1 5006 194 PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ACCOMPANIED BY CHRONIC TRANSCRIPTOME-WIDE CHANGES IN THE MOUSE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. BACKGROUND: PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY CAN HAVE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES INCLUDING PAIN-RELATED MANIFESTATIONS, SUCH AS HYPERSENSITIVITY TO CUTANEOUS STIMULI, AS WELL AS AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE DISTURBANCES, SUGGESTING THE INVOLVEMENT OF SUPRASPINAL MECHANISMS. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH MANY CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC). THE PFC IS IMPLICATED IN PAIN-RELATED CO-MORBIDITIES SUCH AS DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND IMPAIRED EMOTIONAL DECISION-MAKING ABILITY. WE RECENTLY REPORTED THAT THIS REGION IS SUBJECT TO SIGNIFICANT EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, AND NORMALIZATION OF PAIN-RELATED STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN THE PFC ARE ALL ASSOCIATED WITH EFFECTIVE PAIN REDUCTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED THE SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY TRIGGERS PERSISTENT LONG-LASTING CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PFC, WHICH ALTER FUNCTIONAL GENE NETWORKS, THUS PROVIDING A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR CHRONIC PAIN ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORS. RESULTS: SNI OR SHAM SURGERY WHERE PERFORMED IN MALE CD1 MICE AT THREE MONTHS OF AGE. SIX MONTHS AFTER INJURY, WE PERFORMED TRANSCRIPTOME-WIDE SEQUENCING (RNASEQ), WHICH REVEALED 1147 DIFFERENTIALLY REGULATED TRANSCRIPTS IN THE PFC IN NERVE-INJURED VS. CONTROL MICE. CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION OCCURRED ACROSS A NUMBER OF FUNCTIONAL GENE CLUSTERS ENCODING CARDINAL BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AS REVEALED BY INGENUITY PATHWAY ANALYSIS. SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INCLUDED NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE, SKELETAL MUSCULAR DISORDERS, BEHAVIOR, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. SEVERAL OF THE CHANGES DETECTED BY RNASEQ WERE VALIDATED BY RT-QPCR AND INCLUDED TRANSCRIPTS WITH KNOWN ROLES IN CHRONIC PAIN AND/OR NEURONAL PLASTICITY INCLUDING THE NMDA RECEPTOR (GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR, IONOTROPIC, NMDA; GRIN1), NEURITE OUTGROWTH (ROUNDABOUT 3; ROBO3), GLIOSIS (GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; GFAP), VESICULAR RELEASE (SYNAPTOTAGMIN 2; SYT2), AND NEURONAL EXCITABILITY (VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNEL, TYPE I; SCN1A). CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY USED AN UNBIASED APPROACH TO DOCUMENT LONG-TERM ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. WE PROPOSE THAT THESE CHANGES ARE MAINTAINED AS A MEMORY OF AN INSULT THAT IS TEMPORALLY AND SPATIALLY DISTANT FROM THE INITIAL INJURY.	2013	
               
2 5007  59 PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC, REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MANY CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS INCLUDING LOW BACK PAIN AND FIBROMYALGIA. THE MAGNITUDE OF THESE CHANGES CORRELATES WITH THE DURATION AND/OR THE INTENSITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES REPORT CHANGES IN COMMON AREAS INVOLVED IN PAIN MODULATION, INCLUDING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), AND PAIN-RELATED PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PFC CAN BE REVERSED WITH EFFECTIVE TREATMENT. WHILE THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE CHANGES ARE UNKNOWN, THEY MUST BE DYNAMICALLY REGULATED. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT IS REVERSIBLE AND DYNAMIC. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PATHOLOGICAL GENE EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. DNA METHYLATION MIGHT ALSO BE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN THE BRAIN. WE THEREFORE TESTED A) WHETHER ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION ARE FOUND IN THE BRAIN LONG AFTER CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS INDUCED IN THE PERIPHERY USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY MODAL AND B) WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY INTERVENTIONS THAT REVERSE THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. SIX MONTHS FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, ABNORMAL SENSORY THRESHOLDS AND INCREASED ANXIETY WERE ACCOMPANIED BY DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION IN THE PFC AND THE AMYGDALA BUT NOT IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OR THE THALAMUS. ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ATTENUATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REVERSED THE CHANGES IN GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH MECHANICAL AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY IN NEUROPATHIC MICE. IN SUMMARY, INDUCTION OF CHRONIC PAIN BY PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. THESE CHANGES ARE DETECTED LONG AFTER THE ORIGINAL INJURY, AT A LONG DISTANCE FROM THE SITE OF INJURY AND ARE REVERSIBLE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATION. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS MAY THEREFORE BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3 6427  61 THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN: DYNAMIC EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF THE MOUSE PREFRONTAL CORTEX UP TO 1 YEAR AFTER NERVE INJURY. CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES THROUGHOUT THE NEUROAXIS, INCLUDING IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC). THE PFC IS IMPORTANT IN THE INTEGRATION OF SENSORY, COGNITIVE, AND EMOTIONAL INFORMATION AND IN CONDITIONED PAIN MODULATION. WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED WIDESPREAD EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN THE PFC MANY MONTHS AFTER NERVE INJURY IN RODENTS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, CAN DRIVE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT MODIFYING DNA SEQUENCES. TO DATE, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AT THE ONSET OF ACUTE PAIN OR HOW IT PROGRESSES AS PAIN TRANSITIONS FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ACUTE PAIN AFTER INJURY RESULTS IN RAPID AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC REMODELLING IN THE PFC THAT EVOLVES AS PAIN BECOMES CHRONIC. WE FURTHER PROPOSE THAT UNDERSTANDING EPIGENETIC REMODELLING WILL PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS DRIVING PAIN-RELATED CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. EPIGENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED IN THE MOUSE PFC 1 DAY, 2 WEEKS, 6 MONTHS, AND 1 YEAR AFTER PERIPHERAL INJURY USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY IN MICE. SPARED NERVE INJURY RESULTED IN RAPID AND PERSISTENT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, WITH ROBUST DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OBSERVED BETWEEN SPARED NERVE INJURY AND SHAM-OPERATED CONTROL MICE AT ALL TIME POINTS. HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES WERE IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING MANY WITH KNOWN FUNCTION IN PAIN. PATHWAY ANALYSIS REVEALED ENRICHMENT IN GENES RELATED TO STIMULUS RESPONSE AT EARLY TIME POINTS, IMMUNE FUNCTION AT LATER TIME POINTS, AND ACTIN AND CYTOSKELETAL REGULATION THROUGHOUT THE TIME COURSE. THESE RESULTS EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING PAIN CHRONICITY IN BOTH PAIN RESEARCH AND IN TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  377  57 AN EPIGENETIC HYPOTHESIS FOR THE GENOMIC MEMORY OF PAIN. CHRONIC PAIN IS ACCOMPANIED WITH LONG-TERM SENSORY, AFFECTIVE AND COGNITIVE DISTURBANCES. WHAT ARE THE MECHANISMS THAT MEDIATE THE LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF PAINFUL EXPERIENCES AND EMBED THEM IN THE GENOME? WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, AN ENZYMATIC COVALENT MODIFICATION OF CYTOSINE BASES IN DNA, SERVE AS A "GENOMIC" MEMORY OF PAIN IN THE ADULT CORTEX. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM FOR LONG-TERM REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. NEURONAL PLASTICITY AT THE NEUROANATOMICAL, FUNCTIONAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR LEVELS HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THROUGHOUT THE NEUROAXIS IN RESPONSE TO PERSISTENT PAIN, INCLUDING IN THE ADULT PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC). WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED WIDESPREAD CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION IN THE PFC MANY MONTHS FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY. IN SUPPORT OF THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE SHOW HERE THAT UP-REGULATION OF A GENE INVOLVED WITH SYNAPTIC FUNCTION, SYNAPTOTAGMIN II (SYT2), IN THE PFC IN A CHRONIC PAIN MODEL IS ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION. THE CHALLENGES OF UNDERSTANDING THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THE PFC TO PAIN CHRONICITY AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS ARE DISCUSSED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 6445  53 THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS OF THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE ON NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN MICE. DESPITE CONSIDERABLE ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN CHRONIC PAIN, EFFECTIVE TREATMENT REMAINS ELUSIVE. COMORBID CONDITIONS INCLUDING ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT FURTHER IMPACT QUALITY OF LIFE. CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN BRAIN ANATOMY AND FUNCTION AND WITH LONG-TERM CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, CONTRIBUTE TO WIDE-SPREAD AND LONG-LASTING REPROGRAMMING OF GENE EXPRESSION. WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED DECREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE FRONTAL CORTEX 6 MONTHS AFTER INDUCTION OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) MODEL. HERE, WE EXAMINED THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF INCREASING DNA METHYLATION USING THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAM). S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE IS MARKETED AS A NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT FOR A RANGE OF CONDITIONS INCLUDING LIVER DISEASE, DEPRESSION, OSTEOARTHRITIS, FIBROMYALGIA, AND DEMENTIA. THREE MONTHS AFTER SNI OR SHAM SURGERY, ANIMALS WERE TREATED WITH SAM (20 MG/KG, 3X/WEEK) OR SALINE ORALLY FOR 4 MONTHS, AND THE IMPACT ON SENSORY, MOTOR, MOTIVATIONAL, AND COGNITIVE INDICES WAS MEASURED. S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE ATTENUATED SNI-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REDUCED ACTIVE AVOIDANCE OF MECHANICAL STIMULI BUT HAD NO EFFECT ON COLD SENSITIVITY OR MOTOR CAPACITY. S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE COMPLETELY BLOCKED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND ATTENUATED SNI-INDUCED DECREASES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX. IN SUMMARY, CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE METHYL DONOR, SAM, ATTENUATED SENSORY AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH NERVE INJURY IN MICE. THESE EFFECTS MAY BE MEDIATED, IN PART, THROUGH MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF THE METHYL DONOR SAM.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6 4879  35 OVERLAPPING SIGNATURES OF CHRONIC PAIN IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND PERIPHERAL T CELLS. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE BRAIN AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSESSED IN 9 MONTHS POST NERVE-INJURY (SNI) AND SHAM RATS, IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) AS WELL AS IN T CELLS REVEALED A VAST DIFFERENCE IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE IN THE BRAIN BETWEEN THE GROUPS AND A REMARKABLE OVERLAP (72%) BETWEEN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. DNA METHYLATION STATES IN THE PFC SHOWED ROBUST CORRELATION WITH PAIN SCORE OF ANIMALS IN SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN PAIN. FINALLY, ONLY 11 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS WERE SUFFICIENT TO DISTINGUISH SNI OR SHAM INDIVIDUAL RATS. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE PLAUSIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION INVOLVEMENT IN CHRONIC PAIN AND DEMONSTRATES THE POTENTIAL FEASIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION MARKERS IN T CELLS AS NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC PAIN SUSCEPTIBILITY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
7 6246  57 THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE REVERSES THE DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN MOUSE FRONTAL CORTEX. CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT BUT REVERSIBLE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC). THIS STABLE YET MALLEABLE PLASTICITY IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, AS A POTENTIAL MEDIATOR OF CHRONIC PAIN-INDUCED CORTICAL PATHOLOGY. WE PREVIOUSLY DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE METHYL DONOR S-ADENOSYL METHIONINE (SAM) ATTENUATES LONG-TERM PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND ALTERS GLOBAL FRONTAL CORTICAL DNA METHYLATION. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC GENES AND PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RESOLUTION OF CHRONIC PAIN BY SAM REMAIN UNEXPLORED. OBJECTIVE: TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURE TO SAM ON THE DNA METHYLATION OF INDIVIDUAL GENES AND PATHWAYS IN A MOUSE NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODEL. METHODS: MALE CD-1 MICE RECEIVED SPARED NERVE INJURY OR SHAM SURGERY. THREE MONTHS AFTER INJURY, ANIMALS RECEIVED SAM (20 MG/KG, ORAL, 3X A WEEK) OR VEHICLE FOR 16 WEEKS FOLLOWED BY EPIGENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF FRONTAL CORTEX. RESULTS: PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIC PAIN WAS ASSOCIATED WITH 4000 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENOMIC REGIONS THAT WERE ENRICHED IN INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING, CELL MOTILITY AND MIGRATION, CYTOSKELETAL STRUCTURE, AND CELL ADHESION PATHWAYS. A THIRD OF THESE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS WERE REVERSED BY SAM TREATMENT (1415 REGIONS REPRESENTING 1013 GENES). MORE THAN 100 GENES WITH KNOWN PAIN-RELATED FUNCTION WERE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED AFTER NERVE INJURY; 29 OF THESE WERE REVERSED BY SAM TREATMENT INCLUDING SCN10A, TRPA1, NTRK1, AND GFAP. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST A ROLE FOR THE EPIGENOME IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CHRONIC PAIN AND ADVANCE EPIGENETIC MODULATORS SUCH AS SAM AS A NOVEL APPROACH TO TREAT CHRONIC PAIN.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
8 5199  50 PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO NEUROPATHIC PAIN AND SEX-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN SUPRASPINAL MRNA EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC- AND STRESS-RELATED GENES IN ADULTHOOD. EXPOSURE TO PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS IMPACTS ADULT BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES AND HAS BEEN SUGGESTED AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CHRONIC PAIN. HOWEVER, THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IMPLICATED ARE NOT WELL-CHARACTERIZED. IN THIS STUDY, WE ANALYZED THE EFFECT OF A PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN-RELATED BEHAVIOURS AND GENE EXPRESSION IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS IN ADULT OFFSPRING FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY OF THE SCIATIC NERVE IN MALE AND FEMALE CD1 MICE. NERVE INJURY-INDUCED MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS AMPLIFIED IN BOTH MALE AND FEMALE PRENATALLY-STRESSED OFFSPRING, SUGGESTING THAT PRENATAL STRESS EXACERBATES PAIN AFTER INJURY. ANALYSIS OF MRNA EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND STRESS RESPONSES IN THE FRONTAL CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS, BRAIN STRUCTURES IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC PAIN, SHOWED DISTINCT SEX AND REGION-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF DYSREGULATION. IN GENERAL, MRNA EXPRESSION WAS MOST FREQUENTLY ALTERED IN THE MALE HIPPOCAMPUS AND EFFECTS OF PRENATAL STRESS WERE MORE PREVALENT THAN EFFECTS OF NERVE INJURY IN BOTH SUPRASPINAL AREAS. THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THE IMPACT OF PRENATAL STRESS ON BEHAVIORAL SENSITIVITY TO A PAINFUL INJURY. CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC- AND STRESS-RELATED GENES SUGGEST A POSSIBLE MECHANISM BY WHICH THE EARLY LIFE STRESS BECOMES EMBEDDED IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTERACTIONS AMONG EARLY-LIFE STRESS, SEX, AND PAIN MAY LEAD TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS AND EPIGENETIC DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN DISORDERS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9  345  50 ALTERED BRAIN EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION EPIGENETIC ENZYMES IN A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN CHRONIC PAIN AT THE SUPRASPINAL LEVEL IS YET TO BE FULLY CHARACTERIZED. DNA HISTONE METHYLATION IS CRUCIALLY REGULATED BY DE NOVO METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMT1-3) AND TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION DIOXYGENASES (TET1-3). EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT METHYLATION MARKERS ARE ALTERED IN DIFFERENT CNS REGIONS RELATED TO NOCICEPTION, NAMELY THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA, THE SPINAL CORD, AND DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS. DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS FOUND IN THE DRG, THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND THE AMYGDALA, WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED DNMT1/3A EXPRESSION. IN CONTRAST, INCREASED METHYLATION LEVELS AND MRNA LEVELS OF TET1 AND TET3 WERE LINKED TO AUGMENTED PAIN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ALLODYNIA IN INFLAMMATORY AND NEUROPATHIC PAIN MODELS. SINCE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGULATION AND COORDINATION OF VARIOUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS DESCRIBED IN CHRONIC PAIN STATES, WITH THIS STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF TET1-3 AND DNMT1/3A GENES IN NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN SEVERAL BRAIN AREAS. IN A SPARED NERVE INJURY RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN, 21 DAYS AFTER SURGERY, WE FOUND INCREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND DECREASED EXPRESSION IN THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN AND THE AMYGDALA; TET2 WAS UPREGULATED IN THE MEDIAL THALAMUS; TET3 MRNA LEVELS WERE REDUCED IN THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN; AND DNMT1 WAS DOWNREGULATED IN THE CAUDATE-PUTAMEN AND THE MEDIAL THALAMUS. NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN EXPRESSION WERE OBSERVED WITH DNMT3A. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST A COMPLEX FUNCTIONAL ROLE FOR THESE GENES IN DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS IN THE CONTEXT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. THE NOTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND HYDROXYMETHYLATION BEING CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC AND NOT TISSUE SPECIFIC, AS WELL AS THE POSSIBILITY OF CHRONOLOGICALLY DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NEUROPATHIC OR INFLAMMATORY PAIN MODELS, OUGHT TO BE ADDRESSED IN FUTURE STUDIES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10 1614  52 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A IS INVOLVED IN THE SUSTAINED EFFECTS OF CHRONIC STRESS ON SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND BEHAVIORS. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REGULATE ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN STRESS-ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS TO BE ELUCIDATED ABOUT THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AND ITS CATALYZING ENZYMES, DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS), IN THIS PROCESS. HERE, WE FOUND THAT MALE RATS EXPOSED TO CHRONIC (2-WEEK) UNPREDICTABLE STRESS EXHIBITED A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF DNMT3A AFTER STRESS CESSATION IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), A KEY TARGET REGION OF STRESS. TREATMENT OF UNSTRESSED CONTROL RATS WITH DNMT INHIBITORS RECAPITULATED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE STRESS ON DECREASED AMPAR EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IN PFC. IN CONTRAST, OVEREXPRESSION OF DNMT3A IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS PREVENTED THE LOSS OF GLUTAMATERGIC RESPONSES. MOREOVER, THE STRESS-INDUCED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING THE IMPAIRED RECOGNITION MEMORY, HEIGHTENED AGGRESSION, AND HYPERLOCOMOTION, WERE PARTIALLY ATTENUATED BY DNMT3A EXPRESSION IN PFC OF STRESSED ANIMALS. FINALLY, WE FOUND THAT THERE WERE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND TRANSCRIPTOME ALTERATIONS IN PFC OF STRESSED RATS, BOTH OF WHICH WERE ENRICHED AT SEVERAL NEURAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSE AND MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING. THESE RESULTS HAVE THEREFORE RECOGNIZED THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF DNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN STRESS-INDUCED DISTURBANCE OF SYNAPTIC FUNCTIONS AND COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
11 5019  46 PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IS LINKED WITH ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS, INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE, AND REDUCED GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE RAT AMYGDALA. CHRONIC PAIN INCREASES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING ANXIETY, WITH LIMBIC AREAS BEING LIKELY NEUROLOGICAL SUBSTRATES. DESPITE HIGH CLINICAL RELEVANCE, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE PRECISE BEHAVIORAL, HORMONAL, AND BRAIN NEUROPLASTIC CORRELATES OF ANXIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF PERSISTENT PAIN. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DECREASED NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS IN CHRONIC PAIN MODELS ARE PARALLELED BY ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR IN RATS, BUT THERE ARE CONFLICTING IDEAS REGARDING ITS EFFECTS ON THE STRESS RESPONSE AND CIRCULATING CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS. EVEN LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE BRAIN ENCODES PAIN-RELATED ANXIETY. THIS STUDY EXAMINES HOW PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN IN A RAT MODEL WOULD IMPACT ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND CORTICOSTERONE RELEASE, AND WHETHER THESE CHANGES WOULD BE REFLECTED IN LEVELS OF GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BRAIN AREAS INVOLVED IN STRESS REGULATION. COMPLETE FREUND'S ADJUVANT (CFA) OR SALINE WAS ADMINISTERED IN THE RIGHT HINDPAW OF ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS. BEHAVIORAL TESTING INCLUDED THE MEASUREMENT OF NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS (DIGITAL ANESTHESIOMETER), MOTOR FUNCTION (OPEN FIELD TEST), AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS (ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND THE DARK-LIGHT BOX TEST). CORTICOSTERONE WAS MEASURED VIA RADIOIMMUNOASSAY. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION (ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY) AS WELL AS DNMT3A LEVELS (WESTERN BLOTTING) WERE QUANTIFIED IN THE AMYGDALA, PREFRONTAL CORTEX, AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS. CFA ADMINISTRATION RESULTED IN PERSISTENT REDUCTION IN NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLD IN THE ABSENCE OF LOCOMOTOR ABNORMALITIES. INCREASED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE OBSERVED IN THE ELEVATED PLUS MAZE AND WERE ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED BLOOD CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS 10 DAYS AFTER PAIN INDUCTION. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION WAS DECREASED IN THE AMYGDALA, WITH NO CHANGES IN DNMT3A ABUNDANCE IN ANY OF THE REGIONS EXAMINED. PERSISTENT INFLAMMATORY PAIN PROMOTES ANXIETY -LIKE BEHAVIORS, HPA AXIS ACTIVATION, AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH DNA METHYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA. THESE FINDINGS DESCRIBE A MOLECULAR MECHANISM THAT LINKS PAIN AND STRESS IN A WELL-CHARACTERIZED RODENT MODEL.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 1803  25 EFFECT OF PROLONGED EMOTIONAL AND PAIN STRESS ON THE CONTENT OF METHYLCYTOSINE-BINDING PROTEIN MECP2 IN NUCLEI OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS IN RATS WITH DIFFERENT EXCITABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IN RATS WITH LOW EXCITABILITY THRESHOLD OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM DEMONSTRATING SIGNIFICANT AND PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS, THE CONTENT OF METHYLCYTOSINE-BINDING PROTEIN MECP2 IN NEURONAL NUCLEI OF HIPPOCAMPAL FIELD CA3 DECREASED OVER 2 WEEKS AFTER LONG-TERM EMOTIONAL AND PAIN STRESS. IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT PROTEIN MECP2 TRIGGERS EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DNA THAT UNDERLIE "STRESS MEMORY".	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13  531  62 ASTROCYTE REACTIVITY FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE INVOLVES ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION. BLAST INDUCED NEUROTRAUMA (BINT) IS A PREVALENT INJURY WITHIN MILITARY AND CIVILIAN POPULATIONS. THE INJURY IS CHARACTERIZED BY PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL WHICH MANIFESTS AS A MULTITUDE OF COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTS. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION OFFERS AN IMPORTANT CONTROL MECHANISM FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND CELLULAR FUNCTION WHICH MAY UNDERLIE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND RESULT IN NEURODEGENERATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ALTERED HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS MAY BE INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND THE CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF GLIAL CELLS. THIS STUDY AIMED TO ELUCIDATE CHANGES TO HISTONE ACETYLATION OCCURRING FOLLOWING INJURY AND THE ROLES THESE CHANGES MAY HAVE WITHIN THE PATHOLOGY. SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO EITHER A 10 OR 17 PSI BLAST OVERPRESSURE WITHIN AN ADVANCED BLAST SIMULATOR (ABS). SHAM ANIMALS UNDERWENT THE SAME PROCEDURES WITHOUT BLAST EXPOSURE. MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS WERE MEASURED USING THE NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION (NOR) TEST AT 2 AND 7 DAYS POST-INJURY. TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT 7 DAYS FOR WESTERN BLOT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) ANALYSIS. SHAM ANIMALS SHOWED INTACT MEMORY AT EACH TIME POINT. THE NOVEL OBJECT DISCRIMINATION DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN TWO AND 7 DAYS FOR EACH INJURY GROUP (P < 0.05). THIS IS INDICATIVE OF THE ONSET OF MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP), A KNOWN MARKER OF ACTIVATED ASTROCYTES, WAS ELEVATED IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) FOLLOWING BLAST EXPOSURE FOR BOTH INJURY GROUPS. ANALYSIS OF HISTONE PROTEIN EXTRACT SHOWED NO CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF ANY TOTAL HISTONE PROTEINS WITHIN THE PFC. HOWEVER, ACETYLATION LEVELS OF HISTONE H2B, H3, AND H4 WERE DECREASED IN BOTH GROUPS (P < 0.05). CO-LOCALIZATION IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE WAS USED TO FURTHER INVESTIGATE ANY POTENTIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DECREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ASTROCYTE ACTIVATION. THESE EXPERIMENTS SHOWED A SIMILAR DECREASE IN H3 ACETYLATION IN ASTROCYTES EXPOSED TO A 17 PSI BLAST BUT NOT A 10 PSI BLAST. FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) ARRAY, SHOWED DYSREGULATION OF SEVERAL CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE RECEPTORS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN NEUROINFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. WE HAVE SHOWN ABERRANT HISTONE ACETYLATION PATTERNS INVOLVED IN BLAST INDUCED ASTROGLIOSIS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS. FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR ROLE IN THE INJURY PROGRESSION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2016	

14 2736  49 EXPLORING THE TRANSCRIPTOME OF RESIDENT SPINAL MICROGLIA AFTER COLLAGEN ANTIBODY-INDUCED ARTHRITIS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED A SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC ROLE OF SPINAL GLIAL CELLS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN RODENT MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. WE HAVE USED THE COLLAGEN ANTIBODY-INDUCED ARTHRITIS (CAIA) MOUSE MODEL TO EXAMINE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES IN THE CONTEXT OF SPINAL REGULATION OF ARTHRITIS-INDUCED PAIN. WE HAVE FOCUSED ON THE LATE PHASE OF THIS MODEL WHEN JOINT INFLAMMATION HAS RESOLVED, BUT MECHANICAL HYPERSENSITIVITY PERSISTS. ALTHOUGH THE INTENSITY OF SUBSTANCE P, CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE, AND GALANIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN THE SPINAL CORD WAS NOT DIFFERENT FROM CONTROLS, THE INTENSITY OF MICROGLIA (IBA-1) AND ASTROCYTE (GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN) MARKERS WAS ELEVATED IN BOTH MALES AND FEMALES. INTRATHECAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE GLIAL INHIBITORS MINOCYCLINE AND PENTOXIFYLLINE REVERSED MECHANICAL THRESHOLDS IN MALE, BUT NOT IN FEMALE MICE. WE ISOLATED RESIDENT MICROGLIA FROM THE LUMBAR DORSAL HORNS AND OBSERVED A SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER NUMBER OF MICROGLIAL CELLS IN FEMALES BY FLOW CYTOMETRY ANALYSIS. HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH GENOME-WIDE RNA SEQUENCING RESULTS POINTED TO SEVERAL TRANSCRIPTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MICROGLIA, NO CONVINCING DIFFERENCES WERE IDENTIFIED BETWEEN CONTROL AND CAIA GROUPS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THERE ARE SUBTLE SEX DIFFERENCES IN MICROGLIAL EXPRESSION PROFILES INDEPENDENT OF ARTHRITIS. OUR EXPERIMENTS FAILED TO IDENTIFY THE UNDERLYING MRNA CORRELATES OF MICROGLIAL ACTIONS IN THE LATE PHASE OF THE CAIA MODEL. IT IS LIKELY THAT TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES ARE EITHER SUBTLE AND HIGHLY LOCALISED AND THEREFORE DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY WITH BULK ISOLATION TECHNIQUES OR THAT OTHER FACTORS, SUCH AS CHANGES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ARE AT PLAY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15 4604  41 NEGATIVE EVIDENCE FOR A FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF NEURONAL DNMT3A IN PERSISTENT PAIN. TRADITIONALLY, NEUROSCIENCE HAS HAD TO RELY ON MIXED TISSUE ANALYSIS TO EXAMINE TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE CONTEXT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION OR PATHOLOGY. HOWEVER, PARTICULARLY WHEN STUDYING CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS, THIS APPROACH CAN BE FLAWED, SINCE IT NEGLECTS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE SHIFTING CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES ACROSS EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THIS USING THE EXAMPLE OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) - A GROUP OF EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS CONSISTING OF DNMT1, DNMT3A, AND DNMT3B IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. WE USED SENSORY NEURON-SPECIFIC KNOCKOUT MICE FOR DNMT3A/3B AS WELL AS PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKADE OF DNMT1 TO STUDY THEIR ROLE IN NOCICEPTION. IN CONTRAST TO PREVIOUS ANALYSES ON WHOLE TISSUE, WE FIND THAT DNMT3A AND 3B PROTEIN IS NOT EXPRESSED IN ADULT DRG NEURONS, THAT NONE OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ARE REGULATED WITH INJURY AND THAT INTERFERING WITH THEIR FUNCTION HAS NO EFFECT ON NOCICEPTION. OUR RESULTS THEREFORE CURRENTLY DO NOT SUPPORT A ROLE FOR NEURONAL DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN PAIN PROCESSING IN ADULT ANIMALS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
16 4352  40 MIR-200A-3P MODULATES GENE EXPRESSION IN COMORBID PAIN AND DEPRESSION: MOLECULAR IMPLICATION FOR CENTRAL SENSITIZATION. CHRONIC PAIN AND DEPRESSION ARE OFTEN COMORBID EXHIBITING COMMON CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS RELATED TO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SENSITIZATION. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN RESPONSE TO LONG-LASTING STRESS AND CHRONIC PAIN, AND MICRORNA IMBALANCE IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) MIGHT BE INVOLVED IN CENTRAL SENSITIZATION. MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO UNPREDICTABLE CHRONIC MILD STRESS (UCMS) AND SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) TO INITIATE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND CHRONIC PAIN BEHAVIOR, RESPECTIVELY. THE NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE WAS EMPLOYED TO ANALYZE PFC MICRORNAS IN BOTH THE UCMS AND SNI MODELS. RATS EXPOSED TO EITHER UCMS OR SNI EXHIBITED BOTH DEPRESSIVE-LIKE AND CHRONIC PAIN BEHAVIORS. FIVE SPECIFIC MICRORNAS (MIR-10A-5P, MIR-182, MIR-200A-3P, MIR-200B-3P, AND MIR-429) WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY DOWN-REGULATED IN THE DEPRESSIVE-LIKE AND CHRONIC PAIN MODELS AFTER 4 WEEKS OF SHORT-TERM STRESS. GENE ONTOLOGY REVEALED THAT THE 4-WEEK PERIOD OF STRESS ENHANCED NEUROGENESIS. ONLY THE MIR-200A-3P LEVEL WAS CONTINUOUSLY ELEVATED UNDER PROLONGED STRESS, SUGGESTING ROLES OF REDUCED NEUROGENESIS, INFLAMMATORY ACTIVATION, DISTURBED CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, LIPID METABOLISM, AND INSULIN SECRETION IN THE CO-EXISTENCE OF PAIN AND DEPRESSION. THUS WE CONCLUDE THAT MIR-200A-3P MIGHT BE A SPECIFIC BIOMARKER OF CENTRAL SENSITIZATION IN CHRONIC PAIN AND DEPRESSION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17 4643  46 NEUROPATHIC PAIN AS A TRIGGER FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN LIMBIC CIRCUITRY. CHRONIC PAIN INVOLVES BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NEURONAL PLASTICITY THAT ENCOMPASSES CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL NOCICEPTORS. WITHIN THE FOREBRAIN, MESOCORTICOLIMBIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL REGULATION HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXHIBIT LASTING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW SUCH ENDURING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MIGHT BE REGULATED WITHIN BRAIN STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING OF PAIN OR AFFECT, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED WITH ACTIVE OR PERMISSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES (HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 MONO AND TRIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION) IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY (PAG), LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) 5 WEEKS AFTER SCIATIC NERVE INJURY IN MICE TO MODEL CHRONIC PAIN. FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MICE IN CHRONIC PAIN, WE OBSERVED AN OVERALL TREND FOR A REDUCTION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, LH, AND NAC, BUT NOT VTA. MOREOVER, WE DISCOVERED THAT SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS EXHIBITED CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HISTORY, WHILE OTHERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY. WHEN TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY LEADS TO CHRONIC CHROMATIN-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN KEY LIMBIC BRAIN STRUCTURES AND CIRCUITS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE ENDURING CHANGES IN PAIN PROCESSING AND SENSITIVITY WITHIN THESE SYSTEMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18 3194  34 HDAC INHIBITORS ATTENUATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN MODELS OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACIS) INTERFERE WITH THE EPIGENETIC PROCESS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND ARE KNOWN TO HAVE ANALGESIC PROPERTIES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PAIN. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THESE COMPOUNDS COULD ALSO AFFECT NEUROPATHIC PAIN. DIFFERENT CLASS I HDACIS WERE DELIVERED INTRATHECALLY INTO RAT SPINAL CORD IN MODELS OF TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURY AND ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY (STAVUDINE, D4T). MECHANICAL AND THERMAL HYPERSENSITIVITY WAS ATTENUATED BY 40% TO 50% AS A RESULT OF HDACI TREATMENT, BUT ONLY IF STARTED BEFORE ANY INSULT. THE DRUGS GLOBALLY INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE SPINAL CORD, BUT APPEARED TO HAVE NO MEASURABLE EFFECTS IN RELEVANT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IN THIS TREATMENT PARADIGM, SUGGESTING THAT ANY POTENTIAL MECHANISM SHOULD BE SOUGHT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF DORSAL CORD RNA REVEALED THE SIGNATURE OF THE SPECIFIC COMPOUND USED (MS-275) AND SUGGESTED THAT ITS MAIN EFFECT WAS MEDIATED THROUGH HDAC1. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUPPORT A ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE EMERGENCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 2756  53 EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN ADULT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IS CELL-TYPE SPECIFIC AND UP REGULATED IN A RODENT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPEREXCITABILITY AND INTRINSIC FIRING OF DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA (DRG) NEURONS. THESE PHENOTYPICAL CHANGES CAN BE LONG LASTING, POTENTIALLY SPANNING THE ENTIRE LIFE OF ANIMAL MODELS, AND DEPEND ON ALTERED EXPRESSION OF NUMEROUS PROTEINS, INCLUDING MANY ION CHANNELS. YET, HOW DRGS MAINTAIN LONG-TERM CHANGES IN PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN NEUROPATHIC CONDITIONS REMAINS UNCLEAR. DNA METHYLATION IS A WELL-KNOWN MECHANISM OF EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION AND IS ACHIEVED BY THE ACTION OF THREE ENZYMES: DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1, 3A, AND 3B, WHICH HAVE BEEN STUDIED PRIMARILY DURING DEVELOPMENT. WE FIRST PERFORMED IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS TO ASSESS WHETHER THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPRESSED IN ADULT RAT DRGS (L4-5) AND FOUND THAT DNMT1 IS EXPRESSED IN BOTH GLIA AND NEURONS, DNMT3A IS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN GLIA AND DNMT3B IS PREFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN NEURONS. A RAT MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN WAS THEN USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER NERVE INJURY MAY INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN DRGS AT MULTIPLE TIME POINTS AFTER PAIN ONSET. REAL-TIME RT PCR ANALYSIS REVEALED ROBUST AND TIME-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN DNMT TRANSCRIPT EXPRESSION IN IPSILATERAL DRGS FROM SPARED NERVE INJURY (SNI) BUT NOT SHAM RATS. INTERESTINGLY, DNMT3B TRANSCRIPT SHOWED A ROBUST UPREGULATION THAT APPEARED ALREADY 1 WEEK AFTER SURGERY AND PERSISTED AT 4 WEEKS (OUR ENDPOINT); IN CONTRAST, DNMT1 AND DNMT3A TRANSCRIPTS SHOWED ONLY MODERATE UPREGULATION THAT WAS TRANSIENT AND DID NOT APPEAR UNTIL THE SECOND WEEK. WE SUGGEST THAT DNMT REGULATION IN ADULT DRGS MAY BE A CONTRIBUTOR TO THE PAIN PHENOTYPE AND MERITS FURTHER STUDY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
20 4628  42 NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC MICE THROUGH DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION CHANGES HAVE KNOWN TO DOWNREGULATE SEVERAL REGULATORY PROTEINS EPIGENETICALLY DURING VARIOUS NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS. OUR STUDY AIMS TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF THIS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ON THE CEREBRAL COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MICE, AND ITS NOTABLE EFFECT ON MAINTAINING THE SYNAPTIC FIDELITY. METHODS AND RESULTS: CHRONIC HIGH FAT DIET AND STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE WERE STUDIED FOR THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL AND NEUROANATOMIC PARAMETERS PERTAINING TO PREFRONTAL CORTEX, SUBSEQUENTLY ELUCIDATING THE ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THESE DIABETIC BRAINS. FURTHER, THE IMPACT OF THIS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION ON HSF1, BDNF AND PSD95 WERE STUDIED BY ASSESSING THE BINDING AFFINITY AND LEVEL OF % METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER SITE OF THEIR RESPECTIVE GENES. OUR STUDY SUGGEST INCREASED DNMT ABERRATIONS WITHIN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, WITH INCREASED MECP2 LEVELS, CONFIRMING DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS WAS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ALTERED NEUROBEHAVIORAL CHANGES. FURTHER, THE HYPERMETHYLATION WAS FOUND TO PARTICIPATE IN GENE SILENCING OF HSF1, BDNF AND PSD95 PROTEINS, RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE SYNAPTIC FIDELITY. CONCLUSION: OVERALL, OUR STUDY CONCLUDES THE PLAUSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF THE TYPE 2 DIABETES MICE, SPECIFICALLY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. PFC PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN MODULATING COGNITIVE AND OTHER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS CONNECTION WITH SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS, AND THUS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS IN IT, CAN PAVE A WAY IN CONTROLLING SEVERAL NEUROLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE BRAIN.	2022