1 4925 130 PARENTAL MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY DISTORTS LIVER DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF LIPID GENES ASSOCIATED WITH A FATTY-LIVER-LIKE PHENOTYPE IN OFFSPRING. MICRONUTRIENT STATUS OF PARENTS CAN AFFECT LONG TERM HEALTH OF THEIR PROGENY. AROUND 2 BILLION HUMANS ARE AFFECTED BY CHRONIC MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY. IN THIS STUDY WE USE ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL SYSTEM TO EXAMINE MORPHOLOGICAL, MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN MATURE OFFSPRING OF PARENTS THAT EXPERIENCED A ONE-CARBON (1-C) MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY. ZEBRAFISH WERE FED A DIET SUFFICIENT, OR MARGINALLY DEFICIENT IN 1-C NUTRIENTS (FOLATE, VITAMIN B12, VITAMIN B6, METHIONINE, CHOLINE), AND THEN MATED. OFFSPRING LIVERS UNDERWENT HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION, RNA SEQUENCING AND GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS. PARENTAL 1-C MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY RESULTED IN INCREASED LIPID INCLUSION AND WE IDENTIFIED 686 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES IN OFFSPRING LIVER, THE MAJORITY OF WHICH WERE DOWNREGULATED. DOWNREGULATED GENES WERE ENRICHED FOR FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES RELATED TO STEROL, STEROID AND LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS, AS WELL AS MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION WAS FOUND AT 2869 CPG SITES, ENRICHED IN PROMOTER REGIONS AND PERMUTATION ANALYSES CONFIRMED THE ASSOCIATION WITH PARENTAL FEED. OUR DATA INDICATE THAT PARENTAL 1-C NUTRIENT STATUS CAN PERSIST AS LOCUS SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION MARKS IN DESCENDANTS AND SUGGEST AN EFFECT ON LIPID UTILIZATION AND MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN TRANSLATION IN F(1) LIVERS. THIS POINTS TOWARD PARENTAL MICRONUTRIENTS STATUS AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR OFFSPRING HEALTH AND WELFARE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 5166  35 PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE EXERTS SEX-SPECIFIC EFFECTS ON OFFSPRING GROWTH AND LONG-TERM METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH CLINICAL DATA SUPPORT AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE AND DEFICITS IN CHILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PATERNAL DRINKING AND ALCOHOL-INDUCED GROWTH PHENOTYPES REMAINS CHALLENGING TO DEFINE. USING AN ESTABLISHED MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE, PREVIOUS WORK BY OUR GROUP HAS LINKED PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE TO SEX-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION AND PLACENTAL DYSFUNCTION. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF CHRONIC PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE ON OFFSPRING GROWTH AND METABOLIC PROGRAMMING. RESULTS: PRECONCEPTION PATERNAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE INDUCED A PROLONGED PERIOD OF FETAL GESTATION AND AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION, WHICH AFFECTED THE MALE OFFSPRING TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN THE FEMALES. WHILE THE FEMALE OFFSPRING OF ETHANOL-EXPOSED MALES WERE ABLE TO MATCH THE BODY WEIGHTS OF THE CONTROLS WITHIN THE FIRST 2 WEEKS OF POSTNATAL LIFE, MALE OFFSPRING CONTINUED TO DISPLAY AN 11% REDUCTION IN WEIGHT AT 5 WEEKS OF AGE AND A 6% REDUCTION AT 8 WEEKS OF AGE. THE OBSERVED GROWTH DEFICITS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULIN HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE MALE OFFSPRING, WHILE IN CONTRAST, FEMALES DISPLAYED A MODEST LAG IN THEIR GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. THESE METABOLIC DEFECTS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AN UP-REGULATION OF GENES WITHIN THE PRO-FIBROTIC TGF-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY AND INCREASED LEVELS OF CELLULAR HYDROXYPROLINE WITHIN THE LIVERS OF THE MALE OFFSPRING. WE OBSERVED SUPPRESSED CYTOKINE PROFILES WITHIN THE LIVER AND PANCREAS OF BOTH THE MALE AND FEMALE OFFSPRING, WHICH CORRELATED WITH THE UP-REGULATION OF GENES IN THE LIVERX/RETINOIDX/FARNESOIDX RECEPTOR PATHWAYS. HOWEVER, PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION WERE HIGHLY VARIABLE BETWEEN THE OFFSPRING OF ALCOHOL-EXPOSED SIRES. IN THE ADULT OFFSPRING OF ALCOHOL-EXPOSED MALES, WE DID NOT OBSERVE ANY DIFFERENCES IN THE ALLELIC EXPRESSION OF IGF2 OR ANY OTHER IMPRINTED GENES. CONCLUSIONS: THE IMPACT OF PATERNAL ALCOHOL USE ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT IS POORLY EXPLORED AND REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT GAP IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL. OUR STUDIES IMPLICATE PATERNAL EXPOSURE HISTORY AS AN ADDITIONAL AND IMPORTANT MODIFIER OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED GROWTH PHENOTYPES AND CHALLENGE THE CURRENT MATERNAL-CENTRIC EXPOSURE PARADIGM.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                 
3 4011  38 LOW PATERNAL DIETARY FOLATE ALTERS THE MOUSE SPERM EPIGENOME AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT A FATHER'S DIET CAN INFLUENCE OFFSPRING HEALTH. A PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR PATERNAL TRANSMISSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION IS VIA THE SPERM EPIGENOME. THE EPIGENOME INCLUDES HERITABLE INFORMATION SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT THE DIETARY SUPPLY OF METHYL DONORS WILL ALTER EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN SPERM. HERE WE FEED MALE MICE EITHER A FOLATE-DEFICIENT OR FOLATE-SUFFICIENT DIET THROUGHOUT LIFE. PATERNAL FOLATE DEFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BIRTH DEFECTS IN THE OFFSPRING, WHICH INCLUDE CRANIOFACIAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL MALFORMATIONS. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS AND THE SUBSEQUENT FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN SPERM OF GENES IMPLICATED IN DEVELOPMENT, CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CANCER, DIABETES, AUTISM AND SCHIZOPHRENIA. WHILE >300 GENES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN OFFSPRING PLACENTA, ONLY TWO CORRESPOND TO GENES WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN SPERM. THIS MODEL SUGGESTS EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION MAY INVOLVE SPERM HISTONE H3 METHYLATION OR DNA METHYLATION AND THAT ADEQUATE PATERNAL DIETARY FOLATE IS ESSENTIAL FOR OFFSPRING HEALTH.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4 5294  33 PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL METHYL DONOR SUPPLEMENTATION ON ADULT OFFSPRING OF HIGH FAT DIET-FED DAMS. OBESITY HAS BECOME A GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND CHRONIC DISORDERS. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE RISK OF OBESITY AND THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF THE OFFSPRING CAN BE AFFECTED BY MATERNAL NUTRITION, SUCH AS HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) CONSUMPTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER METABOLIC DYSREGULATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES IN OFFSPRING CAUSED BY MATERNAL HFD CAN BE ALLEVIATED BY THE TREATMENT OF METHYL DONORS DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION OF DAMS. FEMALE C57BL/6 MICE WERE ASSIGNED TO SPECIFIC GROUPS AND GIVEN DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS (CONTROL DIET, CONTROL+MET, HFD AND HFD+MET) THROUGHOUT GESTATION AND LACTATION. OFFSPRING OF EACH GROUP WERE WEANED ONTO A CONTROL DIET AT 3 WEEKS OF AGE. PHYSIOLOGICAL (WEIGHT GAIN AND ADIPOSE COMPOSITION) AND METABOLIC (PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES) OUTCOMES WERE ASSESSED IN MALE AND FEMALE ADULT OFFSPRING. EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF OBESOGENIC-RELATED GENES INCLUDING PPAR GAMMA, FATTY ACID SYNTHASE, LEPTIN AND ADIPONECTIN WERE ALSO DETECTED IN VISCERAL FAT OF OFFSPRING. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH METHYL DONORS CAN PREVENT THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL HFD ON OFFSPRING. CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION OF OBESOGENIC-RELATED GENES INDICATED THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL DIETARY FACTORS ON OFFSPRING OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 1503  34 DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO OR IN VIVO. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA INDICATE THAT CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO HAVE A GREATER RELATIVE RISK OF LOW BIRTH-WEIGHT, MAJOR AND MINOR BIRTH DEFECTS, AND RARE DISORDERS INVOLVING IMPRINTED GENES, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. WE EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION AT MORE THAN 700 GENES (1536 CPG SITES) IN PLACENTA AND CORD BLOOD AND MEASURED GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF A SUBSET OF GENES THAT DIFFERED IN METHYLATION LEVELS BETWEEN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO VERSUS IN VIVO. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN PLACENTA AND HIGHER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN CORD BLOOD. WE ALSO FIND THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES AT BOTH IMPRINTED AND NON-IMPRINTED GENES. THE RANGE OF INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN GENE EXPRESSION OF THE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO GROUPS OVERLAPS SUBSTANTIALLY BUT SOME INDIVIDUALS FROM THE IN VITRO GROUP DIFFER FROM THE IN VIVO GROUP MEAN BY MORE THAN TWO STANDARD DEVIATIONS. SEVERAL OF THE GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION DIFFERS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS OBESITY AND TYPE II DIABETES. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THERE MAY BE EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE GAMETES OR EARLY EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM COUPLES UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY. ALTERNATIVELY, ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY MAY HAVE AN EFFECT ON GLOBAL PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN EITHER CASE, THESE DIFFERENCES OR CHANGES MAY AFFECT LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6  904  41 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM INDUCES DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN MICE SPERMATOZOA. CADMIUM EXPOSURE IS UBIQUITOUS AND HAS BEEN LINKED TO DISEASES INCLUDING CANCERS AND REPRODUCTIVE DEFECTS. SINCE CADMIUM IS NONMUTAGENIC, IT IS THOUGHT TO EXERT ITS GENE DYSREGULATORY EFFECTS THROUGH EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED GERMLINE EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING. HOWEVER, MOST OF THESE STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON MATERNAL EXPOSURE, WHILE THE IMPACT ON SPERM FERTILITY AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY HAS RECEIVED LESS ATTENTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO COMPREHENSIVELY INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE ON MOUSE SPERMATOZOA DNA METHYLATION. ADULT MALE C57BL/J6 MICE WERE PROVIDED WATER WITH OR WITHOUT CADMIUM CHLORIDE FOR 9 WEEKS. SPERM, TESTES, LIVER, AND KIDNEY TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT THE END OF THE TREATMENT PERIOD. CADMIUM EXPOSURE WAS CONFIRMED THROUGH GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF METALLOTHIONEIN-1 AND 2, 2 WELL-KNOWN CADMIUM-INDUCED GENES. ANALYSIS OF SPERM DNA METHYLATION CHANGES REVEALED 1788 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES PRESENT AT REGULATORY REGIONS IN SPERM OF MICE EXPOSED TO CADMIUM COMPARED WITH VEHICLE (CONTROL) MICE. FURTHERMORE, MOST OF THESE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION CHANGES POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AT BOTH THE TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION STAGE AS WELL AS THE SPLICING LEVELS. INTERESTINGLY, THE GENES TARGETED BY CADMIUM EXPOSURE ARE INVOLVED IN SEVERAL CRITICAL DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES. OUR RESULTS PRESENT A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SPERM METHYLOME IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE. THESE DATA, THEREFORE, HIGHLIGHT A FOUNDATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO STUDY GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS THAT MAY AFFECT FERTILITY IN THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUAL AS WELL AS THEIR OFFSPRING, THROUGH PATERNAL INHERITANCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
7  249  31 ADVANCED AGING PHENOTYPE IS REVEALED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN RAT LIVER AFTER IN UTERO MALNUTRITION. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES OF MOTHERS DURING FETAL PERIOD PREDISPOSE OFFSPRING TO A RANGE OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES EARLIER IN LIFE. HERE, WE SET TO DETERMINE WHETHER A DEREGULATED EPIGENETIC PATTERN IS SIMILAR IN YOUNG ANIMALS WHOSE MOTHERS' NUTRITION WAS MODULATED DURING FETAL GROWTH TO THAT ACQUIRED DURING NORMAL AGING IN ANIMALS. USING A RODENT MODEL OF MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION (UN) OR OVERNUTRITION (ON), WE EXAMINED CYTOSINE METHYLATION PROFILES OF LIVER FROM YOUNG FEMALE OFFSPRING AND COMPARED THEM TO AGE-MATCHED YOUNG CONTROLS AND AGED (20-MONTH-OLD) ANIMALS. HELP-TAGGING, A GENOMEWIDE RESTRICTION ENZYME AND SEQUENCING ASSAY DEMONSTRATES THAT FETAL EXPOSURE TO TWO DIFFERENT MATERNAL DIETS IS ASSOCIATED WITH NONRANDOM DYSREGULATION OF METHYLATION LEVELS WITH PROFILES SIMILAR TO THOSE SEEN IN NORMAL AGING ANIMALS AND OCCUR IN REGIONS MAPPED TO GENES RELEVANT TO METABOLIC DISEASES AND AGING. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES WERE ASSESSED BY GENE EXPRESSION AT 9 WEEKS OLD WITH MORE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES AT 6 MONTHS OF AGE. EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURES TO UNFAVORABLE MATERNAL DIETS RESULT IN ALTERED METHYLATION PROFILES AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL DYSREGULATION IN PRKCB, PC, NCOR2, AND SMAD3 THAT IS ALSO SEEN WITH NORMAL AGING. THESE NOTCH PATHWAY AND LIPOGENESIS GENES MAY BE USEFUL FOR PREDICTION OF LATER SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
8 2158  39 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOR NUTRITION DETERMINANTS OF LATER HEALTH OUTCOMES. EPIGENETIC MARKING ON GENES CAN DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT GENES ARE EXPRESSED. EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS MEDIATED BY THE ADDITION OF METHYL GROUPS TO DNA CYTOSINE BASES, OF METHYL AND ACETYL GROUPS TO PROTEINS (HISTONES) AROUND WHICH DNA IS WRAPPED, AND BY SMALL INTERFERING RNA MOLECULES. SOME COMPONENTS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION HAVE EVOLVED TO PERMIT CONTROL OF WHETHER MATERNAL OR PATERNAL GENES ARE EXPRESSED. THE EPIGENETIC IMPRINTING OF IGF2 EXPRESSION IS AN EXAMPLE OF MATERNAL AND PATERNAL EPIGENETIC MARKING THAT MODULATES FETAL GROWTH AND FETAL SIZE. HOWEVER, EPIGENETIC REGULATION ALSO PERMITS THE FETUS AND THE INFANT TO ADAPT GENE EXPRESSION TO THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH IT IS GROWING; SOMETIMES WHEN THIS ADJUSTMENT GOES AWRY, THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE IS INCREASED. RECENT PROGRESS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES ON EPIGENETICS SUGGESTS THAT NUTRIENTS THAT ARE PART OF METHYL-GROUP METABOLISM CAN SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE EPIGENETICS. DURING CRITICAL PERIODS IN DEVELOPMENT, DIETARY METHYL-GROUP INTAKE (CHOLINE, METHIONINE, AND FOLATE) CAN ALTER DNA AND HISTONE METHYLATION, WHICH RESULTS IN LIFELONG CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. IN RODENT MODELS, PREGNANT DAMS THAT WERE FED DIETS HIGH IN METHIONINE, FOLIC ACID, AND CHOLINE PRODUCED OFFSPRING WITH DIFFERENT COAT COLORS OR WITH KINKED TAILS. A NUMBER OF SYNDROMES IN HUMANS CAN BE CAUSED BY DEFECTIVE EPIGENETIC REGULATION, INCLUDING RETT SYNDROME. THERE ARE INTERESTING EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECTS OF NUTRITION IN EARLY LIFE THAT RESULT IN ALTERED HEALTH IN ADULTS, AND SOME OF THESE COULD BE THE RESULT OF ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9 1520  40 DNA METHYLATION AT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS OF IMPRINTED GENES IS RESISTANT TO DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING BY MATERNAL NUTRITION. THE NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE MAMMALIAN FETUS OR INFANT DEVELOP IS RECOGNIZED AS INFLUENCING THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION, IN A PHENOMENON THAT HAS BECOME KNOWN AS DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. THE LATE ONSET OF SUCH DISEASES IN RESPONSE TO EARLIER TRANSIENT EXPERIENCES HAS LED TO THE SUGGESTION THAT DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING MAY HAVE AN EPIGENETIC COMPONENT, BECAUSE EPIGENETIC MARKS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION OR HISTONE TAIL MODIFICATIONS COULD PROVIDE A PERSISTENT MEMORY OF EARLIER NUTRITIONAL STATES. ONE CLASS OF GENES THAT HAS BEEN CONSIDERED A POTENTIAL TARGET OR MEDIATOR OF PROGRAMMING EVENTS IS IMPRINTED GENES, BECAUSE THESE GENES CRITICALLY DEPEND UPON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS FOR CORRECT EXPRESSION AND BECAUSE MANY IMPRINTED GENES HAVE ROLES IN CONTROLLING FETAL GROWTH AS WELL AS NEONATAL AND ADULT METABOLISM. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE USED AN ESTABLISHED MODEL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING-ISOCALORIC PROTEIN RESTRICTION TO FEMALE MICE DURING GESTATION OR LACTATION-TO EXAMINE WHETHER THERE ARE EFFECTS ON EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION OF IMPRINTED GENES IN THE OFFSPRING. WE FIND THAT ALTHOUGH EXPRESSION OF SOME IMPRINTED GENES IN LIVER OF OFFSPRING IS ROBUSTLY AND SUSTAINABLY CHANGED, METHYLATION OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) THAT CONTROL THEIR MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION REMAINS LARGELY UNALTERED. WE CONCLUDE THAT DEREGULATION OF IMPRINTING THROUGH A GENERAL EFFECT ON DMR METHYLATION IS UNLIKELY TO BE A COMMON FACTOR IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10  990  31 CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT AN EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVED INTERGENIC REGION IN CHROMOSOME X. CHRONIC STRESS RESULTING FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS INCREASES THE RISK OF MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION RELEVANT FOR BEHAVIOR, MOLECULAR REGULATORS OF THIS CHANGE HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY DETERMINED. ONE PROCESS THAT COULD PLAY A ROLE IS DNA METHYLATION, AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS WHEREBY A METHYL GROUP IS ADDED ONTO NUCLEOTIDES, PREDOMINANTLY CYTOSINE IN THE CPG CONTEXT, AND WHICH CAN BE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. IT IS UNKNOWN TO WHAT EXTENT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT, A MODEL OF HUMAN SOCIAL STRESS, INFLUENCES DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ACROSS THE GENOME. OUR STUDY ADDRESSED THIS QUESTION BY USING A TARGETED-CAPTURE APPROACH CALLED METHYL-SEQ TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AT PUTATIVE REGULATORY REGIONS ACROSS THE MOUSE GENOME FROM MICE EXPOSED TO 14 DAYS OF SOCIAL DEFEAT. FINDINGS WERE REPLICATED IN INDEPENDENT COHORTS BY BISULFITE-PYROSEQUENCING. TWO DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WERE IDENTIFIED. ONE DMR WAS LOCATED AT INTRON 9 OF DROSHA, AND IT SHOWED REDUCED METHYLATION IN STRESSED MICE. THIS OBSERVATION REPLICATED IN ONE OF TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS. A SECOND DMR WAS IDENTIFIED AT AN INTERGENIC REGION OF CHROMOSOME X, AND METHYLATION IN THIS REGION WAS INCREASED IN STRESSED MICE. THIS METHYLATION DIFFERENCE REPLICATED IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS AND IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) POSTMORTEM BRAINS. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT A REGION NOT PREVIOUSLY KNOWN TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS AND WHICH MAY BE INVOLVED IN MDD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11 3292  38 HIGH FAT DIET AND EXERCISE LEAD TO A DISRUPTED AND PATHOGENIC DNA METHYLOME IN MOUSE LIVER. HIGH-FAT DIET CONSUMPTION AND SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE ELEVATES RISK FOR OBESITY, NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE, AND CANCER. EXERCISE TRAINING CONVEYS HEALTH BENEFITS IN POPULATIONS WITH OR WITHOUT THESE CHRONIC CONDITIONS. DIET AND EXERCISE REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION BY MEDIATING EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MANY TISSUES; HOWEVER, SUCH EFFECTS ARE POORLY DOCUMENTED IN THE LIVER, A CENTRAL METABOLIC ORGAN. TO DISSECT THE CONSEQUENCES OF DIET AND EXERCISE ON THE LIVER EPIGENOME, WE MEASURED DNA METHYLATION, USING REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING, AND TRANSCRIPTION, USING RNA-SEQ, IN MICE MAINTAINED ON A FAST FOOD DIET WITH SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE OR EXERCISE, COMPARED WITH CONTROL DIET WITH AND WITHOUT EXERCISE. OUR ANALYSES REVEAL THAT GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION OF GENE CLUSTERS ARE INDUCED BY DIET AND/OR EXERCISE. A COMBINATION OF FAST FOOD AND EXERCISE TRIGGERS EXTENSIVE GENE ALTERATIONS, WITH ENRICHMENT OF CARBOHYDRATE/LIPID METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND MUSCLE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES. THROUGH EVALUATION OF PUTATIVE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON DIET-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION, WE SHOW THAT HYPERMETHYLATION IS EFFECTIVELY PREVENTED, ESPECIALLY AT PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS, WHEREAS HYPOMETHYLATION IS ONLY PARTIALLY ATTENUATED. WE ASSESSED DIET-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CANCER-RELATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES AT LIVER-SPECIFIC ENHANCERS IN FAST FOOD GROUPS, SUGGESTING PARTIAL LOSS OF LIVER CELL IDENTITY. HYPERMETHYLATION AT A SUBSET OF GENE PROMOTERS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INHIBITION OF TISSUE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF CARCINOGENIC PROCESSES. OUR STUDY DEMONSTRATES EXTENSIVE REPROGRAMMING OF THE EPIGENOME BY DIET AND EXERCISE, EMPHASIZING THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS AND PHENOTYPIC ALTERATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 2472  27 EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ACROSS GENERATIONS. BACKGROUND: TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES IN EARLY LIFE ARE RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. SUCH DISORDERS CAN PERSIST THROUGH ADULTHOOD AND HAVE OFTEN BEEN REPORTED TO BE TRANSMITTED ACROSS GENERATIONS. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECT OF EARLY STRESS, MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 14. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION INDUCES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND ALTERS THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SEPARATED ANIMALS WHEN ADULT. MOST OF THE BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS ARE FURTHER EXPRESSED BY THE OFFSPRING OF MALES SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THESE MALES ARE REARED NORMALLY. CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION ALSO ALTERS THE PROFILE OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER OF SEVERAL CANDIDATE GENES IN THE GERMLINE OF THE SEPARATED MALES. COMPARABLE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ARE ALSO PRESENT IN THE BRAIN OF THE OFFSPRING AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ON BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES ACROSS GENERATIONS AND ON THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE GERMLINE.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13 1511  35 DNA METHYLATION AND POTENTIAL MULTIGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS LINKED TO URANIUM CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE IN GONADS OF MALES AND FEMALES RATS. INTRODUCTION: AN INCREASED HEALTH PROBLEM IN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES IS THE CONTEMPORARY CONCERN OF PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY AS WELL. THIS HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED IN PART TO ACCUMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ESPECIALLY RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS WORLDWIDE. HOWEVER, THE OUTCOME OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF A RADIONUCLIDE SUCH AS URANIUM REMAINS UNKNOWN. RECENTLY, A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERCEPTION OF RISK OF RADIOTOXICOLOGY HAS EMERGED THROUGH INVESTIGATING THE POSSIBILITY OF TRANSMISSION OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OVER GENERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR BY EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. THESE PROCESSES ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR CRUCIAL ROLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: THE CURRENT WORK INVESTIGATES THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM AND ITS INHERITANCE ACROSS GENERATIONS. MATERIALS AND METHODS TO TEST THIS PROPOSITION, A RODENT MULTIGENERATIONAL MODEL, MALES AND FEMALES, WERE EXPOSED TO A NON-TOXIC CONCENTRATION OF URANIUM (40MGL(-1) DRINKING WATER) FOR NINE MONTHS. THE URANIUM EFFECTS ON WERE EVALUATED OVER THREE GENERATIONS (F0, F1 AND F2) BY ANALYSING THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AND DNMT GENES EXPRESSION IN OVARIES AND TESTES TISSUES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT A SIGNIFICANT HYPERMETHYLATION OF TESTES DNA (P <0.005) WHEREAS OVARIES SHOWED HYPOMETHYLATED DNA (P <0.005). INTERESTINGLY, THIS DNA METHYLATION PROFILE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MAINTAINED ACROSS GENERATIONS F0, F1 AND F2. FURTHERMORE, QPCR RESULTS OF BOTH TISSUES IMPLY A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE GENES (DNMT 1 AND DNMT3A/B) AS WELL. CONCLUSION: ALTOGETHER, OUR WORK DEMONSTRATES FOR THE FIRST TIME A SEX-DEPENDANCE AND INHERITANCE OF EPIGENETIC MARKS, DNA METHYLATION, AS A BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHICH TYPE OF REPRODUCTIVE CELL TYPE IS MORE RESPONSIVE IN THIS CONTEXT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14 1795  32 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF MATERNAL AND POSTNATAL DIET ON ADIPOSE TISSUE MORPHOLOGY IN MALE RAT OFFSPRING. PURPOSE: ADIPOSE TISSUE EXPANSION CAN OCCUR THROUGH SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS AND, UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, CAN BE CONNECTED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. TNF-ALPHA IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT CYTOKINES INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. PROLONGED INFLAMMATION IN OBESITY CAN LEAD TO OBESITY-RELATED INSULIN RESISTANCE AND TISSUE DYSFUNCTION. THE AIM OF OUR STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE HOW DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF MATERNAL AND POSTNATAL DIET AFFECTS OFFSPRING ADIPOSE TISSUE MORPHOLOGY AND ADIPOSE TISSUE TNF-ALPHA EXPRESSION. METHODS: TEN FEMALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS, 9 WEEKS OLD, WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS AND FED EITHER STANDARD LABORATORY CHOW OR FOOD RICH IN SATURATED FATTY ACIDS DURING 6 WEEKS AND THEN MATED WITH THE SAME MALE RAT. AFTER BIRTH AND LACTATION MALE RAT OFFSPRING FROM BOTH GROUPS WERE DIVIDED INTO FOUR SUBGROUPS DEPENDING ON THE DIET THEY WERE FED UNTIL 22 WEEKS OLD. SAMPLES OF WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE WERE TAKEN FROM THE SUBCUTANEOUS, EPIDIDYMAL, AND PERIRENAL FAT PAD. ON TISSUE SECTIONS, HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS WAS CONDUCTED USING CELLPROFILER PROGRAM V 2.1.1, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING FOR TNF-ALPHA WAS PERFORMED. RESULTS: GREATER MEAN SURFACE AREA OF SUBCUTANEOUS AND EPIDIDYMAL ADIPOCYTES WAS FOUND IN GROUPS OF MALE RAT OFFSPRING WITH ALTERED DIET. IN PERIRENAL ADIPOSE TISSUE, THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF ADIPOCYTES WAS MEASURED IN THE GROUP WHERE BOTH MOTHER AND OFFSPRING WERE FED A HIGH-FAT DIET. ADIPOCYTE STAINING INTENSITY FOR TNF-ALPHA DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN THE GROUPS. CONCLUSIONS: TOGETHER WITH OUR PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED DATA, OUR RESULTS LEAD TO THE CONCLUSION THAT ALTERATION OF POSTNATAL DIET CAN LEAD TO TNF-ALPHA AND ADIPOCYTE MORPHOLOGY CHANGES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15 3714  37 INHERITANCE OF SOCIAL DOMINANCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH GLOBAL SPERM DNA METHYLATION IN INBRED MALE MICE. DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MALES AND THEIR ASSOCIATED TRAITS ARE USUALLY HERITABLE AND HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR SEXUAL SELECTION IN ANIMALS. IN PARTICULAR, SOCIAL DOMINANCE AND ITS RELATED MALE PHEROMONES ARE HERITABLE IN INBRED MICE; THUS, WE WONDERED WHETHER EPIGENETIC CHANGES DUE TO ALTERED LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION DETERMINE INHERITANCE. HERE, WE USED C57BL/6 MALE MICE TO ESTABLISH A SOCIAL DOMINANCE-SUBORDINATION RELATIONSHIP THROUGH CHRONIC DYADIC ENCOUNTERS, AND THIS RELATIONSHIP AND PHEROMONE COVARIATION OCCURRED IN THEIR OFFSPRING, INDICATIVE OF HERITABILITY. THROUGH TRANSCRIPTOME SEQUENCING AND WHOLE-GENOME DNA METHYLATION PROFILING OF THE SPERM OF BOTH GENERATIONS, WE FOUND THAT DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF MANY GENES WAS INDUCED BY SOCIAL DOMINANCE-SUBORDINATION IN SIRES AND COULD BE PASSED ON TO THE OFFSPRING. THESE METHYLATED GENES WERE MAINLY RELATED TO GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES, NEURODEVELOPMENT, AND CELLULAR TRANSPORTATION. THE EXPRESSION OF THE GENES WITH SIMILAR FUNCTIONS IN WHOLE-GENOME METHYLATION/BISULFITE SEQUENCING WAS ALSO DIFFERENTIATED BY SOCIAL DOMINANCE-SUBORDINATION, AS REVEALED BY RNA-SEQ. IN PARTICULAR, THE GENE DENND1A, WHICH REGULATES NEURAL SIGNALING, WAS DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED AND EXPRESSED IN THE SPERM AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN PAIRED MALES BEFORE AND AFTER DOMINANCE-SUBORDINATION ESTABLISHMENT, SUGGESTING THE POTENTIAL EPIGENETIC CONTROL AND INHERITANCE OF SOCIAL DOMINANCE-RELATED AGGRESSION. WE SUGGEST THAT SOCIAL DOMINANCE MIGHT BE PASSED ON TO MALE OFFSPRING THROUGH SPERM DNA METHYLATION AND THAT THE DIFFERENCES COULD POTENTIALLY AFFECT MALE COMPETITION IN OFFSPRING BY AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16 5193  37 PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANTS INDUCES MITOCHONDRIA-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL PILOT STUDY. MITOCHONDRIA PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING CELLULAR AND METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS DURING VITAL DEVELOPMENT CYCLES OF FOETAL GROWTH. OPTIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT NOT ONLY TO SUSTAIN ADEQUATE ENERGY PRODUCTION BUT ALSO FOR REGULATED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. HOWEVER, THESE ORGANELLES ARE SUBTLE TARGETS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND ANY PERTURBANCE IN THE DEFINED MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY DURING THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE CAN LEAD TO THE RE-PROGRAMMING OF THE FOETAL EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. AS THESE MODIFICATIONS CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS, WE HEREIN PERFORMED A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO HAVE AN IN-DEPTH UNDERSTANDING OF THIS INTRICATE PHENOMENON. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED WITH TWO ARMS: WHEREAS THE FIRST GROUP CONSISTED OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS AND THE SECOND GROUP INCLUDED CONTROLS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED HIGHER LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE MTDNA DAMAGE AND ASSOCIATED INTEGRATED STRESS RESPONSE AMONG THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. THESE DISTURBANCES WERE FOUND TO BE CLOSELY RELATED TO THE OBSERVED DISCREPANCIES IN MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS. THE EXPOSED GROUP SHOWED MTDNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND CHANGES IN ALLIED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONING. ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MITOMIRS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE TARGET GENES IN THE EXPOSED GROUP INDICATED THE POSSIBILITIES OF A DISTURBED MITOCHONDRIAL-NUCLEAR CROSS TALK. THIS WAS FURTHER CONFIRMED BY THE MODIFIED ACTIVITY OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL STRESS REGULATORS AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AMONG THE EXPOSED GROUP. IMPORTANTLY, THE DISTURBED DNMT FUNCTIONING, HYPERMETHYLATION OF NUCLEAR DNA, AND HIGHER DEGREE OF POST-TRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ESTABLISHED THE EXISTENCE OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. OVERALL, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE FIRST MOLECULAR INSIGHTS OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSURE ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL-EPIGENETIC AXIS. ALTHOUGH, OUR STUDY MIGHT NOT CEMENT AN EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP FOR ANY PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANT, BUT SUFFICE TO ESTABLISH A DOGMA OF MITO-EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT INTRAUTERINE MILIEU WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS, A HITHERTO UNREPORTED INTERACTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
17 4085  39 MATERNAL OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES REPROGRAM THE METHYLOME OF OFFSPRING BEYOND BIRTH BY INDUCING EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES IN METABOLIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS. BACKGROUND: OBESITY IS A NEGATIVE CHRONIC METABOLIC HEALTH CONDITION THAT REPRESENTS AN ADDITIONAL RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE PATHOLOGIES. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN HOW MATERNAL OBESITY OR GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS DURING PREGNANCY CONSTITUTE SERIOUS RISK FACTORS IN RELATION TO THE APPEARANCE OF CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC REMODELLING MAY HELP EXPLAIN THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THESE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FINDINGS. THUS, IN THIS STUDY WE EXPLORED THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE OF CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WITH OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR OF LIFE. METHODS: WE USED ILLUMINA INFINIUM METHYLATIONEPIC BEADCHIP ARRAYS TO PROFILE MORE THAN 770,000 GENOME-WIDE CPG SITES IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM A PAEDIATRIC LONGITUDINAL COHORT CONSISTING OF 26 CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO SUFFERED FROM OBESITY OR OBESITY WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS DURING PREGNANCY AND 13 HEALTHY CONTROLS (MEASUREMENTS TAKEN AT 0, 6 AND 12 MONTH; TOTAL N = 90). WE CARRIED OUT CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL ANALYSES TO DERIVE DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENTAL AND PATHOLOGY-RELATED EPIGENOMICS. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED ABUNDANT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING CHILD DEVELOPMENT FROM BIRTH TO 6 MONTHS AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, UP TO 12 MONTHS OF AGE. USING CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSES, WE DISCOVERED DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS MAINTAINED ACROSS THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE THAT COULD DISCRIMINATE CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO SUFFERED FROM OBESITY OR OBESITY WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES. IMPORTANTLY, ENRICHMENT ANALYSES SUGGESTED THAT THESE ALTERATIONS CONSTITUTE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES THAT AFFECT GENES AND PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS, POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES AND MITOCHONDRIAL BIOENERGETICS, SUCH AS CPT1B, SLC38A4, SLC35F3 AND FN3K. FINALLY, WE OBSERVED EVIDENCE OF AN INTERACTION BETWEEN DEVELOPMENTAL DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND MATERNAL METABOLIC CONDITION ALTERATIONS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR OBSERVATIONS HIGHLIGHT THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF DEVELOPMENT AS BEING THE MOST CRUCIAL FOR EPIGENETIC REMODELLING. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE EXISTENCE OF SYSTEMIC INTRAUTERINE FOETAL PROGRAMMING LINKED TO OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES THAT AFFECTS THE CHILDHOOD METHYLOME BEYOND BIRTH, WHICH INVOLVES ALTERATIONS RELATED TO METABOLIC PATHWAYS, AND WHICH MAY INTERACT WITH ORDINARY POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES.	2023	

18 3042  33 GENOME-WIDE ALTERATION OF HISTONE METHYLATION PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN MICE. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A XENOBIOTIC ENTERING THE BODY PRIMARILY THROUGH CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER AND FOOD. THERE ARE DEFINED MECHANISMS THAT DESCRIBE ARSENIC'S ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED CANCER INCIDENCE, HOWEVER MECHANISMS EXPLAINING ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OR AGING DISORDERS ARE POORLY DEFINED. IN RECENT YEARS, ARSENIC EFFECTS ON EPIGENOME HAVE BECOME A PARTICULAR FOCUS. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT HUMAN RELEVANT ARSENIC EXPOSURE DURING PARTICULAR DEVELOPMENTAL WINDOWS, OR LONG-TERM EXPOSURE LATER IN LIFE INDUCE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL NEURAL CHANGES THROUGH EPIGENOMIC ALTERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR HISTONE METHYLATION PROFILE, MANIFESTING AS COGNITIVE DECLINE. C57BL/6 WILD-TYPE MICE WERE CONTINUALLY EXPOSED TO SODIUM ARSENITE (100 MICROG/L) IN DRINKING WATER PRIOR TO MATING THROUGH WEANING OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGENY. A SECOND COHORT OF AGED APP/PS MICE WERE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO THE SAME LEVEL OF ARSENIC. COGNITIVE TESTING, HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF BRAINS AND GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION LEVELS OF H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 EXAMINED AFTER CHIP-SEQ WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE. DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE CAUSED SIGNIFICANTLY DIMINISHED COGNITION IN WILD-TYPE MICE. THE ANALYSIS OF CHIP-SEQ DATA AND EXPERIMENTS WITH MOUSE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS DEMONSTRATED THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY ARSENIC EXPOSURE TRANSLATED INTO GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE. INCREASED HIPPOCAMPAL AMYLOID PLAQUES LEVELS OF APP/PS MICE AND COGNITIVE DECLINE PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT ARSENIC EXPOSURE AGGRAVATED AN EXISTING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE PHENOTYPE. WE SHOW DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACTS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN BRAIN WHICH REMAIN PRESENT INTO ADULTHOOD AND PROVIDE A POTENTIAL MECHANISM BY WHICH DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE INFLUENCES COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS. WE ALSO SHOW THAT HUMAN RELEVANT, CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON ADULT APP/PS MICE AND EXACERBATES EXISTING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE HOW DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE IMPACTS THE BRAIN EPIGENOME, LEADING TO ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION LATER IN LIFE.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
19 5773  32 SPERM MICRORNA CONTENT IS ALTERED IN A MOUSE MODEL OF MALE OBESITY, BUT THE SAME SUITE OF MICRORNAS ARE NOT ALTERED IN OFFSPRING'S SPERM. THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IS INCREASING WORLDWIDE AND HAS TRIPLED IN MEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE SINCE THE 1970S. CONCERNINGLY, OBESITY IS NOT ONLY COMORBID WITH OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES, BUT THERE IS MOUNTING EVIDENCE THAT IT INCREASES THE NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE LOAD IN THEIR CHILDREN (EG MORTALITY, OBESITY, AUTISM). ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT PATERNAL OBESITY INCREASES THE RISK OF METABOLIC (EG GLUCOSE METABOLISM DEFECTS, OBESITY) AND REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS IN OFFSPRING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES WITHIN SPERM ARE CLEAR MECHANISTIC CANDIDATES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH CHANGES TO THE FATHER'S ENVIRONMENT AND OFFSPRING PHENOTYPE. SPECIFICALLY THERE IS EMERGING EVIDENCE THAT A FATHER'S SPERM MICRORNA CONTENT BOTH RESPONDS TO PATERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CUES AND ALTERS THE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE EARLY EMBRYO. WE USED A MOUSE MODEL OF HIGH FAT DIET (HFD) INDUCED OBESITY TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER MALE OBESITY COULD MODULATE SPERM MICRORNA CONTENT. WE ALSO INVESTIGATED WHETHER THIS ALTERATION TO A FATHER'S SPERM MICRORNA CONTENT LEAD TO A SIMILAR CHANGE IN THE SPERM OF MALE OFFSPRING. OUR INVESTIGATIONS WERE INITIALLY GUIDED BY A TAQMAN PCR ARRAY, WHICH INDICATED THE DIFFERENTIAL ABUNDANCE OF 28 SPERM BORNE MICRORNAS IN HFD MICE. QPCR CONFIRMATION IN A MUCH LARGER COHORT OF FOUNDER MALES DEMONSTRATED THAT 13 OF THESE MICRORNAS WERE DIFFERENTIALLY ABUNDANT (11 UP-REGULATED; 2 DOWN-REGULATED) DUE TO HFD FEEDING. DESPITE METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTIVE PHENOTYPES ALSO BEING OBSERVED IN GRAND-OFFSPRING FATHERED VIA THE MALE OFFSPRING LINEAGE, THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE THAT ANY OF THE 13 MICRORNAS WERE ALSO DYSREGULATED IN MALE OFFSPRING SPERM. THIS WAS PRESUMABLY DUE TO THE VARIATION SEEN WITHIN BOTH GROUPS OF OFFSPRING AND SUGGESTS OTHER MECHANISMS MIGHT ACT BETWEEN OFFSPRING AND GRAND-OFFSPRING. THUS 13 SPERM BORNE MICRORNAS ARE MODULATED BY A FATHER'S HFD AND THE PRESUMED TRANSFER OF THIS ALTERED MICRORNA PAYLOAD TO THE EMBRYO AT FERTILISATION POTENTIALLY ACTS TO ALTER THE EMBRYONIC MOLECULAR MAKEUP POST-FERTILISATION, ALTERING ITS GROWTH TRAJECTORY, ULTIMATELY AFFECTING ADULT OFFSPRING PHENOTYPE AND MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PATERNAL PROGRAMMING.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20 1784  36 EFFECT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON CPG METHYLATION IN THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS OF H19 AND IG-DMR IN MALE GAMETES: IMPLICATIONS FOR FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS. BACKGROUND: EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL IN UTERO IS THE MAIN ATTRIBUTABLE CAUSE OF FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS (FASD) WHICH IN ITS MOST SEVERE FORM IS CHARACTERIZED BY IRREVERSIBLE BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE DISABILITY. PATERNAL PRECONCEPTION DRINKING IS NOT CONSIDERED TO BE A SIGNIFICANT RISK FACTOR, EVEN THOUGH ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC PATERNAL ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION HAS A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSPRING EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF IN UTERO ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. IT HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED THAT ALCOHOL CAN REDUCE THE LEVELS AND ACTIVITY OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES RESULTING IN DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND THAT REDUCED METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY CAN CAUSE ACTIVATION OF NORMALLY SILENCED GENES. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ESTABLISH A LINK BETWEEN ALCOHOL USE IN MEN AND HYPOMETHYLATION OF PATERNALLY IMPRINTED LOCI IN SPERM DNA IN GENOMIC REGIONS CRITICAL FOR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, THUS PROVIDING A MECHANISM FOR PATERNAL EFFECTS IN THE AETIOLOGY OF FASD. METHODS: SPERM DNA FROM MALE VOLUNTEERS WAS BISULFITE TREATED AND THE METHYLATION PATTERNS OF 2 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS), H19 AND IG-DMR, ANALYZED FOLLOWING SEQUENCING OF INDIVIDUAL CLONES. THE METHYLATION PATTERNS WERE CORRELATED WITH THE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION LEVELS OF THE VOLUNTEER MALES. RESULTS: THERE WAS A PATTERN OF INCREASED DEMETHYLATION WITH ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT THE 2 IMPRINTED LOCI WITH A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE OBSERVED AT THE IG-DMR BETWEEN THE NONDRINKING AND HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMING GROUPS. GREATER INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN AVERAGE METHYLATION WAS OBSERVED AT THE H19 DMR AND INDIVIDUAL CLONES WERE MORE EXTENSIVELY DEMETHYLATED THAN THOSE OF THE IG-DMR. CPG SITE #4 IN THE IG-DMR WAS PREFERENTIALLY DEMETHYLATED AMONG ALL INDIVIDUALS AND ALONG WITH THE H19 DMR CPG SITE #7 LOCATED WITHIN THE CTCF BINDING SITE 6 SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION IN THE ALCOHOL CONSUMING GROUPS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES A CORRELATION BETWEEN CHRONIC ALCOHOL USE AND DEMETHYLATION OF NORMALLY HYPERMETHYLATED IMPRINTED REGIONS IN SPERM DNA. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT, SHOULD THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN IMPRINTED GENES BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH FERTILIZATION, THEY WOULD ALTER THE CRITICAL GENE EXPRESSION DOSAGES REQUIRED FOR NORMAL PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT RESULTING IN OFFSPRING WITH FEATURES OF FASD.	2009