1 4918 119 PANCREATIC CANCER: FROM BENCH TO 5-YEAR SURVIVAL. PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA IS ONE OF THE MOST AGGRESSIVE HUMAN MALIGNANCIES, WITH AN OVERALL 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE OF LESS THAN 4%. ON THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, AN INCREASING NUMBER OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED, WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON GROWTH FACTORS AND RELATED PATHWAYS. SMALL-MOLECULE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, ANTIBODIES, AND OTHER APPROACHES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN RECENT YEARS TO TARGET THESE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS, AND FIRST CLINICAL TRIALS SHOW ENCOURAGING RESULTS. IN ADDITION, MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED THAT ENABLE THE CANCER CELLS TO INVADE THE PERINEURIUM AND THE RETROPERITONEAL SPACE, THUS EXPLAINING AT LEAST IN PART THE HIGH RATE OF LOCAL RECURRENCE AND THE SEVERE PAIN SYNDROME. TECHNICALLY, PANCREATIC SURGERY HAS ADVANCED, WITH ACCEPTABLE MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATES IN HIGH-VOLUME CENTERS. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS ARE INCREASINGLY CARRIED OUT TO DEFINE THE BEST PALLIATIVE AND ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR THIS DISEASE. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH COMBINED WITH CLINICAL TRIALS WILL HOPEFULLY LEAD TO IMPROVED SURVIVAL AND BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PANCREATIC CANCER PATIENTS IN THE FUTURE.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 6653  36 UPDATE ON PANCREATIC CANCER AND ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED RISK. DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PANCREAS IS CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREMELY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, WITH AN OVERALL 5-YEAR SURVIVAL OF <4%. BECAUSE CONVENTIONAL AND SPECIFICALLY TAILORED THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS HAVE LITTLE IMPACT ON PATIENT SURVIVAL, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH AIMS AT IDENTIFYING AND REDUCING RISK FACTORS. CIGARETTE SMOKING, OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS ARE AMENABLE TO MEDICAL PREVENTION OR THERAPY. HEAVY ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS AN INCONSISTENT SINGLE RISK FACTOR FOR PANCREATIC CANCER BUT MAY PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS BY INCREASING THE RISK OF DIABETES MELLITUS OR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS. FOR VARIOUS AGENTS, THE KEY CARCINOGENIC EFFECT IS PROBABLY AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE PANCREATIC TISSUE. ON THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, MUTATIONS OF ONCOGENES AND TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES, AS WELL AS VARIOUS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS OVEREXPRESSION OF GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS, ARE IMPORTANT IN TUMORIGENESIS. COMPLETE AND SAFE SURGICAL RESECTION, TOGETHER WITH ADJUVANT THERAPY, OFFERS PROLONGED SURVIVAL, WITH 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES OF APPROXIMATELY 25%. HOWEVER, FOR UNRESECTABLE OR DISSEMINATED DISEASE, WHICH CONSTITUTES THE VAST MAJORITY OF CASES, TREATMENT IS PALLIATIVE. DESPITE INCREASING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF PANCREATIC CANCER AND DESPITE ADVANCES IN TREATMENT, THE OVERALL COURSE OF THE DISEASE IS DISMAL, AND REINFORCED EFFORTS TO REDUCE INCIDENCE AND IMPROVE OUTCOME ARE NEEDED DESPERATELY.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
3 4429  31 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER. CANCER IS A GENETIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY UNCONTROLLED CELL GROWTH AND METASTASIS. CANCER CAN HAVE A NUMBER OF CAUSES, SUCH THE ACTIVATION OF ONCOGENES, THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSING GENES, MUTAGENESIS PROVOKED BY EXTERNAL FACTORS, AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS AND TREATMENTS USING A MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL APPROACH PERMITS THE USE OF SENSITIVE, LOW-COST, NONINVASIVE TESTS FOR CANCER PATIENTS. BIOMARKERS CAN BE USED TO PROVIDE RAPID, PERSONALIZED ONCOLOGY, IN PARTICULAR THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, AND GASTRIC, COLON, AND BREAST CANCERS. MOLECULAR TESTS BASED ON DNA METHYLATION CAN ALSO BE USED TO DIRECT TREATMENTS OR EVALUATE THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY. THE ADEQUATE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND PREDICTION OF THE RESPONSE OF CANCER PATIENTS TO TREATMENT ARE ESSENTIAL TO ENSURE THE MOST EFFECTIVE THERAPY, REDUCE THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF TREATMENT, AND DIRECT THE THERAPY TO SPECIFIC TARGETS, AND IN THIS CONTEXT, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT IN ONCOLOGY. IN THIS BRIEF REVIEW, WE WILL DEMONSTRATE THE FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF THREE TYPES OF CANCER-CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, HEREDITARY DIFFUSE GASTRIC CANCER, AND ASTROCYTOMAS (SPORADIC TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM). IN EACH OF THESE THREE MODELS, DISTINCT BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CELLS, BUT IN ALL CASES, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALIZED ANALYSES FOR EACH PATIENT AND EACH TYPE OF NEOPLASIA, AND TO GUARANTEE THE SUCCESS OF THE TREATMENT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
4 5913  30 TARGETED THERAPY IN LEUKEMIA. RESEARCH CONDUCTED OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES HAS YIELDED A DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR LESIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS AND COMMITTED PROGENITORS INTO THE VARIOUS FORMS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF LEUKEMIA REMAINS INCOMPLETE, THE INFORMATION GAINED TO DATE HAS HAD A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE WAY THESE MALIGNANCIES ARE BOTH DIAGNOSED AND MONITORED DURING THERAPY. MORE RECENTLY, TARGETED THERAPIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AGAINST SOME OF THE IDENTIFIED GENETIC LESIONS. THESE THERAPIES HAVE LED TO SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS IN PATIENT OUTCOMES WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY DECREASING THERAPY-RELATED TOXICITY. WITH THE ADVENT OF GENOME-WIDE METHODS TO DEFINE THE TOTAL COMPLEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LESIONS INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS, NEW TARGETED THERAPIES CAN BE ANTICIPATED. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS SOME OF THE TARGETED THERAPIES THAT ARE PRESENTLY BEING USED TO TREAT HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES AND DESCRIBES SOME OF THE RECENT ADVANCES THAT SHOULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE TARGET THERAPIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 6675  29 USING EPIGENETIC THERAPY TO OVERCOME CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE. IT HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR DECADES THAT AS CANCER PROGRESSES, TUMORS DEVELOP GENETIC ALTERATIONS, MAKING THEM HIGHLY PRONE TO DEVELOPING RESISTANCE TO THERAPIES. CLASSICALLY, IT HAS BEEN THOUGHT THAT THESE ACQUIRED GENETIC CHANGES ARE FIXED. THIS HAS LED TO THE PARADIGM OF MOVING FROM ONE CANCER THERAPY TO THE NEXT WHILE AVOIDING PAST THERAPIES. HOWEVER, EMERGING DATA ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING TUMOR PROGRESSION AND USE OF EPIGENETIC THERAPIES HAVE SHOWN THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LEADING TO CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE REVERSIBLE WITH EPIGENETIC THERAPY. IN FACT, PROMISING CLINICAL DATA EXIST THAT TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC AGENTS CAN DIMINISH CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE IN A NUMBER OF TUMOR TYPES INCLUDING CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA, COLORECTAL, OVARIAN, LUNG AND BREAST CANCER. THE POTENTIAL FOR EPIGENETIC-MODIFYING DRUGS TO ALLOW FOR TREATMENT OF RESISTANT DISEASE IS EXCITING AND CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE JUST BEGUN TO EVALUATE THIS AREA.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6  943  23 CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE CATEGORIES: THOSE WHO ARE MINIMALLY AFFECTED BY THE PROBLEM, OFTEN NEVER REQUIRING THERAPY; THOSE THAT INITIALLY FOLLOW AN INDOLENT COURSE BUT SUBSEQUENTLY PROGRESS AND REQUIRE THERAPY; AND THOSE THAT FROM THE POINT OF DIAGNOSIS EXHIBIT AN AGGRESSIVE DISEASE NECESSITATING TREATMENT. LIKEWISE, SUCH PATIENTS PASS THROUGH THREE PHASES: DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE, DIAGNOSIS, AND NEED FOR THERAPY. FINALLY, THE LEUKEMIC CLONES OF ALL PATIENTS APPEAR TO REQUIRE CONTINUOUS INPUT FROM THE EXTERIOR, MOST OFTEN THROUGH MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, TO ALLOW THEM TO SURVIVE AND GROW. THIS REVIEW IS PRESENTED ACCORDING TO THE TEMPORAL COURSE THAT THE DISEASE FOLLOWS, FOCUSING ON THOSE EXTERNAL INFLUENCES FROM THE TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT (TME) THAT SUPPORT THE TIME LINES AS WELL AS THOSE INTERNAL INFLUENCES THAT ARE INHERITED OR DEVELOP AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES OCCURRING OVER THE TIME LINE. REGARDING THE FORMER, SPECIAL EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE INPUT PROVIDED VIA THE B-CELL RECEPTOR FOR ANTIGEN AND THE C-X-C-MOTIF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR-4 AND THE THERAPEUTIC AGENTS THAT BLOCK THESE INPUTS. REGARDING THE LATTER, PROMINENCE IS LAID UPON INHERITED SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES AND THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES THAT LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENTAL AND PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
7 6449  42 THERAPEUTIC TARGETING OF TELOMERASE. TELOMERE LENGTH AND CELL FUNCTION CAN BE PRESERVED BY THE HUMAN REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE TELOMERASE (HTERT), WHICH SYNTHESIZES THE NEW TELOMERIC DNA FROM A RNA TEMPLATE, BUT IS NORMALLY RESTRICTED TO CELLS NEEDING A HIGH PROLIFERATIVE CAPACITY, SUCH AS STEM CELLS. CONSEQUENTLY, TELOMERASE-BASED THERAPIES TO ELONGATE SHORT TELOMERES ARE DEVELOPED, SOME OF WHICH HAVE SUCCESSFULLY REACHED THE STAGE I IN CLINICAL TRIALS. TELOMERASE IS ALSO PERMISSIVE FOR TUMORIGENESIS AND 90% OF ALL MALIGNANT TUMORS USE TELOMERASE TO OBTAIN IMMORTALITY. THUS, REVERSAL OF TELOMERASE UPREGULATION IN TUMOR CELLS IS A POTENTIAL STRATEGY TO TREAT CANCER. NATURAL AND SMALL-MOLECULE TELOMERASE INHIBITORS, IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES, OLIGONUCLEOTIDE INHIBITORS, AND TELOMERASE-DIRECTED GENE THERAPY ARE USEFUL TREATMENT STRATEGIES. TELOMERASE IS MORE WIDELY EXPRESSED THAN ANY OTHER TUMOR MARKER. THE LOW EXPRESSION IN NORMAL TISSUES, TOGETHER WITH THE LONGER TELOMERES IN NORMAL STEM CELLS VERSUS CANCER CELLS, PROVIDES SOME DEGREE OF SPECIFICITY WITH LOW RISK OF TOXICITY. HOWEVER, LONG TERM TELOMERASE INHIBITION MAY ELICIT NEGATIVE EFFECTS IN HIGHLY-PROLIFERATIVE CELLS WHICH NEED TELOMERASE FOR SURVIVAL, AND IT MAY INTERFERE WITH TELOMERE-INDEPENDENT PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. MOREOVER, ONLY A FEW HTERT MOLECULES ARE REQUIRED TO OVERCOME SENESCENCE IN CANCER CELLS, AND TELOMERASE INHIBITION REQUIRES PROLIFERATING CELLS OVER A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF POPULATION DOUBLINGS TO INDUCE TUMOR SUPPRESSIVE SENESCENCE. THESE LIMITATIONS MAY EXPLAIN THE MODERATE SUCCESS RATES IN MANY CLINICAL STUDIES. DESPITE EXTENSIVE STUDIES, ONLY ONE VACCINE AND ONE TELOMERASE ANTAGONIST ARE ROUTINELY USED IN CLINICAL WORK. FOR COMPLETE ERADICATION OF ALL SUBPOPULATIONS OF CANCER CELLS A SIMULTANEOUS TARGETING OF SEVERAL MECHANISMS WILL LIKELY BE NEEDED. POSSIBLE TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED INCLUDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE SPECIFIC INHIBITORS, METHODS TO INCREASE THE EFFICACY OF VACCINATION METHODS, AND PERSONALIZED APPROACHES. TELOMERASE ACTIVATION AND CELL REJUVENATION IS SUCCESSFULLY USED IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY. HOWEVER, THERE ARE ALSO A NUMBER OF PITFALLS IN THE TREATMENT WITH TELOMERASE ACTIVATING PROCEDURES FOR THE WHOLE ORGANISM AND FOR LONGER PERIODS OF TIME. EXTENDED CELL LIFESPAN MAY ACCUMULATE RARE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. THEREFORE, NOVEL VECTOR SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR A 'MILD' INTEGRATION OF TELOMERASE INTO THE HOST GENOME AND LOSS OF THE VECTOR IN RAPIDLY-PROLIFERATING CELLS. IT IS CURRENTLY UNCLEAR IF THIS TECHNIQUE CAN ALSO BE USED IN HUMAN BEINGS TO TREAT CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2016	

8 3958  35 LONG NON-CODING RNAS IN BONE METASTASIS: PROGRESSES AND PERSPECTIVES AS POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS. IN A PRECISION MEDICINE PERSPECTIVE, AMONG THE BIOMARKERS POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCERS, AS WELL AS TO DEFINE THEIR PROGNOSIS AND EVENTUALLY TO IDENTIFY NOVEL AND MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS, THERE ARE THE LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNAS). THE TERM LNCRNA IDENTIFIES A CLASS OF NON-CODING RNA MOLECULES INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION THAT INTERVENE AT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL, AND EPIGENETIC LEVEL. METASTASIS IS A NATURAL EVOLUTION OF SOME MALIGNANT TUMOURS, FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CANCERS. ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF METASTASIS REPRESENTS A DETRIMENTAL EVENT THAT WORSEN THE PATIENT'S PROGNOSIS BY PROFOUNDLY INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OMINOUS PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE. DUE TO THE PECULIAR ENVIRONMENT AND THE BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES, BONE IS A PREFERENTIAL SITE FOR THE SECONDARY GROWTH OF BREAST, PROSTATE AND LUNG CANCERS. UNFORTUNATELY, ONLY PALLIATIVE AND PAIN THERAPIES ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE FOR PATIENTS WITH BONE METASTASES, WHILE NO EFFECTIVE AND DEFINITIVE TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE. THE UNDERSTANDING OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BONE METASTASIS FORMATION AND PROGRESSION, AS WELL AS THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT, ARE CENTRAL BUT CHALLENGING TOPICS IN BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE. THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW MOLECULAR SPECIES THAT MAY HAVE A ROLE AS EARLY HALLMARKS OF THE METASTATIC PROCESS COULD OPEN THE DOOR TO THE DEFINITION OF NEW, AND MORE EFFECTIVE, THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES. NON-CODING RNAS SPECIES AND, PARTICULARLY, LNCRNAS ARE PROMISING COMPOUNDS IN THIS SETTING, AND THEIR STUDY MAY BRING TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT PROCESSES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF LNCRNAS AS EMERGING MOLECULES IN MEDIATING THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF BONE METASTASES, AS POSSIBLE BIOMARKERS FOR CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS, AND AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS TO COUNTERACT CANCER SPREAD.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
9 3697  30 INFLAMMATORY MARKERS IN CANCER: POTENTIAL RESOURCES. CANCER IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH WORLDWIDE AND A MAJOR BURDEN ON DEVELOPING AND LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD WITH LIMITED RESOURCES FOR PREVENTION AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF CANCER. ALTHOUGH CANCER IS MULTIFACTORIAL IN ORIGIN, VARIOUS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN ALL STAGES OF CANCER, FROM INITIATION TO PROGRESSION AND EVEN SURVIVAL OF THE PATIENT. INFLAMMATORY PRODUCTS LIKE CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES, LEUCOCYTES, PROSTAGLANDINS, CYCLOOXYGENASE, REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES, METALLOPROTEINASE INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN NORMAL CELLS DAMAGING ITS DNA, INHIBITING ITS REPAIR, ALTERING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, PREVENTING APOPTOSIS, AND STIMULATING ANGIOGENESIS, AND THUS RESULTING IN CARCINOGENESIS. THUS, THESE INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS HAVE A POTENTIAL ROLE TO BECOME CANCER BIOMARKERS FOR ALL STAGES OF CANCER AS MANY OF THEM CAN BE MEASURED IN A COST-EFFECTIVE MANNER. HOWEVER, LARGE SCALE PROSPECTIVE TRIALS ARE REQUIRED TO VALIDATE THESE POTENTIAL CANCER BIOMARKERS. NONETHELESS, A TRANSITION FROM POTENTIAL TO PRACTICAL UTILIZATION OF THESE MARKERS WILL BE AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR THE AMELIORATION OF CANCER BURDEN AND MORTALITY IN A RESOURCE LIMITED SETTING.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
10 1958  33 EPIGENETIC AGING AND COLORECTAL CANCER: STATE OF THE ART AND PERSPECTIVES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. ALTHOUGH TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH HAS IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS INVOLVED IN COLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) CARCINOGENESIS, A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS ASSOCIATED WITH BIOLOGICAL AGING IN COLORECTAL CELLS AND TISSUES IS NEEDED. HERE, WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE THE STATE OF THE ART ABOUT THE ROLE OF AGE ACCELERATION, DEFINED AS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AGE AND CHRONOLOGICAL AGE, IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CRC. SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ACCELERATED BIOLOGICAL AGING IS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE RISK OF CANCER AND DEATH IN GENERAL. IN LINE WITH THESE FINDINGS, OTHER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN HOW THE ASSESSMENT OF EPIGENETIC AGE IN PEOPLE AT RISK FOR CRC COULD BE HELPFUL FOR MONITORING THE MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS. MOREOVER, IT WOULD BE INTERESTING TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER ABERRANT EPIGENETIC AGING COULD HELP IDENTIFY CRC PATIENTS WITH A HIGH RISK OF RECURRENCE AND A WORST PROGNOSIS, AS WELL AS THOSE WHO RESPOND POORLY TO TREATMENT. YET, THE APPLICATION OF THIS NOVEL CONCEPT IS STILL IN ITS INFANCY, AND FURTHER RESEARCH SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED IN ANTICIPATION OF FUTURE APPLICATIONS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11 4852  28 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR PEDIATRIC CANCERS. THE USE OF TARGETED SMALL-MOLECULE THERAPEUTICS AND IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS HAS BEEN LIMITED TO DATE IN PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY. RECENTLY, THE NUMBER OF PEDIATRIC APPROVALS HAS RISEN, AND REGULATORY INITIATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE HAVE AIMED TO INCREASE THE STUDY OF NOVEL ANTICANCER THERAPIES IN CHILDREN. CHALLENGES OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN INCLUDE THE RARITY OF INDIVIDUAL CANCER DIAGNOSES AND THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF DIFFICULT-TO-DRUG TARGETS, INCLUDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND EPIGENETIC REGULATORS. ONGOING PEDIATRIC ADAPTATION OF BIOMARKER-DRIVEN TRIAL DESIGNS AND FURTHER EXPLORATION OF AGENTS TARGETING NON-KINASE DRIVERS CONSTITUTE HIGH-PRIORITY OBJECTIVES FOR FUTURE PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY DRUG DEVELOPMENT. SIGNIFICANCE: INCREASING ATTENTION TO DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR CHILDREN WITH CANCER BY REGULATORS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES HOLDS THE PROMISE OF ACCELERATING THE AVAILABILITY OF NEW THERAPIES FOR CHILDREN WITH CANCER, POTENTIALLY IMPROVING SURVIVAL AND DECREASING THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITIES OF THERAPY. HOWEVER, UNIQUE APPROACHES ARE NECESSARY TO STUDY NOVEL THERAPIES IN CHILDREN THAT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT LOW PATIENT NUMBERS, THE PEDIATRIC CANCER GENOMIC LANDSCAPE AND TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT, AND THE NEED FOR PEDIATRIC FORMULATIONS. IT IS ALSO CRITICAL TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL FOR UNIQUE TOXICITIES IN GROWING HOSTS WITHOUT AFFECTING THE PACE OF DISCOVERY FOR CHILDREN WITH THESE LIFE-THREATENING DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
12 5023  36 PERSONAL MEDICINE AND BONE METASTASES: BIOMARKERS, MICRO-RNAS AND BONE METASTASES. BONE METASTASIS IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF MORBIDITY WITHIN SOLID TUMOURS OF THE BREAST, PROSTATE, LUNG AND KIDNEY. METASTASIS TO THE SKELETON IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF COMPLICATIONS INCLUDING BONE FRACTURES, SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION, HYPERCALCAEMIA AND INCREASED BONE PAIN. IMPROVED TREATMENTS FOR BONE METASTASIS, SUCH AS THE USE OF ANTI-BONE RESORPTIVE BISPHOSPHONATE AGENTS, WITHIN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN HAVE IMPROVED DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; HOWEVER, THESE TREATMENTS ARE NOT WITHOUT SIDE EFFECTS. THERE IS THUS A NEED FOR BIOMARKERS, WHICH WILL PREDICT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING THE SPREAD TO BONE WITHIN THESE CANCERS. THE APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR PROFILING TECHNIQUES, TOGETHER WITH ANIMAL MODEL SYSTEMS AND ENGINEERED CELL-LINES HAS ENABLED THE IDENTIFICATION OF A SERIES OF POTENTIAL BONE-METASTASIS BIOMARKER MOLECULES PREDICTIVE OF BONE METASTASIS RISK. SOME OF THESE BIOMARKER CANDIDATES HAVE BEEN VALIDATED WITHIN PATIENT-DERIVED SAMPLES PROVIDING A STEP TOWARDS CLINICAL UTILITY. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MULTIPLEX BIOMARKER QUANTIFICATION NOW ENABLE THE SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF UP TO 96 MICRO-RNA/PROTEIN MOLECULES IN A SPATIALLY DEFINED MANNER WITH SINGLE-CELL RESOLUTION, THUS ENABLING THE CHARACTERISATION OF THE KEY MOLECULES ACTIVE AT THE SITES OF PRE-METASTATIC NICHE FORMATION AS WELL AS TUMOUR-STROMA SIGNALLING. THESE TECHNOLOGIES HAVE CONSIDERABLE POTENTIAL TO INFORM BIOMARKER DISCOVERY. ADDITIONALLY, A POTENTIAL FUTURE EXTENSION OF THESE DISCOVERIES COULD ALSO BE THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL DRUG TARGETS WITHIN CANCER SPREAD TO BONE. THIS CHAPTER SUMMARISES RECENT FINDINGS IN BIOMARKER DISCOVERY WITHIN THE KEY BONE METASTATIC CANCERS (BREAST, PROSTATE, LUNG AND RENAL CELL CARCINOMA). TISSUE-BASED AND CIRCULATING BLOOD-BASED BIOMARKERS ARE DISCUSSED FROM THE FIELDS OF GENOMICS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION (MICRO-RNAS) AND PROTEIN/CELL-SIGNALLING TOGETHER WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE POTENTIAL FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE MARKERS TOWARDS CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13 5290  22 PROSTATE CANCER PREVENTION: AGENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES. DESPITE ADVANCES IN SURGERY, RADIATION, AND MEDICAL THERAPY OVER THE PAST DECADE AND THE WIDESPREAD ADOPTION OF PSA SCREENING, PROSTATE CANCER CONTINUES TO BE THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH IN MEN IN THE UNITED STATES. INVASIVE CANCER IS THE END RESULT OF CARCINOGENESIS, A CHRONIC PROCESS OCCURRING OVER MANY YEARS DRIVEN BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. THE PROTRACTED NATURE OF THIS TRANSFORMATION TO THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY TO INTERVENE PHARMACOLOGICALLY TO PREVENT, REVERSE, OR DELAY CARCINOGENESIS, I.E. CHEMOPREVENTION. HEREIN, WE DESCRIBE THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CANCER PREVENTION, AS OPPOSED TO CANCER TREATMENT, AGENT DEVELOPMENT CLINICAL TRIALS, AND PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF THE ONGOING RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD BEING SUPPORTED BY THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14 1844  39 EFFECTS OF THE LIFESTYLE HABITS IN BREAST CANCER TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. THROUGH RESEARCH CARRIED OUT IN THE LAST 25 YEARS ABOUT THE BREAST CANCER ETIOLOGY, IT HAS BEEN POSSIBLE TO ESTIMATE THAT LESS THAN 10 % OF PATIENTS WHO ARE DIAGNOSED WITH THE CONDITION ARE CARRIERS OF SOME GERMLINE OR SOMATIC MUTATION. THE CLINICAL REPORTS OF BREAST CANCER PATIENTS WITH HEALTHY TWINS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE IN WOMEN WITHOUT HIGH PENETRANCE MUTATIONS DETECTED, WARN THE PARTICIPATION MORE FACTORS IN THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS. THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF MAMMARY ADENOCARCINOMA IN THE MODERN WOMAN AND THE URGENT NEED FOR NEW METHODS OF PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION HAVE DEMANDED MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE ROLE THAT ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE HAVE ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF MAMMARY GLAND EPITHELIAL CELLS. OBESITY, ALCOHOLISM AND SMOKING ARE FACTORS THAT HAVE SHOWN A CLOSE CORRELATION WITH THE RISK OF DEVELOPING BREAST CANCER. AND ALTHOUGH THESE CONDITIONS AFFECT DIFFERENT CELL REGULATION LEVELS, THE STUDY OF ITS EFFECTS IN THE MECHANISMS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION IS CONSIDERED CRITICAL FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE LOSS OF IDENTITY OF EPITHELIAL CELLS DURING CARCINOGENESIS OF THIS TISSUE. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO ESTABLISH THE IMPORTANCE OF CHANGES OCCURRING TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL IN THE MAMMARY GLAND AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ACUTE OR CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO HARMFUL PRODUCTS SUCH AS OBESITY-CAUSING FOODS, ETHANOL AND CIGARETTE SMOKE COMPONENTS. AT ANALYZE THE MAIN STUDIES RELATED TO TOPIC, IT HAS CONCLUDED THAT THE UNDERSTANDING OF EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE LIFESTYLE FACTORS IN PERFORMANCE OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MECHANISMS THAT DETERMINE GENE EXPRESSION OF THE MAMMARY GLAND EPITHELIAL CELLS, MAY HELP EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS DISEASE IN WOMEN WITHOUT GENETIC PROPENSITY AND DIFFERENT PHENOTYPIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THIS CANCER TYPE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
15 1673  36 DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETICS IN COLORECTAL CANCER. OBJECTIVE: THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER ARE DIAGNOSED WITH LOCALLY ADVANCED AND/OR DISSEMINATED DISEASE, AND TREATMENT OPTIONS INCLUDE SURGERY IN COMBINATION WITH CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPY REGIMENS, BIOLOGICS, AND/OR RADIOTHERAPY. THUS, COLORECTAL CANCER REMAINS A HEAVY BURDEN ON SOCIETY AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS.MOUNTING EVIDENCE SHOW THAT DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS PLAY ONLY PART OF THE ROLE IN CARCINOGENESIS. EPIGENETICS ARE STRONGLY IMPLICATED IN INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF COLORECTAL CANCER ALONG WITH MAJOR PLAYERS SUCH AS INTESTINAL MICROBIOTIC DYSBIOSIS AND CHRONIC MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION.TO ASSESS PHENOTYPIC CHANGES IN PROTEINS AND GENE EXPRESSION, MULTIGENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES BASED ON SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO HOPEFULLY IMPROVE PREDICTORS OF THE TUMOR PROFILE, IMMUNE RESPONSE, AND THERAPEUTIC OUTCOMES. OUR OBJECTIVE WAS TO REVIEW CURRENT ADVANCES IN THE FIELD AND TO UPDATE SURGEONS AND ACADEMICS ON DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS AND EPIGENETICS IN COLORECTAL CANCER. BACKGROUND AND METHODS: THIS IS A NARRATIVE REVIEW STUDYING RELEVANT RESEARCH PUBLISHED IN THE PUBMED DATABASE FROM 2012-2018. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY WILL IMPROVE OPTIONS TO CHARACTERIZE COLORECTAL CANCER WITH REGARD TO MUTATIONS AND MOLECULAR PATHWAYS, INCLUDING MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY, EPIGENETICS, MICROBIOTA, AND MICROENVIRONMENT. RESEARCH WILL INEVITABLY IMPROVE RISK GROUP STRATIFICATION AND TARGETED TREATMENT APPROACHES.EPIGENETIC PROFILING AND EPIGENETIC MODULATING DRUGS WILL INCREASE RISK STRATIFICATION, INCREASE ACCESSIBILITY FOR DNA TARGETING CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS AND REDUCE CYTOTOXIC DRUG RESISTANCE.NEW GENERATION ANTIBIOTICS SUCH AS BIOFILM INHIBITORS AND QUORUM SENSING INHIBITORS ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO TARGET THE CARCINOGENETIC IMPACT OF COLONIC DYSBIOSIS AND INFLAMMATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
16  728  33 CAN WE IDENTIFY PATIENTS WITH HIGH RISK OF OSTEOARTHRITIS PROGRESSION WHO WILL RESPOND TO TREATMENT? A FOCUS ON BIOMARKERS AND FRAILTY. OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA), A DISEASE AFFECTING DIFFERENT PATIENT PHENOTYPES, APPEARS AS AN OPTIMAL CANDIDATE FOR PERSONALIZED HEALTHCARE. THE AIM OF THE DISCUSSIONS OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OSTEOPOROSIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS (ESCEO) WORKING GROUP WAS TO EXPLORE THE VALUE OF MARKERS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES IN DEFINING DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF PATIENTS WITH OA. THE ESCEO ORGANIZED A SERIES OF MEETINGS TO EXPLORE THE POSSIBILITY OF IDENTIFYING PATIENTS WHO WOULD MOST BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT FOR OA, ON THE BASIS OF RECENT DATA AND EXPERT OPINION. IN THE FIRST MEETING, PATIENT PHENOTYPES WERE IDENTIFIED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF AFFECTED JOINTS, BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS, AND THE PRESENCE OF LESIONS IN THE SUBCHONDRAL BONE. IN THE SECOND MEETING, SUMMARIZED IN THE PRESENT ARTICLE, THE WORKING GROUP EXPLORED OTHER MARKERS INVOLVED IN OA. PROFILES OF PATIENTS MAY BE DEFINED ACCORDING TO THEIR LEVEL OF PAIN, FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION, AND PRESENCE OF COEXISTENT CHRONIC CONDITIONS INCLUDING FRAILTY STATUS. A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF DATA SUGGESTS THAT MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MAY ALSO ASSIST IN DELINEATING DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF PATIENTS WITH OA. AMONG MULTIPLE BIOCHEMICAL BIOMARKERS IDENTIFIED, NONE IS SUFFICIENTLY VALIDATED AND RECOGNIZED TO IDENTIFY PATIENTS WHO SHOULD BE TREATED. CONSIDERABLE EFFORTS ARE ALSO BEING MADE TO IDENTIFY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN OA, BUT RESULTS ARE STILL LIMITED. THE MANY POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS THAT COULD BE USED AS POTENTIAL STRATIFIERS ARE PROMISING, BUT MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO CHARACTERIZE AND QUALIFY THE EXISTING BIOMARKERS AND TO IDENTIFY NEW CANDIDATES.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17 4325  33 MICRORNAS IN THE EVALUATION AND POTENTIAL TREATMENT OF LIVER DISEASES. ACUTE AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE CONTINUE TO RESULT IN SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY OF PATIENTS, ALONG WITH INCREASING BURDEN ON THEIR FAMILIES, SOCIETY AND THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM. THIS IN PART IS DUE TO INCREASED INCIDENCE OF LIVER DISEASE ASSOCIATED FACTORS SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME; IMPROVED SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS SUCH AS HIV; AS WELL AS ADVANCES IN THE FIELD OF TRANSPLANTATION AND ASSOCIATED CARE LEADING TO IMPROVED SURVIVAL. THE FACT THAT ONE DISEASE CAN RESULT IN DIFFERENT MANIFESTATIONS AND OUTCOMES HIGHLIGHTS THE NEED FOR IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF NOT JUST GENETIC PHENOMENON PREDISPOSING TO A CONDITION, BUT ADDITIONALLY THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS LEADING TO THE PHENOTYPE OF THE DISEASE. IT IS NOT SURPRISING THAT PROVIDERS CONTINUE TO FACE DAILY CHALLENGES PERTAINING TO DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY, PROGNOSTICATION OF DISEASE SEVERITY, PROGRESSION, AND RESPONSE TO THERAPIES. A NUMBER OF THESE CHALLENGES CAN BE ADDRESSED BY INCORPORATING A PERSONALIZED APPROACH OF MANAGEMENT TO THE CURRENT PARADIGM OF CARE. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE FIELDS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS HAVE PAVED THE WAY TO MORE ACCURATE, INDIVIDUALIZED AND PRECISE APPROACH TO CARING FOR LIVER DISEASE. THE STUDY OF MICRORNAS AND THEIR ROLE IN BOTH HEALTHY AND DISEASED LIVERS IS ONE EXAMPLE OF SUCH ADVANCES. AS THESE SMALL, NON-CODING RNAS WORK ON FINE-TUNING OF CELLULAR ACTIVITIES AND ORGAN FUNCTION IN A DYNAMIC AND PRECISE FASHION, THEY PROVIDE US A GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO ADVANCE THE FIELD OF HEPATOLOGY. THE STUDY OF MICRORNAS IN LIVER DISEASE PROMISES TREMENDOUS IMPROVEMENT IN HEPATOLOGY AND IS LIKELY TO LAY THE FOUNDATION TOWARDS A PERSONALIZED APPROACH IN LIVER DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18 2704  25 EXERCISE AND COLORECTAL CANCER: PREVENTION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASED INCIDENCE RATE OF VARIOUS CHRONIC DISEASES ESPECIALLY NUMEROUS HUMAN MALIGNANCIES. A HUGE NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS AND META-ANALYSIS HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT EXERCISE IS SIGNIFICANTLY EFFECTIVE IN LOWERING THE RISK OF COLORECTAL CANCER. IN ADDITION, IT IS SUGGESTED AS AN EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC MODALITY AGAINST THIS CANCER TYPE. THEREFORE, IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL REVIEW COMPREHENSIBLY THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE IN PREVENTING, TREATING, AND ALLEVIATING THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS IN COLORECTAL CANCER. MOREOVER, THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN COLORECTAL CANCER, INCLUDING REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, APOPTOSIS, GROWTH FACTOR AXIS, IMMUNITY, EPIGENETIC, ETC. WILL BE ALSO DISCUSSED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
19 6791  28 [DOES THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS WITH AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS AND THE FREQUENCY OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES INCREASE?]. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES GENERALLY BELONG TO THE RARE DISEASES, HOWEVER, SOME OF THEM ARE FREQUENT IN THE POPULATION. IN THE PRESENT WORK THE AUTHORS ANALYSE WHETHER CAN ANY INCREASE BE OBSERVED IN THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND WHETHER DO THE FREQUENCY OF CERTAIN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS INCREASE. DUE MAINLY TO EPIGENETIC FACTORS THE INCIDENCE OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES ARE INCREASING, THEREFORE THERE ARE MORE PATIENTS RECOGNISED WITH PARTICULAR DISORDERS. ON THE OTHER HAND THE INCIDENCE IS INCREASED BY IMPROVING DIAGNOSTIC POSSIBILITIES, BY THE USE OF MORE SPECIFIC AND SENSITIVE CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA AND MORE SOPHISTICATED LABORATORY TESTS, RESULTED IN THE RECOGNITION OF MILDER AND ATYPICAL DISEASE VARIANTS AS WELL. THE PREVALENCE IS ALSO INCREASING IN CONSEQUENCE OF NOVEL IMMUNE SUPPRESSIVE THERAPEUTIC POSSIBILITIES AND THE CONSEQUENT IMPROVEMENT OF SURVIVAL IN THE MOST OF THESE DISEASES. BESIDES, MORE AND MORE DISEASES HAVE BEEN REVEALED TO HAVE AUTOIMMUNE BACKGROUND, AND LOT OF NEW AUTOIMMUNE SYNDROMES, DISEASES HAVE BEEN CHARACTERISED RECENTLY. THIS INCREASES THE NUMBER OF THE KNOWN AUTOIMMUNE RHEUMATIC DISORDERS WITH A CONSEQUENT INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF AUTOIMMUNE PATIENTS. ASSIGNED TO THE INCREASING NUMBER OF VARIABLE CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS, AND THE INCREASING NUMBER OF DISABLED PATIENTS WITH SUCH DISEASES INCREASING MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ATTENTION HAS TO BE FOCUSED ON.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20  731  29 CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION: CLASSIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INHIBITING TUMORIGENESIS. WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED SO FAR? CANCERS DERIVE FROM STEP BY STEP PROCESSES WHICH ARE DIFFERENTIATED BY THE PROGRESSIVELY ACCUMULATED MUTATIONS. FOR SOME TUMORS THERE IS A CLEAR PROGRESSIVE ADVANCEMENT FROM BENIGN LESIONS TO MALIGNANCY AND FOR THESE, PREVENTIVE SCREENING PROGRAMS EXIST. IN SUCH CASES HAVING THOSE BENIGN LESIONS ARE A CLEAR INDICATOR OF PREDISPOSITION WHILE FOR SOME OTHER CASES, FAMILIAL PATTERNS OF CANCER INCIDENCE AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF MUTATIONS ARE THE MAIN INDICATORS OF HIGHER RISK FOR HAVING THE DISEASE. FOR PATIENTS IDENTIFIED AS HAVING PREDISPOSITION, CHEMOPREVENTION IS A GOAL AND IN SOME CASES A POSSIBILITY. CHEMOPREVENTION IS THE USE OF ANY COMPOUND, EITHER NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC THAT ABROGATES CARCINOGENESIS OR TUMOR PROGRESSION, THROUGH DIFFERENT MECHANISMS, SOME OF WHICH HAVE ALREADY BEEN DESCRIBED. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CLASSIC MECHANISMS MAY INVOLVE ACTIVATION OF FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING ENZYMES, CONTROL OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND DOWNREGULATION OF SPECIFIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS. MORE RECENTLY, EPIGENETICS ALLOWED FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF THE CHEMOPREVENTIVE POTENTIAL OF SEVERAL AGENTS, SUCH AS SULFORAPHANE, GREEN TEA DERIVED COMPOUNDS, RESVERATROL, ISOFLAVONES, AND OTHERS WHICH WE EXPLOIT IN THIS REVIEW ARTICLE. THROUGHOUT THE TEXT WE DISCUSS THE PROPERTIES COMPOUNDS SHOULD HAVE IN ORDER TO BE CLASSIFIED AS CHEMOPREVENTIVE ONES AND THE CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN THIS AREA, AS LOTS OF THE SUCCESS ACHIEVED IN VITRO CANNOT BE TRANSLATED INTO THE CLINICAL SETTINGS, DUE TO SEVERAL DIFFERENT DRAWBACKS, WHICH INCLUDE TOXICITY, COST, DOSE DEFINITION, PATIENT ADHERENCE, AND REGIMEN OF USE.	2018