1 5259 145 PROGRESSIVE DE NOVO DNA METHYLATION AT THE BCR-ABL LOCUS IN THE COURSE OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. DE NOVO METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IS A RARE EVENT IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES, SUCH AS X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION AND GENOMIC IMPRINTING. THE METHYLATION OF DNA, AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION, MAY ALSO BE INVOLVED IN TUMORIGENESIS. AFTER THE T(9;22) CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION AND GENERATION OF THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME, THE INITIATING EVENT IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML), MOST OF THE ABL CODING SEQUENCE IS FUSED TO THE 5' REGION OF THE BCR GENE. EXPRESSION OF THE HYBRID BCR-ABL GENE IS, THEREFORE, REGULATED BY THE BCR PROMOTER. IN MOST CASES OF CML, ONE OF THE TWO ABL PROMOTERS (PA) IS NESTED WITHIN THE BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPTIONAL UNIT AND SHOULD BE ABLE TO TRANSCRIBE THE TYPE IA 6-KB NORMAL ABL MRNA FROM THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME. HOWEVER, WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE 6-KB TRANSCRIPT IS PRESENT ONLY IN CML CELL LINES CONTAINING A NORMAL ABL ALLELE AND THAT THE APPARENT INACTIVATION OF THE NESTED PA PROMOTER IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALLELE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE NOTICED THAT THE PA PROMOTER IS CONTAINED WITHIN A CPG ISLAND AND UNDERGOES PROGRESSIVE DE NOVO METHYLATION IN THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE. THIS IS ATTESTED TO BY THE FACT THAT DNA SAMPLES FROM CML PATIENTS THAT ARE METHYLATION-FREE AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS INVARIABLY BECOME METHYLATED IN ADVANCED CML. SINCE TUMOR PROGRESSION IN CML CANNOT ALWAYS BE INFERRED FROM THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION, ASSESSMENT OF DE NOVO CPG METHYLATION MAY PROVE TO BE OF CRITICAL VALUE IN MANAGEMENT OF THE DISEASE. IT COULD HERALD BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION AT A STAGE WHEN BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE IN CML, IS STILL EFFECTIVE.	1994	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
2 3532  37 IMATINIB INDEPENDENT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF NOV/CCN3 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: A MECHANISM UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION? BACKGROUND: THE NOV GENE PRODUCT, CCN3, HAS BEEN REPORTED IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF TUMORS TO SERVE AS A NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATOR, WHILE ACTING AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ITS SILENCING IN CML IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO QUERY IF THE GENE REGULATION OF CCN3 IS MEDIATED BY THE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE PATIENTS WITH CML. IN ADDITION, TO CLARIFY WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS AFFECTED BY BCR-ABL1 INHIBITION, WE ASSESSED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS FOLLOWING THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION USING IMATINIB THERAPY, AS THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LEUKEMIA. METHODS: TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE APPLIED BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE AS A HIGH-RESOLUTION METHOD TO STUDY THE REGULATORY SEGMENT OF THE CCN3 GENE. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CML PATIENTS AS WELL AS FOLLOWING IMATINIB THERAPY. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE CORRELATION OF CCN3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH BCR-ABL1 LEVELS. RESULTS: OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CML PATIENTS SHOWING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF THE METHYLATED PERCENTAGE AT THE CPG SITES COMPARED TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, THIS HYPERMETHYLATION WAS INDICATED TO BE INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 TITERS IN BOTH GROUPS, WHICH MIGHT SUGGEST A MECHANISM BEYOND THE BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: DESPITE SUGGESTING THAT THE CCN3 HYPERMETHYLATION ACTS AS A MOLECULAR MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION IN CML PATIENTS, THIS SCENARIO REQUIRES FURTHER VALIDATION BY COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. IN THE CASE OF ACTING UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 SIGNALING, THE METHYLATION MARKER CAN PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION AND A NOVEL PLATFORM FOR TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS FOR EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN IMATINIB RESISTANT PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3 1465  27 DISSECTING THE ROLE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN LEUKAEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY THE GENETIC TRANSLOCATION T(9;22)(Q34;Q11.2) ENCODING FOR THE BCR-ABL FUSION ONCOGENE. HOWEVER, MANY MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF THE DISEASE PROGRESSION STILL REMAIN POORLY UNDERSTOOD. A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES ARE INVOLVED IN TYROSINE KINASE RESISTANCE IN CML, LEADING TO LEUKAEMIC CLONE ESCAPE AND DISEASE PROPAGATION. HERE WE SHOW THAT, BY APPLYING CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING TO PRIMARY CML CELLS, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION CONTRIBUTES TO THE DISEASE EVOLUTION. IMPORTANTLY, USING A BCR-ABL INDUCIBLE MURINE MODEL, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT A SINGLE ONCOGENIC LESION TRIGGERS DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, WHICH IN TURN ACT AS A PRECIPITATING EVENT IN LEUKAEMIA PROGRESSION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4  160  36 ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL: DOES IT MATTER FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT? OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS, STUDIES OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES HAVE BEEN DOMINATED BY THE PRIMARY FOCUS OF UNDERSTANDING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. THESE EFFORTS NOT ONLY RESULTED IN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASIS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES BUT ALSO RESULTED IN APPROVAL OF HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEVERAL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. RECENT ADVANCES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION PROFILING COUPLED WITH THE USE OF MOUSE MODELS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IS ALSO A FREQUENT EVENT IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, PARTICULARLY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND, THEREFORE, MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. HERE, WE REVIEW RECENT FINDINGS AND DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 5687  36 SIGNIFICANCE OF INACTIVATED GENES IN LEUKEMIA: PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS. EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE TWO MECHANISMS PARTICIPATING IN LEUKEMIA, WHICH CAN INACTIVATE GENES INVOLVED IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS OR PROGRESSION. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO INTRODUCE VARIOUS INACTIVATED GENES AND EVALUATE THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS. BY SEARCHING THE MESH WORDS "GENE, SILENCING AND LEUKEMIA" IN PUBMED WEBSITE, RELEVANT ENGLISH ARTICLES DEALT WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS AS OF 2000 WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. GENE INACTIVATION IN LEUKEMIA IS LARGELY MEDIATED BY PROMOTER'S HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE INVOLVING IN CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SUCH AS CELL CYCLE, APOPTOSIS, AND GENE TRANSCRIPTION. INACTIVATED GENES, SUCH AS ASPP1, TP53, IKZF1 AND P15, MAY CORRELATE WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA (CLL), CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), RESPECTIVELY. GENE INACTIVATION MAY PLAY A CONSIDERABLE ROLE IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS, WHICH CAN BE CONSIDERED AS COMPLEMENTARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS TO DIFFERENTIATE DIFFERENT LEUKEMIA TYPES, DETERMINE LEUKEMIA PROGNOSIS, AND ALSO DETECT RESPONSE TO THERAPY. IN GENERAL, THIS REVIEW SHOWED SOME GENES INACTIVATED ONLY IN LEUKEMIA (WITH DIFFERENCES BETWEEN B-ALL, T-ALL, CLL, AML AND CML). THESE DIFFERENCES COULD BE OF INTEREST AS AN ADDITIONAL TOOL TO BETTER CATEGORIZE LEUKEMIA TYPES. FURTHERMORE; BASED ON INACTIVATED GENES, A DIVERSE CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKEMIAS COULD REPRESENT A POWERFUL METHOD TO ADDRESS A TARGETED THERAPY OF THE PATIENTS, IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE SIDE EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES AND TO ENHANCE NEW DRUG STRATEGIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6   59  36 A GENOME-WIDE SCREEN IDENTIFIES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED GENES IN HAEMATOLOGICAL AND EPITHELIAL CANCERS. BACKGROUND: GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF BOTH EPITHELIAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENS ARE REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT CAN BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC PURPOSES ACROSS MALIGNANCIES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE USE OF THE MIRA ASSAY (METHYLATED CPG ISLAND RECOVERY ASSAY) IN COMBINATION WITH GENOME-WIDE CPG ISLAND ARRAYS TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. WE IDENTIFIED 30 GENES DEMONSTRATING METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF > OR =25% IN CHILDHOOD ALL, NINE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN B VS T-ALL. FOR MAJORITY OF THE GENES EXPRESSION COULD BE RESTORED IN METHYLATED LEUKEMIA LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZADC. FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF THE GENES REPRESENT TARGETS OF THE POLYCOMB COMPLEX. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) TWO OF THE GENES, (TFAP2A AND EBF2), DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BLAST CRISIS COMPARED TO CHRONIC PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE HYPERMETHYLATION OF AN AUTOPHAGY RELATED GENE ATG16L2 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB TREATMENT. LASTLY WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TEN OF THESE GENES WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES SHOWING FREQUENT METHYLATION IN CHILDHOOD ALL, METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO OF THESE GENES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE IN CML AND METHYLATION STATUS OF ANOTHER GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION A SUBSET OF THESE GENES MAY ACT AS EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AS WELL AS COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7 1542  40 DNA METHYLATION IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF DECITABINE. NORMAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION IS DEPENDENT UPON CONTROLLED GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION AT CYTOSINE RESIDUES IN GENE PROMOTER CPG SEQUENCES IS KNOWN TO INHIBIT GENE TRANSCRIPTION. INAPPROPRIATE INHIBITION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION OF TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES, GENES THAT INHIBIT ANGIOGENESIS AND METASTASIS AND GENES INVOLVED IN DNA REPAIR BY UNCONTROLLED METHYLATION, CAN LEAD TO UNREGULATED GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION OF A CELL AND CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AFFECTING THE P16 GENE, RESULTING IN GENE SILENCING, HAS BEEN SHOWN TO OCCUR IN MANY HUMAN SOLID TUMOURS AND A 'HYPERMETHYLATION PROFILE' IN SOME LEUKAEMIAS HAS BEEN DEFINED. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION TAKES PLACE DURING CARCINOGENESIS ARE STILL NOT CLEAR. HOWEVER, THE LARGE NUMBER OF TARGET GENES (INVOLVED IN TUMORIGENESIS) THAT ARE SILENCED BY ABERRANT METHYLATION SUGGESTS THAT INHIBITION OF THIS PROCESS MAY HAVE POTENTIAL AS CANCER THERAPY. DECITABINE (NSC-127716, DACOGEN; SUPERGEN) IS A POTENT AND SPECIFIC HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT AND AN INHIBITOR OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY THAT MEDIATES DNA METHYLATION. DECITABINE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A BROAD RANGE OF ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY IN PRECLINICAL STUDIES. THIS AGENT HAS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITY IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, ALTHOUGH CLINICAL PHASE I AND II STUDIES WITH SOLID TUMOURS HAVE NOT BEEN VERY PROMISING. PHASE II AND III STUDIES ARE CURRENTLY ONGOING TO EVALUATE DECITABINE, BOTH ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, IN VARIOUS STAGES OF THESE HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8 1507  35 DNA METHYLATION AND INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY: THE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA MODEL. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MODEL TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF TUMOR INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY IN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE. INDEED, TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) TARGET THE BCR-ABL FUSION PROTEIN, WHICH IS CONSIDERED THE MAJOR CML DRIVER. TKI USE HAS HIGHLIGHTED THE EXISTENCE OF INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY, AS INDICATED BY THE PERSISTENCE OF A MINORITY SUBCLONE FOR SEVERAL YEARS DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF THE TARGET FUSION PROTEIN IN ALL CELLS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS COULD PARTLY EXPLAIN THIS HETEROGENEITY. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE RESULTS OF DNA METHYLATION STUDIES IN CML. NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES ALLOWED FOR MOVING FROM SINGLE-GENE TO GENOME-WIDE ANALYSES SHOWING THAT METHYLATION ABNORMALITIES ARE MUCH MORE WIDESPREAD IN CML CELLS. THESE DATA SHOWED THAT GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC SITES ALREADY AT DIAGNOSIS IN THE EARLY PHASE OF CML. THE BCR-ABL-INDEPENDENCE OF SOME METHYLATION PROFILE ALTERATIONS AND THE RECENT DEMONSTRATION OF THE INITIAL INTRA-CLONAL DNA METHYLATION HETEROGENEITY SUGGESTS THAT SOME DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS MAY BE BIOMARKERS OF TKI SENSITIVITY/RESISTANCE AND OF DISEASE PROGRESSION RISK. THESE RESULTS ALSO OPEN PERSPECTIVES FOR UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETIC/GENETIC BACKGROUND OF CML PREDISPOSITION AND FOR DEVELOPING NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9  149  40 ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER CPG REGIONS OF GENES RELATED TO THE CELL CYCLE AND APOPTOSIS CHARACTERIZES ADVANCED CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA DISEASE, POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR SURVIVAL. BACKGROUND: THERE IS STRONG EVIDENCE THAT DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF CML DISEASE ARE NOT ONLY DECIDED BY BCR/ABL1 ONCOPROTEIN BUT DEPEND ON ACCUMULATION OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIETY OF DISEASES. DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN DISEASE PROGRESSION, DRUG RESPONSE AND CLINICAL OUTCOME OF VARIOUS DISEASES. THEREFORE IN THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EXPLORE THE ROLE OF ABERRANT HYDROXYMETHYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES IN RELATION TO CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESPONSE TO IMATINIB THERAPY AND CLINICAL OUTCOME. METHODS: WE RECRUITED 150 CML PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT CLINICAL STAGES OF THE DISEASE. PATIENTS WERE FOLLOWED UP FOR 48 MONTHS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL/MOLECULAR RESPONSES WERE ANALYSED. HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE WAS ANALYSED BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR. BCR/ABL1 SPECIFIC TAQMAN PROBE BASED QRT-PCR WAS USED FOR ASSESSING THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF THE GENES WAS CHARACTERIZED USING MS-PCR. RESULTS: WE OBSERVED THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES CHARACTERIZE ADVANCED CML DISEASE AND POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS. ALTHOUGH, CYTOKINE SIGNALLING (SOCS1) GENE WAS HYPERMETHYLATED IN ADVANCED STAGES OF CML AND ACCUMULATED IN PATIENTS WITH POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE, BUT THE DIFFERENCES WERE NOT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT. MOREOVER, WE FOUND HYPERMETHYLATION OF P14(ARF), RASSF1 AND P16(INK4A) GENES AND CYTOKINE SIGNALLING GENE (SOCS1) SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS ON IMATINIB THERAPY. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY ARE IN AGREEMENT OF THE ROLE OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION OF DIFFERENT TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AS POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSION, POOR IMATINIB RESPONSE AND OVERALL CLINICAL OUTCOME. CONCLUSION: IN THIS STUDY, WE REPORT THAT PROMOTER HYDROXYMETHYLATION OF DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A AND P14ARF(ARF) GENES IS A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF CML DISEASE PROGRESSIONS, DEFINES POOR IMATINIB RESPONDENTS AND POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS TO IMATINIB THERAPY.	2022	

10  825  32 CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT ENHANCERS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (TES) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE IMPORTANT GENE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS AND THEIR ALTERATION COULD LEAD TO DISEASE PHENOTYPES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A SERIES OF GENETIC CHANGES IN HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS, INCLUDING MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS. HERE, WE SET OUT TO STUDY THE GENE REGULATORY ROLE OF TES IN AML. WE FIRST EXPLORED THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF TES IN AML PATIENTS USING ATAC-SEQ DATA. WE SHOW THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF TES IN GENERAL, AND MORE SPECIFICALLY MAMMALIAN-WIDE INTERSPERSED REPEATS (MIRS), ARE MORE ENRICHED IN AML CELLS THAN IN NORMAL BLOOD CELLS. WE OBTAINED A SIMILAR FINDING WHEN ANALYZING HISTONE MODIFICATION DATA IN AML PATIENTS. GENE ONTOLOGY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT GENES NEAR MIRS IN OPEN CHROMATIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS. TO FUNCTIONALLY VALIDATE THEIR REGULATORY ROLE, WE SELECTED 19 MIR REGIONS IN AML CELLS, AND TESTED THEM FOR ENHANCER ACTIVITY IN AN AML CELL LINE (KASUMI-1) AND A CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CELL LINE (K562); THE RESULTS REVEALED SEVERAL MIRS TO BE FUNCTIONAL ENHANCERS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TES ARE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MYELOID LEUKEMOGENESIS AND HIGHLIGHT THESE SEQUENCES AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES HARBORING AML-ASSOCIATED VARIATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
11  139  38 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB AND SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. TO ELUCIDATE ITS ROLE WE ANALYZED 120 PATIENTS WITH CML FOR METHYLATION OF PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED CPG ISLANDS OF 10 GENES. FIVE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION SCREENING IN THE K562 CELL LINE AND 3 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE CDKN2B GENE WAS SELECTED FOR ITS FREQUENT METHYLATION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES AND ABL1 AS THE TARGET OF BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION. THIRTY PATIENTS WERE IMATINIB-NAIVE (MOSTLY TREATED BY INTERFERON-ALPHA BEFORE THE IMATINIB ERA), 30 WERE IMATINIB-RESPONSIVE, 50 WERE IMATINIB-RESISTANT, AND 10 WERE IMATINIB-INTOLERANT. WE QUANTIFIED DNA METHYLATION BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS 4.5 PER PATIENT IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, INCREASING SIGNIFICANTLY TO 6.2 IN THE ACCELERATED AND 6.4 IN THE BLASTIC PHASE. HIGHER NUMBERS OF METHYLATED GENES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT OR INTOLERANT TO IMATINIB. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED ALMOST EXCLUSIVE METHYLATION OF A PUTATIVE TRANSPORTER OSCP1. ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF A SRC SUPPRESSOR GENE PDLIM4 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL INDEPENDENTLY OF CML STAGE AND IMATINIB RESPONSIVENESS. WE CONCLUDE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CML PROGRESSION AND THAT DNA METHYLATION COULD BE A MARKER ASSOCIATED WITH IMATINIB RESISTANCE. FINALLY, DNA METHYLATION OF PDLIM4 MAY HELP IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF CML PATIENTS THAT WOULD BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH SRC/ABL INHIBITORS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12 6773  33 [ADVANCES OF RESEARCH ON DEMETHYLATION THERAPY FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES]. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT AND REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WHICH REGULATES GENOMIC STABILITY. METHYLATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT. GENERALLY, GENE EXPRESSION LEVEL AND DNA METHYLATION ARE NEGATIVE CORRELATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING VIA METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE PROMOTER IS IMPORTANT FOR CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION AND PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN TUMORIGENESIS. DEMETHYLATION DRUG CAN MODIFY CHROMATIN AND RESTORE THE ABILITY OF ANTI-ONCOGENE. DEMETHYLATION THERAPY AS A NEW THERAPY MAY TREAT EFFICIENTLY HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES WITH RESISTANCE AND RELAPSE. IN THIS REVIEW, DNA METHYLATION MECHANISM, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABERRANT METHYLATION AND HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, MECHANISM OF DEMETHYLATION THERAPY, THE ADVANCE OF RESEARCH ON THE DEMETHYLATION THERAPY OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME WERE SUMMARIZED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  358  36 ALTERNATIVE SPLICING IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML): A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET? ALTHOUGH THE IMATINIB BASED THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REPRESENTS A TRIUMPH OF MEDICINE, NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CML BENEFIT FROM THIS DRUG DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE AND INTOLERANCE. THE INTERRUPTION OF IMATINIB TREATMENT IS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY CLINICAL RELAPSE, SUGGESTING A FAILURE IN THE KILLING OF RESIDUAL LEUKAEMIC STEM CELLS. THERE IS NEED TO IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE SELECTIVE MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THIS DISEASE AND DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. ALTERNATIVE PRE-MRNA SPLICING (AS) IS AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT GREATLY DIVERSIFIES THE REPERTOIRE OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME. AS ORCHESTRATES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES OF PROTEINS AND BETWEEN PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. CHANGES CAUSED BY INDIVIDUAL SPLICING EVENTS IN THE CELLS ARE SMALL, HOWEVER, "SPLICING PROGRAMS" TYPICALLY REACT TO THESE INDIVIDUAL CHANGES WITH CONSIDERABLE EFFECTS IN CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL SURVIVAL, AND APOPTOSIS. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A PIVOTAL ROLE OF AS IN LEUKEMIAS, PARTICULARLY IN MYELODISPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTE LEUKEMIA (CLL). FROM THESE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN OTHER MALIGNANCES, IT IS CLEAR THAT SPLICING ABNORMALITIES PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. EVALUATION OF AS EVENTS IN CML CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL DISEASE MARKERS AND DRUGSENSITIVE TARGETS TO OVERCOME THE LIMITS OF THE SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS CURRENTLY USED FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH CML. THE USE OF ABERRANT SPLICE VARIANTS AS DISEASE MARKERS HAS BEEN REPORTED, HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE USE OF SPLICING ABNORMALITIES AS DRUG TARGETS IN CML. HEREIN WE DISCUSS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES THAT CAN BE USED TO TARGET SPLICING ABNORMALITIES IN CML.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 6618  43 UNDERSTANDING AND MONITORING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA BLAST CRISIS: HOW TO BETTER MANAGE PATIENTS. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS TRIGGERED PRIMARILY BY THE T(9;22) (Q34.13; Q11.23) TRANSLOCATION. THIS RECIPROCAL CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF THE BCR-ABL FUSION GENE. PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE (CP) EXPERIENCE A GOOD CURATIVE EFFECT WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS. HOWEVER, CASES ARE TREATMENT REFRACTORY, WITH A DISMAL PROGNOSIS, WHEN THE DISEASE HAS PROGRESSED TO THE ACCELERATED PHASE (AP) OR BLAST PHASE (BP). UNTIL NOW, FEW REPORTS HAVE PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED AT DIFFERENT MOLECULAR LEVELS. INDEED, THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENESIS OF CML EVOLUTION COMPRISES GENETIC ABERRATIONS, CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS (EXCEPT FOR THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME), TELOMERE BIOLOGY, AND EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES. HEREIN, WE PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BIOLOGY RESPONSIBLE FOR BLAST TRANSFORMATION OF CML AT SEVERAL LEVELS, SUCH AS GENETICS, TELOMERE BIOLOGY, AND EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES. BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE AND POOR OUTCOMES, ONLY THE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE IS MONITORED REGULARLY, WHICH INVOLVES BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPT LEVEL ASSESSMENT AND IMMUNOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE, WITH THE OPTIMAL TREATMENT STRATEGY FOR PATIENTS IN CP ADAPTED TO EVALUATE DISEASE RECURRENCE OR PROGRESSION. OVERALL, SELECTING OPTIMAL TREATMENT ENDPOINTS TO PREDICT SURVIVAL AND SUCCESSFUL TFR IMPROVES THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS. THUS, IDENTIFYING RISK FACTORS AND DEVELOPING RISK-ADAPTED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO A BETTER OUTCOME FOR ADVANCED-PHASE PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15 3565  39 IMPACT OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND BIOMARKERS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY OF TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. MOST MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES ARE GENERALLY A CONSEQUENCE OF ACQUIRED MUTATIONS OR REARRANGEMENTS IN CELL REPLICATION PROCESSES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) IS A CLINICALLY AND MOLECULARLY HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE THAT RESULTS FROM ACQUIRED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. DESPITE THE ADVANCES MADE IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS DISEASE, THE OVERALL SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS REMAINS VERY LOW DUE TO THE HIGH RELAPSE RATE. PHARMACOGENETICS AND MASSIVE SEQUENCING STUDIES HAVE ALLOWED THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW RECURRENT MUTATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT PROGNOSTIC IMPACT IN AML; FURTHERMORE, IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING WILL SOON BECOME A STANDARD DIAGNOSTIC TEST, WHICH WILL ALLOW THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF PATIENTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT OPEN NEW THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES AND ALLOW INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH THIS AGGRESSIVE DISEASE. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS THE FIRST NEOPLASTIC DISEASE FOR WHICH A CHARACTERISTIC GENETIC ALTERATION WAS DESCRIBED. IT HAS, BY DEFINITION, A GENETIC MARKER, THE BCR::ABL1 REARRANGEMENT, AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE T9;22(Q34;Q11) TRANSLOCATION. ITS STUDY IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF THIS ENTITY AND ALSO FOR MONITORING THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. DRUGS KNOWN AS TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) THAT TARGET THE BCR::ABL1 PROTEIN (ORAL TARGETED THERAPY) ARE THE CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OF CML, REPRESENTING A CHANGE OF PARADIGM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ONCOHEMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16 2752  31 EXPRESSION OF ANGIOGENIC FACTORS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA: ROLE OF THE BCR/ABL ONCOGENE, BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS, AND POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) IS A STEM CELL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY AN INCREASED PRODUCTION AND ACCUMULATION OF CLONAL BCR/ABL-POSITIVE CELLS IN HAEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES. THE CHRONIC PHASE OF CML IS INEVITABLY FOLLOWED BY AN ACCELERATED PHASE OF THE DISEASE, WITH CONSECUTIVE BLAST CRISIS. HOWEVER, DEPENDING ON GENETIC STABILITY, EPIGENETIC EVENTS, AND SEVERAL OTHER FACTORS, THE CLINICAL COURSE AND SURVIVAL APPEAR TO VARY AMONG PATIENTS. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT ANGIOGENIC CYTOKINES SUCH AS VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF), ARE UP-REGULATED IN CML, AND PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. THESE FACTORS APPEAR TO BE PRODUCED AND RELEASED IN LEUKAEMIC CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH CML. IN LINE WITH THIS NOTION, INCREASED SERUM-LEVELS OF ANGIOGENIC GROWTH FACTORS ARE MEASURABLE IN CML PATIENTS. IN THIS STUDY WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF ANGIOGENIC GROWTH FACTORS EXPRESSED IN CML CELLS, DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF THESE CYTOKINES, THE BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF THEIR PRODUCTION IN LEUKAEMIC CELLS, AND THEIR POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
17 2966  30 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILING OF CLL DISEASE PROGRESSION REVEALS LIMITED SOMATIC EVOLUTION AND SUGGESTS A RELATIONSHIP TO MEMORY-CELL DEVELOPMENT. WE EXAMINED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION FROM INDOLENT TO AGGRESSIVE FORMS OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) USING SERIAL SAMPLES FROM 27 PATIENTS. ANALYSIS OF DNA MUTATIONS GROUPED THE LEUKEMIA CASES INTO THREE CATEGORIES: EVOLVING (26%), EXPANDING (26%) AND STATIC (47%). THUS, APPROXIMATELY THREE-QUARTERS OF THE CLL CASES HAD LITTLE TO NO GENETIC SUBCLONAL EVOLUTION. HOWEVER, WE IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT RECURRENT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING PROGRESSION AT 4752 CPGS ENRICHED FOR REGIONS NEAR POLYCOMB 2 REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC2) TARGETS. PROGRESSION-ASSOCIATED CPGS NEAR THE PRC2 TARGETS UNDERGO METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE SAME DIRECTION DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION AS DURING NORMAL DEVELOPMENT FROM NAIVE TO MEMORY B CELLS. OUR STUDY SHOWS THAT CLL PROGRESSION DOES NOT TYPICALLY OCCUR VIA SUBCLONAL EVOLUTION, BUT THAT CERTAIN CPG SITES UNDERGO RECURRENT METHYLATION CHANGES. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST CLL PROGRESSION MAY INVOLVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES SHARED IN COMMON WITH THE GENERATION OF NORMAL MEMORY B CELLS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
18 3234  29 HEMATOPOIETIC AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS: MULTI-STABILITY VERSUS LINEAGE RESTRICTION. THERE IS COMPELLING EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT THE CELL-OF-ORIGIN FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA IS A HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL. UNLIKE NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, THE PROGENY OF THE LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS ARE PREDOMINANTLY NEUTROPHILS DURING THE DISEASE CHRONIC PHASE AND THERE IS A MILD ANEMIA. THE HALLMARK ONCOGENE FOR CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA IS THE BCR-ABLP210 FUSION GENE. VARIOUS STUDIES HAVE EXCLUDED A ROLE FOR BCR-ABLP210 EXPRESSION IN MAINTAINING THE POPULATION OF LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS. STUDIES OF BCR-ABLP210 EXPRESSION IN EMBRYONAL STEM CELLS THAT WERE DIFFERENTIATED INTO HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS AND OF THE EXPRESSION IN TRANSGENIC MICE HAVE REVEALED THAT BCR-ABLP210 IS ABLE TO VEER HEMATOPOIETIC STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS TOWARDS A MYELOID FATE. FOR THE TRANSGENIC MICE, GLOBAL CHANGES TO THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE WERE OBSERVED. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, THE ABILITY OF THE LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS TO CHOOSE FROM THE MANY FATES THAT ARE AVAILABLE TO NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS APPEARS TO BE DEREGULATED BY BCR-ABLP210 AND CHANGES TO THE EPIGENOME ARE ALSO IMPORTANT. EVEN SO, WE STILL DO NOT HAVE A PRECISE PICTURE AS TO WHY NEUTROPHILS ARE ABUNDANTLY PRODUCED IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
19 2494  32 EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS GENERALLY LOWER THAN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION IS GLOBALLY DECREASED, REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE PROMOTERS LEADS TO GENE SILENCING. MANY OF THESE GENES HAVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PHENOTYPES. UNLIKE MUTATIONS OR DELETIONS, HYPERMETHYLATION IS POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE AFTER INHIBITION WITH DNA METHYLATION MODULATORS. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME HAS BEEN A MODEL DISEASE IN WHICH TREATMENT OF PATIENTS RESULTS IN DEMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES. THE STORY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS SLOWLY UNRAVELING AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LIKELY ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE. ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS CORRELATING CLINICAL RESPONSE TO GENE EXPRESSION AFTER TREATMENT WITH DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS WILL ULTIMATELY ALLOW US TO BETTER RISK STRATIFY AND PREDICT THE SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH THIS CLASS OF DRUGS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
20 5549  20 ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. THE EFFICACY OF THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) DEPENDS ON BOTH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CML AND IN RESISTANCE OF TUMOR CELLS TO TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS LEADING TO THE LEUKEMIC CLONE ESCAPE AND PROPAGATION. REGULATORY EVENTS AT THE LEVELS OF GENE REGULATION BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND MICRORNAS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF CML PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES.	2013