1 4848 117 OPIOID-INDUCED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PLASTICITY OF MEDIUM-SPINY NEURONS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. OPIOID USE DISORDER (OUD) IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING CLINICAL CONDITION WITH TREMENDOUS MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAT FREQUENTLY PERSISTS, DESPITE TREATMENT, DUE TO AN INDIVIDUAL'S UNDERLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL, NEUROBIOLOGICAL, AND GENETIC VULNERABILITIES. EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THESE VULNERABILITIES MAY HAVE NEUROCHEMICAL, CELLULAR, AND MOLECULAR BASES. KEY NEUROPLASTIC EVENTS WITHIN THE MESOCORTICOLIMBIC SYSTEM THAT EMERGE THROUGH CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS MAY HAVE A DETERMINATIVE INFLUENCE ON BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH OUD. IN PARTICULAR, STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS IN THE DENDRITIC SPINES OF MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) WITHIN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) AND ITS DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) ARE BELIEVED TO FACILITATE THESE BEHAVIORAL SEQUELAE. ADDITIONALLY, GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS FROM THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, THE BASOLATERAL AMYGDALA, THE HIPPOCAMPUS, AND THE THALAMUS PROJECT TO THESE SAME MSNS, PROVIDING AN ENRICHED TARGET FOR SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY. HERE, WE REVIEW LITERATURE RELATED TO NEUROADAPTATIONS IN NAC MSNS FROM DOPAMINERGIC AND GLUTAMATERGIC PATHWAYS IN OUD. WE ALSO DESCRIBE NEW FINDINGS RELATED TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL, EPIGENETIC, AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN MSN PLASTICITY IN THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF OUD.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
2 2773  40 EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES 1 AND 2 ACTIVATION BY ADDICTIVE DRUGS: A SIGNAL TOWARD PATHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION. ADDICTION IS A CHRONIC AND RELAPSING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER THAT IS THOUGHT TO OCCUR IN VULNERABLE INDIVIDUALS. SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY EVOKED BY DRUGS OF ABUSE IN THE SO-CALLED NEURONAL CIRCUITS OF REWARD HAS BEEN PROPOSED TO UNDERLIE BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS THAT CHARACTERIZE ADDICTION. BY INCREASING DOPAMINE IN THE STRIATUM, ADDICTIVE DRUGS ALTER THE BALANCE OF DOPAMINE AND GLUTAMATE SIGNALS CONVERGING ONTO STRIATAL MEDIUM-SIZED SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) AND ACTIVATE INTRACELLULAR EVENTS INVOLVED IN LONG-TERM BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS. OUR LABORATORY CONTRIBUTED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SALIENT MOLECULAR CHANGES INDUCED BY ADMINISTRATION OF ADDICTIVE DRUGS TO RODENTS. WE PIONEERED THE OBSERVATION THAT A COMMON FEATURE OF ADDICTIVE DRUGS IS TO ACTIVATE, BY A DOUBLE TYROSINE/THREONINE PHOSPHORYLATION, THE EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASES 1 AND 2 (ERK1/2) IN THE STRIATUM, WHICH CONTROL A PLETHORA OF SUBSTRATES, SOME OF THEM BEING CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN COCAINE-MEDIATED MOLECULAR AND BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS. HEREIN, WE REVIEW HOW THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN DOPAMINE AND GLUTAMATE SIGNALING CONTROLS COCAINE-INDUCED ERK1/2 ACTIVATION IN MSNS. WE EMPHASIZE THE KEY ROLE OF N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR POTENTIATION BY D1 RECEPTOR TO TRIGGER ERK1/2 ACTIVATION AND ITS SUBSEQUENT NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATION WHERE IT MODULATES BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC PROCESSES ENGAGED BY COCAINE. WE DISCUSS HOW COCAINE-INDUCED LONG-TERM SYNAPTIC AND STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY OF MSNS, AS WELL AS BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS, ARE INFLUENCED BY ERK1/2-CONTROLLED TARGETS. WE CONCLUDE THAT A BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING ERK1/2 ACTIVATION BY DRUGS OF ABUSE AND/OR ITS ROLE IN LONG-TERM NEURONAL PLASTICITY IN THE STRIATUM MAY PROVIDE A NEW ROUTE FOR THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT IN ADDICTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3 6174  39 THE HIPPOCAMPUS, NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND DEPRESSION: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION. DEPRESSION IS A PREVALENT, HIGHLY DEBILITATING MENTAL DISORDER AFFECTING UP TO 15% OF THE POPULATION AT LEAST ONCE IN THEIR LIFETIME, WITH HUGE COSTS FOR SOCIETY. NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DEPRESSION ARE STILL NOT WELL KNOWN, ALTHOUGH THERE IS CONSENSUS ABOUT INTERPLAY BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDICATIONS ARE FREQUENTLY USED IN DEPRESSION, BUT AT LEAST 50% OF PATIENTS ARE POOR RESPONDERS, EVEN TO MORE RECENTLY DISCOVERED MEDICATIONS. FURTHERMORE, CLINICAL RESPONSE ONLY OCCURS FOLLOWING WEEKS TO MONTHS OF TREATMENT AND ONLY CHRONIC TREATMENT IS EFFECTIVE, SUGGESTING THAT ACTIONS BEYOND THE RAPIDLY OCCURRING EFFECT OF ENHANCING MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEMS, SUCH AS ADAPTATION OF THESE SYSTEMS, ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE THAT AN IMPAIRMENT OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY (NEUROGENESIS, AXON BRANCHING, DENDRITOGENESIS AND SYNAPTOGENESIS) IN SPECIFIC AREAS OF THE CNS, PARTICULARLY THE HIPPOCAMPUS, MAY BE A CORE FACTOR IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. THE ABNORMAL NEURAL PLASTICITY MAY BE RELATED TO ALTERATIONS IN THE LEVELS OF NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS, NAMELY BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), WHICH PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN PLASTICITY. AS BDNF IS REPRESSED BY STRESS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE BDNF GENE MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DEPRESSION. THE HIPPOCAMPUS IS SMALLER IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS, ALTHOUGH IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER SMALLER SIZE IS A CONSEQUENCE OF DEPRESSION OR A PRE-EXISTING, VULNERABILITY MARKER FOR DEPRESSION. ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS TRIGGERING ACTIVATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS CAUSE THE BRAIN TO BE EXPOSED TO CORTICOSTEROIDS, AFFECTING NEUROBEHAVIOURAL FUNCTIONS WITH A STRONG DOWNREGULATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS, AND ARE A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR DEPRESSION. ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT INCREASES BDNF LEVELS, STIMULATES NEUROGENESIS AND REVERSES THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF STRESS, BUT THIS EFFECT IS EVIDENT ONLY AFTER 3-4 WEEKS OF ADMINISTRATION, THE TIME COURSE FOR MATURATION OF NEW NEURONS. THE ABLATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS BLOCKS THE BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN ANIMAL MODELS. THE ABOVE FINDINGS SUGGEST NEW POSSIBLE TARGETS FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION SUCH AS NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS, THEIR RECEPTORS AND RELATED INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING CASCADES; AGENTS COUNTERACTING THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS (INCLUDING ANTAGONISTS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS, INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND THEIR RECEPTORS); AND AGENTS FACILITATING THE ACTIVATION OF GENE EXPRESSION AND INCREASING THE TRANSCRIPTION OF NEUROTROPHINS IN THE BRAIN.	2011	

4 2670  34 ETHANOL ACTIONS ON THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA: NOVEL POTENTIAL TARGETS ON REWARD PATHWAY NEURONS. THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) EVALUATES SALIENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI AND PROVIDES DOPAMINERGIC INNERVATION TO MANY BRAIN AREAS AFFECTED BY ACUTE AND CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE. WHILE PRIMARILY ASSOCIATED WITH REWARDING AND REINFORCING STIMULI, RECENT EVIDENCE INDICATES A ROLE FOR THE VTA IN AVERSION AS WELL. ETHANOL ACTIONS IN THE VTA MAY TRIGGER NEUROADAPTATION RESULTING IN REDUCTION OF THE AVERSIVE RESPONSES TO ALCOHOL AND A RELATIVE INCREASE IN THE REWARDING RESPONSES. IN SEARCHING FOR EFFECTIVE PHARMACOTHERAPIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM, RECOGNITION OF THIS IMBALANCE MAY REVEAL NOVEL STRATEGIES. IN ADDITION TO CONVENTIONAL RECEPTOR/ION CHANNEL PHARMACOTHERAPIES, EPIGENETIC FACTORS THAT CONTROL NEUROADAPTATION TO CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT CAN BE TARGETED AS AN AVENUE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO RESTORE THE BALANCE. FURTHERMORE, WHEN EXPLORING THERAPIES TO ADDRESS REWARD/AVERSION IMBALANCE IN THE ACTION OF ALCOHOL IN THE VTA, SEX DIFFERENCES HAVE TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. THESE PRINCIPLES APPLY TO A VTA-CENTRIC APPROACH TO THERAPIES, BUT SHOULD HOLD TRUE WHEN THINKING ABOUT THE OVERALL APPROACH IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROACTIVE DRUGS TO TREAT ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS. ALTHOUGH THE FUNCTIONS OF THE VTA ITSELF ARE COMPLEX, IT IS A USEFUL MODEL SYSTEM TO EVALUATE THE REWARD/AVERSION IMBALANCE THAT OCCURS WITH ETHANOL EXPOSURE AND COULD BE USED TO PROVIDE NEW LEADS IN THE EFFORTS TO DEVELOP NOVEL DRUGS TO TREAT ALCOHOLISM.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5 4642  39 NEURONAL PLASTICITY: A LINK BETWEEN STRESS AND MOOD DISORDERS. ALTHOUGH STRESS REPRESENTS THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENT OF SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR MOOD DISORDERS, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND DISEASE REMAINS TO BE FULLY ESTABLISHED. IN THE PRESENT ARTICLE WE REVIEW THE EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT FOR A ROLE OF NEURONAL PLASTICITY, AND IN PARTICULAR OF NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS. EVEN THOUGH DECREASED LEVELS OF NOREPINEPHRINE AND SEROTONIN MAY UNDERLIE DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, COMPELLING EVIDENCE NOW SUGGESTS THAT MOOD DISORDERS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY REDUCED NEURONAL PLASTICITY, WHICH CAN BE BROUGHT ABOUT BY EXPOSURE TO STRESS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF LIFE. INDEED THE EXPRESSION OF NEUROTROPHIC MOLECULES, SUCH AS THE NEUROTROPHIN BDNF, IS REDUCED IN DEPRESSED SUBJECTS AS WELL AS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS EXPOSED TO ADVERSE EXPERIENCE AT EARLY STAGES OF LIFE OR AT ADULTHOOD. THESE CHANGES SHOW AN ANATOMICAL SPECIFICITY AND MIGHT BE SUSTAINED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION MAY NORMALIZE SUCH DEFECTS AND IMPROVE NEURONAL FUNCTION THROUGH THE MODULATION OF THE SAME FACTORS THAT ARE DEFECTIVE IN DEPRESSION. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT CHRONIC, BUT NOT ACUTE, ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF AND MAY ENHANCE ITS LOCALIZATION AT SYNAPTIC LEVEL. ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT CAN NORMALIZE DEFICITS IN NEUROTROPHIN EXPRESSION PRODUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS PARADIGMS, BUT MAY ALSO ALTER THE MODULATION OF BDNF UNDER ACUTE STRESSFUL CONDITIONS. IN SUMMARY, THERE IS GOOD AGREEMENT IN CONSIDERING NEURONAL PLASTICITY, AND THE EXPRESSION OF KEY PROTEINS SUCH AS THE NEUROTROPHIN BDNF, AS A CENTRAL PLAYER FOR THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON BRAIN FUNCTION AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. ACCORDINGLY, EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS SHOULD NOT LIMIT THEIR EFFECTS TO THE CONTROL OF NEUROTRANSMITTER AND HORMONAL DYSFUNCTIONS, BUT SHOULD BE ABLE TO NORMALIZE DEFECTIVE MECHANISMS THAT SUSTAIN THE IMPAIRMENT OF NEURONAL PLASTICITY.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6 4643  33 NEUROPATHIC PAIN AS A TRIGGER FOR HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN LIMBIC CIRCUITRY. CHRONIC PAIN INVOLVES BOTH CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NEURONAL PLASTICITY THAT ENCOMPASSES CHANGES IN THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL NOCICEPTORS. WITHIN THE FOREBRAIN, MESOCORTICOLIMBIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL REGULATION HAVE RECENTLY BEEN SHOWN TO EXHIBIT LASTING GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN MODELS OF CHRONIC PAIN. TO BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW SUCH ENDURING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MIGHT BE REGULATED WITHIN BRAIN STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING OF PAIN OR AFFECT, WE EXAMINED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INVOLVED WITH ACTIVE OR PERMISSIVE TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES (HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 MONO AND TRIMETHYLATION, AND HISTONE H3 LYSINE 27 ACETYLATION) IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY (PAG), LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS (LH), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA) 5 WEEKS AFTER SCIATIC NERVE INJURY IN MICE TO MODEL CHRONIC PAIN. FOR BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MICE IN CHRONIC PAIN, WE OBSERVED AN OVERALL TREND FOR A REDUCTION OF THESE EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY, LH, AND NAC, BUT NOT VTA. MOREOVER, WE DISCOVERED THAT SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS EXHIBITED CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN HISTORY, WHILE OTHERS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PAIN SENSITIVITY. WHEN TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT NERVE INJURY LEADS TO CHRONIC CHROMATIN-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN KEY LIMBIC BRAIN STRUCTURES AND CIRCUITS, WHICH MAY UNDERLIE ENDURING CHANGES IN PAIN PROCESSING AND SENSITIVITY WITHIN THESE SYSTEMS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7 2513  29 EPIGENETICS AND PSYCHOSTIMULANT ADDICTION. CHRONIC DRUG EXPOSURE ALTERS GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN AND PRODUCES LONG-TERM CHANGES IN NEURAL NETWORKS THAT UNDERLIE COMPULSIVE DRUG TAKING AND SEEKING. EXACTLY HOW DRUG-INDUCED CHANGES IN SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND SUBSEQUENT GENE EXPRESSION ARE TRANSLATED INTO PERSISTENT NEUROADAPTATIONS REMAINS UNCLEAR. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT COMPLEX DRUG-INDUCED NEUROADAPTATIONS IN THE BRAIN ARE MEDIATED BY HIGHLY SYNCHRONIZED AND DYNAMIC PATTERNS OF GENE REGULATION. RECENTLY, IT HAS BECOME CLEAR THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED STRUCTURAL, SYNAPTIC, AND BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY BY REGULATING EXPRESSION OF GENE NETWORKS. HERE WE REVIEW HOW ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, DNA METHYLATION, AND MICRORNAS REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND CONTRIBUTE TO PSYCHOSTIMULANT ADDICTION WITH A FOCUS ON THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT REGULATE BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION FOLLOWING CHRONIC COCAINE EXPOSURE. IDENTIFYING EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES THAT DEFINE PSYCHOSTIMULANT ADDICTION MAY LEAD TO NOVEL, EFFICACIOUS TREATMENTS FOR DRUG CRAVING AND RELAPSE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8 2259  30 EPIGENETIC PRIMING IN DRUG ADDICTION. DRUG ADDICTION IS A CHRONIC RELAPSING BRAIN DISORDER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY COMPULSIVE DRUG SEEKING AND CONTINUED USE DESPITE NEGATIVE OUTCOMES. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPIES TARGET NEURONAL RECEPTORS OR TRANSPORTERS UPON WHICH DRUGS OF ABUSE ACT INITIALLY, YET THESE TREATMENTS REMAIN INEFFECTIVE FOR MOST INDIVIDUALS AND DO NOT PREVENT DISEASE RELAPSE AFTER ABSTINENCE. DRUGS OF ABUSE, IN ADDITION TO THEIR ACUTE EFFECTS, CAUSE PERSISTENT PLASTICITY AFTER REPEATED USE, INVOLVING DYSREGULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD REGIONS, WHICH ARE THOUGHT TO MEDIATE THE PERSISTENT BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES THAT CHARACTERIZE ADDICTION. EMERGING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC PRIMING AS A KEY MECHANISM THAT UNDERLIES THE LONG-LASTING ALTERATIONS IN NEURONAL GENE REGULATION, WHICH CAN REMAIN LATENT UNTIL TRIGGERED BY RE-EXPOSURE TO DRUG-ASSOCIATED STIMULI OR THE DRUG ITSELF. THUS, TO EFFECTIVELY TREAT DRUG ADDICTION, WE MUST IDENTIFY THE PRECISE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT ESTABLISH AND PRESERVE THE DRUG-INDUCED PATHOLOGY OF THE BRAIN REWARD CIRCUITRY.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
9 4420  27 MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS FOR THE COMPLEX EFFECTS OF STRESS ON SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS. EVIDENCE OVER THE PAST DECADES HAS FOUND THAT STRESS, PARTICULARLY THROUGH THE CORTICOSTERONE STRESS HORMONES, PRODUCES COMPLEX CHANGES IN GLUTAMATERGIC SIGNALING IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX, WHICH LEADS TO THE ALTERATION OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES MEDICATED BY THIS BRAIN REGION. INTERESTINGLY, THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION APPEAR TO BE "U-SHAPED," DEPENDING UPON THE DURATION AND SEVERITY OF THE STRESSOR. THESE BIPHASIC EFFECTS OF ACUTE VS CHRONIC STRESS REPRESENT THE ADAPTIVE VS MALADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO STRESSFUL STIMULI. ANIMAL STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THE STRESS-INDUCED MODULATION OF EXCITATORY SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION INVOLVES CHANGES IN PRESYNAPTIC GLUTAMATE RELEASE, POSTSYNAPTIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING AND DEGRADATION, SPINE STRUCTURE AND CYTOSKELETON NETWORK, AND EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. THIS REVIEW WILL DISCUSS CURRENT FINDINGS ON THE KEY MOLECULES INVOLVED IN THE STRESS-INDUCED REGULATION OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX-MEDIATED FUNCTIONS. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THE COMPLEX EFFECTS OF STRESS WILL HELP TO DEVELOP NOVEL STRATEGIES TO COPE WITH STRESS-RELATED MENTAL DISORDERS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
10 4650  33 NEUROPLASTICITY IN ADDICTION: CELLULAR AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PERSPECTIVES. DRUG ADDICTION IS A CHRONIC, RELAPSING BRAIN DISORDER WHICH CONSISTS OF COMPULSIVE PATTERNS OF DRUG-SEEKING AND TAKING THAT OCCURS AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER ACTIVITIES. THE TRANSITION FROM CASUAL TO COMPULSIVE DRUG USE AND THE ENDURING PROPENSITY TO RELAPSE IS THOUGHT TO BE UNDERPINNED BY LONG-LASTING NEUROADAPTATIONS IN SPECIFIC BRAIN CIRCUITRY, ANALOGOUS TO THOSE THAT UNDERLIE LONG-TERM MEMORY FORMATION. RESEARCH SPANNING THE LAST TWO DECADES HAS MADE GREAT PROGRESS IN IDENTIFYING CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG-INDUCED CHANGES IN PLASTICITY AND BEHAVIOR. ALTERATIONS IN SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION WITHIN THE MESOCORTICOLIMBIC AND CORTICOSTRIATAL PATHWAYS, AND CHANGES IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL POTENTIAL OF CELLS BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE TWO IMPORTANT MEANS BY WHICH DRUGS OF ABUSE CAN INDUCE LASTING CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR. IN THIS REVIEW WE PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF MORE RECENT RESEARCH THAT HAS FURTHERED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF DRUG-INDUCED NEUROPLASTIC CHANGES BOTH AT THE LEVEL OF THE SYNAPSE, AND ON A TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL, AND HOW THESE CHANGES MAY RELATE TO THE HUMAN DISEASE OF ADDICTION.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11 3313  28 HIPPOCAMPAL BDNF IN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND SOCIAL ISOLATION. EXPOSURE OF AN ORGANISM TO CHRONIC PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS MAY AFFECT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) EXPRESSION THAT HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE ETIOLOGY OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS DEPRESSION. GIVEN THAT DEPRESSION IN HUMANS HAS BEEN LINKED WITH SOCIAL STRESS, THE CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS PARADIGMS FOR MODELING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN ANIMALS HAVE THUS BEEN DEVELOPED. CHRONIC SOCIAL ISOLATION IN ANIMAL MODELS GENERALLY CAUSES CHANGES IN HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS FUNCTIONING, ASSOCIATED WITH ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS. ALSO, THIS CHRONIC STRESS CAUSES DOWNREGULATION OF BDNF PROTEIN AND MRNA IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS, A STRESS-SENSITIVE BRAIN REGION CLOSELY RELATED TO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE CURRENT KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING, INTER-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF BDNF IN BOTH PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND DEPRESSION AND CHANGES IN CORTICOSTERONE LEVELS, AS A MARKER OF STRESS RESPONSE. SINCE BDNF LEVELS ARE AGE DEPENDENT IN HUMANS AND RODENTS, THIS REVIEW WILL ALSO HIGHLIGHT THE EFFECTS OF ADOLESCENT AND ADULT CHRONIC SOCIAL ISOLATION MODELS OF BOTH GENDERS ON THE BDNF EXPRESSION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
12 2013  36 EPIGENETIC BASIS OF THE DARK SIDE OF ALCOHOL ADDICTION. ALCOHOLISM IS A COMPLEX BRAIN DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY THREE DISTINCT STAGES OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE THAT MANIFEST AS NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. ONE SUCH STAGE OF THE ADDICTION CYCLE IS ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL AND THE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES THAT PROMOTE DRINKING AND MAINTAIN ADDICTION. REPEATED ALCOHOL USE, GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO ALCOHOLISM AND ANXIETY, AND ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DURING CRUCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS ALL CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED WITHDRAWAL AND NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS WITHIN THE AMYGDALA HAVE PROVIDED A MOLECULAR BASIS OF THESE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE SYMPTOMS, ALSO KNOWN AS THE DARK SIDE OF ADDICTION. HERE, WE PROPOSE THAT ALLOSTATIC CHANGE WITHIN THE EPIGENOME IN THE AMYGDALA IS A PRIME MECHANISM OF THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES RESULTING FROM, AND CONTRIBUTING TO, ALCOHOLISM. ACUTE ALCOHOL EXPOSURE PRODUCES AN ANXIOLYTIC RESPONSE WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPENING OF CHROMATIN DUE TO INCREASED HISTONE ACETYLATION, INCREASED CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) LEVELS, AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITION. AFTER CHRONIC ETHANOL EXPOSURE, THESE CHANGES RETURN TO BASELINE ALONG WITH ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. HOWEVER, DURING WITHDRAWAL, HISTONE ACETYLATION DECREASES DUE TO INCREASED HDAC ACTIVITY AND DECREASED CBP LEVELS IN THE AMYGDALA CIRCUITRY LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. ADDITIONALLY, INNATELY HIGHER EXPRESSION OF THE HDAC2 ISOFORM LEADS TO A DEFICIT IN GLOBAL AND GENE-SPECIFIC HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THE AMYGDALA THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF SEVERAL SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY-ASSOCIATED GENES AND MAINTAINING HEIGHTENED ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIOR AND EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL INTAKE. ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ALSO LEADS TO HIGHER EXPRESSION OF HDAC2 AND A DEFICIT IN HISTONE ACETYLATION LEADING TO DECREASED EXPRESSION OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY-ASSOCIATED GENES AND HIGH ANXIETY AND DRINKING BEHAVIOR IN ADULTHOOD. ALL THESE STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE EPIGENOME CAN UNDERGO ALLOSTATIC REPROGRAMMING IN THE AMYGDALOID CIRCUITRY DURING VARIOUS STAGES OF ALCOHOL EXPOSURE. FURTHERMORE, OPENING THE CHROMATIN BY INHIBITING HDACS USING PHARMACOLOGICAL OR GENETIC MANIPULATIONS CAN LEAD TO THE ATTENUATION OF ANXIETY AS WELL AS ALCOHOL INTAKE. CHROMATIN REMODELING PROVIDES A CLEAR BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES SEEN DURING ALCOHOL ADDICTION AND PRESENTS OPPORTUNITIES FOR NOVEL DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS. THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE ENTITLED "ALCOHOLISM".	2017	
                                                                                                                    
13 5818  30 STRESS AND TRAUMA: BDNF CONTROL OF DENDRITIC-SPINE FORMATION AND REGRESSION. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS LEADS TO INCREASES IN BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF) MRNA AND PROTEIN IN SOME REGIONS OF THE BRAIN, E.G. THE BASAL LATERAL AMYGDALA (BLA) BUT DECREASES IN OTHER REGIONS SUCH AS THE CA3 REGION OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY INCREASES OR DECREASES IN LINE WITH THESE CHANGES IN BDNF. GIVEN THE POWERFUL INFLUENCE THAT BDNF HAS ON DENDRITIC SPINE GROWTH, THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT THE FUNDAMENTAL REASON FOR THE DIRECTION AND EXTENT OF CHANGES IN DENDRITIC SPINE DENSITY IN A PARTICULAR REGION OF THE BRAIN UNDER STRESS IS DUE TO THE CHANGES IN BDNF THERE. THE MOST LIKELY CAUSE OF THESE CHANGES IS PROVIDED BY THE STRESS INITIATED RELEASE OF STEROIDS, WHICH READILY ENTER NEURONS AND ALTER GENE EXPRESSION, FOR EXAMPLE THAT OF BDNF. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS HOW GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND MINERALOCORTICOIDS TEND TO HAVE OPPOSITE EFFECTS ON BDNF GENE EXPRESSION OFFERING THE POSSIBILITY THAT DIFFERENCES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR RECEPTORS AND OF THEIR DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS MIGHT PROVIDE A BASIS FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCRIPTION OF THE BDNF GENES. ALTERNATIVELY, DIFFERENCES IN THE EXTENT OF METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION IN THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF BDNF TRANSCRIPTION ARE POSSIBLE IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN FOLLOWING STRESS. ALTHOUGH PRESENT EVIDENCE POINTS TO CHANGES IN BDNF TRANSCRIPTION BEING THE MAJOR CAUSAL AGENT FOR THE CHANGES IN SPINE DENSITY IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN FOLLOWING STRESS, STEROIDS HAVE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON DOWNSTREAM PATHWAYS FROM THE TRKB RECEPTOR ONCE IT IS ACTED UPON BY BDNF, INCLUDING THOSE THAT MODULATE THE DENSITY OF DENDRITIC SPINES. FINALLY, ALTHOUGH GLUCOCORTICOIDS PLAY A CANONICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING BDNF MODULATION OF DENDRITIC SPINES, RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN A ROLE FOR CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR (CRF) IN THIS REGARD. THERE IS CONSIDERABLE IMPROVEMENT IN THE EXTENT OF CHANGES IN SPINE SIZE AND DENSITY IN RODENTS WITH FOREBRAIN SPECIFIC KNOCKOUT OF CRF RECEPTOR 1 (CRFR1) EVEN WHEN THE GLUCOCORTICOID PATHWAYS ARE LEFT INTACT. IT SEEMS THEN THAT CRF DOES HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY IN DETERMINING BDNF CONTROL OF DENDRITIC SPINES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14 4327  35 MICRORNAS MODULATE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STRESS AND RISK FOR COCAINE ADDICTION. EXPOSURE TO STRESS INCREASES VULNERABILITY TO DRUG ABUSE, AS WELL AS RELAPSE LIABILITY IN ADDICTED INDIVIDUALS. CHRONIC DRUG USE ALTERS STRESS RESPONSE IN A MANNER THAT INCREASES DRUG SEEKING BEHAVIORS AND RELAPSE. DRUG EXPOSURE AND WITHDRAWAL HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO ALTER STRESS RESPONSES, AND CORTICOSTEROID MEDIATORS OF STRESS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO IMPACT ADDICTION-RELATED BRAIN FUNCTION AND DRUG-SEEKING BEHAVIOR. DESPITE THE DOCUMENTED INTERPLAY BETWEEN STRESS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH STRESS EXPOSURE AND DRUG SEEKING INTERACT REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE THAT MICRORNAS (MIRNA) PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN STRESS MODULATION AS WELL AS ADDICTION-RELATED PROCESSES INCLUDING NEUROGENESIS, SYNAPSE DEVELOPMENT, PLASTICITY, DRUG ACQUISITION, WITHDRAWAL AND RELAPSE. MIRNAS ARE SHORT NON-CODING RNAS THAT FUNCTION AS BIDIRECTIONAL EPIGENETIC MODULATORS OF GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH IMPERFECT SEQUENCE TARGETED DEGRADATION AND/OR TRANSLATIONAL REPRESSION OF MRNAS. THEY SERVE AS DYNAMIC REGULATORS OF CNS PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND FACILITATE RAPID AND LONG-LASTING CHANGES TO COMPLEX SYSTEMS AND BEHAVIORS. MIRNAS FUNCTION IN GLUCOCORTICOID SIGNALING AND THE MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE REWARD SYSTEM, AS WELL AS MOOD DISORDERS RELATED TO DRUG WITHDRAWAL. THE LITERATURE SUGGESTS MIRNAS PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EXPOSURES TO STRESS, ADDICTION-RELATED PROCESSES, AND NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE STATES RESULTING FROM EXTENDED DRUG WITHDRAWAL. THIS MANUSCRIPT REVIEWS RECENT EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF MIRNAS IN THE MODULATION OF STRESS AND COCAINE RESPONSES, AND DISCUSSES POTENTIAL MEDIATION OF THE INTERACTION OF THESE SYSTEMS BY MIRNAS. UNCOVERING THE MECHANISM BEHIND THE ASSOCIATION OF STRESS AND DRUG TAKING HAS THE POTENTIAL TO IMPACT THE TREATMENT OF DRUG ABUSE AND PREVENTION OF RELAPSE. FURTHER COMPREHENSION OF THESE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS MAY PROVIDE PROMISING NEW TARGETS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 5712  31 SIRT1 MEDIATES DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. DEPRESSION IS A RECURRING AND LIFE-THREATENING ILLNESS THAT AFFECTS UP TO 120 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MODEL OF DEPRESSION IN MICE, INCREASES SIRT1 LEVELS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. INCREASES IN SIRT1, A WELL CHARACTERIZED CLASS III HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT SUGGEST A ROLE FOR THIS ENZYME IN MEDIATING DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. WHEN RESVERATROL, A PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVATOR OF SIRT1, WAS DIRECTLY INFUSED BILATERALLY INTO THE NAC, WE OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. CONVERSELY, INTRA-NAC INFUSIONS OF EX-527, A SIRT1 ANTAGONIST, REDUCED THESE BEHAVIORS; EX-527 ALSO REDUCED ACUTE STRESS RESPONSES IN STRESS-NAIVE MICE. NEXT, WE INCREASED SIRT1 LEVELS DIRECTLY IN NAC BY USE OF VIRAL-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER AND OBSERVED AN INCREASE IN DEPRESSIVE- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS WHEN MICE WERE ASSESSED IN THE OPEN-FIELD, ELEVATED-PLUS-MAZE, AND FORCED SWIM TESTS. USING A CRE-INDUCIBLE VIRAL VECTOR SYSTEM TO OVEREXPRESS SIRT1 SELECTIVELY IN DOPAMINE D1 OR D2 SUBPOPULATIONS OF MEDIUM SPINY NEURONS (MSNS) IN THE NAC, WE FOUND THAT SIRT1 PROMOTES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS ONLY WHEN OVEREXPRESSED IN D1 MSNS, WITH NO EFFECT SEEN IN D2 MSNS. CONVERSELY, SELECTIVE ABLATION OF SIRT1 IN THE NAC USING VIRAL-CRE IN FLOXED SIRT1 MICE RESULTED IN DECREASED DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE NAC IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES AND IDENTIFIES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: IN THIS STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATE A PIVOTAL ROLE FOR SIRT1 IN ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW THAT STRESS STABLY INDUCES SIRT1 EXPRESSION IN THIS BRAIN REGION AND THAT ALTERING SIRT1 ACTIVITY USING A PHARMACOLOGICAL OR GENETIC APPROACH REGULATES ANXIETY- AND DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SIRT1 PLAYS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN REGULATING MOOD-RELATED BEHAVIORS AND INTRODUCES A NOVEL SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ANTIDEPRESSANTS TO TREAT DEPRESSION AND OTHER STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS. A RECENT GROUNDBREAKING PUBLICATION BY THE CONVERGE CONSORTIUM (2015) IDENTIFIED A REPRODUCIBLE ASSOCIATION OF THE SIRT1 LOCUS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION IN HUMANS. THEREFORE, OUR RESULTS ARE TIMELY AND HAVE SIGNIFICANT TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE.	2016	
                                                       
16 5974  30 TET1 IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS OPPOSES DEPRESSION- AND ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS. DEPRESSION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF DISEASE BURDEN, YET CURRENT THERAPIES FULLY TREAT <50% OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. INCREASING EVIDENCE IMPLICATES EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTION. HERE WE EXAMINED A POSSIBLE ROLE FOR THE DNA DIOXYGENASE, TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION PROTEIN 1 (TET1), IN DEPRESSION-RELATED BEHAVIORAL ABNORMALITIES. WE APPLIED CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS, AN ETHOLOGICALLY VALIDATED MOUSE MODEL OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND EXAMINED TET1 EXPRESSION CHANGES IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), A KEY BRAIN REWARD REGION. WE SHOW DECREASED TET1 EXPRESSION IN NAC IN STRESS-SUSCEPTIBLE MICE ONLY. SURPRISINGLY, SELECTIVE KNOCKOUT OF TET1 IN NAC NEURONS OF ADULT MICE PRODUCED ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECTS IN SEVERAL BEHAVIORAL ASSAYS. TO IDENTIFY TET1 TARGETS THAT MEDIATE THESE ACTIONS, WE PERFORMED RNASEQ ON NAC AFTER CONDITIONAL DELETION OF TET1 AND FOUND THAT IMMUNE-RELATED GENES ARE THE MOST HIGHLY DYSREGULATED. MOREOVER, MANY OF THESE GENES ARE ALSO UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF RESILIENT MICE AFTER CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL A NOVEL ROLE FOR TET1, AN ENZYME IMPORTANT FOR DNA HYDROXYMETHYLATION, IN THE BRAIN'S REWARD CIRCUITRY IN MODULATING STRESS RESPONSES IN MICE. WE ALSO IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATED BY TET1 IN THIS CIRCUITRY. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE NEW INSIGHT INTO THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION, WHICH CAN AID IN FUTURE ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG DISCOVERY EFFORTS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17 2092  21 EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF CHRONIC STRESS ON DOPAMINE SIGNALING AND DEPRESSION. BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEX CAUSAL FACTORS LEADING TO DEPRESSION, EPIGENETICS IS OF CONSIDERABLE INTEREST FOR THE UNDERSTANDING EFFECT OF STRESS IN DEPRESSION. DOPAMINE IS A KEY NEUROTRANSMITTER IMPORTANT IN MANY PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING MOTOR CONTROL, MOOD, AND THE REWARD PATHWAY. THESE FACTORS LEAD MANY DRUGS TO TARGET DOPAMINE RECEPTORS IN TREATING DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE TRY TO PORTRAY HOW CHRONIC STRESS AS AN EPIGENETIC FACTOR CHANGES THE GENE REGULATION PATTERN BY INTERRUPTING DOPAMINE SIGNALING MECHANISM.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
18 5876  27 SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND PAIN AVERSION. NEGATIVE AFFECTIVE EMOTIONS ARE DEFINED AS THE CONCEPTUAL FEATURE OF PAIN. A NUMBER OF CLINICAL AND ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT THE LIMBIC SYSTEM INCLUDING THE ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX (ACC) AND AMYGDALA PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE PROCESSING OF AFFECTIVE COMPONENTS OF PAIN. GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PROCESSING OF AFFECTIVE ASPECTS OF PAIN. LONG-TERM CHANGES ON GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPSES CONTRIBUTE TO THE EXPRESSION OF AVERSION BEHAVIOR INDUCED BY PAIN. IN THIS ARTICLE, THE NEUROCIRCUITS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESSING OF AFFECTIVE ASPECTS OF PAIN, THE GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN THESE BRAIN REGIONS, AND THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PAIN-RELATED SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY WILL BE REVIEWED AND DISCUSSED. NEW DISCOVERIES REGARDING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND AFFECTIVE COMPONENTS OF PAIN MAY ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING ON THE PAIN MECHANISM, AND LEAD TO NEW STRATEGIES FOR PAIN TREATMENT.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
19  584  38 BEHAVIORAL NEUROADAPTATION TO ALCOHOL: FROM GLUCOCORTICOIDS TO HISTONE ACETYLATION. A PRIME MECHANISM THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ALCOHOLISM IS THE DYSREGULATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS ACTIVITY AND THE RELEASE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS (CORTISOL IN HUMANS AND PRIMATES, CORTICOSTERONE IN RODENTS) FROM THE ADRENAL GLANDS. IN THE BRAIN, SUSTAINED, LOCAL ELEVATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID CONCENTRATION EVEN LONG AFTER CESSATION OF CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION COMPROMISES FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY OF A CIRCUIT, INCLUDING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), THE HIPPOCAMPUS (HPC), AND THE AMYGDALA (AMG). THESE STRUCTURES ARE IMPLICATED IN LEARNING AND MEMORY PROCESSES AS WELL AS IN ORCHESTRATING NEUROADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO STRESS AND ANXIETY RESPONSES. THUS, POTENTIATION OF ANXIETY-RELATED NEUROADAPTATION BY ALCOHOL IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABNORMALLY AMG HYPERACTIVITY COUPLED WITH A HYPOFUNCTION OF THE PFC AND THE HPC. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES RESEARCH ON MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS BY WHICH ALCOHOL CAUSES DISTINCT REGION-SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS AND ULTIMATELY LEADS TO A VARIETY OF COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENTS ON PREFRONTAL- AND HIPPOCAMPAL-BASED TASKS. ALCOHOL-INDUCED NEUROADAPTATIONS INVOLVE THE DYSREGULATION OF NUMEROUS SIGNALING CASCADES, LEADING TO LONG-TERM CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES OF GENES, THROUGH THE ACTIONS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS SUCH AS [CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB)] AND CHROMATIN REMODELING DUE TO POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONE PROTEINS. WE DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF PREFRONTAL-HPC-AMG CIRCUIT IN MEDIATING THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC ALCOHOL ON LEARNING AND MEMORY, AND REGION-SPECIFIC MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS. THIS REVIEW FIRST DISCUSSES THE IMPORTANCE OF BRAIN REGION-SPECIFIC DYSREGULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID CONCENTRATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND DESCRIBES HOW PERSISTENTLY INCREASED GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS IN PFC MAY BE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING WORKING MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS AND NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES DURING WITHDRAWAL FROM CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTAKE. IT THEN HIGHLIGHTS THE ROLE OF CAMP-PKA-CREB SIGNALING CASCADE AND HISTONE ACETYLATION WITHIN THE PFC AND LIMBIC STRUCTURES IN ALCOHOL-INDUCED ANXIETY AND BEHAVIORAL IMPAIRMENTS, AND HOW AN UNDERSTANDING OF FUNCTIONAL ALTERATIONS OF THESE PATHWAYS MIGHT LEAD TO BETTER TREATMENTS FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20 6352  35 THE ROLE OF GABA(A) RECEPTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM. ALCOHOLISM IS A COMMON, HERITABLE, CHRONIC RELAPSING DISORDER. GABA(A) RECEPTORS UNDERGO ALLOSTERIC MODULATION BY ETHANOL, ANESTHETICS, BENZODIAZEPINES AND NEUROSTEROIDS AND HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE ACUTE AS WELL AS THE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL INCLUDING TOLERANCE, DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL. MEDICATIONS TARGETING GABA(A) RECEPTORS AMELIORATE THE SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE WITHDRAWAL. ETHANOL INDUCES PLASTICITY IN GABA(A) RECEPTORS: TOLERANCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH GENERALLY DECREASED GABA(A) RECEPTOR ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIALLY ALTERED SUBUNIT EXPRESSION. THE DOPAMINE (DA) MESOLIMBIC REWARD PATHWAY ORIGINATING IN THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA), AND INTERACTING STRESS CIRCUITRY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADDICTION. VTA GABAERGIC INTERNEURONS ARE THE PRIMARY INHIBITORY REGULATORS OF DA NEURONS AND A SUBSET OF VTA GABA(A) RECEPTORS MAY BE IMPLICATED IN THE SWITCH FROM HEAVY DRINKING TO DEPENDENCE. GABA(A) RECEPTORS MODULATE ANXIETY AND RESPONSE TO STRESS; IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF SUSTAINED DRINKING AND RELAPSE. THE GABA(A) RECEPTOR SUBUNIT GENES CLUSTERED ON CHROMOSOME 4 ARE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN THE REWARD PATHWAY. SEVERAL RECENT STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED STRONG EVIDENCE THAT ONE OF THESE GENES, GABRA2, IS IMPLICATED IN ALCOHOLISM IN HUMANS. THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ETHANOL AND GABA(A) RECEPTORS IN THE REWARD PATHWAY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM TOGETHER WITH GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VULNERABILITIES WILL BE EXPLORED IN THIS REVIEW.	2008