1 5208 151 PRENATAL STRESS, PREMATURITY, AND ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS THE MOST COMMON CHRONIC DISEASE OF CHILDHOOD, AFFECTING MILLIONS OF CHILDREN IN THE UNITED STATES AND WORLDWIDE. PREMATURITY IS A RISK FACTOR FOR ASTHMA, AND CERTAIN ETHNIC OR RACIAL MINORITIES SUCH AS PUERTO RICANS AND NON-HISPANIC BLACKS ARE DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTED BY BOTH PREMATURITY AND ASTHMA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE EXAMINE CURRENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT MATERNAL PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AS A PUTATIVE LINK BETWEEN PREMATURITY AND ASTHMA, WHILE ALSO FOCUSING ON DISRUPTION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSES AS POTENTIAL UNDERLYING MECHANISMS FOR STRESS-INDUCED "PREMATURE ASTHMA." PRENATAL STRESS MAY CAUSE NOT ONLY ABNORMALITIES IN THE HPA AXIS BUT ALSO EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE FETAL GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR GENE (NR3C1), LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOCORTICOID METABOLISM. MOREOVER, MATERNAL STRESS CAN ALTER FETAL CYTOKINE BALANCE, FAVORING TH2 (ALLERGIC) IMMUNE RESPONSES CHARACTERISTIC OF ATOPIC ASTHMA: INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6), WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH PREMATURE LABOR, CAN PROMOTE TH2 RESPONSES BY STIMULATING PRODUCTION OF IL-4 AND IL-13. GIVEN A LINK AMONG STRESS, PREMATURITY, AND ASTHMA, FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD INCLUDE BIRTH COHORTS AIMED AT CONFIRMING AND BETTER CHARACTERIZING "PREMATURE ASTHMA." IF CONFIRMED, CLINICAL TRIALS OF PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS REDUCTION WOULD BE WARRANTED TO REDUCE THE BURDEN OF THESE COMMON COMORBIDITIES. WHILE AWAITING THE RESULTS OF SUCH STUDIES, SOUND POLICIES TO PREVENT DOMESTIC AND COMMUNITY VIOLENCE (EG, FROM FIREARMS) ARE JUSTIFIED, NOT ONLY BY PUBLIC SAFETY BUT ALSO BY GROWING EVIDENCE OF DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF VIOLENCE-INDUCED STRESS ON PSYCHIATRIC AND SOMATIC HEALTH.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
2 5813  40 STRESS AND ASTHMA: NOVEL INSIGHTS ON GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS. IN THE UNITED STATES THE ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED AND SOME ETHNIC MINORITIES ARE OFTEN EXPOSED TO CHRONIC PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS AND DISPROPORTIONATELY AFFECTED BY ASTHMA. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A CAUSAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CHRONIC PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AND ASTHMA OR ASTHMA MORBIDITY. RECENT FINDINGS SUGGEST POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS ASSOCIATION, INCLUDING CHANGES IN THE METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF GENES THAT REGULATE BEHAVIORAL, AUTONOMIC, NEUROENDOCRINE, AND IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES TO STRESS. THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE SUGGESTING THE EXISTENCE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES THAT PREDISPOSE CHRONICALLY STRESSED YOUTH TO BOTH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND ASTHMA. IN THIS REVIEW WE CRITICALLY EXAMINE PUBLISHED EVIDENCE AND SUGGEST FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3 2802  41 FETAL AND INFANT ORIGINS OF ASTHMA. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT ASTHMA, LIKE OTHER COMMON DISEASES, HAS AT LEAST PART OF ITS ORIGIN EARLY IN LIFE. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISKS OF ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASE, AND IMPAIRED LUNG FUNCTION IN ADULTS, AND INCREASED RISKS OF RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD. THE DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY HYPOTHESIS SUGGESTS THAT THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND DISEASES IN LATER LIFE ARE EXPLAINED BY ADAPTATION MECHANISMS IN FETAL LIFE AND INFANCY IN RESPONSE TO VARIOUS ADVERSE EXPOSURES. VARIOUS PATHWAYS LEADING FROM ADVERSE FETAL AND INFANT EXPOSURES TO GROWTH ADAPTATIONS AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH OUTCOMES HAVE BEEN STUDIED, INCLUDING FETAL AND EARLY INFANT GROWTH PATTERNS, MATERNAL SMOKING AND DIET, CHILDREN'S DIET, RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS AND ACETAMINOPHEN USE, AND GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY. STILL, THE SPECIFIC ADVERSE EXPOSURES IN FETAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE LEADING TO RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN ADULT LIFE ARE NOT YET FULLY UNDERSTOOD. CURRENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS IN VARIOUS PERIODS OF LIFE, AND THEIR EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY UNDERLIE THE COMPLEX ASSOCIATIONS OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN LATER LIFE. NEW WELL-DESIGNED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC UNDERLYING MECHANISMS. THIS REVIEW IS FOCUSED ON SPECIFIC ADVERSE FETAL AND INFANT GROWTH PATTERNS AND EXPOSURES, GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, POSSIBLE RESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR NEW STUDIES.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4 6729  48 VULNERABILITY TO STROKE: IMPLICATIONS OF PERINATAL PROGRAMMING OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS. CHRONIC STRESS IS CAPABLE OF EXACERBATING EACH MAJOR, MODIFIABLE, ENDOGENOUS RISK FACTOR FOR CEREBROVASCULAR AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. INDEED, EXPOSURE TO STRESS CAN INCREASE BOTH THE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF STROKE, PRESUMABLY THROUGH ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS. NOW THAT CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING OF THE HPA AXIS IS WELL UNDERWAY, THERE HAS BEEN RENEWED INTEREST IN EXAMINING THE ROLE OF EARLY ENVIRONMENT ON THE EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CONDITIONS ACROSS THE ENTIRE LIFESPAN. INDEED, NEONATAL MANIPULATIONS IN RODENTS THAT REDUCE STRESS RESPONSIVITY, AND SUBSEQUENT LIFE-TIME EXPOSURE TO GLUCOCORTICOIDS, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROENDOCRINE, NEUROANATOMICAL, AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS THAT TYPICALLY PROGRESS WITH AGE. ALTHOUGH IMPROVED DAY TO DAY REGULATION OF THE HPA AXIS ALSO MAY BE ACCOMPANIED BY A DECREASE IN STROKE RISK, EVIDENCE FROM RODENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT AN ASSOCIATED COST COULD BE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFLAMMATION AND NEURONAL DEATH IN THE EVENT THAT A STROKE DOES OCCUR AND THE INDIVIDUAL IS EXPOSED TO PERSISTENTLY ELEVATED CORTICOSTEROIDS. GIVEN ITS IMPORTANCE IN REGULATION OF HEALTH AND DISEASE STATES, ANY LONG-TERM MODULATION OF THE HPA AXIS IS LIKELY TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH BENEFITS AND POTENTIAL RISKS. THE GOALS OF THIS REVIEW ARTICLE ARE TO EXAMINE (1) THE CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA SUGGESTING THAT NEONATAL EXPERIENCES CAN SHAPE HPA AXIS REGULATION, (2) THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS AND THE HPA AXIS ON STROKE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY, AND (3) THE POTENTIAL FOR NEONATAL PROGRAMMING OF THE HPA AXIS TO IMPACT ADULT CEREBROVASCULAR HEALTH.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5 1203  45 COULD EPIGENETICS HELP EXPLAIN RACIAL DISPARITIES IN CHRONIC PAIN? AFRICAN AMERICANS DISPROPORTIONATELY SUFFER MORE SEVERE AND DEBILITATING MORBIDITY FROM CHRONIC PAIN THAN DO NON-HISPANIC WHITES. THESE DIFFERENCES MAY ARISE FROM DIFFERENTIAL EXPOSURE TO PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND DEPRESSION, ALL OF WHICH HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN. RACE, AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCT, MAKES IT SUCH THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT EARLY LIFE CONDITIONS, WHICH MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT SUSTAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. EPIGENETICS IS ONE MECHANISM BY WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SUCH AS CHILDHOOD STRESS, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, ECONOMIC HARDSHIP, AND DEPRESSION CAN AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE UNDERLYING GENETIC SEQUENCE. THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON EPIGENETICS AS A MECHANISM BY WHICH DIFFERENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE COULD EXPLAIN RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHRONIC PAIN EXAMINE DNA METHYLATION. DNA METHYLATION IS ALTERED IN THE GLUCOCORTICOID (STRESS RESPONSE) RECEPTOR GENE, NR3C1, WHICH HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION, CHILDHOOD STRESS, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, AND CHRONIC PAIN. SIMILARLY, DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF IMMUNE CYTOKINE GENES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC STRESS STATES. THUS, DNA METHYLATION CHANGES MAY PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF CHRONIC PAIN IN DIFFERENT RACES WITH A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO MORE SEVERE AND DISABLING CHRONIC PAIN IN AFRICAN AMERICANS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
6 3582  35 IMPACT OF PRENATAL AND EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ON NORMAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. THE GLOBAL BURDEN AND PATTERN OF DISEASE HAS CHANGED IN RECENT DECADES, WITH FEWER EARLY CHILDHOOD DEATHS AND LONGER LIVES COMPLICATED BY CHRONIC DISEASE. DISRUPTION OF NORMAL HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BY ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, ESPECIALLY DURING FOETAL DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE INCREASE LIFE-LONG RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THE DEVELOPMENTAL TIMING AND METHOD OF ADVERSE EXPOSURE DETERMINES THE LIKELY IMPACT ON HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT. WHILE MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE STRUCTURALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY MATURE AT BIRTH, THE CNS, RESPIRATORY AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS ARE NOT AND UNDERGO PROLONGED PERIODS OF POSTNATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. AS SUCH, THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE VULNERABLE TO ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BOTH PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. WHILE THE PRECISE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CHRONIC DISEASE ARE UNKNOWN, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ARE LIKELY TO BE INVOLVED. AN UNDERSTANDING OF THESE PROCESSES IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP MITIGATION STRATEGIES AIMED AT REDUCING CHRONIC DISEASE PREVALENCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7 4063  36 MATERNAL AND CHILDHOOD ASTHMA: RISK FACTORS, INTERACTIONS, AND RAMIFICATIONS. ASTHMA IS EMERGING AS A PREMIER EXAMPLE OF A HEALTH RISK THAT CAN LARGELY BE MOLDED BY THE STATUS OF THE MOTHER AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ENCOUNTERED DURING SENSITIVE WINDOWS OF PRENATAL AND EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT. WHILE GENETIC BACKGROUND, ALLERGIC STATUS OF PARENTS, AND PREDISPOSITION FOR ATOPY AND INFLAMMATION PLAY A ROLE, EARLY-LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS CAN COMPLETELY ALTER THE COURSE OF IMMUNE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED ALTERATIONS THAT (1) MAINTAIN THE TH2 BIAS SEEN DURING GESTATION, (2) BLOCK THE MATURATION OF INNATE IMMUNE CELLS AND (3) CREATE INFLAMMATORY DYSFUNCTION IN THE INFANT PROVIDE THE FOUNDATION FOR CHILDHOOD ASTHMA. NO SINGLE RISK FACTOR CAN FULLY EXPLAIN THE INCREASED PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA IN RECENT DECADES BUT IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE RAPID INCREASE IS DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND/OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES. WELL-ESTABLISHED AND SUSPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS COVER ALL CATEGORIES OF EARLY LIFE INTERACTIONS FROM DIET, EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS AND DRUGS, MATERNAL AND NEONATAL INFECTIONS, HYGIENE, TIMING OF VACCINATIONS AND EVEN THE MODE OF BIRTH DELIVERY. BECAUSE ASTHMA IS CONNECTED TO THE RISK OF SEVERAL COMORBID CHRONIC CONDITIONS, THE BENEFIT OF ASTHMA RISK REDUCTION AND PREVENTION IS GREATER THAN INITIALLY MAY BE APPARENT. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES STRATEGIES TO OPTIMIZE PREVENTATIVE AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS ACROSS LIFE STAGES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8 1779  46 EDITORIAL: MATERNAL INFLAMMATION DURING PREGNANCY: A MODIFIABLE PATHWAY TOWARD IMPROVING OFFSPRING SOCIOEMOTIONAL OUTCOMES IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. CHILDHOOD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED PREDICTOR OF POOR ADULT LIFE-COURSE OUTCOMES INCLUDING LOWER RATES OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND REDUCED FAMILY INCOME, WITH A TOTAL ECONOMIC LOSS OF $2.1 TRILLION IN THE UNITED STATES.(1) GIVEN THIS HIGH LEVEL OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETAL BURDEN, MUCH EFFORT HAS BEEN DEVOTED TO IDENTIFYING THE MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS THAT CONFER RISK FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD. INDEED, NUMEROUS ASPECTS OF EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY, SUCH AS SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE, STRESSFUL/TRAUMATIC LIFE EVENTS, AND DISRUPTED PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS, DEMONSTRATE STRONG ASSOCIATIONS WITH SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS INTO ADOLESCENCE.(2) HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THAT ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THIS RISK TRAJECTORY REMAIN LESS WELL UNDERSTOOD. ONE PROPOSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM THAT IS RAPIDLY GAINING MOMENTUM IN THE FIELD OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY CONCERNS EXCESSIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION AND/OR PROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE.(3) OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE PRENATAL PERIOD, REPRESENTING A WINDOW OF VULNERABILITY IN WHICH PRENATAL EXPOSURES PREPARE OR PROGRAM THE FETUS FOR THE EXPECTED POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT.(3-5) MORE SPECIFICALLY, FETAL PROGRAMMING POSITS THAT THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL ADVERSITY DURING PREGNANCY ARE, AT LEAST IN PART, TRANSMITTED TO THE FETUS VIA MULTIPLE RELATED PATHWAYS INCLUDING CHRONIC MATERNAL INFLAMMATION AND/OR OVERACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS, RESULTING IN ABERRANT MATERNAL-FETAL IMMUNE/GLUCOCORTICOID SYSTEMS AND DOWNSTREAM EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE DEVELOPING FETUS. TOGETHER, THESE FACTORS WORK TO INCREASE THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OFFSPRING TO ADVERSITY IN THE POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT AND, IN TURN, ENHANCE RISK FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS.(3-6) HOWEVER, MUCH OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE IS BASED ON PRECLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS WITH COMPARATIVELY FEWER CLINICAL STUDIES.(3) AS SUCH, THERE REMAINS A PAUCITY OF LARGE, PROSPECTIVELY DESIGNED CLINICAL STUDIES EXAMINING MATERNAL PROINFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS DURING PREGNANCY IN RELATION TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN OFFSPRING. AS PART OF THE LANDMARK NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH-FUNDED ECHO (ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON CHILD HEALTH OUTCOMES) CONSORTIUM, THE STUDY BY FRAZIER ET AL.(7) REPRESENTS ONE OF THE LARGEST INVESTIGATIONS LINKING PERINATAL MATERNAL PROINFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS WITH CO-OCCURRING PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9 4802  37 OBESITY AND LIFESPAN HEALTH--IMPORTANCE OF THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT. A MARKED INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF OBESITY AT THE POPULATION LEVEL HAS RESULTED IN AN INCREASING NUMBER OF OBESE WOMEN ENTERING PREGNANCY. THE INCREASING REALIZATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT IN RELATION TO CHRONIC DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN HAS FOCUSED ATTENTION ON THE ROLE OF MATERNAL OBESITY IN FETAL DEVELOPMENT. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT OBESITY DURING ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD CAN BE TRACED BACK TO FETAL AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EXPOSURES. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS, SUCH AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, THE POTENTIAL FOR AN INCREASE IN INFLAMMATORY BURDEN, EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING CHANGES SUCH AS THE VARIABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE VERSUS BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE, AND ALTERATIONS IN ORGAN ONTOGENY. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THESE MECHANISMS PROMOTE AN UNFAVORABLE FETAL ENVIRONMENT AND CAN HAVE A LONG-STANDING IMPACT, WITH EARLY MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE THAT CAN RESULT IN AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR FUTURE HEALTH CARE. IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE PREVENTIVE MEASURES, ATTENTION NEEDS TO BE PLACED BOTH ON REDUCING MATERNAL OBESITY AS WELL AS UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRENATAL ONSET OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  247  34 ADULTHOOD ASTHMA AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF EPIGENETICALLY AFFECTED GENES. THERE IS AN ACCUMULATING DATA THAT SHOWS RELATION BETWEEN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND VULNERABILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASES AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES THAT IN TURN GIVE RISE TO THESE DISEASES. ASTHMA IS ONE OF THE CHRONIC DISEASES THAT IS INFLUENCED FROM GENETIC REGULATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY BIOMOLECULES AND THEREFORE THE HYPOTHESIS IN THIS RESEARCH WAS CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY MIGHT HAVE CAUSED EPIGENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN THE ASTHMA-RELATED GENES IN THE POPULATION WHO HAD CHILDHOOD TRAUMA. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, THE LITERATURE WAS SYSTEMATICALLY REVIEWED TO EXTRACT EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED GENE DATA OF THE ADULTS WHO HAD CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, AND AFFECTED GENES WERE FURTHER EVALUATED FOR THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH ASTHMA. PRISMA GUIDELINES WERE ADOPTED AND PUBMED AND GOOGLE SCHOLAR WERE INCLUDED IN THE SEARCHED DATABASES, TO EVALUATE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN ASTHMA-RELATED GENES OF PHYSICALLY, EMOTIONALLY OR SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILDREN. AFTER RETRIEVING A TOTAL OF 5245 ARTICLES, 36 OF THEM WERE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY. SEVERAL GENES AND PATHWAYS THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PATHOGENESIS OF ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT, INCREASED INFLAMMATION, OR RESPONSE TO ASTHMA TREATMENT WERE FOUND EPIGENETICALLY AFFECTED BY CHILDHOOD TRAUMAS. CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, CAUSING EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DNA, MAY LEAD TO ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT OR INFLUENCE THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE AND THEREFORE SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR THE PROLONGED HEALTH CONSEQUENCES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11 3580  40 IMPACT OF PERINATAL ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD ALLERGIC DISEASES. ALLERGIC DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA, ALLERGIC RHINITIS, ATOPIC DERMATITIS, AND FOOD ALLERGY, ARE MOST COMMON CHRONIC, NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN CHILDHOOD. IN THE PAST FEW DECADES, THE PREVALENCE HAS INCREASED ABRUPTLY WORLDWIDE. THERE ARE 2 POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS FOR THE RISING PREVALENCE OF ALLERGIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, THAT AN INCREASED DISEASE-AWARENESS OF PHYSICIAN, PATIENT, OR CAREGIVERS, AND AN ABRUPT EXPOSURE TO UNKNOWN HAZARDS. UNFORTUNATELY, THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. DESPITE THE CONTINUING EFFORTS WORLDWIDE, THE ETIOLOGIES AND RISING PREVALENCE REMAIN UNCLEAR. THUS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY AND CONTROL RISK FACTORS IN THE SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUAL FOR THE BEST PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT. GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OR ENVIRONMENTS MAY BE A POTENTIAL BACKGROUND FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASE, HOWEVER THEY ALONE CANNOT EXPLAIN THE RISING PREVALENCE WORLDWIDE. THERE IS GROWING EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGE DEPENDS ON THE GENE, ENVIRONMENT, AND THEIR INTERACTIONS, MAY INDUCE A LONG-LASTING ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND THE CONSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASES. IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) EXPOSURE DURING CRITICAL PERIOD (I.E., DURING PREGNANCY AND EARLY LIFE) ARE CONSIDERED AS A POTENTIAL CAUSE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD ALLERGIC DISEASES. HOWEVER, THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP IS STILL UNCLEAR. THIS REVIEW AIMED TO HIGHLIGHT THE IMPACT OF ETS EXPOSURE DURING THE PERINATAL PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD ALLERGIC DISEASES AND TO PROPOSE A FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
12 6065  37 THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION: BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS TRIGGERED BY EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY. LONGITUDINAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH BIRTH COHORTS HAVE SHOWN THAT PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN HUMANS DOES NOT APPEAR SUDDENLY IN ADOLESCENCE AS COMMONLY THOUGHT. IN FACT, PHYSICALLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IS OBSERVED AS EARLY AS 12 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH, ITS FREQUENCY PEAKS AROUND 2-4 YEARS OF AGE AND DECREASES IN FREQUENCY UNTIL EARLY ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, A MINORITY OF CHILDREN (3-7%) MAINTAIN A HIGH FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADOLESCENCE AND DEVELOP SERIOUS SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS DURING ADULTHOOD. GENETIC FACTORS AND EARLY SOCIAL EXPERIENCES, AS WELL AS THEIR INTERACTION, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR. HOWEVER, THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE ASSOCIATIONS ARE JUST BEGINNING TO BE UNCOVERED. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE RESPONSIVE TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTS AND COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC AGGRESSION. USING BOTH GENE CANDIDATE AND GENOMIC APPROACHES, RECENT STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC MARKS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN GENES INVOLVED IN THE STRESS RESPONSE AND THE SEROTONIN AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS TO BE PARTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF EARLY ADVERSITY. FURTHER LONGITUDINAL STUDIES WITH BIOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL ASSESSMENTS FROM BIRTH ONWARDS ARE NEEDED TO ELUCIDATE THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT LEADS TO THESE LONG-LASTING EPIGENETIC MARKS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY ADVERSITY AND AGGRESSION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 6781  53 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

14 5164  40 PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO TRAUMA AND CHRONIC STRESS. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS, EITHER REPEATED SEVERE ACUTE OR MODERATE SUSTAINED STRESS, IS ONE OF THE STRONGEST RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES SUCH AS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND DEPRESSION. CHRONIC STRESS IS LINKED WITH SEVERAL LASTING BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES, PARTICULARLY TO THE STRESS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM BUT ALSO AFFECTING INTERMEDIATE PHENOTYPES SUCH AS BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, IMMUNE FUNCTION, AND BEHAVIOR. ALTHOUGH GENETIC PREDISPOSITION CONFERS A PROPORTION OF THE RISK, THE MOST RELEVANT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DETERMINING THOSE SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESILIENT TO THE EFFECTS OF STRESS AND TRAUMA MAY BE EPIGENETIC. EPIGENETICS REFERS TO THE MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE GENOMIC INFORMATION BY DYNAMICALLY CHANGING THE PATTERNS OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION OF GENES. MOUNTING EVIDENCE FROM PRECLINICAL RODENT AND CLINICAL POPULATION STUDIES STRONGLY SUPPORT THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO TRAUMATIC AND CHRONIC STRESS. HERE, WE DISCUSS THIS LITERATURE EXAMINING STRESS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PRECLINICAL MODELS AND CLINICAL COHORTS OF STRESS AND TRAUMA OCCURRING EARLY IN LIFE OR IN ADULTHOOD. WE HIGHLIGHT THAT A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TIMING OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS LIKELY MEDIATE THE RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS OVER TIME, AND THAT A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IS NEEDED BY FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS IN LONGITUDINAL AND POSTMORTEM BRAIN CLINICAL COHORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
15 1409  31 DIETARY INTERVENTIONS AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN THE PREVENTION OF PEDIATRIC ASTHMA. ASTHMA IS THE MOST FREQUENT CHRONIC DISEASE IN CHILDREN, AND ITS PATHOGENESIS INVOLVES GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THE RAPID RISE IN THE PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA REGISTERED OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES HAS STRESSED THE NEED TO IDENTIFY THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND MODIFIABLE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE. IN PARTICULAR, THERE IS INCREASING INTEREST IN THE ROLE OF MODIFIABLE NUTRITIONAL FACTORS SPECIFIC TO BOTH THE PRENATAL AND POST-NATAL EARLY LIFE AS, DURING THIS TIME, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO EXOGENOUS INTERFERENCES. SEVERAL DIETARY FACTORS, INCLUDING MATERNAL DIET DURING PREGNANCY, THE DURATION OF BREASTFEEDING, THE USE OF SPECIAL MILK FORMULAS, THE TIMING OF THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPLEMENTARY FOODS, AND PRENATAL AND EARLY LIFE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH VITAMINS AND PROBIOTICS/PREBIOTICS, HAVE BEEN ADDRESSED AS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR THE PREVENTION OF ASTHMA. IN THIS REVIEW, WE OUTLINE RECENT FINDINGS ON THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PRENATAL AND PERINATAL DIETARY AND NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS FOR THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF PEDIATRIC ASTHMA. MOREOVER, WE ADDRESSED UNMET NEEDS AND AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN THE PREVENTION OF CHILDHOOD-ONSET ASTHMA.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16 1229  40 CRITICAL WINDOWS: EXPLORING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PERINATAL TRAUMA, EPIGENETICS, AND CHRONIC PAIN. CHRONIC PAIN IS HIGHLY PREVALENT AND BURDENSOME, AFFECTING MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. ALTHOUGH IT EMERGES AT ANY POINT IN LIFE, IT OFTEN MANIFESTS IN ADOLESCENCE. GIVEN THAT ADOLESCENCE IS A UNIQUE DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD, ADDITIONAL STRAINS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT AND OFTEN IDIOPATHIC PAIN LEAD TO SIGNIFICANT LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES. WHILE THERE IS NO SINGULAR CAUSE FOR THE CHRONIFICATION OF PAIN, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT LEAD TO NEURAL REORGANIZATION MAY UNDERPIN CENTRAL SENSITIZATION AND SUBSEQUENT MANIFESTATION OF PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY. EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE PARTICULARLY ACTIVE DURING THE PRENATAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL YEARS. WE DEMONSTRATE HOW EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS TRAUMAS, SUCH AS INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE WHILE IN UTERO OR ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES, CAN SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE EPIGENETIC REGULATION WITHIN THE BRAIN AND IN TURN MODIFY PAIN-RELATED PROCESSES. WE PROVIDE COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT THE BURDEN OF CHRONIC PAIN IS LIKELY INITIATED EARLY IN LIFE, OFTEN BEING TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO OFFSPRING. WE ALSO HIGHLIGHT TWO PROMISING PROPHYLACTIC STRATEGIES, OXYTOCIN ADMINISTRATION AND PROBIOTIC USE, THAT HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO ATTENUATE THE EPIGENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY ADVERSITY. OVERALL, WE ADVANCE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAUMA AND ADOLESCENT CHRONIC PAIN BY HIGHLIGHTING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THIS TRANSMISSION OF RISK, ULTIMATELY INFORMING HOW TO PREVENT THIS RISING EPIDEMIC.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17 2274  29 EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND FETAL PROGRAMMING. FETAL PROGRAMMING ENCOMPASSES THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL SIGNALS DURING EARLY LIFE AND ITS POTENTIAL ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES (RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR, METABOLIC AND BEHAVIOURAL DISEASES) IN LATER LIFE. THE FIRST STUDIES IN THIS FIELD HIGHLIGHTED AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN POOR FETAL GROWTH AND CHRONIC ADULT DISEASES. HOWEVER, ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS DURING EARLY LIFE MAY LEAD TO ADVERSE LONG-TERM EFFECTS INDEPENDENTLY OF OBVIOUS EFFECTS ON FETAL GROWTH. ADVERSE LONG-TERM EFFECTS REFLECT A MISMATCH BETWEEN EARLY (FETAL AND NEONATAL) ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND THE CONDITIONS THAT THE INDIVIDUAL WILL CONFRONT LATER IN LIFE. THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THIS RISK REMAIN UNCLEAR. HOWEVER, EXPERIMENTAL DATA IN RODENTS AND RECENT OBSERVATIONS IN HUMANS SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN REGULATORY GENES AND GROWTH-RELATED GENES PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN FETAL PROGRAMMING. IMPROVEMENTS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AT PLAY IN FETAL PROGRAMMING WOULD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS FOR DETECTING INFANTS AT HIGH RISK OF ADULT-ONSET DISEASES. SUCH IMPROVEMENTS SHOULD ALSO LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18 5316  37 PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS IN EARLY LIFE AS A PREDISPOSING FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN: CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL EVIDENCE AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. A WEALTH OF RESEARCH OVER THE PAST 2 DECADES HAS EXPANDED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY ON PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION AND, CONSEQUENTLY, HEALTH AND WELLBEING IN LATER LIFE. EARLY-LIFE ADVERSITY INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING A NUMBER OF DISORDERS, SUCH AS CHRONIC PAIN, FIBROMYALGIA, AND IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME. ALTHOUGH MUCH OF THE RESEARCH HAS EXAMINED THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL MALTREATMENT, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF CHILDHOOD PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND TRAUMA ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS. WE REVIEW THE CLINICAL AND PRECLINICAL DATA EXAMINING THE LINK AMONG EARLY-LIFE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, ALTERED NOCICEPTIVE BEHAVIOR, AND CHRONIC PAIN IN LATER LIFE. EVIDENCE SUPPORTING A ROLE FOR CERTAIN KEY NEUROBIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES, INCLUDING THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; MONOAMINERGIC, OPIOIDERGIC, ENDOCANNABINOID AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS; AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EARLY-LIFE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN, IS PROVIDED. GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY-LIFE STRESS MAY INFORM THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED TREATMENTS FOR CHRONIC PAIN IN LATER LIFE AND STRATEGIES TO PREVENT ITS ONSET IN SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. (C) 2016 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19  848  44 CHILDHOOD TRAUMA, THE STRESS RESPONSE AND METABOLIC SYNDROME: A FOCUS ON DNA METHYLATION. CHILDHOOD TRAUMA (CT) IS WELL ESTABLISHED AS A POTENT RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, THE POTENTIAL OF ADVERSE EARLY EXPERIENCES TO EXERT CHRONIC AND PROFOUND EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL HEALTH, INCLUDING ABERRANT METABOLIC PHENOTYPES, HAS ONLY BEEN MORE RECENTLY EXPLORED. AMONG THESE CONSEQUENCES IS METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS), WHICH IS CHARACTERISED BY AT LEAST THREE OF FIVE RELATED CARDIOMETABOLIC TRAITS: HYPERTENSION, INSULIN RESISTANCE/HYPERGLYCAEMIA, RAISED TRIGLYCERIDES, LOW HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN AND CENTRAL OBESITY. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF CT ON HEALTH OUTCOMES MAY BE PARTIALLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL (HPA) AXIS, WHICH COORDINATES THE RESPONSE TO STRESS, AND THE CONSEQUENT FOSTERING OF A PRO-INFLAMMATORY ENVIRONMENT. EPIGENETIC TAGS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE SENSITIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES PROVIDE A MEANS WHEREBY THE EFFECTS OF CT CAN BE BIOLOGICALLY EMBEDDED AND PERSIST INTO ADULTHOOD TO AFFECT HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. THE METHYLOME REGULATES THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE STRESS RESPONSE, METABOLISM AND INFLAMMATION. THIS NARRATIVE REVIEW EXAMINES THE EVIDENCE FOR DNA METHYLATION IN CT AND METS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY SHARED NEUROENDOCRINE AND IMMUNE CORRELATES THAT MAY MEDIATE THE INCREASED RISK OF METS FOLLOWING CT EXPOSURE. OUR REVIEW SPECIFICALLY HIGHLIGHTS DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF FKBP5, THE GENE THAT ENCODES FK506-BINDING PROTEIN 51 AND HAS PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS ON STRESS RESPONDING, INFLAMMATION AND ENERGY METABOLISM, AS A CENTRAL CANDIDATE TO UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR AETIOLOGY UNDERLYING CT-ASSOCIATED METS RISK.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20  585  29 BEHAVIORAL PERINATOLOGY: BIOBEHAVIORAL PROCESSES IN HUMAN FETAL DEVELOPMENT. BEHAVIORAL PERINATOLOGY IS AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY AREA OF RESEARCH THAT INVOLVES CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THEORETICAL MODELS AND CONDUCT OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF THE DYNAMIC TIME-, PLACE-, AND CONTEXT-DEPENDENT INTERPLAY BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROCESSES IN FETAL, NEONATAL, AND INFANT LIFE USING AN EPIGENETIC FRAMEWORK OF DEVELOPMENT. THE BIOBEHAVIORAL PROCESSES OF PARTICULAR INTEREST TO OUR RESEARCH GROUP RELATE TO THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL PRE- AND PERINATAL STRESS AND MATERNAL-PLACENTAL-FETAL STRESS PHYSIOLOGY. WE PROPOSE THAT BEHAVIORAL PERINATOLOGY RESEARCH MAY HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESSES THAT UNDERLIE OR CONTRIBUTE TO THE RISK OF THREE SETS OF OUTCOMES: PREMATURITY, ADVERSE NEURODEVELOPMENT, AND CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. BASED ON OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ONTOGENY OF HUMAN FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PREGNANCY AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT, WE HAVE ARTICULATED A NEUROBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF PRE- AND PERINATAL STRESS. OUR MODEL PROPOSES THAT CHRONIC MATERNAL STRESS MAY EXERT A SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON FETAL DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES. MATERNAL STRESS MAY ACT VIA ONE OR MORE OF THREE MAJOR PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS: NEUROENDOCRINE, IMMUNE/INFLAMMATORY, AND VASCULAR. WE FURTHER SUGGEST THAT PLACENTAL CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) MAY PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN COORDINATING THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE, IMMUNE/INFLAMMATORY, AND VASCULAR PROCESSES ON FETAL DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES. FINALLY, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL STRESS ARE MODULATED BY THE NATURE, DURATION, AND TIMING OF OCCURRENCE OF STRESS DURING GESTATION. IN THIS PAPER, WE ELABORATE ON THE CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL BASIS FOR THIS MODEL, HIGHLIGHT SOME RELEVANT ISSUES AND QUESTIONS, AND MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN THIS AREA.	2002