1 4828 159 OLANZAPINE INDUCED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES SUPPORT THE DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF PSYCHOSIS. BACKGROUND: THE DOPAMINE (DA) HYPOTHESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PROPOSES THE MENTAL ILLNESS IS CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE TRANSMISSION OF DOPAMINE IN SELECTED BRAIN REGIONS. MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE, INCLUDING BLOCKAGE OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS BY ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS THAT ARE USED TO TREAT SCHIZOPHRENIA, SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS. HOWEVER, THE DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR (DRD2) BLOCKADE CANNOT EXPLAIN SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS. IN THIS STUDY, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS COULD AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES IN THE DA PATHWAY BY ALTERING THEIR EPIGENETIC PROFILE. METHODS: TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF OLANZAPINE, A COMMONLY USED ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG, ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF GENES FROM DA NEUROTRANSMISSION IN THE BRAIN AND LIVER OF RATS. GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM HIPPOCAMPUS, CEREBELLUM, AND LIVER OF OLANZAPINE TREATED (N = 2) AND CONTROL (N = 2) RATS WERE ANALYZED USING RAT SPECIFIC METHYLATION ARRAYS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT OLANZAPINE CAUSES METHYLATION CHANGES IN GENES ENCODING FOR DA RECEPTORS (DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR, DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR AND DOPAMINE D5 RECEPTOR), A DA TRANSPORTER (SOLUTE CARRIER FAMILY 18 MEMBER 2), A DA SYNTHESIS (DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY CLONE 8), AND A DA METABOLISM (CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE). WE ASSESSED A TOTAL OF 40 GENES IN THE DA PATHWAY AND FOUND 19 TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BETWEEN OLANZAPINE TREATED AND CONTROL RATS. MOST (17/19) GENES SHOWED AN INCREASE IN METHYLATION, IN THEIR PROMOTER REGIONS WITH IN SILICO ANALYSIS STRONGLY INDICATING A FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL TO SUPPRESS TRANSCRIPTION IN THE BRAIN. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT CHRONIC OLANZAPINE MAY REDUCE DA ACTIVITY BY ALTERING GENE METHYLATION. IT MAY ALSO EXPLAIN THE DELAYED THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS, WHICH OCCURS DESPITE RAPID DOPAMINE BLOCKADE. FURTHERMORE, GIVEN THE COMMON NATURE OF EPIGENETIC VARIATION, THIS LENDS INSIGHT INTO THE DIFFERENTIAL THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE OF PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS WHO DISPLAY ADEQUATE BLOCKAGE OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS.	2013	
                                                                                                          
2 4401  51 MODULATION OF NEURONAL PLASTICITY FOLLOWING CHRONIC CONCOMITANT ADMINISTRATION OF THE NOVEL ANTIPSYCHOTIC LURASIDONE WITH THE MOOD STABILIZER VALPROIC ACID. RATIONALE: COMBINATORY THERAPY IS WIDELY USED IN PSYCHIATRY OWING TO THE POSSIBILITY THAT DRUGS WITH DIFFERENT MECHANISMS OF ACTION MAY SYNERGIZE TO IMPROVE FUNCTIONS DETERIORATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, BIPOLAR DISORDERS, AND MAJOR DEPRESSION. WHILE COMBINATORY STRATEGIES RELY ON RECEPTOR AND SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS, IT SHOULD ALSO BE CONSIDERED THAT TWO DRUGS MAY ALSO "INTERACT" ON THE LONG-TERM TO DETERMINE MORE ROBUST CHANGES IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY, WHICH REPRESENTS A DOWNSTREAM TARGET IMPORTANT FOR FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY. OBJECTIVE: THE AIM OF THE STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE NEUROADAPTIVE CHANGES SET IN MOTION BY CHRONIC CONCOMITANT ADMINISTRATION OF THE NOVEL ANTIPSYCHOTIC LURASIDONE AND THE MOOD STABILIZER VALPROATE. METHODS: ANIMALS WERE CHRONICALLY TREATED WITH LURASIDONE, VALPROATE, OR THE COMBINATION OF THE TWO DRUGS AND KILLED 24 H AFTER THE LAST INJECTION TO EVALUATE ALTERATIONS OF DIFFERENT MEASURES OF NEURONAL PLASTICITY SUCH AS THE NEUROTROPHIN BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF), THE IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE ACTIVITY-REGULATED CYTOSKELETAL ASSOCIATED PROTEIN, AND THE EPIGENETIC REGULATORS HDAC 1, 2, AND 5 IN DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS. RESULTS: THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT COADMINISTRATION OF LURASIDONE AND VALPROATE PRODUCES, WHEN COMPARED TO THE SINGLE DRUGS, A LARGER INCREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF BDNF IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS, THROUGH THE REGULATION OF SPECIFIC NEUROTROPHIN TRANSCRIPTS. WE ALSO FOUND THAT THE HISTONE DEACETYLASES WERE REGULATED BY THE DRUG COMBINATION, SUGGESTING THAT SOME OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES MAY BE SUSTAINED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH COMBINATORY TREATMENT BETWEEN A SECOND-GENERATION ANTIPSYCHOTIC AND A MOOD STABILIZER COULD RESULT FROM THE ABILITY TO MODULATE NEUROPLASTIC MOLECULES, WHOSE EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION IS DETERIORATED IN DIFFERENT PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                      
3 1810  32 EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS ON THE BDNF IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPIC FACTOR (BDNF) IS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN, AND LIKELY INFLUENCES THE NEUROPLASTICITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. BDNF IS ALSO BELIEVED TO INTERACT WITH OTHER NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, SUCH AS DOPAMINE, GLUTAMATE, SEROTONIN AND GABA. THEREFORE, BDNF IS A CANDIDATE GENE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA. IN PAST DECADES, THE BLOOD (SERUM OR PLASMA) BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS AND BDNF GENE ALLELES AND GENOTYPES TO THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, SUCH AS AGE OF ONSET, CLINICAL SUBTYPES, SYMPTOM SEVERITY, AND DRUG RESPONSE, HAVE BEEN EVALUATED AMONG DIFFERENT POPULATIONS. HOWEVER, THE RESULTS ARE STILL INCONSISTENT. FURTHER, DIFFERENT DRUGS HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE DIFFERENT EFFECTS ON BDNF PROTEIN LEVELS. A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY REVEALED THAT SERUM BDNF LEVELS IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS TREATED WITH CLOZAPINE EXCEEDED THOSE OF PATIENTS TREATED WITH RISPERIDONE OR WITH TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS. IN RECENT TIMES, BDNF EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE ALSO BEEN CONDUCTED IN CLINICAL STUDIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA TO ADDRESS THE QUESTION OF WHY PATIENTS WITH THE SAME GENE GENOTYPE AND ALLELES HAVE DIFFERENT CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS. IN ADDITION, THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON GENE METHYLATION AND PROTEIN ACETYLATION HAVE ALSO BEEN REPORTED. IN CONCLUSION, MORE DATA ARE NEEDED REGARDING BDNF IN THE BRAIN AND IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD, INCLUDING PROTEIN LEVELS, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS, EPIGENETIC REGULATION, AND CLINICAL DATA IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF BDNF IN SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4 1809  36 EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPI OF CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RATS. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS HAVE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON HISTONE MODIFICATION REMAIN UNCLEAR. THEREFORE, WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THE BDNF GENE IN THE RAT HIPPOCAMPUS. RATS WERE SUBJECTED TO CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS (6 H/D FOR 21 D) AND THEN WERE ADMINISTERED WITH EITHER OLANZAPINE (2 MG/KG) OR HALOPERIDOL (1 MG/KG). THE LEVELS OF HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV WERE ASSESSED WITH CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAYS. THE MRNA LEVELS OF TOTAL BDNF WITH EXON IV, HDAC5, DNMT1, AND DNMT3A WERE ASSESSED WITH A QUANTITATIVE RT-PCR PROCEDURE. CHRONIC RESTRAINT STRESS RESULTED IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF TOTAL AND EXON IV BDNF MRNA LEVELS AND A DECREASE IN HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION AND AN INCREASE IN MECP2 BINDING AT BDNF PROMOTER IV. FURTHERMORE, THERE WERE ROBUST INCREASES IN THE EXPRESSION OF HDAC5 AND DNMTS. OLANZAPINE ADMINISTRATION LARGELY PREVENTED THESE CHANGES. THE ADMINISTRATION OF HALOPERIDOL HAD NO EFFECT. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG OLANZAPINE INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATION OF BDNF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND THAT THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT ONE OF THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ACTIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 1967  39 EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER GENE IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH AGE. CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DYSFUNCTIONAL DOPAMINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN MESOCORTICOLIMBIC CIRCUITS. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO MODULATE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE, AND BOTH MAY ACT THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT CAN MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION, E.G. DNA METHYLATION AT CPG SITES. RECENT STUDIES HAVE SUGGESTED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS MAY CHANGE OVER TIME. HOWEVER, FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE CONCERNING THE RATE OF THESE CHANGES IN SPECIFIC GENES. A RECENT STUDY FOUND THAT HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER OF THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT) GENE WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH ALCOHOL CRAVING. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO REPLICATE THESE FINDINGS IN A LARGER SAMPLE OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS AND POPULATION-BASED CONTROLS MATCHED FOR AGE AND SEX. NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS, AND NO DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION LEVEL WAS OBSERVED BEFORE AND AFTER ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL IN PATIENTS. HOWEVER, PATIENTS WITH MORE SEVERE CRAVING SHOWED A TREND TOWARDS LOWER DAT METHYLATION LEVELS (P = 0.07), WHICH IS CONSISTENT WITH PREVIOUS FINDINGS. FURTHERMORE, IN OUR OVERALL SAMPLE, DAT METHYLATION LEVELS INCREASED WITH AGE. INTERESTINGLY, A SEPARATE ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS SUGGESTED THAT THIS FINDING WAS MAINLY DRIVEN BY THE PATIENT GROUP. ALTHOUGH THE PRESENT DATA DO NOT CLARIFY WHETHER CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS PHENOMENON OR MERELY ENHANCES AN AGEING-SPECIFIC PROCESS, OUR FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT HYPERMETHYLATION IN ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS IS A CONSEQUENCE, RATHER THAN A CAUSE, OF THE DISORDER.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6 4829  60 OLANZAPINE-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND CEREBELLUM IN GENES MAPPED TO HUMAN 22Q11 AND IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH THERE IS INDIRECT EVIDENCE THAT THE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS MAY INVOLVE MODULATION OF DOPAMINE TRANSMISSION, THEIR MECHANISM OF ACTION IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS MEDIATE THEIR EFFECTS BY EPIGENETIC MODULATION. HERE, WE TESTED THE EFFECT OF AN ANTIPSYCHOTIC, OLANZAPINE, ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF GENES FOLLOWING CHRONIC TREATMENT USING RAT-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ARRAYS. METHODS: FORTY-EIGHT HOURS AFTER THE LAST DOSE OF OLANZAPINE/VEHICLE, RATS WERE HABITUATED TO AN OPEN-FIELD ACTIVITY-MONITORING CHAMBER FOR 30 MIN TO VERIFY WHETHER STRESS-INDUCED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY WAS REDUCED IN OLANZAPINE-TREATED RATS. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF OLANZAPINE, A COMMONLY USED ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG, ON THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF 49 GENES MAPPED TO HUMAN 22Q11 AND IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. GENOMIC DNA ISOLATED FROM THE CEREBELLUM, HIPPOCAMPUS, AND LIVER OF OLANZAPINE-TREATED (N=2) AND CONTROL (N=2) RATS WERE ANALYZED USING RAT-SPECIFIC METHYLATION ARRAYS. RESULTS: SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY OF OLANZAPINE-TREATED RATS CONFIRMED THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF THE DRUG ADMINISTERED. THE EFFECTS OF OLANZAPINE HAVE BEEN SHOWN THROUGH SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED (P<0.01) DNA METHYLATION OF GENES AFFECTING SEVERAL NETWORKS MAINLY (I) NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE, INFLAMMATORY DISEASE, AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND (II) CANCER, CELL DEATH AND SURVIVAL, TUMOR MORPHOLOGY. ALSO, PROLINE DEGRADATION AND L-DOPA DEGRADATION WERE AFFECTED BY OLANZAPINE-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION. FURTHER, FROM A SET OF GENES IN THE 22Q11.2 MICRODELETIONS THAT HAS BEEN IMPLICATED PREVIOUSLY IN PSYCHOSIS, 29 GENES SHOWED INCREASED METHYLATION FOLLOWING OLANZAPINE TREATMENT. CONCLUSION: THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF GENES (34/49) MAPPED TO HUMAN 22Q11 AND IMPLICATED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA WERE AFFECTED BY OLANZAPINE-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF OLANZAPINE.	2015	
                                                                                                     
7 4879  26 OVERLAPPING SIGNATURES OF CHRONIC PAIN IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND PERIPHERAL T CELLS. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN THE BRAIN AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION ASSESSED IN 9 MONTHS POST NERVE-INJURY (SNI) AND SHAM RATS, IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) AS WELL AS IN T CELLS REVEALED A VAST DIFFERENCE IN THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE IN THE BRAIN BETWEEN THE GROUPS AND A REMARKABLE OVERLAP (72%) BETWEEN DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS AND PREFRONTAL CORTEX. DNA METHYLATION STATES IN THE PFC SHOWED ROBUST CORRELATION WITH PAIN SCORE OF ANIMALS IN SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN PAIN. FINALLY, ONLY 11 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROBES IN T CELLS WERE SUFFICIENT TO DISTINGUISH SNI OR SHAM INDIVIDUAL RATS. THIS STUDY SUPPORTS THE PLAUSIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION INVOLVEMENT IN CHRONIC PAIN AND DEMONSTRATES THE POTENTIAL FEASIBILITY OF DNA METHYLATION MARKERS IN T CELLS AS NONINVASIVE BIOMARKERS OF CHRONIC PAIN SUSCEPTIBILITY.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
8  990  33 CHRONIC SOCIAL STRESS INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AT AN EVOLUTIONARY CONSERVED INTERGENIC REGION IN CHROMOSOME X. CHRONIC STRESS RESULTING FROM PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS INCREASES THE RISK OF MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS. ALTHOUGH CHRONIC STRESS CAN CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION RELEVANT FOR BEHAVIOR, MOLECULAR REGULATORS OF THIS CHANGE HAVE NOT BEEN FULLY DETERMINED. ONE PROCESS THAT COULD PLAY A ROLE IS DNA METHYLATION, AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS WHEREBY A METHYL GROUP IS ADDED ONTO NUCLEOTIDES, PREDOMINANTLY CYTOSINE IN THE CPG CONTEXT, AND WHICH CAN BE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. IT IS UNKNOWN TO WHAT EXTENT CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT, A MODEL OF HUMAN SOCIAL STRESS, INFLUENCES DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ACROSS THE GENOME. OUR STUDY ADDRESSED THIS QUESTION BY USING A TARGETED-CAPTURE APPROACH CALLED METHYL-SEQ TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF THE DENTATE GYRUS AT PUTATIVE REGULATORY REGIONS ACROSS THE MOUSE GENOME FROM MICE EXPOSED TO 14 DAYS OF SOCIAL DEFEAT. FINDINGS WERE REPLICATED IN INDEPENDENT COHORTS BY BISULFITE-PYROSEQUENCING. TWO DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WERE IDENTIFIED. ONE DMR WAS LOCATED AT INTRON 9 OF DROSHA, AND IT SHOWED REDUCED METHYLATION IN STRESSED MICE. THIS OBSERVATION REPLICATED IN ONE OF TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS. A SECOND DMR WAS IDENTIFIED AT AN INTERGENIC REGION OF CHROMOSOME X, AND METHYLATION IN THIS REGION WAS INCREASED IN STRESSED MICE. THIS METHYLATION DIFFERENCE REPLICATED IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS AND IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) POSTMORTEM BRAINS. THESE RESULTS HIGHLIGHT A REGION NOT PREVIOUSLY KNOWN TO BE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED BY CHRONIC SOCIAL DEFEAT STRESS AND WHICH MAY BE INVOLVED IN MDD.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
9 4236  39 METHYLATION OF THE TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE GENE IS DYSREGULATED BY COCAINE DEPENDENCE IN THE HUMAN STRIATUM. COCAINE DEPENDENCE IS A CHRONIC, RELAPSING DISORDER CAUSED BY LASTING CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. ANIMAL STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED COCAINE-RELATED ALTERATIONS IN STRIATAL DNA METHYLATION; HOWEVER, IT IS UNCLEAR HOW METHYLATION IS RELATED TO COCAINE DEPENDENCE IN HUMANS. WE GENERATED METHYLOMIC PROFILES OF THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS USING HUMAN POSTMORTEM BRAINS FROM A COHORT OF INDIVIDUALS WITH COCAINE DEPENDENCE AND HEALTHY CONTROLS (N = 25 PER GROUP). WE FOUND HYPERMETHYLATION IN A CLUSTER OF CPGS WITHIN THE GENE BODY OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TH), CONTAINING A PUTATIVE BINDING SITE FOR THE EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE 1 (EGR1) TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, WHICH IS HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS OF COCAINE-DEPENDENT INDIVIDUALS. WE REPLICATED THIS FINDING AND FOUND IT TO BE SPECIFIC TO STRIATAL NEURONAL NUCLEI. FURTHERMORE, THIS LOCUS DEMONSTRATES ENHANCER ACTIVITY WHICH IS ATTENUATED BY METHYLATION AND ENHANCED BY EGR1 OVEREXPRESSION. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT COCAINE DEPENDENCE ALTERS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF DOPAMINERGIC SIGNALING GENES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10 4628  37 NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC MICE THROUGH DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. BACKGROUND: DNA METHYLATION CHANGES HAVE KNOWN TO DOWNREGULATE SEVERAL REGULATORY PROTEINS EPIGENETICALLY DURING VARIOUS NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS. OUR STUDY AIMS TO UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF THIS GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ON THE CEREBRAL COMPLICATIONS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MICE, AND ITS NOTABLE EFFECT ON MAINTAINING THE SYNAPTIC FIDELITY. METHODS AND RESULTS: CHRONIC HIGH FAT DIET AND STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE WERE STUDIED FOR THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL AND NEUROANATOMIC PARAMETERS PERTAINING TO PREFRONTAL CORTEX, SUBSEQUENTLY ELUCIDATING THE ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION WITHIN THESE DIABETIC BRAINS. FURTHER, THE IMPACT OF THIS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION ON HSF1, BDNF AND PSD95 WERE STUDIED BY ASSESSING THE BINDING AFFINITY AND LEVEL OF % METHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER SITE OF THEIR RESPECTIVE GENES. OUR STUDY SUGGEST INCREASED DNMT ABERRATIONS WITHIN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, WITH INCREASED MECP2 LEVELS, CONFIRMING DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. THIS WAS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ALTERED NEUROBEHAVIORAL CHANGES. FURTHER, THE HYPERMETHYLATION WAS FOUND TO PARTICIPATE IN GENE SILENCING OF HSF1, BDNF AND PSD95 PROTEINS, RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE SYNAPTIC FIDELITY. CONCLUSION: OVERALL, OUR STUDY CONCLUDES THE PLAUSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF NEUROEPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC) OF THE TYPE 2 DIABETES MICE, SPECIFICALLY DNA HYPERMETHYLATION. PFC PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN MODULATING COGNITIVE AND OTHER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS CONNECTION WITH SEVERAL BRAIN REGIONS, AND THUS THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING EPIGENETIC MODULATIONS IN IT, CAN PAVE A WAY IN CONTROLLING SEVERAL NEUROLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN THE BRAIN.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
11 5007  33 PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC, REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE MOUSE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MANY CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS INCLUDING LOW BACK PAIN AND FIBROMYALGIA. THE MAGNITUDE OF THESE CHANGES CORRELATES WITH THE DURATION AND/OR THE INTENSITY OF CHRONIC PAIN. MOST STUDIES REPORT CHANGES IN COMMON AREAS INVOLVED IN PAIN MODULATION, INCLUDING THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC), AND PAIN-RELATED PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE PFC CAN BE REVERSED WITH EFFECTIVE TREATMENT. WHILE THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE CHANGES ARE UNKNOWN, THEY MUST BE DYNAMICALLY REGULATED. EPIGENETIC MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT IS REVERSIBLE AND DYNAMIC. EPIGENETIC MODULATION BY DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR AND PATHOLOGICAL GENE EXPRESSION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. DNA METHYLATION MIGHT ALSO BE INVOLVED IN MEDIATING THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN IN THE BRAIN. WE THEREFORE TESTED A) WHETHER ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION ARE FOUND IN THE BRAIN LONG AFTER CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS INDUCED IN THE PERIPHERY USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY MODAL AND B) WHETHER THESE INJURY-ASSOCIATED CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE BY INTERVENTIONS THAT REVERSE THE PATHOLOGIES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN. SIX MONTHS FOLLOWING PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, ABNORMAL SENSORY THRESHOLDS AND INCREASED ANXIETY WERE ACCOMPANIED BY DECREASED GLOBAL METHYLATION IN THE PFC AND THE AMYGDALA BUT NOT IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OR THE THALAMUS. ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ATTENUATED NERVE INJURY-INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND REVERSED THE CHANGES IN GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION. FURTHERMORE, GLOBAL PFC METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH MECHANICAL AND THERMAL SENSITIVITY IN NEUROPATHIC MICE. IN SUMMARY, INDUCTION OF CHRONIC PAIN BY PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. THESE CHANGES ARE DETECTED LONG AFTER THE ORIGINAL INJURY, AT A LONG DISTANCE FROM THE SITE OF INJURY AND ARE REVERSIBLE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATION. CHANGES IN BRAIN STRUCTURE AND CORTICAL FUNCTION THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PAIN CONDITIONS MAY THEREFORE BE MEDIATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS.	2013	
                                    
12 2089  33 EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF THE DOPAMINE SYSTEM IN DIET-INDUCED OBESITY. CHRONIC INTAKE OF HIGH-FAT (HF) DIET IS KNOWN TO ALTER BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS THAT PARTICIPATE IN THE CENTRAL REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE. DOPAMINE (DA) SYSTEM CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO HF DIET HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS, IMPORTANT IN THE HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE, AS WELL AS WITHIN THE CENTRAL REWARD CIRCUITRY [VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA), NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC), AND PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX (PFC)], CRITICAL FOR CODING THE REWARDING PROPERTIES OF PALATABLE FOOD AND IMPORTANT IN HEDONICALLY DRIVEN FEEDING BEHAVIOR. USING A MOUSE MODEL OF DIET-INDUCED OBESITY (DIO), SIGNIFICANT ALTERATIONS IN THE EXPRESSION OF DA-RELATED GENES WERE DOCUMENTED IN ADULT ANIMALS, AND THE GENERAL PATTERN OF GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES WAS OPPOSITE WITHIN THE HYPOTHALAMUS VERSUS THE REWARD CIRCUITRY (INCREASED VS. DECREASED, RESPECTIVELY). DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION WAS IDENTIFIED WITHIN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE (TH) AND DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER (DAT), AND THE PATTERN OF THIS RESPONSE WAS CONSISTENT WITH THE PATTERN OF GENE EXPRESSION. BEHAVIORS CONSISTENT WITH INCREASED HYPOTHALAMIC DA AND DECREASED REWARD CIRCUITRY DA WERE OBSERVED. THESE DATA IDENTIFY DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION AS AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM LINKING THE CHRONIC INTAKE OF HF DIET WITH ALTERED DA-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION, AND THIS RESPONSE VARIES BY BRAIN REGION AND DNA SEQUENCE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 5034  29 PHARMACOEPIGENETICS OF THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION IN MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENT HUMAN BRAIN REGIONS. AIM: EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. STUDIES IN RODENTS SUGGESTED A ROLE OF VARYING DEGREES OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION ACROSS THE BRAIN. METHODS: IN A TRANSLATIONAL INVESTIGATION, USING TISSUE ACQUIRED POSTMORTEM FROM 21 BRAIN REGIONS OF FORMER OPIATE ADDICTS, REPRESENTING A HUMAN COHORT WITH CHRONIC OPIOID EXPOSURE, MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION WAS ANALYZED AT THE LEVEL OF DNA METHYLATION, MRNA AND PROTEIN. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: WHILE HIGH OR LOW MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH LOCAL OPRM1 MRNA LEVELS, THERE WAS NO CORRESPONDING ASSOCIATION WITH OPRM1 METHYLATION STATUS. ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS IN HUMAN CELL LINES SHOWED THAT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN MU-OPIOID EXPRESSION WERE AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE GREATER THAN DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN. HENCE, DIFFERENT DEGREES OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC OPIOID EXPOSURE ARE UNLIKELY TO EXERT A MAJOR ROLE IN THE REGION-SPECIFICITY OF MU-OPIOID RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN BRAIN.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14 2489  31 EPIGENETICALLY MODIFIED NUCLEOTIDES IN CHRONIC HEROIN AND COCAINE TREATED MICE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES INCLUDE THE ADDITION OF A METHYL GROUP TO THE 5' CARBON OF THE CYTOSINE RING, KNOWN AS DNA METHYLATION, WHICH RESULTS IN THE GENERATION OF THE FIFTH DNA BASE, NAMELY 5-METHYLCYTOSINE. DURING ACTIVE OR PASSIVE DEMETHYLATION, AN INTERMEDIATE MODIFIED BASE IS FORMED, 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE. WE HAVE CURRENTLY QUANTIFIED 5-METHYLCYTOSINE AND 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE IN THE LIVER AND BRAIN OF MICE TREATED WITH COCAINE OR HEROIN, USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS/MS). OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT GLOBAL 5-METHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS ARE NOT AFFECTED BY HEROIN OR COCAINE ADMINISTRATION, NEITHER IN THE LIVER NOR IN THE BRAIN. HOWEVER, 5-HYDROXYMETHYLCYTOSINE LEVELS ARE REDUCED IN THE LIVER FOLLOWING COCAINE ADMINISTRATION, WHILE THEY ARE NOT AFFECTED BY COCAINE IN THE BRAIN OR BY HEROIN ADMINISTRATION IN THE LIVER AND THE BRAIN. ELUCIDATION OF THE EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA THAT TAKES PLACE WITH RESPECT TO DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION, VIA QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT MODIFIED BASES, MAY ENABLE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS AND MAY LEAD TO MORE PERSONALIZED AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
15  948  31 CHRONIC METABOLIC DERANGEMENT-INDUCED COGNITIVE DEFICITS AND NEUROTOXICITY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REST INACTIVATION. CHRONIC METABOLIC ALTERATIONS MAY REPRESENT A RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, DEMENTIA, OR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. HYPERGLYCEMIA AND OBESITY ARE KNOWN TO IMPRINT EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT COMPROMISE THE PROPER EXPRESSION OF CELL SURVIVAL GENES. HERE, WE SHOWED THAT CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA (60 DAYS) INDUCED BY A SINGLE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF STREPTOZOTOCIN COMPROMISED COGNITION BY REDUCING HIPPOCAMPAL ERK SIGNALING AND BY INDUCING NEUROTOXICITY IN RATS. THE MECHANISMS APPEAR TO BE LINKED TO REDUCED ACTIVE DNA DEMETHYLATION AND DIMINISHED EXPRESSION OF THE NEUROPROTECTIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REST. THE IMPACT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADIPOSITY AND DNA HYPERMETHYLATION ON REST EXPRESSION WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN OBESE CHILDREN WITH REDUCED LEVELS OF BLOOD ASCORBATE. THE REVERSIBLE NATURE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND THE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT REPORTED IN OBESE CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS, AND ADULTS SUGGEST THAT THE CORRECTION OF THE ANTHROPOMETRY AND THE PERIPHERAL METABOLIC ALTERATIONS WOULD PROTECT BRAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF DEVELOPING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16 6427  35 THE TRANSITION FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC PAIN: DYNAMIC EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF THE MOUSE PREFRONTAL CORTEX UP TO 1 YEAR AFTER NERVE INJURY. CHRONIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES THROUGHOUT THE NEUROAXIS, INCLUDING IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX (PFC). THE PFC IS IMPORTANT IN THE INTEGRATION OF SENSORY, COGNITIVE, AND EMOTIONAL INFORMATION AND IN CONDITIONED PAIN MODULATION. WE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED WIDESPREAD EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN THE PFC MANY MONTHS AFTER NERVE INJURY IN RODENTS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, CAN DRIVE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT MODIFYING DNA SEQUENCES. TO DATE, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION AT THE ONSET OF ACUTE PAIN OR HOW IT PROGRESSES AS PAIN TRANSITIONS FROM ACUTE TO CHRONIC. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT ACUTE PAIN AFTER INJURY RESULTS IN RAPID AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC REMODELLING IN THE PFC THAT EVOLVES AS PAIN BECOMES CHRONIC. WE FURTHER PROPOSE THAT UNDERSTANDING EPIGENETIC REMODELLING WILL PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS DRIVING PAIN-RELATED CHANGES IN THE BRAIN. EPIGENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED IN THE MOUSE PFC 1 DAY, 2 WEEKS, 6 MONTHS, AND 1 YEAR AFTER PERIPHERAL INJURY USING THE SPARED NERVE INJURY IN MICE. SPARED NERVE INJURY RESULTED IN RAPID AND PERSISTENT CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, WITH ROBUST DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OBSERVED BETWEEN SPARED NERVE INJURY AND SHAM-OPERATED CONTROL MICE AT ALL TIME POINTS. HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES WERE IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING MANY WITH KNOWN FUNCTION IN PAIN. PATHWAY ANALYSIS REVEALED ENRICHMENT IN GENES RELATED TO STIMULUS RESPONSE AT EARLY TIME POINTS, IMMUNE FUNCTION AT LATER TIME POINTS, AND ACTIN AND CYTOSKELETAL REGULATION THROUGHOUT THE TIME COURSE. THESE RESULTS EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSIDERING PAIN CHRONICITY IN BOTH PAIN RESEARCH AND IN TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
17 2398  32 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF CORTICAL NEURONS THROUGH ALTERATION OF DOPAMINERGIC CIRCUITS. ALTERATIONS OF THE DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE COGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL DYSFUNCTIONS THAT CHARACTERIZE COMPLEX NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. WE MODELED A DYSFUNCTIONAL DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM USING MICE WITH TARGETED ABLATION OF DOPAMINE (DA) D2 AUTORECEPTORS IN MESENCEPHALIC DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS. LOSS OF D2 AUTORECEPTORS ABOLISHES D2-MEDIATED CONTROL OF DA SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THIS MUTATION LEADS TO A PROFOUND ALTERATION OF THE GENOMIC LANDSCAPE OF NEURONS RECEIVING DOPAMINERGIC AFFERENTS AT DISTAL SITES, SPECIFICALLY IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX. INDEED, WE OBSERVED A REMARKABLE DOWNREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THIS AREA OF ~2000 GENES, WHICH INVOLVES A WIDESPREAD INCREASE IN THE HISTONE REPRESSIVE MARK H3K9ME2/3. THIS REPROGRAMMING PROCESS IS COUPLED TO PSYCHOTIC-LIKE BEHAVIORS IN THE MUTANT MICE. IMPORTANTLY, CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH A DA AGONIST CAN REVERT THE GENOMIC PHENOTYPE. THUS, CORTICAL NEURONS UNDERGO A PROFOUND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN RESPONSE TO DYSFUNCTIONAL D2 AUTORECEPTOR SIGNALING LEADING TO ALTERED DA LEVELS, A PROCESS THAT MAY UNDERLIE A NUMBER OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
18 3493  43 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY GENES, PATHWAYS, AND MIRNA/MRNA REGULATORY NETWORKS OF CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSION IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS BY INTEGRATED BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS. INTRODUCTION: MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) IS A RECURRENT, DEVASTATING MENTAL DISORDER, WHICH AFFECTS >350 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE, AND EXERTS SUBSTANTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND FINANCIAL COSTS TO SOCIETY. THUS, THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT NEED TO DISCOVER INNOVATIVE THERAPEUTICS TO TREAT DEPRESSION EFFICIENTLY. STRESS-INDUCED DYSFUNCTION IN THE SUBTYPE OF NEURONAL CELLS AND THE CHANGE OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY AND STRUCTURAL PLASTICITY OF NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS (NAC) ARE IMPLICATED IN DEPRESSION SYMPTOMOLOGY. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND STRESSES TO THE NAC PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN DEPRESSION REMAIN ELUSIVE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IN THIS STUDY, TREATMENT GROUP MICE WERE TREATED CONTINUALLY WITH THE CHRONIC UNPREDICTABLE MILD STRESS (CUMS) UNTIL EXPRESSION OF DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS WERE FOUND. DEPRESSION WAS CONFIRMED WITH SUCROSE PREFERENCE, NOVELTY-SUPPRESSED FEEDING, FORCED SWIMMING, AND TAIL SUSPENSION TESTS. WE APPLIED HIGH-THROUGHPUT RNA SEQUENCING TO ASSESS MICRORNA EXPRESSION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILES IN THE NAC TISSUE FROM DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS MICE AND CONTROL MICE. THE REGULATORY NETWORK OF MIRNAS/MRNAS WAS CONSTRUCTED BASED ON THE HIGH-THROUGHPUT RNA SEQUENCE AND BIOINFORMATICS SOFTWARE PREDICTIONS. RESULTS: A TOTAL OF 17 MIRNAS AND 10 MRNAS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY UPREGULATED IN THE NAC OF CUMS-INDUCED MICE WITH DEPRESSION-LIKE BEHAVIORS, AND 12 MIRNAS AND 29 MRNAS WERE DOWNREGULATED. A SERIES OF BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSES SHOWED THAT THESE ALTERED MIRNAS PREDICTED TARGET MRNA AND DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED MRNAS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED IN THE MAPK SIGNALING PATHWAY, GABAERGIC SYNAPSE, DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSE, CYTOKINE-CYTOKINE RECEPTOR INTERACTION, AXON GUIDANCE, REGULATION OF AUTOPHAGY, AND SO ON. FURTHERMORE, DUAL LUCIFERASE REPORT ASSAY AND QRT-PCR RESULTS VALIDATED THE MIRNA/MRNA REGULATORY NETWORK. CONCLUSION: THE DETERIORATIONS OF GABAERGIC SYNAPSES, DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSES, NEUROTRANSMITTER SYNTHESIS, AS WELL AS AUTOPHAGY-ASSOCIATED APOPTOTIC PATHWAY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISM OF CUMS-INDUCED DEPRESSION.	2019	

19 1790  42 EFFECT OF CHRONIC MILD STRESS ON HIPPOCAMPAL TRANSCRIPTOME IN MICE SELECTED FOR HIGH AND LOW STRESS-INDUCED ANALGESIA AND DISPLAYING DIFFERENT EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS. THERE IS INCREASING EVIDENCE THAT MOOD DISORDERS MAY DERIVE FROM THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE ON GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. STRESS-INDUCED HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN DEPRESSION. WE STUDIED HIPPOCAMPAL TRANSCRIPTOMES IN STRAINS OF MICE THAT DISPLAY HIGH (HA) AND LOW (LA) SWIM STRESS-INDUCED ANALGESIA AND THAT DIFFER IN EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS AND RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS. CHRONIC MILD STRESS (CMS) AFFECTED EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF GENES COMMON FOR BOTH STRAINS. CMS ALSO PRODUCED STRAIN SPECIFIC CHANGES IN EXPRESSION SUGGESTING THAT HIPPOCAMPAL RESPONSES TO STRESS DEPEND ON GENOTYPE. CONSIDERABLY LARGER NUMBER OF GENES, BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, MOLECULAR FUNCTIONS, BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS, AND GENE NETWORKS WERE AFFECTED BY CMS IN LA THAN IN HA MICE. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT POTENTIAL DRUG TARGETS AGAINST DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF STRESS INCLUDE GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTERS, AND CHOLINERGIC, CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK), GLUCOCORTICOIDS, AND THYROID HORMONES RECEPTORS. FURTHERMORE, SOME BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES EVOKED BY STRESS AND DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE STRAINS, SUCH AS APOPTOSIS, NEUROGENESIS AND CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LONG-TERM, IRREVERSIBLE EFFECTS OF STRESS AND SUGGEST A ROLE FOR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MOOD RELATED STRESS RESPONSES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
20 1789  33 EFFECT OF CHRONIC HEROIN AND COCAINE ADMINISTRATION ON GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BRAIN AND LIVER. DRUG ABUSE IS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES, SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA METHYLATION. THE PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT STUDY WAS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC COCAINE AND HEROIN ADMINISTRATION ON GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN BRAIN AND LIVER. MALE, 8 WEEK OLD, C57BL/6J MICE RECEIVED HEROIN IN A CHRONIC 'INTERMITTENT' ESCALATING DOSE PARADIGM, OR COCAINE IN A CHRONIC ESCALATING DOSE 'BINGE' PARADIGM, WHICH MIMIC THE HUMAN PATTERN OF OPIOID OR COCAINE ABUSE RESPECTIVELY. FOLLOWING SACRIFICE, LIVERS AND BRAINS WERE REMOVED AND DNA WAS EXTRACTED FROM THEM. THE EXTRACTED DNA WAS HYDROLYZED AND 2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE AND 5-METHYL-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE WERE DETERMINED BY HPLC-UV. THE % 5-METHYL-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE CONTENT OF DNA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE BRAIN COMPARED TO THE LIVER. THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CONTROL ANIMALS AND THE COCAINE OR HEROIN TREATED ANIMALS IN NEITHER OF THE TISSUES EXAMINED, WHICH IS SURPRISING SINCE COCAINE ADMINISTRATION INDUCED GROSS MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER. MOREOVER, THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE % 5-METHYL-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE CONTENT OF DNA BETWEEN THE COCAINE AND THE HEROIN TREATED ANIMALS. THE GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN THE BRAIN AND LIVER OF MICE CHRONICALLY TREATED WITH COCAINE OR HEROIN REMAINS UNAFFECTED, BUT THIS FINDING CANNOT EXCLUDE THE EXISTENCE OF ANATOMICAL REGION OR GENE-SPECIFIC METHYLATION DIFFERENCES. THIS IS THE FIRST TIME THAT GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION IN THE LIVER AND WHOLE BRAIN HAS BEEN STUDIED FOLLOWING CHRONIC COCAINE OR HEROIN TREATMENT.	2013