1 5298 120 PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE 5 SUPPRESSES THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE RB FAMILY OF TUMOR SUPPRESSORS IN LEUKEMIA AND LYMPHOMA CELLS. THE PROPER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF CHROMATIN BY PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASES (PRMTS) IS CRUCIAL FOR NORMAL CELL GROWTH AND HEALTH. THE HUMAN SWI/SNF-ASSOCIATED PRMT5 IS INVOLVED IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF TARGET GENES BY DIRECTLY METHYLATING H3R8 AND H4R3. TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF PRMT5-MEDIATED HISTONE METHYLATION ON CANCER, WE ANALYZED ITS EXPRESSION IN NORMAL AND TRANSFORMED HUMAN B LYMPHOCYTES. OUR FINDINGS REVEAL THAT PRMT5 PROTEIN LEVELS ARE ENHANCED IN VARIOUS HUMAN LYMPHOID CANCER CELLS, INCLUDING TRANSFORMED CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (B-CLL) CELL LINES. PRMT5 OVEREXPRESSION IS CAUSED BY THE ALTERED EXPRESSION OF THE PRMT5-SPECIFIC MICRORNAS 19A, 25, 32, 92, 92B, AND 96 AND RESULTS IN THE INCREASED GLOBAL SYMMETRIC METHYLATION OF H3R8 AND H4R3. AN EVALUATION OF BOTH EPIGENETIC MARKS AT PRMT5 TARGET GENES SUCH AS RB1 (P105), RBL1 (P107), AND RBL2 (P130) SHOWED THAT PROMOTERS H3R8 AND H4R3 ARE HYPERMETHYLATED, WHICH IN TURN TRIGGERS POCKET PROTEIN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. FURTHERMORE, REDUCING PRMT5 EXPRESSION IN WAC3CD5 B-CLL CELLS ABOLISHES H3R8 AND H4R3 HYPERMETHYLATION, RESTORES RBL2 EXPRESSION, AND INHIBITS CANCER CELL PROLIFERATION. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT PRMT5 OVEREXPRESSION EPIGENETICALLY ALTERS THE TRANSCRIPTION OF KEY TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND SUGGEST A CAUSAL ROLE OF THE ELEVATED SYMMETRIC METHYLATION OF H3R8 AND H4R3 AT THE RBL2 PROMOTER IN TRANSFORMED B-LYMPHOCYTE PATHOLOGY.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2 1843  28 EFFECTS OF TELOMERASE INHIBITOR ON EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ENZYMES IN MALIGNANCIES. TELOMERASE HAS A CRITICAL ROLE IN CELL PROLIFERATION, TUMOR MAINTAINING, AND THERAPY RESISTANCE, WHICH ACT BY MODIFYING MANY SIGNALING PATHWAYS. 2-[(E)-3-NAPHTALEN-2-YL-BUT-2-ENOYLAMINO]-BENZOIC ACID (BIBR1532) IS ONE OF THE MOST STUDIED TELOMERASE INHIBITORS, AND IT TARGETS TELOMERASE COMPONENTS TERC AND TERT. IN THIS NOVEL STUDY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF BIBR1532 ON BOTH HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES AND SOLID TUMORS. K-562 HUMAN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELL LINE AND U87MG GLIOBLASTOMA CELL LINE WERE COMPARED WITH CONTROL GROUPS WITHOUT BIBR1532 TREATMENT. CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF BIBR1532 WERE DETERMINED BY USING WST-1 ASSAY. APOPTOTIC EFFECTS OF BIBR1532 WERE DETECTED BY USING ANNEXIN V METHOD. TO ASSESS EXPRESSION CHANGES IN THE HUMAN EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ENZYME GENES, TOTAL RNA WAS ISOLATED FROM K-562 AND U87MG CELLS TREATED WITH BIBR1532 AND UNTREATED CONTROL CELLS. BIBR1532 INDUCED 2.41-FOLD APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH IN U87MG CELL LINES COMPARED WITH CONTROL GROUPS. APOPTOSIS WAS SLIGHTLY INDUCED IN K-562 CELLS WITH BIBR1532 TREATMENT COMPARED WITH CONTROL CELLS. WE OBSERVED THAT BIBR1532 ALSO REGULATES SIMILAR GENES IN BOTH CELL LINES, AND IT IS USEFUL ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. AS A RESULT, TELOMERASE INHIBITOR BIBR1532 HAS A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON BOTH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND SOLID TUMORS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3 5775  31 SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N(1)-ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY ASSOCIATES WITH WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT IN MYELOID LEUKEMIAS. THE METABOLISM OF POLYAMINES, THE CATIONIC SMALL MOLECULES ESSENTIAL FOR CELL PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION, IS ALTERED IN CANCER CELLS AND CAN BE EXPLOITED IN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY. SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N(1)-ACETYLTRANSFERASE (SSAT), WHICH REGULATES INTRACELLULAR LEVELS OF POLYAMINES BY CATABOLIZING SPERMIDINE AND SPERMINE, HAS A CONTROVERSIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCERS. IN THIS STUDY, THE POLYAMINE METABOLISM AND FUNCTION OF SSAT WERE CHARACTERIZED IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), AND ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA PATIENT SAMPLES. ALSO, MICE OVEREXPRESSING SSAT AND HAVING A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE PHENOTYPE WERE ANALYZED FOR THEIR RESPONSE TO DECITABINE AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR TRICHOSTATIN A. THE PRESENCE OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS IN THE BONE MARROW CELLS OF SSAT MICE WAS ANALYZED. ELEVATED LEVELS OF SPERMIDINE AND SPERMINE, AS WELL AS INCREASED ACTIVITY OF SSAT, WERE DETECTED IN AML, CML, AND ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA PATIENTS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROLS. HOWEVER, WE FOUND SSAT ACTIVITY TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT ONLY IN AML AND CML PATIENTS. DECITABINE TREATMENT BROUGHT THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND BONE MARROW CELL COUNTS OF SSAT MICE TO THE LEVEL OF WILD-TYPE MICE. SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N(1)-ACETYLTRANSFERASE MICE HAD INCREASED HISTONE METHYLATION AND AN INCREASED LEVEL OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 1 IN THEIR BONE MARROW CELLS. THE STUDY SUGGESTS THAT SSAT INFLUENCES THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS PARTLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SSAT OVEREXPRESSION-INDUCED MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE IN MICE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
4 4696  31 NF-KAPPAB REPRESSES RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR-MEDIATED GPRC5A TRANSACTIVATION IN LUNG EPITHELIAL CELLS TO PROMOTE NEOPLASIA. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG TUMORIGENESIS, IN WHICH NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE. LUNG TUMOR SUPPRESSOR G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR, FAMILY C, MEMBER 5A (GPRC5A), IS REPRESSED IN MOST NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC); HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, WE SHOW THAT NF-KAPPAB ACTS AS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR IN SUPPRESSION OF GPRC5A. NF-KAPPAB INDUCED GPRC5A REPRESSION BOTH IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. INTRIGUINGLY, TRANSACTIVATION OF NF-KAPPAB DOWNSTREAM TARGETS WAS NOT REQUIRED, BUT THE TRANSACTIVATION DOMAIN OF RELA/P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR GPRC5A REPRESSION. NF-KAPPAB DID NOT BIND TO ANY POTENTIAL CIS-ELEMENT IN THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. INSTEAD, P65 WAS COMPLEXED WITH RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR ALPHA/BETA (RARALPHA/BETA) AND RECRUITED TO THE RA RESPONSE ELEMENT SITE AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER, RESULTING IN DISRUPTED RNA POLYMERASE II COMPLEXING AND SUPPRESSED TRANSCRIPTION. NOTABLY, PHOSPHORYLATION ON SERINE 276 OF P65 WAS REQUIRED FOR INTERACTION WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND REPRESSION OF GPRC5A. MOREOVER, NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REPRESSION WAS THROUGH SUPPRESSION OF ACETYLATED HISTONE H3K9 (H3K9AC), BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION OF THE CPG ISLANDS, AT THE GPRC5A PROMOTER. CONSISTENTLY, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, BUT NOT DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR, RESTORED GPRC5A EXPRESSION IN NSCLC CELLS. THUS, NF-KAPPAB INDUCES TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF GPRC5A VIA A COMPLEX WITH RARALPHA/BETA AND MEDIATES EPIGENETIC REPRESSION VIA SUPPRESSION OF H3K9AC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 2080  29 EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION OF EBI3 MODULATES HUMAN INTERLEUKIN-35 FORMATION VIA NFKB SIGNALING: A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC OPTION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS. ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC), A SEVERE CHRONIC DISEASE WITH UNCLEAR ETIOLOGY THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER, IS ACCOMPANIED BY DYSREGULATION OF CYTOKINES. EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-INDUCED GENE 3 (EBI3) ENCODES A SUBUNIT IN THE UNIQUE HETERODIMERIC IL-12 CYTOKINE FAMILY OF EITHER PRO- OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FUNCTION. AFTER HAVING RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED THAT UPREGULATION OF EBI3 BY HISTONE ACETYLATION ALLEVIATES DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN A DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS)-TREATED MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC COLITIS, WE NOW AIMED TO EXAMINE A POSSIBLE FURTHER EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF EBI3 BY DNA METHYLATION UNDER INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (DNMTI) DECITABINE (DAC) AND TNFALPHA LED TO SYNERGISTIC UPREGULATION OF EBI3 IN HUMAN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS (HCEC). USE OF DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITORS INDICATED NFKAPPAB SIGNALING WAS NECESSARY AND PROPORTIONAL TO THE SYNERGISTIC EBI3 INDUCTION. MALDI-TOF/MS AND HPLC-ESI-MS/MS ANALYSIS OF DAC/TNFALPHA-TREATED HCEC IDENTIFIED IL-12P35 AS THE MOST PROBABLE BINDING PARTNER TO FORM A FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN. EBI3/IL-12P35 HETERODIMERS (IL-35) INDUCE THEIR OWN GENE UPREGULATION, SOMETHING THAT WAS INDEED OBSERVED IN HCEC CULTURED WITH MEDIA FROM PREVIOUSLY DAC/TNFALPHA-TREATED HCEC. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT UNDER INFLAMMATORY AND DEMETHYLATING CONDITIONS THE UPREGULATION OF EBI3 RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY IL-35, WHICH MIGHT BE CONSIDERED AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN COLITIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6 1950  31 EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF TENSIN 4 PROMOTES GASTRIC CANCER PROGRESSION. GASTRIC CANCER (GC) IS A COMPLEX DISEASE INFLUENCED BY MULTIPLE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AND DIETARY RISK FACTORS CAN RESULT IN THE ACCUMULATION OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN GASTRIC MUCOSA, WHICH PROMOTES GC DEVELOPMENT. TENSIN 4 (TNS4), A MEMBER OF THE TENSIN FAMILY OF PROTEINS, IS LOCALIZED TO FOCAL ADHESION SITES, WHICH CONNECT THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND CYTOSKELETAL NETWORK. WE IDENTIFIED UPREGULATION OF TNS4 IN GC USING QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR WITH 174 PAIRED SAMPLES OF GC TUMORS AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUES. TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION OF TNS4 OCCURRED EVEN DURING THE EARLY STAGE OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. TNS4 DEPLETION IN GC CELL LINES THAT EXPRESSED HIGH TO MODERATE LEVELS OF TNS4, I.E., SNU-601, KATO III, AND MKN74, REDUCED CELL PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION, WHEREAS ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF TNS4 IN THOSE LINES THAT EXPRESSED LOWER LEVELS OF TNS4, I.E., SNU-638, MKN1, AND MKN45 INCREASED COLONY FORMATION AND CELL MIGRATION. THE PROMOTER REGION OF TNS4 WAS HYPOMETHYLATED IN GC CELL LINES THAT SHOWED UPREGULATION OF TNS4. WE ALSO FOUND A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN TNS4 EXPRESSION AND CPG METHYLATION IN 250 GC TUMORS BASED ON THE CANCER GENOME ATLAS (TCGA) DATA. THIS STUDY ELUCIDATES THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF TNS4 ACTIVATION AND FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF TNS4 IN GC DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION AND SUGGESTS A POSSIBLE APPROACH FOR FUTURE GC TREATMENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
7 1668  32 DOWNREGULATION OF SOCS1 INCREASES INTERFERON-INDUCED ISGYLATION DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF INDUCED-PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS TO HEPATOCYTES. BACKGROUND & AIMS: INCREASED EXPRESSION OF IFN-STIMULATED GENE 15 (ISG15) AND SUBSEQUENTLY INCREASED ISGYLATION ARE KEY FACTORS IN THE HOST RESPONSE TO VIRAL INFECTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO CHARACTERIZE THE EXPRESSION OF ISG15, ISGYLATION, AND ASSOCIATED ENZYMES AT EACH STAGE OF DIFFERENTIATION FROM INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS (IPSCS) TO HEPATOCYTES. METHODS: TO STUDY THE REGULATION OF ISGYLATION, WE UTILIZED PATIENT SAMPLES AND IN VITRO CELL CULTURE MODELS INCLUDING IPSCS, HEPATOCYTES-LIKE CELLS, IMMORTALIZED CELL LINES, AND PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. PROTEIN/MRNA EXPRESSION WERE MEASURED FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH POLY(I:C), IFNALPHA AND HCV INFECTION. RESULTS: WHEN COMPARED TO HLCS, WE OBSERVED SEVERAL NOVEL ASPECTS OF THE ISGYLATION PATHWAY IN IPSCS. THESE INCLUDE A LOWER BASELINE EXPRESSION OF THE ISGYLATION-ACTIVATING ENZYME, UBE1L, A LACK OF IFN-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF THE ISGYLATION-CONJUGATION ENZYME UBE2L6, AN ATTENUATED ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR STAT1 AND CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION OF SOCS1. ISGYLATION WAS OBSERVED IN IPSCS FOLLOWING DOWNREGULATION OF SOCS1, WHICH FACILITATED STAT1 ACTIVATION AND SUBSEQUENTLY INCREASED EXPRESSION OF UBE2L6. INTRIGUINGLY, HCV PERMISSIVE TRANSFORMED HEPATOMA CELL LINES DEMONSTRATED HIGHER INTRINSIC EXPRESSION OF SOCS1 AND WEAKER ISGYLATION FOLLOWING IFN TREATMENT. SOCS1 DOWNREGULATION IN HCV-INFECTED HUH 7.5.1 CELLS LED TO INCREASED ISGYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: HEREIN, WE SHOW THAT HIGH BASAL LEVELS OF SOCS1 INHIBIT STAT1 ACTIVATION AND SUBSEQUENTLY IFN-INDUCED UBE2L6 AND ISGYLATION IN IPSCS. FURTHERMORE, AS IPSCS DIFFERENTIATE INTO HEPATOCYTES, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ISGYLATION BY MODIFYING UBE1L AND SOCS1 EXPRESSION LEVELS. OVERALL, THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELL-INTRINSIC INNATE IMMUNITY DURING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF IPSCS TO HEPATOCYTES PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC REGULATION OF HOST DEFENSE RESPONSES AND RELATED ONCOGENIC PROCESSES. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: TO ELUCIDATE THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING REGULATION OF ISGYLATION, A KEY PROCESS IN THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE, WE STUDIED CHANGES IN ISGYLATION-ASSOCIATED GENES AT THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF DIFFERENTIATION FROM IPSCS TO HEPATOCYTES. WE FOUND THAT HIGH BASAL LEVELS OF SOCS1 INHIBIT STAT1 ACTIVATION AND SUBSEQUENTLY IFN-INDUCED UBE2L6 AND ISGYLATION IN IPSCS. IMPORTANTLY, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SOCS1 AND SUBSEQUENTLY ISGYLATION MAY BE IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC HOST DEFENSE RESPONSES IN HEPATOCYTES THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN STUDYING CHRONIC INFECTIONS AND ONCOGENIC PROCESSES IN THE LIVER.	2022	
                            
8   35  25 A CHROMATIN ACTIVITY-BASED CHEMOPROTEOMIC APPROACH REVEALS A TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOME FOR GENE-SPECIFIC SILENCING. IMMUNE CELLS DEVELOP ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE (ET) AFTER PROLONGED STIMULATION. ET INCREASES THE LEVEL OF A REPRESSION MARK H3K9ME2 IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENT CHROMATIN SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHAT PROTEINS ARE FUNCTIONALLY INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. HERE WE SHOW THAT A NOVEL CHROMATIN ACTIVITY-BASED CHEMOPROTEOMIC (CHAC) APPROACH CAN DISSECT THE FUNCTIONAL CHROMATIN PROTEIN COMPLEXES THAT REGULATE ET-ASSOCIATED INFLAMMATION. USING UNC0638 THAT BINDS THE ENZYMATICALLY ACTIVE H3K9-SPECIFIC METHYLTRANSFERASE G9A/GLP, CHAC REVEALS THAT G9A IS CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE AT A G9A-DEPENDENT MEGA-DALTON REPRESSOME IN PRIMARY ENDOTOXIN-TOLERANT MACROPHAGES. G9A/GLP BROADLY IMPACTS THE ET-SPECIFIC REPROGRAMMING OF THE HISTONE CODE LANDSCAPE, CHROMATIN REMODELLING AND THE ACTIVITIES OF SELECT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. WE DISCOVER THAT THE G9A-DEPENDENT EPIGENETIC ENVIRONMENT PROMOTES THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION ACTIVITY OF C-MYC FOR GENE-SPECIFIC CO-REGULATION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. CHAC MAY ALSO BE APPLICABLE TO DISSECT OTHER FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN THE CONTEXT OF PHENOTYPIC CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9  368  37 AMYLOID BETA-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 CONTROLS CELL SURVIVAL IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. SWEDISH DOUBLE MUTATION (KM670/671NL) OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) IS REPORTED TO INCREASE TOXIC AMYLOID BETA (ABETA) PRODUCTION VIA ABERRANT CLEAVAGE AT THE BETA-SECRETASE SITE AND THEREBY CAUSE EARLY-ONSET ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS LEADING TO AD PATHOGENESIS REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. PREVIOUSLY, OUR TRANSCRIPTOME SEQUENCE ANALYSES REVEALED GLOBAL EXPRESSIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF OVER 600 GENES IN APP-SWEDISH MUTANT-EXPRESSING H4 (H4-SW) CELLS COMPARED TO WILD TYPE H4 CELLS. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 (IGFBP3) IS ONE GENE THAT SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION IN H4-SW CELLS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF IGFBP3 IN AD PATHOGENESIS AND ELUCIDATED THE MECHANISMS REGULATING ITS EXPRESSION. WE OBSERVED DECREASED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION IN THE H4-SW CELL LINE AS WELL AS THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF AD MODEL TRANSGENIC MICE. TREATMENT WITH EXOGENOUS IGFBP3 PROTEIN INHIBITED ABETA1-42- INDUCED CELL DEATH AND CASPASE-3 ACTIVITY, WHEREAS SIRNA-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF IGFBP3 EXPRESSION INDUCED CELL DEATH AND CASPASE-3 CLEAVAGE. IN PRIMARY HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, ADMINISTRATION OF IGFBP3 PROTEIN BLOCKED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH DUE TO ABETA1-42 TOXICITY. THESE DATA IMPLICATE A PROTECTIVE ROLE FOR IGFBP3 AGAINST ABETA1-42-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF IGFBP3 EXPRESSION IN AD PATHOGENESIS. WE OBSERVED ABNORMAL IGFBP3 HYPERMETHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER CPG ISLAND IN H4-SW CELLS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE RESTORED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION AT BOTH THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ABETA1-42 INDUCED IGFBP3 HYPERMETHYLATION AT CPGS, PARTICULARLY AT LOCI -164 AND -173, AND SUBSEQUENTLY SUPPRESSED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION. THEREFORE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT EXPRESSION OF ANTI-APOPTOTIC IGFBP3 IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION, SUGGESTING A MECHANISM THAT CONTRIBUTES TO AD PATHOGENESIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10  829  24 CHARACTERIZATION OF P190-BCR-ABL CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA REVEALS SPECIFIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. THE ONCOGENIC PROTEIN BCR-ABL HAS TWO MAJOR ISOFORMS, P190(BCR-ABL) AND P210(BCR-ABL). WHILE P210(BCR-ABL) IS THE HALLMARK OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), P190(BCR-ABL) OCCURS IN THE MAJORITY OF PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (PH + ALL) PATIENTS. IN CML, P190(BCR-ABL) OCCURS IN A MINORITY OF PATIENTS ASSOCIATING WITH DISTINCT HEMATOLOGICAL FEATURES AND INFERIOR OUTCOMES, YET THE PATHOGENIC ROLE OF P190(BCR-ABL) AND POTENTIAL TARGETING THERAPIES ARE LARGELY UNCHARACTERIZED. WE EMPLOYED NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING, PHOSPHO-PROTEOMIC PROFILING, AND DRUG SENSITIVITY TESTING TO CHARACTERIZE P190(BCR-ABL) IN CML AND HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELL LINE MODELS (BA/F3 AND HPC-LSK). P190(BCR-ABL) CML PATIENTS DEMONSTRATED POOR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB AND FREQUENT MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS GENES. IN CONTRAST WITH P210(BCR-ABL), P190(BCR-ABL) EXHIBITED SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL UPREGULATION OF INTERFERON, INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR, AND P53 SIGNALING PATHWAYS, ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERPHOSPHORYLATION OF RELEVANT SIGNALING MOLECULES INCLUDING JAK1/STAT1 AND PAK1 IN ADDITION TO SRC HYPERPHOSPHORYLATION. COMPARABLE TO P190(BCR-ABL) CML PATIENTS, P190(BCR-ABL) CELL LINES DEMONSTRATED SIMILAR TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND PHOSPHO-SIGNALING SIGNATURES. WITH THE DRUG SENSITIVITY SCREENING WE IDENTIFIED TARGETED DRUGS WITH SPECIFIC ACTIVITY IN P190(BCR-ABL) CELL LINES INCLUDING IAP-, PAK1-, AND SRC INHIBITORS AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS. OUR RESULTS PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE DISTINCT FEATURES OF P190(BCR-ABL) CML AND PROMISING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR THIS HIGH-RISK PATIENT GROUP.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11 1016  31 CIITA EXPRESSION IS REGULATED BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE ENZYMES AND HAS A ROLE IN ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN PRE-FORMED FIBRIL-INDUCED ANTIGEN PRESENTATION IN MURINE MICROGLIAL CELL LINE. AIM: PARKINSON'S DISEASE (PD) IS A CHRONIC NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDER RELATED WITH SEVERAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. IN THE CONTEXT OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS, HISTONE ACETYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST ASSOCIATED MECHANISMS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE PROGRESSION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATES THE EFFECTS OF THE INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION ON ANTIGEN PRESENTATION IN MICROGLIAL CELLS WHICH WERE INDUCED BY PRE-FORMED FIBRILS OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN (PFF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN). METHODS: PARKINSON'S DISEASE MODEL WAS CREATED WITH PFF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN ADMINISTRATION TO THE BV-2 MICROGLIAL CELLS. BV-2 CELLS WERE CO-TREATED WITH CUDC-907 AND TMP-195 TO INCREASE HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE PRESENCE OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN. ANTIGEN REPRESENTATION WAS EVALUATED BY DETERMINING EXPRESSION LEVELS OF MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX-II (MHC-II) AND CLASS-II MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (CIITA). RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT PFF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED MHC-II EXPRESSION, AND THAT EFFECT WAS MOST SEVERE AT 6 H OF ADMINISTRATION OF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN. INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION VIA CUDC-907 AND TMP-195 ENHANCED MHC-II LEVELS EXPRESSION, WHICH WAS MORE SEVERE IN CUDC-907. ADDITIONALLY, CIITA EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED WITH PFF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN ADMINISTRATION AND INTENSIFIED WITH THE CO-TREATMENT OF CUDC-907 AND TMP-195. FURTHERMORE, PFF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN CAUSED A TIME-DEPENDENT INCREASE IN THE IFN-GAMMA (IFN-?) AND INTERLEUKIN-16(IL-16) LEVELS, AND THAT INCREASE WAS POTENTIATED WITH CUDC-907 AND TMP-195. CONCLUSION: CHANGES IN MHC-II AND CIITA EXPRESSION INDICATE THAT HISTONE ACETYLATION INCREASES THE ANTIGEN PRESENTATION PROPERTIES OF MICROGLIAL CELLS AFTER PFF ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN OR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR (HDACI) ADMINISTRATION. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT MICROGLIAL ANTIGEN PRESENTATION MIGHT HAVE AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE PATHOLOGY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE, AND ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN LIKELY TO PLAY A PRIMARY ROLE IN THIS MECHANISM.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 1067  33 CLINICAL UTILITY OF PDSS2 EXPRESSION TO STRATIFY PATIENTS AT RISK FOR RECURRENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IS REQUIRED FOR OPTIMAL STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) AT RISK FOR RECURRENCE AND ADVERSE PROGNOSIS. COENZYME Q10 (COQ10), WHICH MEDIATES APOPTOSIS, IS SYNTHESIZED BY PRENYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE SUBUNIT 2 (PDSS2). IN THE PRESENT STUDY WE EVALUATED THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF PDSS2 EXPRESSION IN HCC. PDSS2 EXPRESSION LEVELS AND THOSE OF GENES ENCODING POTENTIALLY INTERACTING PROTEINS AS WELL AS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE PDSS2 PROMOTER REGION WERE ANALYZED IN HCC CELL LINES. PDSS2 MRNA LEVELS IN 151 PAIRS OF RESECTED SPECIMENS WERE DETERMINED TO EVALUATE THE ASSOCIATION OF PDSS2 EXPRESSION AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FACTORS. THE EXPRESSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PDSS2 WERE DETERMINED USING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY. PDSS2 MRNA EXPRESSION WAS DECREASED IN SIX OF NINE HCC CELL LINES AND SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THOSE OF HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA. PDSS2 TRANSCRIPTION IN HCC CELLS WITH DECREASED PDSS2 EXPRESSION ACCOMPANYING HYPERMETHYLATION WAS REACTIVATED AFTER TREATING THESE CELLS WITH A METHYLATION INHIBITOR. MEAN EXPRESSION LEVELS OF PDSS2 MRNA RELATIVE TO THAT OF UNINVOLVED LIVER DIMINISHED GRADUALLY IN THE ORDER OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS TO CIRRHOSIS, AND EACH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE OF HCCS. PDSS2 AND PDSS2 MRNA LEVELS WERE CONSISTENT. DECREASED PDSS2 MRNA LEVELS WERE DETECTED IN HCC TISSUES OF 56 PATIENTS, CORRELATED WITH SHORTER DISEASE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL, AND WAS IDENTIFIED AS AN INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC FACTOR. PDSS2 IS A PUTATIVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR, AND PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION IS A KEY REGULATORY MECHANISM IN HCC. DECREASED LEVELS OF PDSS2 MRNA EXPRESSION MAY REPRESENT A NOVEL BIOMARKER OF HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
13 1951  32 EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF THE TUSC3 GENE AS A POTENTIAL THERAPY FOR XMEN DISEASE. BACKGROUND: X-LINKED MAGT1 DEFICIENCY WITH INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION AND N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION DEFECT (XMEN) DISEASE IS A RARE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY CAUSED BY LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS IN THE MAGNESIUM TRANSPORTER 1 (MAGT1) GENE. MAGT1 DEFICIENCY IMPAIRS MAGNESIUM TRANSPORT AND THE N-LINKED GLYCOSYLATION OF A PANEL OF PROTEINS, WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY ABOLISHES THE EXPRESSION OF KEY IMMUNE RECEPTORS SUCH AS NATURAL KILLER GROUP 2, MEMBER D (AKA NKG2D). THESE EFFECTS INDUCE IMMUNE SYSTEM ABNORMALITIES, CHRONIC EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTION, AND NEOPLASIA. RECENT RESEARCH SHOWS THAT MAGT1 AND TUMOR CANDIDATE SUPPRESSOR 3 (TUSC3) SHARE HIGH SEQUENCE AND FUNCTIONAL SIMILARITY. OBJECTIVE: WE SOUGHT TO INVESTIGATE THE FEASIBILITY OF ACTIVATING TUSC3 EXPRESSION TO PROVIDE A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR XMEN DISEASE. METHODS: THE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF MAGT1 AND TUSC3 WERE ANALYZED USING MULTIPLE DATABASES, REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE PCR, AND WESTERN BLOT. THE EFFECTS OF DECITABINE AND PANOBINOSTAT ON THE REGULATION OF TUSC3 EXPRESSION WERE EXPLORED IN BOTH MAGT1 KNOCKOUT (KO)/PATIENT-DERIVED LYMPHOCYTES AND MAGT1 KO HEPATOCYTES. RESULTS: ALTHOUGH TUSC3 IS WIDELY EXPRESSED, IT IS UNDETECTABLE SPECIFICALLY IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND LIVER, CONSISTENT WITH THE MAIN DISEASED TISSUES IN PATIENTS WITH XMEN DISEASE. CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED KO OF MAGT1 IN THE NKL CELL LINE SUCCESSFULLY MIMICKED THE PHENOTYPES OF XMEN PATIENT-DERIVED LYMPHOCYTES, AND EXOGENOUS EXPRESSION OF TUSC3 RESCUED THE DEFICIENCIES IN KO NKL CELLS. USING THIS IN VITRO MODEL, WE IDENTIFIED 2 EPIGENETIC DRUGS, DECITABINE AND PANOBINOSTAT, BY SCREENING. COMBINATION TREATMENT USING THESE 2 DRUGS SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED TUSC3 EXPRESSION AND RESCUED THE IMMUNE AND LIVER ABNORMALITIES. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF TUSC3 EXPRESSION CONSTITUTES AN EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR XMEN DISEASE.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
14 1298  24 DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION ASSOCIATES WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) REQUIRE MANY MEDICATIONS. CYP2C AND CYP3A DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE MAJORITY OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS. THESE ENZYMES ARE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED BY THE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS PREGNANE X RECEPTOR (PXR) AND HEPATIC NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA (HNF-4ALPHA). EXPRESSION OF CYP2C AND CYP3A IS DECREASED IN CKD; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THIS OCCURS IS UNKNOWN. WE INDUCED CKD IN RATS BY 5/6 NEPHRECTOMY AND USED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) TO DETERMINE NUCLEAR RECEPTOR- AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION-MEDIATED DIFFERENCES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE CYP2C AND CYP3A GENES. RNA POLYMERASE II AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS DECREASED 76 AND 57% IN THE CYP2C11 PROMOTOR AND 71 AND 77% IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER, RESPECTIVELY (P<0.05). CHIP ALSO REVEALED A 57% DECREASE IN PXR BINDING TO THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER IN CKD RATS (P<0.05). THE DECREASE IN PXR AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS ACCOMPANIED BY DIMINISHED HISTONE 4 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER (48%) AND HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP2C11 (77%) AND CYP3A2 (77%) PROMOTER LOCI FOR NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVATION (P<0.05). THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR BINDING AND HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE MECHANISM OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYME DOWN-REGULATION AND ALTERED PHARMACOKINETICS IN CKD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15 2763  32 EXPRESSION OF THE LEUKEMIC PROGNOSTIC MARKER CD7 IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: EXPRESSION LEVELS OF THE CELL SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN, CD7, AND THE SERINE PROTEASE, ELASTASE 2 (ELA2), IN THE LEUKEMIC CELLS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL OUTCOME. HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE VARIABLE EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES IN THE LEUKEMIC CELLS. RESULTS: TO ADDRESS THIS QUESTION, WE COMPARED THE LEVEL OF THEIR EXPRESSION WITH THE DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION STATUS OF 5' SEQUENCES OF BOTH GENES IN LEUKEMIC CELL LINES AND PRIMITIVE (LIN-CD34+) LEUKEMIC CELLS FROM CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENTS. DNA METHYLATION OF THE ELA2 GENE PROMOTER DID NOT CORRELATE WITH ITS EXPRESSION PATTERN IN LIN-CD34+ CELLS FROM CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENT SAMPLES EVEN THOUGH THERE WAS CLEAR DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION OF THIS LOCUS IN ELA2-EXPRESSING AND NON-EXPRESSING CELL LINES. IN CONTRAST, WE FOUND A STRONG RELATION BETWEEN CD7 EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPTION-PERMISSIVE CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, BOTH AT THE LEVEL OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION WITH EVIDENCE OF HYPOMETHYLATION OF THE CD7 PROMOTER REGION IN THE LIN-CD34+ CELLS FROM CML PATIENTS WITH HIGH CD7 EXPRESSION. CONCLUSION: THESE FINDINGS INDICATE A LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND CD7 EXPRESSION IN PRIMITIVE CML CELLS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16 3161  33 GRAINYHEAD-LIKE 2 (GRHL2) INHIBITS KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. WE RECENTLY IDENTIFIED GRAINYHEAD-LIKE 2 (GRHL2), A MAMMALIAN HOMOLOG OF GRAINYHEAD IN DROSOPHILA, TO BE A NOVEL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR THAT REGULATES HTERT GENE EXPRESSION AND ENHANCES PROLIFERATION OF NORMAL HUMAN EPIDERMAL KERATINOCYTES (NHEK). IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE SHOW THAT GRHL2 IMPAIRS KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL INHIBITION OF THE GENES CLUSTERED AT THE EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION COMPLEX (EDC), LOCATED AT CHROMOSOME 1Q21. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING AND SUBSEQUENT IN VITRO ASSAYS REVEALED CONSISTENT DOWNREGULATION OF EDC GENES, FOR EXAMPLE, IVL, KRT1, FLG, LCES, AND SPRRS, IN NHEK EXPRESSING EXOGENOUS GRHL2. IN VIVO BINDING ASSAY BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION REVEALED GRHL2 ASSOCIATION AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF ITS TARGET GENES, MANY OF WHICH BELONG TO EDC. EXOGENOUS GRHL2 EXPRESSION ALSO INHIBITED RECRUITMENT OF HISTONE DEMETHYLASE JMJD3 TO THE EDC GENE PROMOTERS AND ENHANCED THE LEVEL OF HISTONE 3 LYS 27 TRIMETHYLATION ENRICHMENT AT THESE PROMOTERS. SURVEY OF GRHL2 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN SKIN TISSUES DEMONSTRATED ENHANCED PROTEIN AND MRNA LEVELS IN CHRONIC SKIN LESIONS WITH IMPAIRED KERATINOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, FOR EXAMPLE, ATOPIC DERMATITIS AND PSORIASIS, COMPARED WITH NORMAL EPIDERMIS. THESE DATA INDICATE THAT GRHL2 IMPAIRS EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION BY INHIBITING EDC GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND SUPPORT ITS ROLE IN THE HYPERPROLIFERATIVE SKIN DISEASES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17 6243  33 THE MECHANISM OF APOLIPROTEIN A1 DOWN-REGULATED BY HEPATITIS B VIRUS. BACKGROUND: HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION CORRELATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIRRHOSIS, LIVER FAILURE AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), POSES A HUGE HEALTH BURDEN ON THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY. HOWEVER, THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) REMAINS UNCLEAR. APOLIPOPROTEIN A1 (APOA1) MAINLY SECRETED BY HEPATOCYTES, REPRESENTS THE MAJOR PROTEIN COMPONENT OF HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN. APOA1 SECRETION MAY BE DISRUPTED BY HBV INFECTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE MAINLY INVESTIGATED THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF APOA1 DOWN REGULATED BY HBV FOR REVEALING THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHB. METHODS: APOA1 EXPRESSION IN LIVERS OF CHB PATIENTS AS WELL AS HEALTHY CONTROLS WERE PERFORMED BY REAL-TIME PCR (RT-PCR) AND WESTERN BLOT. THE SERUM APOA1 LEVELS WERE MEASURED BY ENZYMED-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA). EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE PERFORMED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT IN HUMAN HEPATOMA HEPG2 CELLS AND SUBLINE HEPG2.2.15 CELLS. HBV EXPRESSION CONSTRUCT, PHBV1.3 WERE TRANSFECTED INTO HEPG2, THE CHANGES OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE DETECTED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. TO FURTHER STUDY THE MECHANISM OF APOA1 DOWN REGULATION BY HBV, 11 CPG ISLANDS IN APOA1 PROMOTOR WERE TESTED FOR DNA METHYLATION STATUS BY MSP. HEPG2.2.15 CELL LINES WERE TREATED WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZA-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZA-DC), THEN, EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND HBV PARTICLES IN THE SUPERNATANT, AS WELL AS APOA1 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE DETECTED BY RT-PCR AND WESTERN BLOT. SECRETION OF HBSAG AND HBEAG IN HEPG2 CELLS COTRANSFECTED WITH PAPOA1 AND PHBV1.3 CONSTRUCTS WAS TESTED BY ELISA. MEANWHILE, SECRETION OF HBSAG AND HBEAG IN THE SUPERNATANT WERE QUANTIFIED BY ELISA IN THE HEPG2.2.15 CELLS TREATED WITH 5-AZA-DC PLUS APOA1 SIRNA. RESULTS: EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS, AS WELL AS SERUM APOA1 LEVELS IN CHB PATIENTS WERE DECREASED CORRESPONDING HEALTHY CONTROLS IN VIVO. IN ADDITION, THE EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE DOWN REGULATED IN HEPG2.2.15 CELLS CORREPONDING HEPG2 CELLS, 11 CPG ISLANDS IN APOA1 PROMOTER WERE TESTED FOR METHYLATION STATUS BY MSP IN HEPG2.2.15 CELLS COMPARED TO HEPG2 CELLS, WHILE TWO CPG ISLANDS WERE FOUND HYPERMETHYLATED. EXPRESSION OF APOA1 MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS WERE INCREASED IN HEPG2.2.15 CELLS TREATED WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZA-DC. FURTHERMORE, OVEREXPRESSION OF APOA1 CAN ENHANCE HBV EXPRESSION IN HEPG2 CELLS WHILE THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF 5-AZA-DC ON HBV EXPRESSION WAS COMPLETELY ABOLISHED BY BLOCKING 5-AZA-DC-INDUCED UP-REGULATION OF APOA1 USING RNAI. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF APOA1 GENE EXPRESSION BY CPG ISLAND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION INDUCED BY HBV MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF CHB.	2016	

18  768  27 CD47 (CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION 47). CD47, ALSO KNOWN AS INTEGRIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN, IS A CONSTITUTIVELY AND UBIQUITOUSLY EXPRESSED TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTOR. CD47 IS CONSERVED ACROSS AMNIOTES INCLUDING MAMMALS, REPTILES, AND BIRDS. EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN MANY CANCERS AND, IN NON-MALIGNANT CELLS, BY STRESS AND WITH AGING. THE UP-REGULATION OF CD47 EXPRESSION IS GENERALLY EPIGENETIC, WHEREAS GENE AMPLIFICATION OCCURS WITH LOW FREQUENCY IN SOME CANCERS. CD47 IS A HIGH AFFINITY SIGNALING RECEPTOR FOR THE SECRETED PROTEIN THROMBOSPONDIN-1 (THBS1) AND THE COUNTER-RECEPTOR FOR SIGNAL REGULATORY PROTEIN-ALPHA (SIRPA, SIRPALPHA) AND SIRPGAMMA (SIRPG). CD47 INTERACTION WITH SIRPALPHA SERVES AS A MARKER OF SELF TO INNATE IMMUNE CELLS AND THEREBY PROTECTS CANCER CELLS FROM PHAGOCYTIC CLEARANCE. CONSEQUENTLY, HIGHER CD47 CORRELATES WITH A POOR PROGNOSIS IN SOME CANCERS, AND THERAPEUTIC BLOCKADE CAN SUPPRESS TUMOR GROWTH BY ENHANCING INNATE ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY. CD47 EXPRESSED ON CYTOTOXIC T CELLS, DENDRITIC CELLS, AND NK CELLS MEDIATES INHIBITORY THBS1 SIGNALING THAT FURTHER LIMITS ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY. CD47 LATERALLY ASSOCIATES WITH SEVERAL INTEGRINS AND THEREBY REGULATES CELL ADHESION AND MIGRATION. CD47 HAS ADDITIONAL LATERAL BINDING PARTNERS IN SPECIFIC CELL TYPES, AND LIGATION OF CD47 IN SOME CASES MODULATES THEIR FUNCTION. THBS1-CD47 SIGNALING IN NON-MALIGNANT CELLS INHIBITS NITRIC OXIDE/CGMP, CALCIUM, AND VEGF SIGNALING, MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS, STEM CELL MAINTENANCE, PROTECTIVE AUTOPHAGY, AND DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE, AND PROMOTES NADPH OXIDASE ACTIVITY. CD47 SIGNALING IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATOR OF PLATELET ACTIVATION, ANGIOGENESIS AND BLOOD FLOW. THBS1/CD47 SIGNALING IS FREQUENTLY DYSREGULATED IN CHRONIC DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19 2127  40 EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF MIR-9 FAMILY MICRORNAS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA--IMPLICATIONS ON CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF NFKAPPAB PATHWAY. BACKGROUND: THE MIR-9 FAMILY MICRORNAS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNA IN CANCERS. WE POSTULATED THAT MIR-9-1, MIR-9-2 AND MIR-9-3 MIGHT BE INACTIVATED BY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). METHODS: METHYLATION OF MIR-9-1, MIR-9-2 AND MIR-9-3 WAS STUDIED IN EIGHT NORMAL CONTROLS INCLUDING NORMAL BONE MARROW, BUFFY COAT, AND CD19-SORTED PERIPHERAL BLOOD B-CELLS FROM HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS, SEVEN CLL CELL LINES, AND SEVENTY-EIGHT DIAGNOSTIC CLL SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: THE PROMOTERS OF MIR-9-3 AND MIR-9-1 WERE BOTH UNMETHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS, BUT METHYLATED IN FIVE (71.4%) AND ONE OF SEVEN CLL CELL LINES RESPECTIVELY. HOWEVER, MIR-9-2 PROMOTER WAS METHYLATED IN NORMAL CONTROLS INCLUDING CD19 + VE B-CELLS, HENCE SUGGESTIVE OF A TISSUE-SPECIFIC BUT NOT TUMOR-SPECIFIC METHYLATION, AND THUS NOT FURTHER STUDIED. DIFFERENT MSP STATUSES OF MIR-9-3, INCLUDING COMPLETE METHYLATION, PARTIAL METHYLATION, AND COMPLETE UNMETHYLATION, WERE VERIFIED BY QUANTITATIVE BISULFITE METHYLATION ANALYSIS. 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE TREATMENT RESULTED IN MIR-9-3 PROMOTER DEMETHYLATION AND RE-EXPRESSION OF PRI-MIR-9-3 IN I83-E95 AND WAC3CD5+ CELLS, WHICH WERE HOMOZYGOUSLY METHYLATED FOR MIR-9-3. MOREOVER, OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-9 LED TO SUPPRESSED CELL PROLIFERATION AND ENHANCED APOPTOSIS TOGETHER WITH DOWNREGULATION OF NFKAPPAB1 IN I83-E95 CELLS, SUPPORTING A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ROLE OF MIR-9-3 IN CLL. IN PRIMARY CLL SAMPLES, MIR-9-3 WAS DETECTED IN 17% AND MIR-9-1 METHYLATION IN NONE OF THE PATIENTS AT DIAGNOSIS. MOREOVER, MIR-9-3 METHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED RAI STAGE (>/= STAGE 2) (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: OF THE MIR-9 FAMILY, MIR-9-3 IS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MIRNA RELATIVELY FREQUENTLY METHYLATED, AND HENCE SILENCED IN CLL; WHEREAS MIR-9-1 METHYLATION IS RARE IN CLL. THE ROLE OF MIR-9-3 METHYLATION IN THE CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF NFKAPPAB SIGNALING PATHWAY IN CLL WARRANTS FURTHER STUDY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20 5017  23 PERSISTENT INFECTION OF CULTURED CELLS WITH MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS (MHV) RESULTS FROM THE EPIGENETIC EXPRESSION OF THE MHV RECEPTOR. THE A59 STRAIN OF MURINE CORONAVIRUS MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS (MHV) CAN CAUSE PERSISTENT INFECTION OF 17C1-1 CELLS AND OTHER MURINE CELL LINES. PERSISTENTLY INFECTED CULTURES RELEASED LARGE AMOUNTS OF VIRUS (10(7) TO 10(8) PFU/ML) AND WERE RESISTANT TO SUPERINFECTION WITH MHV BUT NOT TO INFECTION WITH UNRELATED SEMLIKI FOREST AND VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUSES. THE CULTURE MEDIUM FROM PERSISTENTLY INFECTED CULTURES DID NOT CONTAIN A SOLUBLE INHIBITOR SUCH AS INTERFERON THAT PROTECTED UNINFECTED CELLS FROM INFECTION BY MHV OR VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS. THE PERSISTENT INFECTION WAS CURED IF FEWER THAN 100 CELLS WERE TRANSFERRED DURING SUBCULTURING, AND SUCH CURED CULTURES WERE SUSCEPTIBLE TO REINFECTION AND THE REESTABLISHMENT OF PERSISTENT INFECTION. CULTURES OF 17C1-1 CELLS THAT HAD BEEN NEWLY CLONED FROM SINGLE CELLS CONSISTED OF A MIXTURE OF MHV-RESISTANT AND -SUSCEPTIBLE CELLS. 17C1-1/#97 CELLS, WHICH WERE CURED BY SUBCLONING AFTER 97 PASSAGES OF A PERSISTENTLY INFECTED CULTURE OVER A 1-YEAR PERIOD, CONTAINED 5 TO 10% OF THEIR POPULATION AS SUSCEPTIBLE CELLS, WHILE 17C1-1/#402 CELLS, WHICH WERE CURED BY SUBCLONING AFTER 402 PASSAGES OVER A 3-YEAR PERIOD, HAD LESS THAN 1% SUSCEPTIBLE CELLS. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION CORRELATED WITH THE EXPRESSION OF MHV RECEPTOR GLYCOPROTEIN (MHVR [BGP1A]). FLUORESCENCE-ACTIVATED CELL SORTER ANALYSIS WITH ANTIBODY TO MHVR SHOWED THAT 17C1-1/#97 CELLS CONTAINED A SMALL FRACTION OF MHVR-EXPRESSING CELLS. THESE MHVR-EXPRESSING CELLS WERE SELECTIVELY ELIMINATED WITHIN 24 H AFTER CHALLENGE WITH MHV-A59, AND PRETREATMENT OF 17C1-1/#97 CELLS WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY CC1, WHICH BINDS TO THE N-TERMINAL DOMAIN OF MHVR, BLOCKED INFECTION. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE SUBPOPULATION OF MHVR-EXPRESSING CELLS WERE INFECTED AND KILLED IN ACUTELY OR PERSISTENTLY INFECTED CULTURES, WHILE THE SUBPOPULATION OF MHVR-NONEXPRESSING CELLS SURVIVED AND PROLIFERATED. THE SUBPOPULATION OF MHVR-NEGATIVE CELLS PRODUCED A SMALL PROPORTION OF PROGENY CELLS THAT EXPRESSED MHVR AND BECAME INFECTED, THEREBY MAINTAINING THE PERSISTENT INFECTION AS A STEADY-STATE CARRIER CULTURE. THUS, IN 17C1-1 CELL CULTURES, THE UNSTABLE OR EPIGENETIC EXPRESSION OF MHVR PERMITTED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PERSISTENT, CHRONIC INFECTION.	1995