1 5096 124 PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM SET2 DOMAIN IS ALLOSTERICALLY REGULATED BY ITS PHD-LIKE DOMAIN TO METHYLATE AT H3K36. THE ANTIGENIC VARIATION IS AN ESSENTIAL MECHANISM EMPLOYED BY THE MALARIA PARASITE TO ESTABLISH A CHRONIC INFECTION IN HUMANS. THREE MAJOR VIRULENT PROTEINS EMP1, RIFINS, AND STEVOR HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN CONTRIBUTING TO THE ANTIGENIC VARIATION PROCESS AND ARE ENCODED BY MULTIGENE FAMILIES IN PLASMODIUM SPP. THE KEY VIRULENCE FACTOR PFEMP1 IS ENCODED BY VAR GENES, AND IT EXHIBITS A MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL SWITCHING BETWEEN VAR GENES, ENSURING AN INDIVIDUAL PARASITE ONLY TRANSCRIBES A SINGLE VAR GENE AT A TIME. EXPRESSION OF VAR GENES IS TIGHTLY REGULATED BY TWO HISTONE EPIGENETIC METHYLATION MARKS H3K36ME3 AND H3K9ME3, OF WHICH THE H3K36ME3 MARK IS HIGHLY ENRICHED ON TRANSCRIPTION START SITES (TSSS) OF SUPPRESSED VAR GENES IN P. FALCIPARUM. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS OF H3K36ME3 MARK PROPAGATION ON ALL THE 59 VAR GENES OF P. FALCIPARUM ARE NOT KNOWN. HERE, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A PHD (PLANT HOMEODOMAIN-LIKE DOMAIN) LIKE DOMAIN PRESENT WITHIN THE PFSET2 PROTEIN THAT SPECIFICALLY BINDS TO THE H3K36ME2 MARK, AN INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT OF THE H3K36ME3 MARK FORMATION ON THE NUCLEOSOME. SURPRISINGLY, WE HAVE FOUND THAT PHD - H3K36ME2 INTERACTION LEADS TO STIMULATION OF SET2 DOMAIN ACTIVITY ON THE NUCLEOSOME SUBSTRATES. THE ALLOSTERIC STIMULATION OF THE PFSET2 DOMAIN BY PHD-LIKE DOMAIN PRESENT WITHIN THE SAME PROTEIN SUGGESTS A NOVEL MECHANISM OF H3K36ME3 MARK PROPAGATION ON VAR GENES OF P. FALCIPARUM. THIS STUDY PROPOSES ALLOSTERIC REGULATION OF PFSET2 PROTEIN BY H3K36ME2 MARK AS AN ESSENTIAL MECHANISM OF VAR GENES SUPPRESSION TO ENSURE SUCCESSFUL ANTIGENIC VARIATION BY THE MALARIA PARASITE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
2  340  43 ALTERATIONS IN LOCAL CHROMATIN ENVIRONMENT ARE INVOLVED IN SILENCING AND ACTIVATION OF SUBTELOMERIC VAR GENES IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE PROTEIN 1 (PFEMP1), ENCODED BY THE VAR GENE FAMILY, UNDERGOES ANTIGENIC VARIATION AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHRONIC INFECTION AND SEVERE MALARIA. ONLY A SINGLE VAR GENE IS TRANSCRIBED PER PARASITE, AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL MECHANISMS ARE FUNDAMENTAL IN THIS STRATEGY OF MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE TRANSCRIPTION. WE SHOW THAT SUBTELOMERIC UPSB VAR GENE PROMOTERS CARRIED ON EPISOMES ARE SILENCED BY DEFAULT, AND THAT PROMOTER ACTIVATION IS SUFFICIENT TO SILENCE ALL OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS. HOWEVER, THEY ARE ACTIVE BY DEFAULT WHEN PLACED DOWNSTREAM OF A SECOND ACTIVE VAR PROMOTER, UNDERSCORING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LOCAL CHROMATIN ENVIRONMENT AND NUCLEAR COMPARTMENTALIZATION IN VAR PROMOTER REGULATION. NATIVE CHROMATIN COVERING THE SPE2-REPEAT ARRAY IN UPSB PROMOTERS IS RESISTANT TO NUCLEASE DIGESTION, AND INSERTION OF THESE REGULATORY ELEMENTS INTO A HETEROLOGOUS PROMOTER CAUSES LOCAL ALTERATIONS IN NUCLEOSOMAL ORGANIZATION AND PROMOTER REPRESSION. OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST A COMMON LOGIC UNDERLYING THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF ALL VAR GENES, AND HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF THIS MAJOR VIRULENCE GENE FAMILY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3 3827  44 INVESTIGATION OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 FUNCTION IN THE MALARIA PARASITE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM USING A CONDITIONAL DOMAIN DELETION AND SWAPPING APPROACH. THE HUMAN MALARIA PARASITE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ENCODES A SINGLE ORTHOLOG OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (PFHP1) THAT PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF VARIOUS SURVIVAL-RELATED PROCESSES. PFHP1 IS ESSENTIAL FOR PARASITE PROLIFERATION AND THE HERITABLE SILENCING OF GENES LINKED TO ANTIGENIC VARIATION, HOST CELL INVASION, AND SEXUAL CONVERSION. HERE, WE EMPLOYED CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED GENOME EDITING COMBINED WITH THE DICRE/LOXP SYSTEM TO INVESTIGATE HOW THE PFHP1 CHROMODOMAIN (CD), HINGE DOMAIN, AND CHROMOSHADOW DOMAIN (CSD) CONTRIBUTE TO OVERALL PFHP1 FUNCTION. WE SHOW THAT THE 76 C-TERMINAL RESIDUES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR TARGETING PFHP1 TO THE NUCLEUS. FURTHERMORE, WE REVEAL THAT EACH OF THE THREE FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF PFHP1 ARE REQUIRED FOR HETEROCHROMATIN FORMATION, GENE SILENCING, AND MITOTIC PARASITE PROLIFERATION. FINALLY, WE DISCOVERED THAT THE HINGE DOMAIN AND CSD OF HP1 ARE FUNCTIONALLY CONSERVED BETWEEN P. FALCIPARUM AND P. BERGHEI, A RELATED MALARIA PARASITE INFECTING RODENTS. IN SUMMARY, OUR STUDY PROVIDES NEW INSIGHTS INTO PFHP1 FUNCTION AND OFFERS A TOOL FOR FURTHER STUDIES ON EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND LIFE CYCLE DECISION IN MALARIA PARASITES.IMPORTANCE MALARIA IS CAUSED BY UNICELLULAR PLASMODIUM SPECIES PARASITES THAT REPEATEDLY INVADE AND REPLICATE INSIDE RED BLOOD CELLS. SOME BLOOD-STAGE PARASITES EXIT THE CELL CYCLE AND DIFFERENTIATE INTO GAMETOCYTES THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR MALARIA TRANSMISSION VIA THE MOSQUITO VECTOR. EPIGENETIC CONTROL MECHANISMS ALLOW THE PARASITES TO ALTER THE EXPRESSION OF SURFACE ANTIGENS AND TO BALANCE THE SWITCH BETWEEN PARASITE MULTIPLICATION AND GAMETOCYTE PRODUCTION. THESE PROCESSES ARE CRUCIAL TO ESTABLISH CHRONIC INFECTION AND OPTIMIZE PARASITE TRANSMISSION. HERE, WE PERFORMED A MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (HP1) IN P. FALCIPARUM WE DEMONSTRATE THAT ALL THREE DOMAINS OF THIS PROTEIN ARE INDISPENSABLE FOR THE PROPER FUNCTION OF HP1 IN PARASITE MULTIPLICATION, HETEROCHROMATIN FORMATION, AND GENE SILENCING. MOREOVER, EXPRESSION OF CHIMERIC PROTEINS REVEALED THE FUNCTIONAL CONSERVATION OF HP1 PROTEINS BETWEEN DIFFERENT PLASMODIUM SPECIES. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE FUNCTION AND EVOLUTION OF HP1 AS AN ESSENTIAL EPIGENETIC REGULATOR OF PARASITE SURVIVAL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4 1218  45 CRISPR INTERFERENCE OF A CLONALLY VARIANT GC-RICH NONCODING RNA FAMILY LEADS TO GENERAL REPRESSION OF VAR GENES IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. THE HUMAN MALARIA PARASITE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM USES MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EXPRESSION OF THE PFEMP1-ENCODING VAR GENE FAMILY TO EVADE THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM. DESPITE PROGRESS IN THE MOLECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DEFAULT SILENCING MECHANISM, THE ACTIVATION MECHANISM OF THE UNIQUELY EXPRESSED VAR MEMBER REMAINS ELUSIVE. A GC-RICH NONCODING RNA (NCRNA) GENE FAMILY HAS COEVOLVED WITH PLASMODIUM SPECIES THAT EXPRESS VAR GENES. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THIS NCRNA FAMILY IS TRANSCRIBED IN A CLONALLY VARIANT MANNER, WITH PREDOMINANT TRANSCRIPTION OF A SINGLE MEMBER OCCURRING WHEN THE NCRNA IS LOCATED ADJACENT TO AND UPSTREAM OF AN ACTIVE VAR GENE. WE DEVELOPED A SPECIFIC CRISPR INTERFERENCE (CRISPRI) STRATEGY THAT ALLOWED FOR THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF ALL GC-RICH MEMBERS. A LACK OF GC-RICH NCRNA TRANSCRIPTION LED TO THE DOWNREGULATION OF THE ENTIRE VAR GENE FAMILY IN RING-STAGE PARASITES. STRIKINGLY, IN MATURE BLOOD-STAGE PARASITES, THE GC-RICH NCRNA CRISPRI AFFECTED THE TRANSCRIPTION PATTERNS OF OTHER CLONALLY VARIANT GENE FAMILIES, INCLUDING THE DOWNREGULATION OF ALL PFMC-2TM MEMBERS. WE PROVIDE EVIDENCE FOR THE KEY ROLE OF GC-RICH NCRNA TRANSCRIPTION IN VAR GENE ACTIVATION AND DISCOVERED A MOLECULAR LINK BETWEEN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF VARIOUS CLONALLY VARIANT MULTIGENE FAMILIES INVOLVED IN PARASITE VIRULENCE. THIS WORK OPENS NEW AVENUES FOR ELUCIDATING THE MOLECULAR PROCESSES THAT CONTROL IMMUNE EVASION AND PATHOGENESIS IN P. FALCIPARUMIMPORTANCEPLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM IS THE DEADLIEST MALARIA PARASITE SPECIES, ACCOUNTING FOR THE VAST MAJORITY OF DISEASE CASES AND DEATHS. THE VIRULENCE OF THIS PARASITE IS RELIANT UPON THE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EXPRESSION OF CYTOADHERENCE PROTEINS ENCODED BY THE 60-MEMBER VAR GENE FAMILY. ANTIGENIC VARIATION OF THIS MULTIGENE FAMILY SERVES AS AN IMMUNE EVASION MECHANISM, ULTIMATELY LEADING TO CHRONIC INFECTION AND PATHOGENESIS. UNDERSTANDING THE REGULATION MECHANISM OF ANTIGENIC VARIATION IS KEY TO DEVELOPING NEW THERAPEUTIC AND CONTROL STRATEGIES. OUR STUDY UNCOVERS A NOVEL LAYER IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OF THIS FAMILY OF VIRULENCE GENES BY MEANS OF A MULTIGENE-TARGETING CRISPR INTERFERENCE APPROACH.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5 1219  45 CRISPR/CAS9 GENOME EDITING REVEALS THAT THE INTRON IS NOT ESSENTIAL FOR VAR2CSA GENE ACTIVATION OR SILENCING IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM RELIES ON MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION OF 1 OF 60 VAR VIRULENCE GENES FOR ANTIGENIC VARIATION AND HOST IMMUNE EVASION. EACH VAR GENE CONTAINS A CONSERVED INTRON WHICH HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN PREVIOUS STUDIES IN BOTH ACTIVATION AND REPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION VIA SEVERAL EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING INTERACTION WITH THE VAR PROMOTER, PRODUCTION OF LONG NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS), AND LOCALIZATION TO REPRESSIVE PERINUCLEAR SITES. HOWEVER, FUNCTIONAL STUDIES HAVE RELIED PRIMARILY ON ARTIFICIAL EXPRESSION CONSTRUCTS. USING THE RECENTLY DEVELOPED P. FALCIPARUM CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPR)/CAS9 SYSTEM, WE DIRECTLY DELETED THE VAR2CSA P. FALCIPARUM 3D7_1200600 (PF3D7_1200600) ENDOGENOUS INTRON, RESULTING IN AN INTRONLESS VAR GENE IN A NATURAL, MARKER-FREE CHROMOSOMAL CONTEXT. DELETION OF THE VAR2CSA INTRON RESULTED IN AN UPREGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OF THE VAR2CSA GENE IN RING-STAGE PARASITES AND SUBSEQUENT EXPRESSION OF THE PFEMP1 PROTEIN IN LATE-STAGE PARASITES. INTRON DELETION DID NOT AFFECT THE NORMAL TEMPORAL REGULATION AND SUBSEQUENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF THE VAR GENE IN TROPHOZOITES BUT DID RESULT IN INCREASED RATES OF VAR GENE SWITCHING IN SOME MUTANT CLONES. TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF THE INTRONLESS VAR2CSA GENE COULD BE ACHIEVED VIA LONG-TERM CULTURE OR PANNING WITH THE CD36 RECEPTOR, AFTER WHICH REACTIVATION WAS POSSIBLE WITH CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (CSA) PANNING. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT THE VAR2CSA INTRON IS NOT REQUIRED FOR SILENCING OR ACTIVATION IN RING-STAGE PARASITES BUT POINT TO A SUBTLE ROLE IN REGULATION OF SWITCHING WITHIN THE VAR GENE FAMILY.IMPORTANCEPLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM IS THE MOST VIRULENT SPECIES OF MALARIA PARASITE, CAUSING HIGH RATES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN THOSE INFECTED. CHRONIC INFECTION DEPENDS ON AN IMMUNE EVASION MECHANISM TERMED ANTIGENIC VARIATION, WHICH IN TURN RELIES ON MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION OF 1 OF ~60 VAR GENES. UNDERSTANDING ANTIGENIC VARIATION AND THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION IS IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING DRUGS AND/OR VACCINES. THE VAR GENE FAMILY ENCODES THE ANTIGENIC SURFACE PROTEINS THAT DECORATE INFECTED ERYTHROCYTES. UNTIL RECENTLY, STUDYING THE UNDERLYING GENETIC ELEMENTS THAT REGULATE MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION IN P. FALCIPARUM WAS DIFFICULT, AND MOST STUDIES RELIED ON ARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS SUCH AS EPISOMAL REPORTER GENES. OUR STUDY WAS THE FIRST TO USE CRISPR/CAS9 GENOME EDITING FOR THE FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF AN IMPORTANT, CONSERVED GENETIC ELEMENT OF VAR GENES-THE INTRON-IN AN ENDOGENOUS, EPISOME-FREE MANNER. OUR FINDINGS SHED LIGHT ON THE ROLE OF THE VAR GENE INTRON IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION.	2017	

6   17  38 5' FLANKING REGION OF VAR GENES NUCLEATE HISTONE MODIFICATION PATTERNS LINKED TO PHENOTYPIC INHERITANCE OF VIRULENCE TRAITS IN MALARIA PARASITES. IN THE HUMAN MALARIA PARASITE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM ANTIGENIC VARIATION FACILITATES LONG-TERM CHRONIC INFECTION OF THE HOST. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY SEQUENTIAL EXPRESSION OF A SINGLE MEMBER OF THE 60-MEMBER VAR FAMILY. HERE WE SHOW THAT THE 5' FLANKING REGION NUCLEATES EPIGENETIC EVENTS STRONGLY LINKED TO THE MAINTENANCE OF MONO-ALLELIC VAR GENE EXPRESSION PATTERN DURING PARASITE PROLIFERATION. TRI- AND DIMETHYLATION OF HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 PEAK IN THE 5' UPSTREAM REGION OF TRANSCRIBED VAR AND DURING THE POISED STATE (NON-TRANSCRIBED PHASE OF VAR GENES DURING THE 48 H ASEXUAL LIFE CYCLE), 'BOOKMARKING' THIS MEMBER FOR RE-ACTIVATION AT THE ONSET OF THE NEXT CYCLE. HISTONE H3 LYSINE 9 TRIMETHYLATION ACTS AS AN ANTAGONIST TO LYSINE 4 METHYLATION TO ESTABLISH STABLY SILENT VAR GENE STATES ALONG THE 5' FLANKING AND CODING REGION. FURTHERMORE, WE SHOW THAT COMPETITION EXISTS BETWEEN H3K9 METHYLATION AND H3K9 ACETYLATION IN THE 5' FLANKING REGION AND THAT THESE MARKS CONTRIBUTE EPIGENETICALLY TO REPRESSING OR ACTIVATING VAR GENE EXPRESSION. OUR WORK POINTS TO A PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE HISTONE METHYL MARK WRITING AND READING MACHINERY IN THE PHENOTYPIC INHERITANCE OF VIRULENCE TRAITS IN THE MALARIA PARASITE.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
7 2395  30 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN MIST1(-/-) MICE PREDICTS THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO CERULEIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS. GENE EXPRESSION IS AFFECTED BY MODIFICATIONS TO HISTONE CORE PROTEINS WITHIN CHROMATIN. CHANGES IN THESE MODIFICATIONS, OR EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, CAN DICTATE CELL FATE AND PROMOTE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE. THE GOAL OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC STRESS THAT OCCURS FOLLOWING ABLATION OF MIST1 (MIST1(-/-) ), WHICH IS REPRESSED IN PANCREATIC DISEASE. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION FOR TRIMETHYLATION OF LYSINE RESIDUE 4 ON HISTONE 3 (H3K4ME3) IN PURIFIED ACINAR CELLS FROM WILD TYPE AND MIST1(-/-) MICE WAS FOLLOWED BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) OR CHIP-QPCR. H3K4ME3-ENRICHED GENES WERE ASSESSED FOR EXPRESSION BY QRT-PCR IN PANCREATIC TISSUE BEFORE AND AFTER INDUCTION OF CERULEIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS. WHILE MOST OF H3K4ME3-ENRICHMENT IS RESTRICTED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES, >25% OF ENRICHMENT SITES ARE FOUND WITHIN, DOWNSTREAM OR BETWEEN ANNOTATED GENES. LESS THAN 10% OF THESE SITES WERE ALTERED IN MIST1(-/-) ACINI, WITH MOST CHANGES IN H3K4ME3 ENRICHMENT NOT REFLECTING ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF GENES DIFFERENTIALLY-ENRICHED FOR H3K4ME3 REVEALED AN ASSOCIATION WITH PANCREATITIS AND PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA IN MIST1(-/-) TISSUE. MOST OF THESE GENES WERE NOT DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED BUT SEVERAL WERE READILY INDUCED BY ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL PANCREATITIS, WITH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED EXPRESSION IN MIST1(-/-) TISSUE RELATIVE TO WILD TYPE MICE. WE SUGGEST THAT THE CHRONIC CELL STRESS OBSERVED IN THE ABSENCE OF MIST1 RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF GENES INVOLVED IN PROMOTING PANCREATITIS TO A POISED STATE, THEREBY INCREASING THE SENSITIVITY TO EVENTS THAT PROMOTE DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
8 2091  43 EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF VIRULENCE GENE EXPRESSION IN SEVERE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA. CHRONIC INFECTIONS WITH THE HUMAN MALARIA PARASITE PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM DEPEND ON ANTIGENIC VARIATION. P. FALCIPARUM ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE PROTEIN 1 (PFEMP1), THE MAJOR ERYTHROCYTE SURFACE ANTIGEN MEDIATING PARASITE SEQUESTRATION IN THE MICROVASCULATURE, IS ENCODED IN PARASITES BY A HIGHLY DIVERSE FAMILY OF VAR GENES. ANTIGENIC SWITCHING IS MEDIATED BY CLONAL VARIATION IN VAR EXPRESSION, AND RECENT IN VITRO STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC PROCESSES IN VAR REGULATION. EXPRESSION OF PARTICULAR PFEMP1 VARIANTS MAY RESULT IN PARASITE ENRICHMENT IN DIFFERENT TISSUES, A FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERE DISEASE. HERE, WE STUDY IN VIVO HUMAN INFECTIONS AND PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT INFECTION-INDUCED STRESS RESPONSES IN THE HOST CAN MODIFY PFEMP1 EXPRESSION VIA THE PERTURBATION OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. OUR WORK SUGGESTS THAT SEVERE DISEASE MAY NOT BE THE DIRECT RESULT OF AN ADAPTIVE VIRULENCE STRATEGY TO MAXIMIZE PARASITE SURVIVAL BUT THAT IT MAY INDICATE A LOSS OF CONTROL OF THE CAREFULLY REGULATED PROCESS OF ANTIGENIC SWITCHING THAT MAINTAINS CHRONIC INFECTIONS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9  984  25 CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN RAT COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS PROMOTING CHROMATIN REMODELING, BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION. CHRONIC STRESS IS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCED ABDOMINAL PAIN (VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY), BUT THE CELLULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING HOW CHRONIC STRESS INDUCES VISCERAL HYPERSENSITIVITY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS STUDY, WE EXAMINED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM A RAT MODEL USING RNA-SEQUENCING TO EXAMINE STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES TO THE TRANSCRIPTOME. FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS, THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED GENES INCLUDED ATG16L1, COQ10B, DCAF13, NAT2, PTBP2, RRAS2, SPINK4 AND DOWN-REGULATED GENES INCLUDING ABAT, CITED2, CNNM2, DAB2IP, PLEKHM1, SCD2, AND TAB2. THE PRIMARY ALTERED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES REVEALED BY NETWORK ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS WERE INFLAMMATION/IMMUNE RESPONSE, TISSUE MORPHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT, AND NUCLEOSOME/CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY. THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN-REGULATED PROCESS WAS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT/FUNCTION, WHEREAS THE MOST SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED PROCESSES WERE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, ORGANISMAL INJURY, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING MEDIATED BY H3K9 METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, A SUBPOPULATION OF STRESSED RATS DEMONSTRATED VERY SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPT ISOFORMS, ENRICHED FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, INCLUDING UPREGULATION OF CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION COUPLED WITH DOWNREGULATION OF EPITHELIAL ADHERENS AND TIGHT JUNCTION MRNAS. IN SUMMARY, THESE FINDINGS SUPPORT THAT CHRONIC STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES, THEIR DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAYS COUPLED TO DYSREGULATION OF INTESTINAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CHROMATIN REMODELING LIKELY PLAYS A PROMINENT ROLE IN THIS PROCESS. RESULTS ALSO SUGGEST THAT SUPER ENHANCERS PLAY A PRIMARY ROLE IN CHRONIC STRESS-ASSOCIATED INTESTINAL BARRIER DYSFUNCTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10 6294  27 THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TNFALPHA INDUCES DNA DEMETHYLATION-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION OF INTERLEUKIN-32 EXPRESSION. IL-32 IS A CYTOKINE INVOLVED IN PROINFLAMMATORY IMMUNE RESPONSES TO BACTERIAL AND VIRAL INFECTIONS. HOWEVER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN THE REGULATION OF IL-32 GENE EXPRESSION IS UNDERSTUDIED. HERE WE SHOW THAT IL-32 IS REPRESSED BY DNA METHYLATION IN HEK293 CELLS. USING CHIP SEQUENCING, LOCUS-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ANALYSIS, CRISPR/CAS9-MEDIATED GENOME EDITING, AND RT-QPCR (QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR) AND IMMUNOBLOT ASSAYS, WE FOUND THAT SHORT-TERM TREATMENT (A FEW HOURS) WITH THE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNFALPHA) ACTIVATES IL-32 IN A DNA DEMETHYLATION-INDEPENDENT MANNER. IN CONTRAST, PROLONGED TNFALPHA TREATMENT (SEVERAL DAYS) INDUCED DNA DEMETHYLATION AT THE PROMOTER AND A CPG ISLAND IN THE IL-32 GENE IN A TET (TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION) FAMILY ENZYME- AND NF-KAPPAB-DEPENDENT MANNER. NOTABLY, THE HYPOMETHYLATION STATUS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN IL-32 WAS MAINTAINED FOR A LONG TIME (SEVERAL WEEKS), CAUSING ELEVATED IL-32 EXPRESSION EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF TNFALPHA. CONSIDERING THAT IL-32 CAN, IN TURN, INDUCE TNFALPHA EXPRESSION, WE SPECULATE THAT SUCH FEEDFORWARD EVENTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE TRANSITION FROM AN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
11  195  30 ACF CHROMATIN-REMODELING COMPLEX MEDIATES STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR. IMPROVED TREATMENT FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) REMAINS ELUSIVE BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED UNDERSTANDING OF ITS UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. IT IS LIKELY THAT STRESS-INDUCED MALADAPTIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN LIMBIC NEURAL CIRCUITS CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MDD, POSSIBLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT REGULATE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. WE ESTABLISH THAT PERSISTENT UPREGULATION OF THE ACF (ATP-UTILIZING CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY AND REMODELING FACTOR) ATP-DEPENDENT CHROMATIN-REMODELING COMPLEX, OCCURRING IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OF STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE AND DEPRESSED HUMANS, IS NECESSARY FOR STRESS-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WE FOUND THAT ALTERED ACF BINDING AFTER CHRONIC STRESS WAS CORRELATED WITH ALTERED NUCLEOSOME POSITIONING, PARTICULARLY AROUND THE TRANSCRIPTION START SITES OF AFFECTED GENES. THESE ALTERATIONS IN ACF BINDING AND NUCLEOSOME POSITIONING WERE ASSOCIATED WITH REPRESSED EXPRESSION OF GENES IMPLICATED IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO STRESS. TOGETHER, OUR FINDINGS IDENTIFY THE ACF CHROMATIN-REMODELING COMPLEX AS A CRITICAL COMPONENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION AND IN REGULATING STRESS-RELATED BEHAVIORS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
12 6059  30 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SENSITIVE FLUORESCENT PROTEIN-BASED TRANSCRIPT REPORTER FOR HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING OF NEGATIVE MODULATORS OF LNCRNAS. WHILE THE HUMAN GENOME IS PERVASIVELY TRANSCRIBED, <2% OF THE HUMAN GENOME IS TRANSCRIBED INTO PROTEIN-CODING MRNAS, LEAVING MOST OF THE TRANSCRIPTS AS NONCODING RNAS, SUCH AS MICRORNAS AND LONG-NONCODING RNAS (LNCRNAS), WHICH ARE CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION. LNCRNAS ARE EMERGING AS CRITICAL REGULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION AND GENOMIC STABILITY. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN ABOUT HOW LNCRNAS ARE REGULATED. HERE, WE DEVELOP A HIGHLY SENSITIVE AND DYNAMIC REPORTER THAT ALLOWS US TO IDENTIFY AND/OR MONITOR NEGATIVE MODULATORS OF LNCRNA TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IN A HIGH THROUGHPUT FASHION. SPECIFICALLY, WE ENGINEER A FLUORESCENT FUSION PROTEIN BY FUSING THREE COPIES OF THE PEST DESTRUCTION DOMAIN OF MOUSE ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE (MODC) TO THE C-TERMINAL END OF THE CODON-OPTIMIZED BILIRUBIN-INDUCIBLE FLUORESCENT PROTEIN, DESIGNATED AS DBIFP, AND SHOW THAT THE DBIFP PROTEIN IS HIGHLY DESTABILIZED, COMPARED WITH THE COMMONLY-USED EGFP PROTEIN. WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATE THAT THE DBIFP SIGNAL IS EFFECTIVELY DOWN-REGULATED WHEN THE DBIFP AND MOUSE LNCRNA H19 CHIMERIC TRANSCRIPT IS SILENCED BY MOUSE H19-SPECIFIC SIRNAS. THEREFORE, OUR RESULTS STRONGLY SUGGEST THAT THE DBIFP FUSION PROTEIN MAY SERVE AS A SENSITIVE AND DYNAMIC TRANSCRIPT REPORTER TO MONITOR THE INHIBITION OF LNCRNAS BY MICRORNAS, SYNTHETIC REGULATORY RNA MOLECULES, RNA BINDING PROTEINS, AND/OR SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS SO THAT NOVEL AND EFFICACIOUS INHIBITORS TARGETING THE EPIGENETIC CIRCUIT CAN BE DISCOVERED TO TREAT HUMAN DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER AND OTHER CHRONIC DISORDERS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13  370  49 AN APICOMPLEXAN BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN, TGBDP1, ASSOCIATES WITH DIVERSE EPIGENETIC FACTORS TO REGULATE ESSENTIAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESSES IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII. THE PROTOZOAN PATHOGEN TOXOPLASMA GONDII RELIES ON TIGHT REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION TO INVADE AND ESTABLISH INFECTION IN ITS HOST. THE DIVERGENT GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF TOXOPLASMA AND RELATED APICOMPLEXAN PATHOGENS RELY HEAVILY ON REGULATORS OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. THE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION FOR TOXOPLASMA IN BOTH ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFECTION HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED, WHERE HISTONE ACETYLATION INCREASES AT ACTIVE GENE LOCI. HOWEVER, THE DIRECT CONSEQUENCES OF SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLATION MARKS AND THE CHROMATIN PATHWAY THAT INFLUENCES TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN RESPONSE TO THE MODIFICATION ARE UNCLEAR. AS A READER OF LYSINE ACETYLATION, THE BROMODOMAIN SERVES AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN THE ACETYLATED HISTONE AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORS. HERE WE SHOW THAT THE BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN, TGBDP1, WHICH IS CONSERVED AMONG APICOMPLEXA AND WITHIN THE ALVEOLATA SUPERPHYLUM, IS ESSENTIAL FOR TOXOPLASMA ASEXUAL PROLIFERATION. USING CLEAVAGE UNDER TARGETS AND TAGMENTATION, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT TGBDP1 IS RECRUITED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITES OF A LARGE PROPORTION OF PARASITE GENES. TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILING DURING TGBDP1 KNOCKDOWN REVEALED THAT LOSS OF TGBDP1 LEADS TO MAJOR DYSREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION, IMPLYING MULTIPLE ROLES FOR TGBDP1 IN BOTH GENE ACTIVATION AND REPRESSION. THIS IS SUPPORTED BY INTERACTOME ANALYSIS OF TGBDP1 DEMONSTRATING THAT TGBDP1 FORMS A CORE COMPLEX WITH TWO OTHER BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS AND AN APIAP2 FACTOR. THIS CORE COMPLEX APPEARS TO INTERACT WITH OTHER EPIGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS NUCLEOSOME REMODELING COMPLEXES. WE CONCLUDE THAT TGBDP1 INTERACTS WITH DIVERSE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS TO EXERT OPPOSING INFLUENCES ON GENE EXPRESSION IN THE TOXOPLASMA TACHYZOITE. IMPORTANCE HISTONE ACETYLATION IS CRITICAL FOR PROPER REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE SINGLE-CELLED EUKARYOTIC PATHOGEN TOXOPLASMA GONDII. BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS ARE "READERS" OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MAY LINK THE MODIFIED CHROMATIN TO TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE BROMODOMAIN PROTEIN TGBDP1 IS ESSENTIAL FOR PARASITE SURVIVAL AND THAT LOSS OF TGBDP1 RESULTS IN GLOBAL DYSREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. TGBDP1 IS RECRUITED TO THE PROMOTER REGION OF A LARGE PROPORTION OF PARASITE GENES, FORMS A CORE COMPLEX WITH TWO OTHER BROMODOMAIN PROTEINS, AND INTERACTS WITH DIFFERENT TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY COMPLEXES. WE CONCLUDE THAT TGBDP1 IS A KEY FACTOR FOR SENSING SPECIFIC HISTONE MODIFICATIONS TO INFLUENCE MULTIPLE FACETS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII.	2023	
                                                                                                                             
14 2246  25 EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF INFLAMMATION AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY PROMOTES RESILIENCE AGAINST STRESS IN MICE. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMALITIES IN THE BRAIN AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. CHRONIC STRESS IN ANIMALS SHOWED THAT EPIGENETIC AND INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN MEDIATING RESILIENCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DEPRESSION. HERE, THROUGH A HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING, WE IDENTIFY TWO PHYTOCHEMICALS, DIHYDROCAFFEIC ACID (DHCA) AND MALVIDIN-3'-O-GLUCOSIDE (MAL-GLUC) THAT ARE EFFECTIVE IN PROMOTING RESILIENCE AGAINST STRESS BY MODULATING BRAIN SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION. DHCA/MAL-GLUC ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES DEPRESSION-LIKE PHENOTYPES IN A MOUSE MODEL OF INCREASED SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY TRANSPLANTATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS FROM STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE. DHCA REDUCES PRO-INFLAMMATORY INTERLEUKIN 6 (IL-6) GENERATIONS BY INHIBITING DNA METHYLATION AT THE CPG-RICH IL-6 SEQUENCES INTRONS 1 AND 3, WHILE MAL-GLUC MODULATES SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY BY INCREASING HISTONE ACETYLATION OF THE REGULATORY SEQUENCES OF THE RAC1 GENE. PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION AND SYNAPTIC MALADAPTATION ARE IN LINE WITH NEWLY HYPOTHESIZED CLINICAL INTERVENTION TARGETS FOR DEPRESSION THAT ARE NOT ADDRESSED BY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ANTIDEPRESSANTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 1902  29 ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE LAP2 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS IN NORMAL AND MALIGNANT ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES. EXTENSIVE RESEARCH IN RECENT YEARS HAS BROADENED THE FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPE PROTEINS BEYOND SIMPLY STABILIZING THE NUCLEUS ARCHITECTURE. PARTICULARLY, INTEGRAL NUCLEAR MEMBRANE PROTEINS, SUCH AS THE ALTERNATIVE SPLICED ISOFORMS OF LAMINA-ASSOCIATED POLYPEPTIDE 2 (LAP2), HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE IMPORTANT FOR THE INITIATION OF REPLICATION AND REPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION. THE LATTER IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC CHANGES, INDUCED BY THE BINDING OF LAP2BETA TO HISTONE DEACETYLASE-3 (HDAC3), RESULTING IN HISTONE H4 DEACETYLATION. INVOLVEMENT OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPE PROTEINS IN PATHOLOGICAL PROLIFERATIVE CONDITIONS, MAINLY THOSE INVOLVING ABNORMAL RECRUITMENT AND ACTIVATION OF HDACS, IS STILL UNKNOWN. IN THIS PAPER, WE SHOW THAT VARIOUS NUCLEAR ENVELOPE PROTEINS ARE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN NORMAL AND MALIGNANT ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES. SPECIFICALLY, RAPIDLY REPLICATING CELLS OF VARIOUS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES HIGHLY EXPRESS LAP2BETA, WHILE SLOWLY PROLIFERATING MALIGNANT CELLS OF CHRONIC MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES DO NOT. TAKING TOGETHER THE ELEVATED EXPRESSION OF LAP2BETA IN HIGHLY PROLIFERATIVE MALIGNANT CELLS WITH ITS KNOWN ABILITY TO MODIFY HISTONES THROUGH BINDING WITH HDAC3 RAISES THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS ROLE IN HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES INVOLVING ABERRANT ACTIVITY OF HDAC3. BASED ON OUR PRESENTED RESULTS, WE BELIEVE THAT THE LAP2-HDAC REGULATORY PATHWAY SHOULD BE STUDIED AS A NEW TARGET FOR RATIONAL THERAPY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16 3465  35 HYPOTHESIS: REGULATION OF NEUROPLASTICITY MAY INVOLVE I-MOTIF AND G-QUADRUPLEX DNA FORMATION MODULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RECENT STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THE EXISTENCE IN VIVO OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL DNA STRUCTURES THAT DIFFER FROM THE DOUBLE HELIX. THE G-QUADRUPLEX (G4) AND INTERCALATED MOTIF (I-MOTIF OR IM) DNA STRUCTURES ARE FORMED AS KNOTS WHERE, CORRESPONDINGLY, GUANINES OR CYTOSINES ON THE SAME STRAND OF DNA BIND TO EACH OTHER. THERE ARE GROUNDS TO BELIEVE THAT G4 AND IM SEQUENCES PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION CONSIDERING THEIR TENDENCY TO BE FOUND IN OR NEAR REGULATORY SITES (SUCH AS PROMOTERS, ENHANCERS, AND TELOMERES) AS WELL AS THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE PREVALENCE OF G4 OR IM CONFORMATIONS AND SPECIFIC PHASES OF CELL CYCLE. NOTABLY, G4 AND IM CAPABLE SEQUENCES TEND TO BE FOUND ON THE OPPOSITE STRANDS OF THE SAME DNA SITE WITH AT MOST ONE OF THE TWO STRUCTURES FORMED AT ANY GIVEN TIME. THE RECENT EVIDENCE THAT K(+), MG(2+) CONCENTRATIONS DIRECTLY AFFECT IM FORMATION (AND LIKELY G4 FORMATION INDIRECTLY) LEAD US TO BELIEVE THAT THESE STRUCTURES MAY PLAY A MAJOR ROLE IN SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY OF NEURONS, AND, THEREFORE, IN A VARIETY OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) FUNCTIONS INCLUDING MEMORY, LEARNING, HABITUAL BEHAVIORS, PAIN PERCEPTION AND OTHERS. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND MEMORY FORMATION, WERE ALSO SHOWN TO INFLUENCE FORMATION AND STABILITY OF G4S AND IMS. OUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT NON-CANONICAL DNA AND RNA STRUCTURES COULD BE AN INTEGRAL PART OF NEUROPLASTICITY CONTROL VIA GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION AT THE LEVEL OF TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION AND SPLICING. WE PROPOSE THAT THE REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF DNA IM AND G4 STRUCTURES IS MODULATED BY DNA METHYLATION/DEMETHYLATION OF THE IM AND/OR G4 SEQUENCES, WHICH FACILITATES THE SWITCH BETWEEN CANONICAL AND NON-CANONICAL CONFORMATION. OTHER NEURONAL MECHANISMS INTERACTING WITH THE FORMATION AND REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF NON-CANONICAL DNA AND RNA STRUCTURES, PARTICULARLY G4, IM AND TRIPLEXES, MAY INVOLVE MICRORNAS AS WELL AS ION AND PROTON FLUXES. WE ARE PROPOSING EXPERIMENTS IN ACUTE BRAIN SLICES AND IN VIVO TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS. THE PROPOSED STUDIES WOULD PROVIDE NEW INSIGHTS INTO FUNDAMENTAL NEURONAL MECHANISMS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE AND POTENTIALLY OPEN NEW AVENUES FOR TREATING MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
17  102  23 A REGULATORY ROLE FOR CHD2 IN MYELOPOIESIS. THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROGRAM THAT DICTATES HAEMATOPOIETIC CELL FATE AND DIFFERENTIATION REQUIRES AN EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AND MEMORY FUNCTION, PROVIDED BY A NETWORK OF EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT REGULATE DNA METHYLATION, POST-TRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. DISTURBED EPIGENETIC REGULATION CAUSES PERTURBATIONS IN THE BLOOD CELL DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAM THAT RESULTS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF HAEMATOPOIETIC DISORDERS. THUS, ACCURATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR FUNCTIONAL HAEMATOPOIESIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED A CRISPR-CAS9 SCREENING APPROACH TO IDENTIFY NEW EPIGENETIC REGULATORS IN MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION. WE DESIGNED A CHROMATIN-UMI CRISPR GUIDE LIBRARY TARGETING 1092 EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. PHORBOL 12-MYRISTATE 13-ACETATE (PMA) TREATMENT OF THE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA CELL LINE K-562 WAS USED AS A MEGAKARYOCYTIC MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION MODEL. BOTH PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED DEVELOPMENTAL EPIGENETIC REGULATORS AND NOVEL FACTORS WERE IDENTIFIED IN OUR SCREEN. IN THIS STUDY, WE VALIDATED AND CHARACTERIZED A ROLE FOR THE CHROMATIN REMODELLER CHD2 IN MYELOID PROLIFERATION AND MEGAKARYOCYTIC DIFFERENTIATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 4861  28 ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 1 IS AN HDAC4-REGULATED MEDIATOR OF NOCICEPTIVE HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MICE. PERSISTENT PAIN IS SUSTAINED BY MALADAPTIVE CHANGES IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION RESULTING IN ALTERED FUNCTION OF THE RELEVANT CIRCUITS; THERAPIES ARE STILL UNSATISFACTORY. THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND AFFECTED GENES LINKING NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES AND PATHOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY ARE UNCLEAR. HERE, WE FOUND THAT, AMONG SEVERAL HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS), SYNAPTIC ACTIVITY SPECIFICALLY AFFECTS HDAC4 IN MURINE SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN NEURONS. NOXIOUS STIMULI THAT INDUCE LONG-LASTING INFLAMMATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY CAUSE NUCLEAR EXPORT AND INACTIVATION OF HDAC4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, BUT NEITHER ACUTE NOR BASAL SENSITIVITY, IS IMPAIRED BY THE EXPRESSION OF A CONSTITUTIVELY NUCLEAR LOCALIZED HDAC4 MUTANT. NEXT GENERATION RNA-SEQUENCING REVEALED AN HDAC4-REGULATED GENE PROGRAM COMPRISING MEDIATORS OF SENSITIZATION INCLUDING THE ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER OAT1, KNOWN FOR ITS RENAL TRANSPORT FUNCTION. USING PHARMACOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR TOOLS TO MODULATE OAT1 ACTIVITY OR EXPRESSION, WE CAUSALLY LINK OAT1 TO PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MICE. THUS, HDAC4 IS A KEY EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT TRANSLATES NOCICEPTIVE ACTIVITY INTO SENSITIZATION BY REGULATING OAT1, WHICH IS A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR PAIN-RELIEVING THERAPIES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
19  662  28 BLOOD MONOCYTE TRANSCRIPTOME AND EPIGENOME ANALYSES REVEAL LOCI ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. LITTLE IS KNOWN REGARDING THE EPIGENETIC BASIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS. HERE WE PRESENT THE CD14+ BLOOD MONOCYTE TRANSCRIPTOME AND EPIGENOME SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS. THE TRANSCRIPTOME SIGNATURE INCLUDES TRANSCRIPTION COACTIVATOR, ARID5B, WHICH IS KNOWN TO FORM A CHROMATIN DEREPRESSOR COMPLEX WITH A HISTONE H3K9ME2-SPECIFIC DEMETHYLASE AND PROMOTE ADIPOGENESIS AND SMOOTH MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT. ARID5B CPG (CG25953130) METHYLATION IS INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH ARID5B EXPRESSION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS, CONSISTENT WITH THIS CPG RESIDING IN AN ARID5B ENHANCER REGION, BASED ON CHROMATIN CAPTURE AND HISTONE MARKS DATA. MEDIATION ANALYSIS SUPPORTS ASSUMPTIONS THAT ARID5B EXPRESSION MEDIATES EFFECTS OF CG25953130 METHYLATION AND SEVERAL CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS ON ATHEROSCLEROTIC BURDEN. IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-STIMULATED HUMAN THP1 MONOCYTES, ARID5B KNOCKDOWN REDUCED EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS-RELATED INFLAMMATORY AND LIPID METABOLISM PATHWAYS, AND INHIBITED CELL MIGRATION AND PHAGOCYTOSIS. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT ARID5B EXPRESSION, POSSIBLY REGULATED BY AN EPIGENETICALLY CONTROLLED ENHANCER, PROMOTES ATHEROSCLEROSIS BY DYSREGULATING IMMUNOMETABOLISM TOWARDS A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPE.THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS MEDIATING THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS ARE UNCLEAR. HERE, THE AUTHORS EXAMINE CD14+ BLOOD MONOCYTE'S TRANSCRIPTOME AND EPIGENOME SIGNATURES TO FIND DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF ARID5B TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20 2442  27 EPIGENETIC STABILITY IN THE ADULT MOUSE CORTEX UNDER CONDITIONS OF PHARMACOLOGICALLY INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION. HISTONE ACETYLATION IS CONSIDERED A MAJOR EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT AFFECTS BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, AS WELL AS LEARNING AND MEMORY. THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECTORS AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR PLASTICITY AS A RESULT OF LONG-TERM MODIFICATIONS TO HISTONE ACETYLATION ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. TO THIS END, WE PHARMACOLOGICALLY INHIBITED HISTONE DEACETYLATION USING TRICHOSTATIN A IN ADULT (6-MONTH-OLD) MICE AND FOUND SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN THE LEVELS OF THE ACETYLATED HISTONE MARKS H3LYS9, H3LYS14 AND H4LYS12. HIGH-RESOLUTION TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS OF DIVERSE BRAIN REGIONS UNCOVERED FEW DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION BETWEEN TREATED AND CONTROL ANIMALS, NONE OF WHICH WERE PLASTICITY RELATED. INSTEAD, AFTER INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE DETECTED A LARGE NUMBER OF NOVEL TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE REGIONS, WHICH CORRESPOND TO LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS). WE ALSO SURPRISINGLY FOUND NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN DENDRITIC SPINE PLASTICITY IN LAYERS 1 AND 2/3 OF THE VISUAL CORTEX USING LONG-TERM IN VIVO TWO-PHOTON IMAGING. OUR RESULTS INDICATE THAT CHRONIC PHARMACOLOGICALLY INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION CAN BE DECOUPLED FROM GENE EXPRESSION AND INSTEAD, MAY POTENTIALLY EXERT A POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL EFFECT THROUGH THE DIFFERENTIAL PRODUCTION OF LNCRNAS.	2016