROLE OF MYOSTATIN IN MODULATING PHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES, SUCH AS MUSCLE GROWTH AND AGING. MOREOVER, WE DISCUSS THE MOST RELEVANT EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE EXTRA-MUSCLE EFFECTS OF MYOSTATIN. FINALLY, WE CONSIDER THE MAIN STRATEGIES DEVELOPED AND TESTED TO INHIBIT MYOSTATIN IN CLINICAL TRIALS AND DISCUSS THE LIMITS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH ON MYOSTATIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17  664  28 BLOOD REFLUX-INDUCED EPIGENETIC FACTORS HDACS AND DNMTS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE. BLOOD REFLUX AND METABOLIC REGULATION PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE (CVD) DEVELOPMENT. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) SERVE AS REPRESSORS THAT INHIBIT METABOLIC SIGNALING, WHICH IS INDUCED BY PROATHEROGENIC FLOW TO PROMOTE AORTIC ENDOTHELIAL CELL (EC) DYSFUNCTION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ELUCIDATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD REFLUX AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS HDACS AND DNMTS IN CVD. HUMAN VARICOSE VEINS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF BLOOD REFLUX VERSUS NORMAL VEINS WITH NORMAL VENOUS FLOW WERE EXAMINED. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT HDAC-1, -2, -3, -5, AND -7 ARE OVEREXPRESSED IN THE ENDOTHELIUM OF VARICOSE VEINS WITH BLOOD REFLUX. BLOOD REFLUX-INDUCED HDACS ARE ENHANCED IN THE VARICOSE VEINS WITH A LONGER DURATION TIME OF BLOOD REFLUX. IN CONTRAST, THESE HDACS ARE RARELY EXPRESSED IN THE ENDOTHELIUM OF THE NORMAL VEIN WITH NORMAL VENOUS FLOW. SIMILAR RESULTS ARE OBTAINED FOR DNMT1 AND DNMT3A. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE EPIGENETIC FACTORS, HDACS AND DNMTS, ARE INDUCED IN VENOUS ECS IN RESPONSE TO BLOOD REFLUX BUT ARE INHIBITED IN RESPONSE TO NORMAL VENOUS FLOW. BLOOD REFLUX-INDUCED HDACS AND DNMTS COULD INHIBIT METABOLIC REGULATION AND PROMOTE VENOUS EC DYSFUNCTION, WHICH IS HIGHLY CORRELATED WITH CVD PATHOGENESIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 3193  37 HDAC INHIBITION REGULATES OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CD4(+)THELPER CELLS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER PATIENTS VIA MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A (MTTFA) MODULATING NF-KAPPAB/HIF1ALPHA AXIS. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY REMODELLING CHROMATIN. ISOENZYMES OF THE HDAC FAMILY EXHIBIT ABERRANT REGULATION IN A WIDE VARIETY OF CANCERS AS WELL AS SEVERAL INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISORDERS LIKE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). INHIBITION OF HDACS IS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY THAT COULD BE USED TO REVERSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), A POWERFUL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, HAS ANTI-CANCER EFFECTS IN NUMEROUS CANCER TYPES. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT YET APPARENT HOW HDAC INHIBITORS AFFECT HUMAN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER CELLS (NSCLC) AND COPD. THIS STUDY AIMS TO INVESTIGATE TSA'S ROLE IN RESTORING MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND ITS EFFECT ON HYPOXIA AND INFLAMMATION IN CD4(+)T CELLS OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD AND LUNG CANCER. AS A RESULT OF TREATMENT WITH TSA, THERE IS A REDUCTION IN THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND A DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION AT VEGFA GENE LOCI. WE HAVE SEEN A SUBSTANTIAL DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF NF-KAPPAB AND HIF1ALPHA, WHICH ARE THE CRITICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION AND HYPOXIA, RESPECTIVELY. FOLLOWING TSA TREATMENT, MTTFA EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED, FACILITATING PATIENTS WITH COPD AND NSCLC IN THE RECOVERY OF THEIR DYSFUNCTIONAL MITOCHONDRIA. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE DISCOVERED THAT TSA TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH COPD AND NSCLC MAY LEAD TO IMMUNOPROTECTIVE NESS BY INDUCING TH1NESS. OUR FINDING GIVES A NEW INSIGHT INTO THE EXISTING BODY OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING TSA-BASED THERAPEUTIC METHODS AND HIGHLIGHTS THE NECESSITY OF EPIGENETIC THERAPY FOR THESE DEVASTATING LUNG DISORDERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19 3935  38 LIVER-SPECIFIC KNOCKDOWN OF CLASS IIA HDACS HAS LIMITED EFFICACY ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM BUT ENTAILS SEVERE ORGAN SIDE EFFECTS IN MICE. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF EPIGENETIC GENE MODIFICATION THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF METABOLISM. IN PARTICULAR CLASS IIA HDACS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO AFFECT HEPATIC GLUCONEOGENESIS AND PREVIOUS APPROACHES REVEALED THAT THEIR INHIBITION REDUCES BLOOD GLUCOSE IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC MICE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL OF CLASS IIA HDAC INHIBITION AS A THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITY FOR THE TREATMENT +OF METABOLIC DISEASES. FOR THAT, SIRNAS SELECTIVELY TARGETING HDAC4, 5 AND 7 WERE SELECTED AND USED TO ACHIEVE A COMBINATORIAL KNOCKDOWN OF THESE THREE CLASS IIA HDAC ISOFORMS. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE HEPATOCELLULAR EFFECTS AS WELL AS THE IMPACT ON GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM WERE ANALYZED IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. THE TRIPLE KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DECREASE OF GLUCONEOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE AND HUMAN HEPATOCYTE CELL MODELS. A SIMILAR HDAC-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF HEPATIC GLUCONEOGENESIS GENES COULD BE ACHIEVED IN MICE USING A LIVER-SPECIFIC LIPID NANOPARTICLE SIRNA FORMULATION. HOWEVER, THE EFFICACY ON WHOLE BODY GLUCOSE METABOLISM ASSESSED BY PYRUVATE-TOLERANCE TESTS WERE ONLY LIMITED AND DID NOT OUTWEIGH THE SAFETY FINDINGS OBSERVED BY HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN SPLEEN AND KIDNEY. MECHANISTICALLY, AFFYMETRIX GENE EXPRESSION STUDIES PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT CLASS IIA HDACS DIRECTLY TARGET OTHER KEY FACTORS BEYOND THE DESCRIBED FORKHEAD BOX (FOXP) TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORS, SUCH AS HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4 ALPHA (HNF4A). DOWNSTREAM OF THESE FACTORS SEVERAL ADDITIONAL PATHWAYS WERE REGULATED NOT MERELY INCLUDING GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM AND TRANSPORT. IN CONCLUSION, THE LIVER-DIRECTED COMBINATORIAL KNOCKDOWN OF HDAC4, 5 AND 7 BY THERAPEUTIC SIRNAS AFFECTED MULTIPLE PATHWAYS IN VITRO, LEADING IN VIVO TO THE DOWNREGULATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN GLUCONEOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION LEVEL WERE NOT PARALLELED BY A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OF GLUCONEOGENESIS IN MICE. COMBINED KNOCKDOWN OF HDAC ISOFORMS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE ADVERSE EFFECTS IN VIVO, CHALLENGING THIS APPROACH AS A TREATMENT OPTION FOR CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS LIKE TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20 5418  33 REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES ON NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 PATHWAY GENES AND TET ACTIVITY IN CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-CHALLENGED CELLS/COPD EXACERBATION MODEL IN VITRO. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. CURRENTLY, THERE IS A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF THIS DISEASE AND AVAILABLE THERAPIES ARE INEFFECTIVE. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF COPD; HOWEVER, NOT ALL SMOKERS DEVELOP COPD. EXACERBATIONS OF COPD CAUSED BY MICROBES ARE COMMON AND DETRIMENTAL. APPROXIMATELY 20-50% OF PATIENT EXACERBATIONS ARE CAUSED BY BACTERIAL COLONIZATION IN THE LOWER AIRWAYS. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION, PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE DURING PROGRESSION OF COPD. THUS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS VARY SIGNIFICANTLY FOLLOWING SMOKE EXPOSURE AND DURING EXACERBATIONS CAUSED BY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN VITRO STUDY MODEL THAT MIMICS COPD EXACERBATIONS AND PERFORMED EXTENSIVE STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF CPG PROMOTER METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES. BOTH NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN ORCHESTRATING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DURING CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE. IN BRIEF, HUMAN LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS WITH TYPE II ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM CHARACTERISTICS (A549) WERE CHALLENGED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) OR DMSO (CONTROL) FOLLOWED BY A 3-H CHALLENGE WITH BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS; FROM PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA) PRIOR TO THE TERMINATION OF CSE EXPOSURE (COPD EXACERBATION GROUP). THE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES, REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND DNA METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES WERE THEN ASSESSED. WE ALSO STUDIED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCASES (TETS), THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR DNA DEMETHYLATION, AND ASSESSED THEIR ROLE IN REGULATING DNA METHYLATION IN THE CSE-CHALLENGED GROUP. RESULTS: THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES (IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 AND CCL5) IN THE COPD EXACERBATION GROUP AS COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. HYPOMETHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES CORRELATED WITH THEIR INDUCTION IN OUR COPD EXACERBATION STUDY MODEL. FURTHER, WE OBSERVED AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF TET1/2 IN REGULATING THE DNA METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB, STAT3, IKK, AND NIK GENES AND CYTOKINE/CHEMOKINE PRODUCTION BY A549 CELLS DURING CSE CHALLENGE. CONCLUSIONS: STUDIES TO FURTHER DEFINE THE ROLE OF TETS IN CSE-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER AND MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR COPD.	2020