1 4855 106 OPTIMIZE DIETARY INTAKE OF VITAMIN D: AN EPIGENETIC PERSPECTIVE. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: VITAMIN D HAS RECEIVED GLOBAL ATTENTION BECAUSE OF ITS MANY HEALTH BENEFITS. ALTHOUGH THERE IS GENERAL AGREEMENT ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN D FOR BONE HEALTH, THERE REMAINS SKEPTICISM ABOUT THE NONSKELETAL HEALTH BENEFITS OF VITAMIN D. THIS REVIEW WILL NOT ONLY FOCUS ON THE VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PANDEMIC AND WAYS TO TREAT AND PREVENT VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY BUT WILL ALSO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS OF VITAMIN D THAT COULD HELP EXPLAIN MANY OF THE NONSKELETAL BENEFITS OF ENHANCING VITAMIN D STATUS. RECENT FINDINGS: THE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE AND THE ENDOCRINE SOCIETY HAVE MADE NEW RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VITAMIN D INTAKE TO PREVENT VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS DEFINED AS A 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D LEVEL BELOW 20 NG/ML AND VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY IS DEFINED AS 21-29 NG/ML. RECENT OBSERVATIONS HAVE SUGGESTED THAT VITAMIN D CAN INFLUENCE EPIGENETICS WHICH MAY HELP EXPLAIN THE NONSKELETAL HEALTH BENEFITS THAT HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOR VITAMIN D. SUMMARY: THERE IS GENERAL AGREEMENT THAT VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS A WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM. THIS IS DUE IN PART TO THE LACK OF APPRECIATION THAT SUNLIGHT IS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF VITAMIN D. THERE IS NO DOWNSIDE TO INCREASING VITAMIN D INTAKE AND RECENT OBSERVATIONS SUGGESTING THAT VITAMIN D INFLUENCES EPIGENETICS PROVIDE A NEW INSIGHT FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN D IN UTERO IN REDUCING RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES LATER IN LIFE. 2012 2 6725 39 VITAMIN D: NOT JUST BONE METABOLISM BUT A KEY PLAYER IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. VITAMIN D IS THE FIRST ITEM OF DRUG EXPENDITURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS. ITS DEFICIENCY IS A CONDITION THAT AFFECTS NOT ONLY OLDER INDIVIDUALS BUT ALSO YOUNG PEOPLE. RECENTLY, THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY HAS FOCUSED ITS ATTENTION ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO HIGHLIGHT THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES. IN PARTICULAR, HERE WE EXAMINE (1) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN DIABETES MELLITUS, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND OBESITY, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INSULIN SECRETION; (2) ITS ROLE IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS, IN WHICH CHRONIC VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, LOWER THAN 20 NG/ML (50 NMOL/L), HAS EMERGED AMONG THE NEW RISK FACTORS; (3) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION, IN WHICH LOW PLASMA LEVELS OF VITAMIN D HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH AN INCREASE IN THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AND DIASTOLIC HYPERTENSION; (4) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIOPATHIES AND ANEURYSMAL PATHOLOGY, REPORTING THAT PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASES HAD LOWER VITAMIN D VALUES THAN NON-SUFFERING PAD CONTROLS; (5) THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D, HIGHLIGHTING ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION CAPACITY; AND (6) THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIAC REMODELING AND DISEASE. DESPITE THE MANY OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AND META-ANALYSES SUPPORTING THE CRITICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOPATHOLOGY, CLINICAL TRIALS DESIGNED TO EVALUATE THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ARE SCARCE. THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMIN D AS A MARKER OF PATHOLOGY SHOULD REPRESENT A FUTURE RESEARCH CHALLENGE. 2021 3 1710 42 DYSFUNCTIONAL IMMUNOMETABOLIC EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, INCREASED CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK. POTENTIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ALERT IN AMERICA? VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS A SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE THAT AFFECTS NOT ONLY SKELETAL HEALTH, BUT ALSO A WIDE RANGE OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASES. HOWEVER, THERE IS STILL SKEPTICISM BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIALS TO SUPPORT ASSOCIATION STUDIES ON THE BENEFITS OF VITAMIN D FOR NON-SKELETAL HEALTH. THIS REVIEW WAS BASED ON ARTICLES PUBLISHED DURING THE 1980-2015 OBTAINED FROM THE COCHRANE CENTRAL REGISTER OF CONTROLLED TRIALS, MEDLINE AND PUBMED, AND FOCUSES ON RECENT CHALLENGES WITH REGARD TO THE DEFINITION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND HOW TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D LEVELS FROM DIETARY SOURCES, SUPPLEMENTS, AND SUN EXPOSURE. THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ON EPIGENETIC FETAL PROGRAMMING AND REGULATION OF GENES THAT MAY POTENTIALLY EXPLAIN WHY VITAMIN D COULD HAVE SUCH LIFELONG COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH BENEFITS IS REVIEWED. OPTIMIZATION OF VITAMIN D LEVELS IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS AROUND THE WORLD HAS POTENTIAL BENEFITS TO IMPROVE SKELETAL HEALTH AND TO REDUCE THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING SOME TYPES OF CANCER, AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND SEVERE CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS SUCH AS ATHEROTHROMBOSIS, NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS, AND MORTALITY. 2017 4 5569 25 ROLE OF MATERNAL VITAMINS IN PROGRAMMING HEALTH AND CHRONIC DISEASE. VITAMIN CONSUMPTION PRIOR TO AND DURING PREGNANCY HAS INCREASED AS A RESULT OF PROACTIVE RECOMMENDATIONS BY HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, WIDE AVAILABILITY OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS, AND LIBERAL FOOD-FORTIFICATION POLICIES. FOLIC ACID, ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER B VITAMINS, IS THE MOST RECOMMENDED VITAMIN CONSUMED DURING PREGNANCY BECAUSE DEFICIENCY OF THIS VITAMIN LEADS TO BIRTH DEFECTS IN THE INFANT. FOLIC ACID AND OTHER B VITAMINS ARE ALSO INTEGRAL COMPONENTS OF BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES THAT ARE ESSENTIAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY SYSTEMS THAT CONTROL THE ABILITY OF THE OFFSPRING TO ADAPT TO THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. ALTHOUGH FEW HUMAN STUDIES HAVE INVESTIGATED THE LASTING EFFECTS OF HIGH VITAMIN INTAKES DURING PREGNANCY, ANIMAL MODELS HAVE SHOWN THAT EXCESS VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION DURING GESTATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH NEGATIVE METABOLIC EFFECTS IN BOTH THE MOTHERS AND THEIR OFFSPRING. THIS RESEARCH FROM ANIMAL MODELS, COMBINED WITH THE RECOGNITION THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS PLASTIC, PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THESE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE LATER LIFE OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN. 2016 5 6718 27 VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: CAUSALITY. VITAMIN D REGULATES BLOOD PRESSURE, CARDIAC FUNCTIONS, AND ENDOTHELIAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL FUNCTIONS, THUS, PLAYING AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES REPORT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH HYPERTENSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED DEATHS. PEER-REVIEWED PAPERS WERE EXAMINED IN SEVERAL RESEARCH DATABASES AS PER THE GUIDELINES OF THE PREFERRED REPORTING ITEMS FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS, USING KEY WORDS THAT ADDRESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. CORRELATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS WERE MADE CONSIDERING THE RISKS-BENEFITS, BROADER EVIDENCE, AND IMPLICATIONS. THIS REVIEW ANALYZED CURRENT KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. 1,25(OH)(2)D AND RELATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS SUBDUE CELLULAR INFLAMMATION, IMPROVE OVERALL ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTIONS, REDUCE AGE-RELATED SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION AND VASCULAR RIGIDITY, AND ATTENUATE THE ACTIONS OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM. MOST OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES SUPPORT 25(OH)VITAMIN D HAVING PROTECTIVE EFFECTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. HOWEVER, THE ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IS BASED PRIMARILY ON OBSERVATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES AND THUS, IS A MATTER OF CONTROVERSY. ADEQUATELY POWERED, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL DATA ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO CONFIRM THESE ASSOCIATIONS. THUS, TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CORRECTION OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PROTECTS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, WELL-DESIGNED, STATISTICALLY POWERED, LONGER-TERM CLINICAL TRIALS ARE NEEDED IN PERSONS WITH VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. NEVERTHELESS, THE AVAILABLE DATA SUPPORT THAT ADEQUATE VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION AND/OR SENSIBLE SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL VITAMIN D STATUS ARE IMPORTANT IN THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND OTHER CHRONIC DISEASES. 2018 6 3801 29 INTERPLAY OF VITAMIN D AND SIRT1 IN TISSUE-SPECIFIC METABOLISM-POTENTIAL ROLES IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES INCLUDING CANCER. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, INCLUDING OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME, TYPE 2 DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, AND CANCER, IS INCREASING AS A REQUIREMENT OF THE AGING POPULATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF HEALTHCARE. SIMILARLY, THE 2013-2030 ACTION PLAN OF THE WHO FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SEEKS THESE ACHIEVEMENTS. ADEQUATE LIFESTYLE CHANGES, ALONE OR WITH THE NECESSARY TREATMENTS, COULD REDUCE THE RISK OF MORTALITY OR THE DETERIORATION OF QUALITY OF LIFE. IN OUR RECENT WORK, WE SUMMARIZED THE ROLE OF TWO CENTRAL FACTORS, I.E., APPROPRIATE LEVELS OF VITAMIN D AND SIRT1, WHICH ARE CONNECTED TO ADEQUATE LIFESTYLES WITH BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. BOTH OF THESE FACTORS HAVE RECEIVED INCREASED ATTENTION IN RELATION TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AS THEY BOTH TAKE PART IN REGULATION OF THE MAIN METABOLIC PROCESSES, I.E., LIPID/GLUCOSE/ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, REDOX BALANCE, AND CELL FATE, AS WELL AS IN THE HEALTHY REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. VITAMIN D AND SIRT1 HAVE DIRECT AND INDIRECT INFLUENCE OF THE REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND ARE RELATED TO CYTOPLASMIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS SUCH AS PLC/DAG/IP3/PKC/MAPK, MEK/ERK, INSULIN/MTOR/CELL GROWTH, PROLIFERATION; LEPTIN/PI3K-AKT-MTORC1, AKT/NFKB/COX-2, NFKB/TNFALPHA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1BETA, AND AMPK/PGC-1ALPHA/GLUT4, AMONG OTHERS. THROUGH THEIR PROPER REGULATION, THEY MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY WEIGHT, LIPID PROFILE, INSULIN SECRETION AND SENSITIVITY, BALANCE BETWEEN THE PRO- AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS AND INFECTIONS, MAINTAIN ENDOTHELIAL HEALTH; BALANCE CELL DIFFERENTIATION, PROLIFERATION, AND FATE; AND BALANCE THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF THE CELLULAR METABOLISM. THE ROLE OF THESE TWO MOLECULES IS INTERCONNECTED IN THE MOLECULAR NETWORK, AND THEY REGULATE EACH OTHER IN SEVERAL LAYERS OF THE HOMEOSTASIS OF ENERGY AND THE CELLULAR METABOLISM. BOTH HAVE A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF HEALTHY AND BALANCED IMMUNE REGULATION AND REDOX REACTIONS; THEREFORE, THEY COULD CONSTITUTE PROMISING TARGETS EITHER FOR PREVENTION OR AS COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES TO ACHIEVE A BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE, AT ANY AGE, FOR HEALTHY PEOPLE AND PATIENTS UNDER CHRONIC CONDITIONS. 2023 7 6719 34 VITAMIN D AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES: ROLE OF EPIGENETICS. VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IS LINKED TO ACCELERATED DECLINE IN LUNG FUNCTION, INCREASED INFLAMMATION, AND REDUCED IMMUNITY IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW LUNG FUNCTION IN SUSCEPTIBLE SUBJECTS WHO ARE EXPOSED TO HIGHER LEVELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS (AIRBORNE PARTICULATES). RECENT STUDIES HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D AND VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR) IN REGULATION OF SEVERAL GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION, IMMUNITY, CELLULAR PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND APOPTOSIS. VITAMIN D HAS ALSO BEEN IMPLICATED IN REVERSAL OF STEROID RESISTANCE AND AIRWAY REMODELING, WHICH ARE THE HALLMARKS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) AND SEVERE ASTHMA. VDR PROTEIN LEVEL IS DECREASED IN LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD. VDR DEFICIENT MICE DEVELOP AN ABNORMAL LUNG PHENOTYPE WITH CHARACTERISTICS OF COPD, SUCH AS AIRSPACE ENLARGEMENT AND DECLINE IN LUNG FUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LUNG INFLAMMATORY CELLULAR INFLUX, AND IMMUNE-LYMPHOID AGGREGATES FORMATION. DIETARY VITAMIN D MAY REGULATE EPIGENETIC EVENTS, IN PARTICULAR ON GENES WHICH ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR COPD SUSCEPTIBILITY. ACTIVE METABOLITE OF VITAMIN D, 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D(3) PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN CELLULAR METABOLISM AND DIFFERENTIATION VIA ITS NUCLEAR RECEPTOR (VDR) THAT COOPERATES WITH SEVERAL OTHER CHROMATIN MODIFICATION ENZYMES (HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES AND HISTONE DEACETYLASES), THEREBY MEDIATING COMPLEX EPIGENETIC EVENTS IN VITAMIN D SIGNALING AND METABOLISM. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN UPDATE ON THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING ON VITAMIN D, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES IN RELATION TO THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN ITS MOLECULAR ACTION. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF VITAMIN D/VDR WOULD PROVIDE RATIONALE FOR DIETARY VITAMIN D-MEDIATED INTERVENTION IN PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES LINKED WITH VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY. 2011 8 4187 38 METABOLIC AND VASCULAR EFFECT OF THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET. SEVERAL STUDIES INDICATED HOW DIETARY PATTERNS THAT WERE OBTAINED FROM NUTRITIONAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS CAN PREDICT DISEASE RISK OR MORTALITY. LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION REPRESENTS A BACKGROUND PATHOGENETIC MECHANISM LINKING METABOLIC RISK FACTORS TO INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES. A MEDITERRANEAN DIET (MEDI) STYLE HAS BEEN REPORTED AS ASSOCIATED WITH A LOWER DEGREE OF INFLAMMATION BIOMARKERS AND WITH A PROTECTIVE ROLE ON CARDIOVASCULAR AND CEREBROVASCULAR EVENTS. THERE IS HETEROGENEITY IN DEFINING THE MEDDIET, AND IT CAN, OWING TO ITS COMPLEXITY, BE CONSIDERED AS AN EXPOSOME WITH THOUSANDS OF NUTRIENTS AND PHYTOCHEMICALS. RECENTLY, IT HAS BEEN REPORTED A NOVEL POSITIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BASELINE PLASMA CERAMIDE CONCENTRATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AND HOW ADHERENCE TO A MEDITERRANEAN DIET-STYLE MAY INFLUENCE THE POTENTIAL NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELEVATED PLASMA CERAMIDE CONCENTRATIONS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD). SEVERAL RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS (RCTS) SHOWED THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE MEDI DIET STYLE ON SEVERAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS, SUCH AS BODY MASS INDEX, WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE, BLOOD LIPIDS, BLOOD PRESSURE, INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND ADHESION MOLECULES, AND DIABETES AND HOW THESE ADVANTAGES OF THE MEDI ARE MAINTAINED IN COMPARISON OF A LOW-FAT DIET. SOME STUDIES REPORTED A POSITIVE EFFECT OF ADHERENCE TO A MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND HEART FAILURE INCIDENCE, WHEREAS SOME RECENT STUDIES, SUCH AS THE PREDIMED STUDY, SHOWED THAT THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS WAS LOWER AMONG THOSE ASSIGNED TO MEDI SUPPLEMENTED WITH EXTRA-VIRGIN OLIVE OIL OR NUTS THAN AMONG THOSE ASSIGNED TO A REDUCED-FAT DIET. NEW STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, WHEREBY THE MEDDIET MAY EXERCISE ITS EFFECTS. HERE, WE PRESENT RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF MEDDIET EFFECTS, MAINLY FOCUSING ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, BUT ALSO DISCUSSING OTHER RELATED DISEASES. WE REVIEW MEDDIET COMPOSITION AND ASSESSMENT AS WELL AS THE LATEST ADVANCES IN THE GENOMIC, EPIGENOMIC (DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, MICRORNAS, AND OTHER EMERGING REGULATORS), TRANSCRIPTOMIC (SELECTED GENES AND WHOLE TRANSCRIPTOME), AND METABOLOMIC AND METAGENOMIC ASPECTS OF THE MEDDIET EFFECTS (AS A WHOLE AND FOR ITS MOST TYPICAL FOOD COMPONENTS). WE ALSO PRESENT A REVIEW OF THE CLINICAL EFFECTS OF THIS DIETARY STYLE UNDERLYING THE BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR EFFECTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET. OUR PURPOSE IS TO REVIEW THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET IN PARTICULAR ITS BENEFITS ON HUMAN HEALTH, UNDERLING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-ATHEROSCLEROTIC EFFECTS TO WHICH NEW KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EPIGENETIC AND GUT-MICROBIOTA RELATIONSHIP IS RECENTLY ADDED. 2019 9 6720 29 VITAMIN D METABOLISM GENES ARE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. CONTEXT: RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT VITAMIN D MAY INTERACT WITH THE EPIGENOME AND PLAY A ROLE IN THE PAIN EXPERIENCE. IN ORDER FOR PROPER FUNCTIONING TO OCCUR, THERE MUST BE AN ADEQUATE LEVEL OF VITAMIN D PRESENT, MADE POSSIBLE BY ENZYMATIC REACTIONS THAT ALLOW VITAMIN D TO BE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EXPLORE THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF GENES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AND WITHOUT CHRONIC KNEE PAIN. PROCEDURES: COMMUNITY-DWELLING INDIVIDUALS RECRUITED AS PART OF A LARGER STUDY FOCUSED ON KNEE PAIN PROVIDED DEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL AND PAIN-RELATED INFORMATION, AS WELL AS AN INTRAVENOUS BLOOD SAMPLE TO DETERMINE DNA METHYLATION LEVELS AT CPG SITES. MAIN FINDINGS: THERE WERE DIFFERENCES IN DNA METHYLATION BETWEEN THOSE WITH AND WITHOUT PAIN IN GENES THAT CODE FOR ENZYMES RELATED TO VITAMIN D METABOLISM: CYP24A1 (24-HYDROXYLASE) AND CYP27B1 (1-?-HYDROXYLASE). THERE WAS ALSO HYPERMETHYLATION ON THE GENE THAT CODES FOR THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN VITAMIN D METABOLISM AND CELLULAR FUNCTION. THESE RESULTS LAY GROUNDWORK IN UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND CHRONIC PAIN. 2023 10 2102 25 EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF SELENIUM AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH. ALTERATIONS OF EPIGENETIC MARKS ARE LINKED TO NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION AS WELL AS TO THE PROGRESSION OF COMMON CHRONIC DISEASES. THE PLASTICITY OF THESE MARKS PROVIDES POTENTIAL FOR DISEASE THERAPIES AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES. MACRO- AND MICRO-NUTRIENTS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO MODULATE DISEASE RISK IN PART VIA EFFECTS ON THE EPIGENOME. THE ESSENTIAL MICRONUTRIENT SELENIUM AFFECTS HUMAN HEALTH OUTCOMES, E.G., CANCERS, CARDIOVASCULAR AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, VIA SELENOPROTEINS AND THROUGH A RANGE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE DIETARY SELENOCOMPOUNDS AND METABOLISM PRODUCTS THEREOF. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE REGARDING EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF DIETARY AND SYNTHETIC SELENOCOMPOUNDS, WHICH INCLUDE THE MODULATION OF MARKS AND EDITORS OF EPIGENETIC INFORMATION AND INTERFERENCE WITH ONE-CARBON METABOLISM, WHICH PROVIDES THE METHYL DONOR FOR DNA METHYLATION. THE RELEVANCE OF A SELENIUM-EPIGENOME INTERACTION FOR HUMAN HEALTH IS DISCUSSED, AND WE ALSO INDICATE WHERE FUTURE STUDIES WILL BE HELPFUL TO GAIN A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS ELICITED BY SELENIUM. 2015 11 2136 33 EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES IN THE OBESITY/COLORECTAL CANCER AXIS: A NOVEL THERAGNOSTIC AVENUE. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) CONSIDERS THAT OBESITY HAS REACHED PROPORTIONS OF PANDEMIC. EXPERTS ALSO INSIST ON THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING OBESITY AS A CHRONIC DISEASE AND ONE OF THE MAIN CONTRIBUTORS TO THE WORLDWIDE BURDEN OF OTHER NONTRANSMISSIBLE CHRONIC DISEASES, WHICH HAVE A GREAT IMPACT ON HEALTH, LIFESTYLE, AND ECONOMIC COST. ONE OF THE MOST CURRENT CHALLENGES OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE FACES IS TO UNDERSTAND THE ORIGIN OF THE CHRONIC NONTRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES, SUCH AS OBESITY AND CANCER. THERE IS A LARGE EVIDENCE, BOTH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN HUMANS AND IN ANIMAL MODELS, OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OBESITY AND AN INCREASED RISK OF CANCER INCIDENCE. IN THE LAST YEARS, THE INITIAL DISCOVERY OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS REPRESENTS THE MOST RELEVANT FINDING TO EXPLAIN HOW THE GENOME INTERACTS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THE RIPPLE EFFECTS ON DISEASE PATHOGENESES. SINCE THEN, ALL EPIGENETIC PROCESS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED BY THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES FOR NEARLY TWO DECADES TO DETERMINE WHICH COMPONENTS ARE INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. DNA/RNA METHYLATION AND MIRNA ARE CLASSIFIED AS TWO OF THE MOST IMPORTANT REPRESENTATIVE CLASSES OF SUCH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND DYSREGULATED ACTIVITY OF SUCH MECHANISM CAN CERTAINLY CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS AND/OR PROGRESSION ESPECIALLY IN TUMORS. THIS REVIEW ARTICLE SERVES TO HIGHLIGHT THE IMPACT OF DNA/RNA METHYLATION AND MIRNA-BASED EPIGENETIC MECHANISM ACTIVITIES IN THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN OBESITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COLORECTAL CANCER. 2019 12 2424 25 EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES UNDERLYING INFLAMMATION: AN INTERPLAY OF NUTRITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, METABOLIC DISEASES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR PERSONALIZED NUTRITION. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: EMERGING TRANSLATIONAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (DNA METHYLATION, MIRNA EXPRESSION, AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS) OCCUR AFTER EXTERNAL STIMULI AND MAY CONTRIBUTE TO EXACERBATED INFLAMMATION AND THE RISK OF SUFFERING SEVERAL DISEASES INCLUDING DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, CANCER, AND NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF HIGH-FAT/HIGH-SUGAR DIETS, MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES (FOLATE, MANGANESE, AND CAROTENOIDS), OBESITY AND ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS, BACTERIAL/VIRAL INFECTIONS, SMOKING, EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, SLEEP DEPRIVATION, CHRONIC STRESS, AIR POLLUTION, AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE ON INFLAMMATION THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ADDITIONALLY, THE EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA UNDERLYING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF CALORIC RESTRICTION, N-3 PUFA, MEDITERRANEAN DIET, VITAMIN D, ZINC, POLYPHENOLS (I.E., RESVERATROL, GALLIC ACID, EPICATECHIN, LUTEOLIN, CURCUMIN), AND THE ROLE OF SYSTEMATIC EXERCISE ARE DISCUSSED. METHODS: ORIGINAL AND REVIEW ARTICLES ENCOMPASSING EPIGENETICS AND INFLAMMATION WERE SCREENED FROM MAJOR DATABASES (INCLUDING PUBMED, MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT, SCOPUS, ETC.) AND ANALYZED FOR THE WRITING OF THE REVIEW PAPER. CONCLUSION: ALTHOUGH CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED, RESEARCH ON EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IS CONTRIBUTING TO UNDERSTAND PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVOLVING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, THE PREDICTION OF DISEASE RISK BASED ON THE EPIGENOTYPE, AS WELL AS THE PUTATIVE DESIGN OF THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS TARGETING THE EPIGENOME. 2021 13 6380 21 THE ROLE OF OBESITY AND DIABETES IN DEMENTIA. CHRONIC CONDITIONS SUCH AS OBESITY, DIABETES, AND DEMENTIA ARE INCREASING IN THE UNITED STATES (US) POPULATION. KNOWLEDGE OF THESE CHRONIC CONDITIONS, PREVENTATIVE MEASURES, AND PROPER MANAGEMENT TACTICS IS IMPORTANT AND CRITICAL TO PREVENTING DISEASE. THE OVERLAP BETWEEN OBESITY, DIABETES, AND DEMENTIA IS BECOMING FURTHER ELUCIDATED. THESE CONDITIONS SHARE A SIMILAR ORIGIN THROUGH THE COMPONENTS OF INCREASING AGE, GENDER, GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS, DEPRESSION, AND A HIGH-FAT WESTERN DIET (WD) THAT ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE INFLAMMATORY STATE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY, DIABETES, AND DEMENTIA. THIS INFLAMMATORY STATE LEADS TO THE DYSREGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND INSULIN RESISTANCE. OBESITY IS OFTEN THE CORNERSTONE THAT LEADS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES AND, SUBSEQUENTLY, IN THE CASE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM), PROGRESSION TO "TYPE 3 DIABETES MELLITUS (T3DM)". OBESITY AND DEPRESSION ARE CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES. HOWEVER, DEMENTIA CAN BE AVOIDED WITH LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS, BY SWITCHING TO A PLANT-BASED DIET (E.G., A MEDITERRANEAN DIET (MD)), AND INCREASING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. DIET AND EXERCISE ARE NOT THE ONLY TREATMENT OPTIONS. THERE ARE SEVERAL SURGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS AVAILABLE FOR PREVENTION. CURRENT AND FUTURE RESEARCH WITHIN EACH OF THESE FIELDS IS WARRANTED AND OFFERS THE CHANCE FOR NEW TREATMENT OPTIONS AND A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF EACH CONDITION. 2022 14 34 20 A CHILD'S NUTRITION AND EPIGENETICS. STUDIES HAVE SHOWN A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE AND THE PREVALENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS OVER THE LAST SEVERAL DECADES. ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS AND NUTRITION ARE CONSIDERED MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS INCREASE. THE FIRST 1,000 DAYS OF LIFE, WHICH IS THE PERIOD BETWEEN CONCEPTION AND THE FIRST 2 YEARS OF AGE, IS CONSIDERED THE TIME FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS NUTRITION, TO EXERT THEIR POSITIVE AND MOST CRUCIAL EFFECTS ON A CHILD'S HEALTH. NUTRIGENOMICS, THE STUDY OF HOW GENES AND FOOD COMPONENTS INTERACT, LOOKS INTO DIET-ALTERING DISEASE DEVELOPMENT BY MODULATING PROCESSES INVOLVED WITH THE ONSET, PROGRESSION, AND SEVERITY OF DISEASE. THESE FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE CHRONIC DISEASES ARE THOUGHT TO BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH ARE HERITABLE AND REVERSIBLE, AND CARRY GENETIC INFORMATION WITHOUT CHANGING THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF THE GENOME AND ARE ALSO MEDIATED BY MATERNAL AND POSTNATAL NUTRITION. 2023 15 6716 24 VITAMIN A: TOO GOOD TO BE BAD? VITAMIN A IS A MICRONUTRIENT IMPORTANT FOR VISION, CELL GROWTH, REPRODUCTION AND IMMUNITY. BOTH DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS CONSUMING OF VITAMIN A CAUSE SEVERE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES. ALTHOUGH DISCOVERED AS THE FIRST LIPOPHILIC VITAMIN ALREADY MORE THAN A CENTURY AGO AND THE DEFINITION OF PRECISE BIOLOGICAL ROLES OF VITAMIN A IN THE SETTING OF HEALTH AND DISEASE, THERE ARE STILL MANY UNRESOLVED ISSUES RELATED TO THAT VITAMIN. PROTOTYPICALLY, THE LIVER THAT PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE STORAGE, METABOLISM AND HOMEOSTASIS OF VITAMIN A CRITICALLY RESPONDS TO THE VITAMIN A STATUS. ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXCESS VITAMIN A IS ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER DAMAGE AND FIBROSIS, WHILE ALSO HYPOVITAMINOSIS A IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS IN LIVER MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION. HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS ARE THE MAIN STORAGE SITE OF VITAMIN A. THESE CELLS HAVE MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES FROM BALANCING RETINOL CONTENT OF THE BODY TO MEDIATING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE LIVER. STRIKINGLY, DIFFERENT ANIMAL DISEASE MODELS ALSO RESPOND TO VITAMIN A STATUSES DIFFERENTLY OR EVEN OPPOSING. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS SOME OF THESE CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN UNDERSTANDING VITAMIN A BIOLOGY. MORE STUDIES OF THE INTERACTIONS OF VITAMIN A WITH ANIMAL GENOMES AND EPIGENETIC SETTINGS ARE ANTICIPATED IN THE FUTURE. 2023 16 4972 30 PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR COMPROMISED HEALTH BEYOND GENERATIONS: ROLE OF MATERNAL HIGH-FAT DIET AND LOW-GRADE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. EARLY EXPOSURE TO A FAT-ENRICHED DIET PROGRAMS THE DEVELOPMENTAL PROFILE AND THUS IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS. CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION, RESULTING FROM MATERNAL HIGH-FAT DIET, IS ACTIVATED IN THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT AND IN MANY ORGANS OF OFFSPRING, INCLUDING PLACENTA, ADIPOSE, LIVER, VASCULAR SYSTEM AND BRAIN. THE PREVALENCE OF AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IS HIGHLY ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY INCIDENCE, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE AND BRAIN DAMAGE. SUBSTANTIAL STUDIES USING HIGH-FAT MODEL HAVE CONSISTENTLY DEMONSTRATED THE INCIDENCE OF SUCH INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS; HOWEVER, THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE INFLAMMATION TOWARD THE PHYSIOLOGICAL OUTCOMES AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES IS NEITHER DISCUSSED IN DEPTH NOR SYSTEMICALLY INTEGRATED. THEREFORE, WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT FINDINGS IN REGARDS TO HOW A MATERNAL HIGH-FAT DIET INFLUENCES THE INFLAMMATORY STATUS, AND PROBABLE PATHOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE OFFSPRING. MORE IMPORTANTLY, SINCE LIMITED RESEARCH HAS BEEN CONDUCTED TO REVEAL THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THESE INFLAMMATORY MARKERS BY MATERNAL HIGH-FAT DIET, WE SINCERELY HOPE THAT OUR REVIEW WILL NOT ONLY OUTLINE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF INFLAMMATION BUT ALSO IDENTIFY A FUTURE DIRECTION FOR MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATION AND CLINICAL APPLICATION. 2015 17 6379 21 THE ROLE OF NUTRITION ON META-INFLAMMATION: INSIGHTS AND POTENTIAL TARGETS IN COMMUNICABLE AND CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: CHRONIC LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF COMMUNICABLE AND CHRONIC DISEASES. THIS REVIEW EXAMINED THE EFFECTS AND EVENTUAL MEDIATION ROLES OF DIFFERENT NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ON INFLAMMATION. RECENT FINDINGS: POTENTIAL NUTRITIONAL COMPOUNDS INFLUENCING INFLAMMATION PROCESSES INCLUDE MACRO AND MICRONUTRIENTS, BIOACTIVE MOLECULES (POLYPHENOLS), SPECIFIC FOOD COMPONENTS, AND CULINARY INGREDIENTS AS WELL AS STANDARDIZED DIETARY PATTERNS, EATING HABITS, AND CHRONONUTRITION FEATURES. THEREFORE, RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD IS STILL REQUIRED, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CRITICAL ASPECTS OF HETEROGENEITY INCLUDING TYPE OF POPULATION, MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM INTAKES AND ADVERSE EFFECTS, COOKING METHODS, PHYSIOPATHOLOGICAL STATUS, AND TIMES OF INTERVENTION. MOREOVER, THE INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL VARIABLES (AGE, SEX, METABOLIC PROFILE, CLINICAL HISTORY, BODY PHENOTYPE, HABITUAL DIETARY INTAKE, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS, AND LIFESTYLE) TOGETHER WITH INDIVIDUALIZED ISSUES (GENETIC BACKGROUND, EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES, MICROBIOTA COMPOSITION, GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES, AND METABOLOMIC FINGERPRINTS) MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE KNOWLEDGE AND PRESCRIPTION OF MORE PERSONALIZED TREATMENTS AIMED TO IMPROVING THE PRECISION MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF INFLAMMATION AS WELL AS THE DESIGN OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DIETS IN CHRONIC AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES. 2022 18 1410 26 DIETARY INTERVENTIONS FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: AN UPDATED SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF HUMAN STUDIES. AUTISM IS A COMPLEX SPECTRUM OF DISORDERS WITH GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AUTOIMMUNE, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETIOLOGIES. TREATMENT OF ASD USING DIETARY APPROACH IS A PROMISING STRATEGY, ESPECIALLY OWING TO ITS SAFETY AND AVAILABILITY. OUR STUDY CRITICALLY ANALYSED THE ROLES AND EFFICACY OF ANTIOXIDANTS, PROBIOTICS, PREBIOTICS, CAMEL MILK AND VITAMIN D. THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROVIDES AN UPDATED SYNOPSIS OF HUMAN STUDIES THAT INVESTIGATED THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS OF THESE DIETARY INTERVENTIONS IN AUTISM. A TOTAL OF 943 PAPERS WERE IDENTIFIED OUT OF WHICH 21 ARTICLES WERE INCLUDED IN THE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. THE SELECTED STUDIES INVESTIGATED THE IMPACT OF 5 DIFFERENT DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATIONS IN ASD SYMPTOM AND BEHAVIOURS. THESE AGENTS INCLUDE; ANTIOXIDANTS/POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, PROBIOTICS, PREBIOTICS, CAMEL MILK AND VITAMIN D. FROM THE RESULTS OF THE PRESENT REVIEW, ANTIOXIDANTS/POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS DECREASED THE LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND IMPROVED BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS. PROBIOTICS IMPROVED BEHAVIOURAL AND GI SYMPTOMS AS WELL AS RESTORED GUT MICROBIOTA EQUILIBRIUM. PREBIOTICS DECREASED LEVELS OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, IMPROVED BEHAVIOURAL AND GI SYMPTOMS AND IMPROVED GUT MICROBIOTA. VITAMIN D IMPROVED BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS AND OFFERED PROTECTIVE EFFECTS AGAINST NEUROTOXICITY. CAMEL MILK REDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. GIVEN THE CHRONIC NATURE AS WELL AS EARLY ONSET OF ASD, DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS BECOME USEFUL TO COMPLEMENT NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES IN CHILDREN WITH ASD. KEY BENEFITS OF THESE AGENTS STEM FROM THEIR ABILITY TO TARGET MULTIPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL AREAS VIA THE GUT BRAIN-AXIS AND ARE DEVOID OF POTENTIAL HARMFUL OR AGGRAVATING EFFECTS ON ASD PATIENTS. THE EVIDENCE COLLATED IN THIS REVIEW PROPOSE THAT DIETARY INTERVENTION MAY PROVIDE A NEW PLATFORM FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM. 2022 19 6858 18 [NUTRIGENOMICS, OBESITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH]. FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS WILL CHANGE KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE IN CLINICAL NUTRITION IN THE FORTHCOMING YEARS. THE POSSIBILITY OF PERFORMING AN INDIVIDUAL'S GENETIC PROFILE (GENETIC VARIATIONS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS) AS WELL AS THE ABILITY OF ITS INTEGRATION IN A COMPLEX NETWORK OF METABOLIC INTERACTIONS REPRESENTS A HUGE CHALLENGE IN HUMAN NUTRITION. THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRIGENOMICS IN TERMS OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN A POPULATION LEVEL REMAINS UNDETERMINED FOR THE MOMENT. THE OPPORTUNITY OF NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION IN CRITICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHANCE OF CHANGING GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASES THROUGH DIET IN A PUBLIC HEALTH BASIS SHOULD LEAD THE FUTURE OF NUTRIGENOMICS BEYOND THE MERE DESIGN OF "PERSONALIZED" FUNCTIONAL FOOD OR DIETS. 2007 20 6859 22 [NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MIGRAINE]. MIGRAINE IS A CHRONIC, HIGHLY PREVALENT, MULTIDIMENSIONAL, AND COMPLEX DISORDER, INFLUENCED BY GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, AMONG WHICH IS THE DIET. MEDICAL TREATMENTS ARE PARTIALLY EFFECTIVE, AND THAT MAKES NECESSARY TO COMPLEMENT THEM WITH OTHER THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES. THE NUTRITION PLAYS A PREVALENT ROLE. WE WILL REVIEW DIETARY FACTORS THAT HAVE BEEN LINKED TO MIGRAINE AND THERAPEUTIC NUTRITIONAL GUIDELINES ABOUT IT: ELIMINATION, INTEGRAL, KETOGENIC, EPIGENETIC AND HYPOCALORIC DIETS, AS WELL AS DIETS THAT INTEREST FATTY ACIDS, SODIUM, VITAMINS, AND THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS. TO DATE, THE EVIDENCE OF THE EFFICACY OF NUTRITIONAL TREATMENTS FOR MIGRAINE IS NOT WIDESPREAD AND IT IS NECESSARY TO ADVISE OUR PATIENTS ABOUT PATTERNS CONSISTENT WITH NUTRITIONAL GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS. 2022