1 5324 163 PULMONARY MICRORNA PROFILING: IMPLICATIONS IN UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANT LUNG DISEASE. BACKGROUND: NUMEROUS PULMONARY DISEASES MANIFEST WITH UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANCE INCLUDING CYSTIC FIBROSIS, SMOKING-RELATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND TUBERCULOSIS. ZONAL HYPOXIA, CHARACTERISTIC OF THESE PULMONARY MALADIES, AND OXYGEN STRESS IN GENERAL IS KNOWN TO EXERT PROFOUND EFFECTS ON VARIOUS IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CELL BIOLOGY. LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE PULMONARY INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN MACROPHAGE RESPONSIVENESS TO HYPOXIA MAY CONTRIBUTE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG DISEASE. MICRORNAS ARE UBIQUITOUS REGULATORS OF HUMAN BIOLOGY AND EMERGING EVIDENCE INDICATES ALTERED MICRORNA EXPRESSION MODULATES RESPIRATORY DISEASE PROCESSES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY IS TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO THE EPIGENETIC AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS INFLUENCING REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN LUNG DISEASE BY INVESTIGATING EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON REGIONAL MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN THE LUNG. ALL STUDIES WERE PERFORMED USING PRIMARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (N = 10) OR BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID (N = 16) ISOLATED FROM HUMAN SUBJECTS. MICRORNA WAS ASSAYED VIA THE NANOSTRING NCOUNTER MICRORNA ASSAY. RESULTS: DIVERGENT MOLECULAR PATTERNS OF MICRORNA EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED IN ALTERNATE LUNG LOBES, SPECIFICALLY NOTED WAS DISPARATE EXPRESSION OF MIR-93 AND MIR-4454 IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES ALONG WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MIR-451A AND MIR-663A IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID. GENE ONTOLOGY WAS USED TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL DOWNSTREAM TARGETS OF DIVERGENT MICRORNAS. TARGETS INCLUDE CYTOKINES AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES, MOLECULES THAT COULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON PULMONARY INFLAMMATION AND FIBROSIS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR FINDINGS SHOW VARIANT REGIONAL MICRORNA EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOXIA IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES AND BAL FLUID IN THE LUNG-UPPER VS LOWER LOBE. FUTURE STUDIES SHOULD ADDRESS WHETHER THESE SPECIFIC MICRORNAS MAY ACT INTRACELLULARLY, IN A PARACRINE/ENDOCRINE MANNER TO DIRECT THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE OR MAY ULTIMATELY BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY HOST-TO-PATHOGEN TRANS-KINGDOM CROSS-TALK.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
2 1528  63 DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN REGIONAL LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DIFFERENCES. A NUMBER OF PULMONARY DISEASES OCCUR WITH UPPER LOBE PREDOMINANCE, INCLUDING CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND SMOKING-RELATED CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. IN THE HEALTHY LUNG, SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGIC AND METABOLIC FACTORS EXHIBIT DISPARITY WHEN COMPARING THE UPPER LOBE OF THE LUNG TO LOWER LOBE, INCLUDING DIFFERENCES IN OXYGENATION, VENTILATION, LYMPHATIC FLOW, PH, AND BLOOD FLOW. IN THIS STUDY, WE ASKED WHETHER THESE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE LUNG ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN LUNG MACROPHAGES THAT COULD POTENTIALLY LEAD TO ALTERED CELL RESPONSIVENESS UPON SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE. ALL ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED USING PRIMARY LUNG MACROPHAGES COLLECTED VIA BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FROM HEALTHY HUMAN SUBJECTS WITH NORMAL PULMONARY FUNCTION. EPIGENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION WAS EXAMINED VIA INFINIUM METHYLATIONEPIC (850K) ARRAY AND VALIDATED BY TARGETED NEXT-GENERATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. WE OBSERVED 95 CPG LOCI WITH SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN LUNG MACROPHAGES, COMPARING UPPER LOBE TO LOWER LOBE (ALL FALSE DISCOVERY RATE < 0.05). SEVERAL OF THESE GENES, INCLUDING CLIP4, HSH2D, NR4A1, SNX10, AND TYK2, HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED AS PARTICIPANTS IN INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNE-RELATED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. FUNCTIONALLY, WE IDENTIFIED PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN OXYGEN USE, COMPARING UPPER VERSUS LOWER LUNG MACROPHAGES. OUR RESULTS SUPPORT A HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES, SPECIFICALLY DNA METHYLATION, AT A MULTITUDE OF GENE LOCI IN LUNG MACROPHAGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DIFFERENCES REGIONALLY IN LUNG.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3 3308  35 HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILING IDENTIFIES NOVEL REGULATORS OF COPD. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ARE STILL WAITING FOR CURATIVE TREATMENTS. CONSIDERING ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT COPD WILL BE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EPIGENETIC SIGNALING IN LUNG CELLS. WE GENERATED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION MAPS AT SINGLE CPG RESOLUTION OF PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS (HLFS) ACROSS COPD STAGES. WE SHOW THAT THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE IS CHANGED EARLY IN COPD, WITH DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCURRING PREDOMINANTLY IN REGULATORY REGIONS. RNA SEQUENCING OF MATCHED FIBROBLASTS DEMONSTRATED DYSREGULATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN PROLIFERATION, DNA REPAIR, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ORGANIZATION. DATA INTEGRATION IDENTIFIED 110 CANDIDATE REGULATORS OF DISEASE PHENOTYPES THAT WERE LINKED TO FIBROBLAST REPAIR PROCESSES USING PHENOTYPIC SCREENS. OUR STUDY PROVIDES HIGH-RESOLUTION MULTI-OMIC MAPS OF HLFS ACROSS COPD STAGES. WE REVEAL NOVEL TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH COPD ONSET AND PROGRESSION AND IDENTIFY NEW CANDIDATE REGULATORS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES. THE PRESENCE OF VARIOUS EPIGENETIC FACTORS AMONG THE CANDIDATES DEMONSTRATES THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN COPD IS AN EXCITING RESEARCH FIELD THAT HOLDS PROMISE FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AVENUES FOR PATIENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4 3543  29 IMMUNOLOGY, GENETICS AND MICROBIOTA IN THE COPD PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: POTENTIAL SCOPE FOR PATIENT STRATIFICATION. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS CHARACTERIZED BY SUSTAINED INFLAMMATION OF THE AIRWAYS, LEADING TO DESTRUCTION OF LUNG TISSUE AND DECLINING PULMONARY FUNCTION. ALTHOUGH SMOKING IS THE MOST OBVIOUS RISK FACTOR FOR COPD, ONLY ABOUT 20% OF SMOKERS DEVELOP COPD AND SMOKING CESSATION DOES NOT REVERSE PROGRESSION OF COPD, INDICATING THAT WHILE SMOKING IS AN IMPORTANT CAUSE OR INITIATING FACTOR, IT IS NOT THE ONLY DRIVER OF ONGOING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE PROGRESSION IN COPD PATIENTS. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT SMOKING-INDUCED CHANGES IN LUNG MICROBIOTA, EPITHELIAL INTEGRITY AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION RESULT IN AUTOANTIGEN INDUCTION AND PERTURBED IMMUNE REGULATION IN GENETICALLY VUNERABLE INDIVIDUALS. IN OUR VIEW, COPD PATIENTS MAY BE STRATIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR IMMUNOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY STATUS RELATED TO SPECIFIC CHANGES IN THE LUNG MICROBIOTA (INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY), PRESENCE OF AUTOANTIGENS (ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: TH1-B-CELL AXIS) AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS (INFLAMMATION AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES).	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5 2022  43 EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ALLERGIC ASTHMA. DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA IN CHILDHOOD IS LINKED TO VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT IN EARLY LIFE, WITH SUBSEQUENT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ALLERGENS. PROGRESSION TO PERSISTENT ASTHMA IS ASSOCIATED WITH A TH2-BIASED IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE AND STRUCTURAL REMODELLING OF THE AIRWAYS. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE UNCLEAR, BUT COULD INVOLVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. TO INVESTIGATE THIS, WE EMPLOYED A RECENTLY DEVELOPED MOUSE MODEL IN WHICH SELF-LIMITED NEONATAL INFECTION WITH A PNEUMOVIRUS, FOLLOWED BY SENSITISATION TO OVALBUMIN VIA THE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND LOW-LEVEL CHRONIC CHALLENGE WITH AEROSOLISED ANTIGEN, LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASTHMATIC PHENOTYPE. WE ASSESSED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA BY CELLS IN THE PROXIMAL AIRWAYS, COMPARING CHANGES OVER THE PERIOD OF DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND USED TARGET PREDICTION DATABASES TO IDENTIFY GENES LIKELY TO BE UP- OR DOWNREGULATED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ALTERED REGULATION OF MICRORNA. IN PARALLEL, WE ASSESSED DNA METHYLATION IN PULMONARY CD4(+) T CELLS. WE FOUND THAT A LIMITED NUMBER OF MICRORNAS EXHIBITED MARKED UP- OR DOWNREGULATION FOLLOWING EARLY-LIFE INFECTION AND SENSITISATION, FOR MANY OF WHICH THE LEVELS OF EXPRESSION WERE FURTHER CHANGED FOLLOWING CHRONIC CHALLENGE WITH THE SENSITIZING ANTIGEN. TARGETS OF THESE MICRORNAS INCLUDED GENES INVOLVED IN IMMUNE OR INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES (E.G. GATA3, KITL) AND IN TISSUE REMODELLING (E.G. IGF1, TGFBR1), AS WELL AS GENES FOR VARIOUS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND SIGNALLING PROTEINS. IN PULMONARY CD4(+) T CELLS, THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION AT PROMOTER SITES FOR INTERLEUKIN-4 AND INTERFERON-GAMMA, THE LATTER INCREASING FOLLOWING CHRONIC CHALLENGE. WE CONCLUDE THAT, IN THIS MODEL, PROGRESSION TO AN ASTHMATIC PHENOTYPE IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION AND STRUCTURAL REMODELLING, AND WITH T-CELL COMMITMENT TO A TH2 IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PATTERN OF GENE ACTIVATION MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
6 2161  31 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION MAY AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY GENES IN LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MAJOR EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION AND VARIOUS POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES, SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLATION, ACETYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION, UBIQUITINATION, AND SUMOYLATION. ENZYMES WHICH REGULATE THESE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN BE ACTIVATED BY SMOKING. BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS PLAY SIGNIFICANT EFFECT IN DEVELOPMENT OF COPD WHICH HAVE BEEN REPORTED BY MOST REFERENCES; HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE DISEASE. UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CAN HELP US CLARIFY THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD AND IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS FOR DEVELOPING NEW THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7 5418  49 REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES ON NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 PATHWAY GENES AND TET ACTIVITY IN CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-CHALLENGED CELLS/COPD EXACERBATION MODEL IN VITRO. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. CURRENTLY, THERE IS A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF THIS DISEASE AND AVAILABLE THERAPIES ARE INEFFECTIVE. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF COPD; HOWEVER, NOT ALL SMOKERS DEVELOP COPD. EXACERBATIONS OF COPD CAUSED BY MICROBES ARE COMMON AND DETRIMENTAL. APPROXIMATELY 20-50% OF PATIENT EXACERBATIONS ARE CAUSED BY BACTERIAL COLONIZATION IN THE LOWER AIRWAYS. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION, PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE DURING PROGRESSION OF COPD. THUS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS VARY SIGNIFICANTLY FOLLOWING SMOKE EXPOSURE AND DURING EXACERBATIONS CAUSED BY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN VITRO STUDY MODEL THAT MIMICS COPD EXACERBATIONS AND PERFORMED EXTENSIVE STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF CPG PROMOTER METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES. BOTH NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN ORCHESTRATING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DURING CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE. IN BRIEF, HUMAN LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS WITH TYPE II ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM CHARACTERISTICS (A549) WERE CHALLENGED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) OR DMSO (CONTROL) FOLLOWED BY A 3-H CHALLENGE WITH BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS; FROM PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA) PRIOR TO THE TERMINATION OF CSE EXPOSURE (COPD EXACERBATION GROUP). THE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES, REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND DNA METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES WERE THEN ASSESSED. WE ALSO STUDIED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCASES (TETS), THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR DNA DEMETHYLATION, AND ASSESSED THEIR ROLE IN REGULATING DNA METHYLATION IN THE CSE-CHALLENGED GROUP. RESULTS: THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES (IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 AND CCL5) IN THE COPD EXACERBATION GROUP AS COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. HYPOMETHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES CORRELATED WITH THEIR INDUCTION IN OUR COPD EXACERBATION STUDY MODEL. FURTHER, WE OBSERVED AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF TET1/2 IN REGULATING THE DNA METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB, STAT3, IKK, AND NIK GENES AND CYTOKINE/CHEMOKINE PRODUCTION BY A549 CELLS DURING CSE CHALLENGE. CONCLUSIONS: STUDIES TO FURTHER DEFINE THE ROLE OF TETS IN CSE-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER AND MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR COPD.	2020	

8 4028  41 LUNG TUMORS, COPD AND IMMUNE RESPONSE: IS EPIGENETICS THE BOTTOM LINE? NSCLC IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISORDER CONSISTING OF DISTINCT MOLECULAR SUBTYPES WHICH CAN BE TREATED BY USING SPECIFIC DRUGS TARGETED TO DISTINCT GENETIC LESIONS. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT NSCLS INCIDENCE IS HIGHER IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS BECAUSE THEY SHARE A COMMON RISK FACTOR (CIGARETTE SMOKING) AND IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE TYPICAL INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT OBSERVED IN COPD MAY INFLUENCE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE OF CARCINOGENESIS. IN THE LAST YEARS, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC PROCESSES IN CELL BIOLOGY AND TISSUE PATHOLOGY HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED BOTH IN COPD AND NSCLC. THE RECENT PAPER BY WAUTERS ET AL. SHOWED A SPECIFIC PATTERN OF DRIVER MUTATIONS AND MOLECULAR FEATURES IN NSCLC RAISING IN THE CONTEXT OF COPD. ALL THESE FINDINGS HAVE SHOWN FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT LUNG TUMORS FOUND IN COPD PATIENTS DIFFER FROM THOSE OBSERVED IN PATIENT WITHOUT COPD DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF A SPECIFIC TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY REDUCED CD4+ TREG CELLS. ON THIS BASIS, THE PRESENT WORK AIMS AT DISCUSSING AND ANALYZING THE CONTEXT-SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF CLONAL SELECTION AND EVOLUTION MAINLY FOCUSING ON THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND AT POINTING OUT THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9 6839  32 [LUNG CANCER AND ITS EPIGENETICS ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE]. LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG CANCER INVOLVES BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENT FACTORS. IN ADDITION TO GENETIC ALTERATIONS, EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IS CLOSELY INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER. CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABNORMAL PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO NOXIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION, COPD HAS SHOWN TO INCREASE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR LUNG TUMORIGENESIS IN PREVIOUS RESEARCH. CURRENT RESEARCH ON EPIGENETICS OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD HAS FOCUSED ON ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE ACETYLATION AND NON-CODING RNAS REGULATION. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG CANCER AND COPD HAS INCLUDED OVEREXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE, GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS, WHILE HISTONE ACETYLATION AND HISTONE METHYLATION ARE THE MAJOR CHANGES FOR HISTONE MODIFICATION, IN WHICH HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE DEACETYLASES, HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEMETHYLASES PLAY THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLES. RNA INTERFERENCE AND MICRORNAS ARE BOTH HOT TOPICS OF RESEARCH ON NON-CODING RNAS REGULATION. UNDERSTANDING OF CONCURRENT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER AND COPD MAY FACILITATE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENT.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10 4228  31 METHYLATION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN LUNG DISEASES. THIS CHAPTER OVERVIEWS ROLES OF DNA METHYLATION IN INFLAMMATORY CELL BIOLOGY WITH THE FOCUSES ON LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES/MONOCYTES IN LUNG DISEASES, ALTHOUGH THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH TARGET GENES ARE METHYLATED AND REGULATED IN LUNG DISEASES REMAIN UNCLEAR. MOST OF EPIGENETIC STUDIES ON DNA METHYLATION OF TARGET GENES IN LUNG DISEASES MAINLY DEMONSTRATED THE CORRELATION OF DNA METHYLATION OF TARGET GENES WITH THE LEVELS OF OTHER CORRESPONDING FACTORS, WITH THE SPECIFICITY OF CLINICAL PHENOMES, AND WITH THE SEVERITY OF LUNG DISEASES. THERE IS AN URGENT NEED TO IDENTIFY AND VALIDATE THE SPECIFICITY AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF INFLAMMATORY CELL EPIGENETICS IN DEPTH. THE EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY AMONG DIFFERENT SUBSETS OF T CELLS AND AMONG PROMOTERS OR NON-PROMOTERS OF TARGET GENES SHOULD BE FURTHERMORE CLARIFIED IN ACUTE OR CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES AND CANCERS. THE HYPER/HYPO-METHYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS OF CHROMOSOL AND EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA MAY RESULT IN ALTERNATIONS IN PROTEINS WITHIN INFLAMMATORY CELLS, WHICH CAN BE IDENTIFIED AS DISEASE-SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11 1551  43 DNA METHYLATION IS GLOBALLY DISRUPTED AND ASSOCIATED WITH EXPRESSION CHANGES IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE SMALL AIRWAYS. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT IS HIGHLY DISRUPTED IN RESPONSE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE AND INVOLVED IN A WIDE SPECTRUM OF MALIGNANT AND NONMALIGNANT DISEASES, BUT SURPRISINGLY NOT PREVIOUSLY ASSESSED IN SMALL AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). SMALL AIRWAYS ARE THE PRIMARY SITES OF AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN COPD. WE SOUGHT TO DETERMINE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE DISRUPTED IN SMALL AIRWAY EPITHELIA OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, AND EVALUATE WHETHER CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THESE DISRUPTIONS. GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED ON SMALL AIRWAY EPITHELIAL DNA AND RNA OBTAINED FROM THE SAME PATIENT DURING BRONCHOSCOPY, USING ILLUMINA'S INFINIUM HM27 AND AFFYMETRIX'S GENECHIP HUMAN GENE 1.0 ST ARRAYS. TO CONTROL FOR KNOWN EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON DNA METHYLATION, METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES WERE COMPARED BETWEEN FORMER SMOKERS WITH AND WITHOUT COPD MATCHED FOR AGE, PACK-YEARS, AND YEARS OF SMOKING CESSATION. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS (1) A GENOME-WIDE PHENOMENON IN SMALL AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, AND (2) ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED EXPRESSION OF GENES AND PATHWAYS IMPORTANT TO COPD, SUCH AS THE NF-E2-RELATED FACTOR 2 OXIDATIVE RESPONSE PATHWAY. DNA METHYLATION IS LIKELY AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM CONTRIBUTING TO MODULATION OF GENES IMPORTANT TO COPD PATHOLOGY. BECAUSE THESE METHYLATION EVENTS MAY UNDERLIE DISEASE-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES, THEIR CHARACTERIZATION IS A CRITICAL FIRST STEP TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIGENETIC MARKERS AND AN OPPORTUNITY FOR DEVELOPING NOVEL EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS FOR COPD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
12 2169  42 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN PARENCHYMAL LUNG DISEASES: BYSTANDERS OR THERAPEUTIC TARGETS? EPIGENETIC RESPONSES DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ALTER CHROMATIN STRUCTURE, WHICH IN TURN MODIFIES THE PHENOTYPE, GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE, AND ACTIVITY OF EACH CELL TYPE THAT HAS A ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF A DISEASE. PULMONARY DISEASES ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE WORLD, INCLUDING LUNG CANCER, IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF), CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PH), LUNG TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY EMBOLISM, AND ASTHMA. SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY BE ONE OF THE MAIN FACTORS TO EXPLAIN THE INCREASING INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF LUNG DISEASES INCLUDING IPF AND COPD. INTERESTINGLY, ISOLATED FIBROBLASTS AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY DISEASES SUCH AS IPF AND PH THAT WERE CULTURED EX VIVO MAINTAINED THE DISEASE PHENOTYPE. THE CELLS OFTEN SHOW A HYPER-PROLIFERATIVE, APOPTOSIS-RESISTANT PHENOTYPE WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) AND ACTIVATED FOCAL ADHESIONS SUGGESTING THE PRESENCE OF AN EPIGENETICALLY IMPRINTED PHENOTYPE. MOREOVER, MANY ABNORMALITIES OBSERVED IN MOLECULAR PROCESSES IN IPF PATIENTS ARE SHOWN TO BE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATED, SUCH AS INNATE IMMUNITY, CELLULAR SENESCENCE, AND APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH. DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION, AND MICRORNA REGULATION CONSTITUTE THE MOST COMMON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION MECHANISMS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 2648  43 EPIGENOMIC TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE. BACKGROUND: A NUMBER OF PROCESSES LEAD TO EPIGENETIC AND EPIGENOMIC MODIFICATIONS. OBJECTIVE: TO ADDRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENOMICS IN RESPIRATORY DISEASE. METHODS: STUDIES OF EPIGENOMICS WERE ANALYSED IN RELATION TO CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: IN LUNG CANCER AND MESOTHELIOMA, A NUMBER OF GENES INVOLVED IN CARCINOGENESIS HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO BE HYPERMETHYLATED, IMPLICATING EPIGENOMIC CHANGES IN THE AETIOLOGY OF THESE CANCERS. HYPERMETHYLATED GENES HAVE ALSO BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG CANCER RECURRENCE, INDICATING EPIGENOMIC REGULATION OF METASTASIS. IN AIRWAY DISEASES, MODULATION OF HISTONE FUNCTION MAY ACTIVATE INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE PATIENTS AND LEAD TO RELATIVE STEROID RESISTANCE. THERE IS EMERGING EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA, INCLUDING RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN UTERO AND TO THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. INSIGHT INTO EPIGENOMICS WILL LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL BIOMARKERS AND TREATMENT TARGETS IN RESPIRATORY DISEASES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14 2909  34 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING IN FIBROMYALGIA INDICATES AN AUTOIMMUNE ORIGIN OF THE DISEASE AND OPENS NEW AVENUES FOR TARGETED THERAPY. FIBROMYALGIA IS A CHRONIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY WIDESPREAD PAIN AND BY SEVERAL NON-PAIN SYMPTOMS. AUTOIMMUNITY, SMALL FIBER NEUROPATHY AND NEUROINFLAMMATION HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. WE HAVE INVESTIGATED THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS OBTAINED FROM TEN PATIENTS AND TEN HEALTHY SUBJECTS. OF THE 545,500 TRANSCRIPTS ANALYZED, 1673 RESULTED MODULATED IN FIBROMYALGIC PATIENTS. THE MAJORITY OF THESE GENES ARE INVOLVED IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND PATHWAYS LINKED TO THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE DISEASE. MOREOVER, GENES INVOLVED IN IMMUNOLOGICAL PATHWAYS CONNECTED TO INTERLEUKIN-17 AND TO TYPE I INTERFERON SIGNATURES WERE ALSO MODULATED, SUGGESTING THAT AUTOIMMUNITY PLAYS A ROLE IN THE DISEASE. WE THEN AIMED AT IDENTIFYING DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS) FUNCTIONALLY CONNECTED TO MODULATED GENES BOTH DIRECTLY AND VIA MICRORNA TARGETING. ONLY TWO LNCRNAS OF THE 298 FOUND MODULATED IN PATIENTS, WERE ABLE TO TARGET THE MOST HIGHLY CONNECTED GENES IN THE FIBROMYALGIA INTERACTOME, SUGGESTING THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN CRUCIAL GENE REGULATION. OUR GENE EXPRESSION DATA WERE CONFIRMED BY REAL TIME PCR, BY AUTOANTIBODY TESTING, DETECTION OF SOLUBLE MEDIATORS AND TH-17 POLARIZATION IN A VALIDATION COHORT OF 50 PATIENTS. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS WELL AS AUTOIMMUNITY PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF FIBROMYALGIA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15 1245  33 CURRENT CONCEPTS ON THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN COPD AND LUNG CANCER. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND LUNG CANCER ARE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH, AND BOTH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT 50-70% OF PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH LUNG CANCER SUFFER FROM COPD, AND REDUCED LUNG FUNCTION IS AN IMPORTANT EVENT IN LUNG CANCER SUGGESTING AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COPD AND LUNG CANCER. HOWEVER, A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COPD AND LUNG TUMORIGENESIS IS NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED A CENTRAL ROLE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BOTH THE DISEASES. FOR EXAMPLE, IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION, ABNORMAL ACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB, EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, ALTERED ADHESION SIGNALING PATHWAYS, AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX DEGRADATION/ALTERED SIGNALING ARE THE KEY UNDERLYING MECHANISMS IN BOTH COPD AND LUNG CANCER. THESE PARAMETERS ALONG WITH OTHER PROCESSES, SUCH AS CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS/EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ANGIOGENESIS, AND AUTOPHAGY/APOPTOSIS ARE ALTERED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE, ARE CRUCIAL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD AND LUNG CANCER. UNDERSTANDING THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE PROCESSES WILL PROVIDE NOVEL AVENUES FOR HALTING THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN COPD AND DEVISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES AGAINST LUNG CANCER.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16 2212  26 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND THERAPY IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD): AN UPDATE REVIEW. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) THAT IS ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT CHRONIC ADULT DISEASES AND THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF FATALITY UNTIL 2020. ELASTASE/ANTI-ELASTASE HYPOTHESIS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, APOPTOSIS, OXIDANT-ANTIOXIDANT BALANCE AND INFECTIVE REPAIR CAUSE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD ARE AMONG THE FACTORS AT PLAY. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS IN HISTONE PROTEINS AND DNA SUCH AS METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION AS WELL AS DYSREGULATION OF MIRNAS EXPRESSION. IN THIS UPDATE REVIEW, WE HAVE EXAMINED RECENT STUDIES ON THE UPREGULATION OR DOWNREGULATION OF METHYLATION IN DIFFERENT GENES ASSOCIATED WITH COPD. DYSREGULATION OF HDAC ACTIVITY WHICH IS CAUSED BY SOME FACTORS AND MIRNAS PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE SUPPRESSION AND REDUCTION OF COPD DEVELOPMENT. ALSO, SOME THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE PROPOSED AGAINST COPD BY TARGETING HDAC2 AND MIRNAS, WHICH HAVE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
17 1508  44 DNA METHYLATION AND MRNA AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION OF SLE CD4+ T CELLS CORRELATE WITH DISEASE PHENOTYPE. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WELL KNOWN FOR ITS CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY, AND ITS ETIOLOGY SECONDARY TO A CROSS-TALK INVOLVING GENETIC PREDISPOSITION AND ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI. ALTHOUGH GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS HAS CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE GENETIC BASIS OF SLE, THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. INDEED, RECENT DATA HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT IN PATIENTS WITH SLE, THERE ARE STRIKING ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, AND DEREGULATED MICRORNA EXPRESSION, THE SUM OF WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO OVER-EXPRESSION OF SELECT AUTOIMMUNE-RELATED GENES AND LOSS OF TOLERANCE. TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE AT THE LEVEL OF CLINICAL PHENOTYPE, WE PERFORMED DNA METHYLATION, MRNA AND MICRORNA EXPRESSION SCREENING USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING OF PURIFIED CD4+ T CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH SLE, COMPARED TO AGE AND SEX MATCHED CONTROLS. IN PARTICULAR, WE STUDIED 42 PATIENTS WITH SLE AND DIVIDED THIS GROUP INTO THREE CLINICAL PHENOTYPES: A) THE PRESENCE OF SKIN LESIONS WITHOUT SIGNS OF SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY; B) SKIN LESIONS BUT ALSO CHRONIC RENAL PATHOLOGY; AND C) SKIN LESIONS, CHRONIC RENAL PATHOLOGY AND POLYARTICULAR DISEASE. INTERESTINGLY, AND AS EXPECTED, SEQUENCING DATA REVEALED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION IN SLE COMPARED TO CONTROLS. HOWEVER, AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, ALTHOUGH THERE WERE COMMON METHYLATION CHANGES FOUND IN ALL GROUPS OF SLE COMPARED TO CONTROLS, THERE WAS SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION CHANGES THAT CORRELATED WITH CLINICAL PHENOTYPE. THESE INCLUDED CHANGES IN THE NOVEL KEY TARGET GENES NLRP2, CD300LB AND S1PR3, AS WELL AS CHANGES IN THE CRITICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING THE ADHERENS JUNCTION AND LEUKOCYTE TRANSENDOTHELIAL MIGRATION. WE ALSO NOTED THAT A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF GENES UNDERGOING DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION AND THAT MIRNA SCREENING REVEALED THE EXISTENCE OF SUBSETS WITH CHANGES IN EXPRESSION. INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF THIS DATA HIGHLIGHTS SPECIFIC SETS OF MIRNAS CONTROLLED BY DNA METHYLATION, AND GENES THAT ARE ALTERED BY METHYLATION AND TARGETED BY MIRNAS. IN CONCLUSION, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST SELECT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CLINICAL PHENOTYPES AND FURTHER SHED LIGHT ON A NEW VENUE FOR BASIC SLE RESEARCH.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18  927  29 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, AND LUNG CANCER. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: SMOKING IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR LUNG CANCER, WHICH IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS BOTH IN THE USA AND WORLDWIDE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND EMPHYSEMA ARE COMORBID CONDITIONS OFTEN FOUND IN LUNG CANCER PATIENTS. THE INFLAMMATORY PATHWAYS THAT LINK CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, EMPHYSEMA, AND LUNG CANCER LIKELY INVOLVE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS DUE TO CHRONIC TISSUE INJURY AND ABNORMAL TUMOR IMMUNITY IN SUSCEPTIBLE HOSTS. RECENT FINDINGS: CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO ALTERATIONS IN THE BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM AND LUNG MICROENVIRONMENT, PROVOKING A MILIEU CONDUCIVE TO PULMONARY CARCINOGENESIS. FOR EXAMPLE, INFLAMMATION-INDUCIBLE CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 IS UPREGULATED IN NONSMALL CELL LUNG CANCER AND ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PROMOTING EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION. GENETIC CHANGES IN THE AIRWAY EPITHELIUM OF SMOKERS MAY HELP PREDICT OR IDENTIFY INDIVIDUALS AT RISK FOR LUNG CANCER. FINALLY, RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF EMPHYSEMA HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED AS INDEPENDENT RISK FACTORS FOR LUNG CANCER. SUMMARY: THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INFLAMMATION, AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION, AND LUNG CANCER ARE COMPLEX. DEREGULATED INFLAMMATION IS COMPLICIT IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND LUNG CANCER, BUT THE OVERLAP OF SIGNALING EVENTS IS NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD. TOBACCO EXPOSURE IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR THAT CONFERS LONG-TERM RISK OF LUNG DISEASE. DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY OF DETECTING LUNG CANCER MAY IMPROVE WITH THE UTILIZATION OF GENETIC PROFILING IN COMBINATION WITH PATHOLOGIC EVALUATION OF AIRWAY EPITHELIUM. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH IS REQUIRED TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASES AND LUNG CARCINOGENESIS.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19 1539  19 DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A LUNG DISEASE AFFECTED BY BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THEREFORE, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF COPD HAS ATTRACTED MUCH ATTENTION. AS ONE OF THE THREE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN COPD. THE PRESENT REVIEW AIMS AT OVERVIEWING THE EFFECT OF DNA METHYLATION ON ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES, AND COMPLICATIONS OF COPD. THE CLARIFICATION OF ABERRANT METHYLATION OF TARGET GENES, WHICH PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF COPD, WILL PROVIDE NEW DISEASE-SPECIFIC BIOMARKER AND TARGETS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20 2170  34 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LUNGS AND AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SKELETAL (PERIPHERAL) MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF COPD PATIENTS. WHETHER EPIGENETIC EVENTS MAY ALSO REGULATE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN COPD REMAINS UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WOULD BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE MAIN INSPIRATORY MUSCLE (DIAPHRAGM) OF PATIENTS WITH COPD OF A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE SPECIMENS (THORACOTOMY DUE TO LUNG LOCALIZED NEOPLASMS) OF SEDENTARY PATIENTS WITH MILD-TO-MODERATE AND SEVERE COPD, WITH PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION, AND SEDENTARY HEALTHY CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), TOTAL DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE ALSO CLINICALLY EVALUATED: LUNG AND MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, PATIENTS EXHIBITED MODERATE AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND DIFFUSION CAPACITY, AND REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE AND TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC STRENGTH. MOREOVER, IN THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNA EXPRESSION WAS DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR (MEF)2C PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHER, AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS, MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. IN THE MAIN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE OF COPD PATIENTS WITH A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY AND NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNAS WERE DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MEF2C LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED. IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS ACT AS BIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO BETTER OVERCOME THE CONTINUOUS INSPIRATORY LOADS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN COPD. THESE FINDINGS MAY OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO SPECIFICALLY TARGET RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2014