1 4803 97 OBESITY AND MALE INFERTILITY. THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IS INCREASING AMONG BOTH SEXES, WITH ASSOCIATED IMPACTS ON CHRONIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL COMORBIDITIES. SIMILARLY, THE EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ARE INCREASINGLY BEING RECOGNIZED. ADIPOSITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED FERTILITY IN MEN, WITH A COMPLEX AND MULTIFACTORIAL ETIOLOGY. THE REPORTED EFFECTS OF OBESITY ON SEMEN PARAMETERS AND IMPAIRED FERTILITY ARE CONTRASTING, WITH SOME STUDIES SHOWING A CLEAR REDUCTION IN REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED BODY MASS INDEX, WHILE OTHERS DO NOT SHOW SUCH IMPACTS. THESE CONTROVERSIES MAY BE DUE TO THE COMPLEX PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND INTERPLAY BETWEEN GONADOTROPINS AND END ORGANS, AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND OXIDATIVE STRESS ON MALE FERTILITY AND FUNCTION. THESE DIFFERENT ASPECTS HAVE LED TO HETEROGENEOUS PARTICIPANTS IN STUDIES AND VARYING IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES AS WELL AS OFFSPRING HEALTH. TREATMENT MODALITIES TO MANAGE OBESITY INCLUDE LIFESTYLE, MEDICAL, AND SURGICAL OPTIONS, WITH EMERGING AND EFFECTIVE MEDICAL TREATMENTS SHOWING PROMISE IN REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
2 6088 39 THE EFFECTS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ON METABOLIC HEALTH AND DISEASEDAGGER. THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC DISEASES PLACES A SUBSTANTIAL BURDEN ON HUMAN HEALTH THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. IT IS BELIEVED THAT PREDISPOSITION TO METABOLIC DISEASE STARTS EARLY IN LIFE, A PERIOD OF GREAT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL INSULTS. ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART), I.E., TREATMENTS FOR INFERTILITY, MAY AFFECT EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT, RESULTING IN MULTIPLE ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES IN POSTNATAL LIFE. THE MOST FREQUENTLY OBSERVED ALTERATION IN ART PREGNANCIES IS IMPAIRED PLACENTAL NUTRIENT TRANSFER. MOREOVER, CONSEQUENT INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT FOLLOWED BY CATCH-UP GROWTH CAN ALL PREDICT FUTURE OBESITY, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND CHRONIC METABOLIC DISEASES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE HAVE FOCUSED ON EVIDENCE OF ADVERSE METABOLIC ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ART, WHICH CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC ADULT-ONSET DISEASES, SUCH AS METABOLIC SYNDROME, TYPE 2 DIABETES, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. DUE TO HIGH PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, ART PREGNANCIES CAN PRODUCE BOTH OFFSPRING WITH ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES, AS WELL AS HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. WE FURTHER DISCUSS THE SEX-SPECIFIC AND AGE-DEPENDENT METABOLIC ALTERATIONS REFLECTED IN ART OFFSPRING, AND HOW THE DEGREE OF INTERFERENCE OF A GIVEN ART PROCEDURE (FROM MILD TO MORE SEVERE MANIPULATION OF THE EGG) AFFECTS THE OCCURRENCE AND DEGREE OF OFFSPRING ALTERATIONS. OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS, STUDIES HAVE REPORTED SIGNS OF CARDIOMETABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN ART OFFSPRING THAT ARE DETECTABLE AT A YOUNG AGE BUT THAT DO NOT APPEAR TO CONSTITUTE A HIGH RISK OF DISEASE AND MORBIDITY PER SE. THESE ABNORMAL PHENOTYPES COULD BE EARLY INDICATORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES, INCLUDING METABOLIC SYNDROME, IN ADULTHOOD. THE EARLY DETECTION OF METABOLIC ALTERATIONS COULD CONTRIBUTE TO PREVENTING THE ONSET OF DISEASE IN ADULTHOOD. SUCH EARLY INTERVENTIONS MAY COUNTERACT THE RISK FACTORS AND IMPROVE THE LONG-TERM HEALTH OF THE INDIVIDUAL.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
3 4804 30 OBESITY AND MALE INFERTILITY: MECHANISMS AND MANAGEMENT. OBESITY IS CONSIDERED A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM AFFECTING MORE THAN A THIRD OF THE POPULATION. COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY INCLUDE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, MALIGNANCY (INCLUDING PROSTATIC CANCER), NEURODEGENERATION AND ACCELERATED AGEING. IN MALES, THESE FURTHER INCLUDE ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION, POOR SEMEN QUALITY AND SUBCLINICAL PROSTATITIS. ALTHOUGH POORLY UNDERSTOOD, IMPORTANT MEDIATORS OF OBESITY THAT MAY INFLUENCE THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDE HYPERINSULINEMIA, HYPERLEPTINEMIA, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. OBESITY IS KNOWN TO DISRUPT MALE FERTILITY AND THE REPRODUCTION POTENTIAL, PARTICULARLY THROUGH ALTERATION IN THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS, DISRUPTION OF TESTICULAR STEROIDOGENESIS AND METABOLIC DYSREGULATION, INCLUDING INSULIN, CYTOKINES AND ADIPOKINES. IMPORTANTLY, OBESITY AND ITS UNDERLYING MEDIATORS RESULT IN A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SEMEN PARAMETERS, INCLUDING SPERM CONCENTRATION, MOTILITY, VIABILITY AND NORMAL MORPHOLOGY. MOREOVER, OBESITY INHIBITS CHROMATIN CONDENSATION, DNA FRAGMENTATION, INCREASES APOPTOSIS AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO THE OFFSPRING. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE IMPACT OF OBESITY ON THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND FERTILITY, INCLUDING ASSOCIATED MECHANISMS. FURTHERMORE, WEIGHT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES, LIFESTYLE CHANGES, PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION, AND COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY-INDUCED SUBFERTILITY IS DISCUSSED.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
4 6426 30 THE TRANSGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF THE PATERNAL TYPE 2 DIABETES-INDUCED SUBFERTILITY PHENOTYPE. DIABETES IS A CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ASSOCIATED WITH MANY HEALTH COMPLICATIONS DUE TO THE LONG-TERM DAMAGE AND DYSFUNCTION OF VARIOUS ORGANS. A CONSEQUENTIAL COMPLICATION OF DIABETES IN MEN IS REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTION, REDUCED FERTILITY, AND POOR REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES. HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR DIABETIC ENVIRONMENT-INDUCED SPERM DAMAGE AND OVERALL DECREASED REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES ARE NOT FULLY ESTABLISHED. WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES EXPOSURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND THE REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES OF MALES AND THEIR MALE OFFSPRING, USING A MOUSE MODEL. WE DEMONSTRATE THAT PATERNAL EXPOSURE TO TYPE 2 DIABETES MEDIATES INTERGENERATIONAL AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING, ESPECIALLY ON SPERM QUALITY, AND ON METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS. GIVEN THE TRANSGENERATIONAL IMPAIRMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS THROUGH TWO GENERATIONS, THESE CHANGES LIKELY TAKE THE FORM OF INHERITED EPIGENETIC MARKS THROUGH THE GERMLINE. OUR RESULTS EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVING METABOLIC HEALTH NOT ONLY IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE, BUT ALSO IN POTENTIAL FATHERS, IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF DIABETES ON SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5 5584 24 ROLE OF OBESITY IN FEMALE REPRODUCTION. CONTEMPORARY SCIENTISTS NEED NO "P VALUE" AND "RELATIVE RISK" STATISTICS TO BE EXQUISITELY AWARE OF THE INCREASING PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AND COMPLICATIONS POSED BY OBESITY. IT IS NOW WELL RECOGNIZED THAT OBESITY IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, VASCULAR DISEASE, TUMORS AND REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS. OBESE WOMEN SHOW LOWER LEVELS OF GONADOTROPIN HORMONES, REDUCED FECUNDITY, HIGHER MISCARRIAGE RATES AND POORER OUTCOMES OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION, REVEALING THAT OBESITY AFFECTS FEMALE REPRODUCTION. IN ADDITION, ADIPOSE TISSUE CONTAINS SPECIAL IMMUNE CELLS AND OBESITY-INDUCED INFLAMMATION IS A CHRONIC, LOW-GRADE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. HEREIN, WE MAINLY REVIEW DETRIMENTAL INFLUENCES OF OBESITY IN THE COMPLETE PROCESS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTION, INCLUDING HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN AXIS, OOCYTE MATURATION, EMBRYO AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT. IN THE LATTER PART, WE VIEW OBESITY-INDUCED INFLAMMATION AND DISCUSS RELATED EPIGENETIC IMPACT ON FEMALE REPRODUCTION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
6 6822 32 [GENDER MEDICINE. SEX- AND GENDER-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF CLINICAL MEDICINE]. GENDER MEDICINE STUDIES SEX- AND GENDER-BASED DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PREVENTION OF DISEASES, THE AWARENESS AND PRESENTATION OF SYMPTOMS, AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY. GENDER MEDICINE IS PART OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE, CONSIDERING DIFFERENCES IN BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INDIVIDUALLY. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES IN GENES, CHROMOSOMES, HORMONES, AND METABOLISM AS WELL AS DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIETY. LIFELONG INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS WILL INFLUENCE THE HEALTH AND ILL-HEALTH OF MEN AND WOMEN IN DIFFERENT WAYS. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PROVIDE EVIDENCE OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND LIFESTYLE DURING VULNERABLE PHASES ON BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, EFFECTING FUTURE GENERATIONS. MATERNAL LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DURING PREGNANCY CAN IMPACT THE HEALTH OF OFFSPRING IN LATER LIFE ALREADY IN UTERO IN A SEX-SPECIFIC WAY. PAIN, STRESS, AND COPING STYLES DIFFER BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE DRAMATIC PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING THEIR LIFETIME, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC BURDENS AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ALTERATIONS. WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES SUFFERING FROM STRESS DEVELOP DEPRESSION MORE FREQUENTLY. HOWEVER, MEN ARE OFTEN NOT DIAGNOSED AND TREATED APPROPRIATELY IN CASES OF DEPRESSION OR OSTEOPOROSIS, DISEASES THAT ARE TYPICALLY CONSIDERED "FEMALE." THERE ARE PROMINENT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN MEDICINE REGARDING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, INFLAMMATION, AND NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, TYPE 2 DIABETES, HYPERTENSION, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. WOMEN EXPERIENCE MORE OFTEN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES AND SUFFER MORE FREQUENTLY FROM (CHRONIC) PAIN, NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES, AND FUNCTIONAL DISABILITIES. MEN HAVE SHORTER LIFE EXPECTANCY BUT RELATIVELY MORE HEALTHY YEARS OF LIFE, WHICH IS IN GREATER PART ASCRIBED TO PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS. STATE-OF-THE-ART CLINICAL MEDICINE COMPRISES INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS BASED ON SEX- AND GENDER-SENSITIVE HEALTH PROGRAMS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE FOR MEN AND WOMEN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7  625 25 BIOLOGICAL AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR DEMENTIA AND STROKE: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. SINCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND VACCINATION, AS WELL AS MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HYGIENE, THE MAIN RISK FACTORS FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE AGE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, BOTH OF WHICH CAN INTERACT WITH GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS. AS THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE POPULATION INCREASES, THE PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF CHRONIC DISEASES, ESPECIALLY NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, ARE RAPIDLY INCREASING. THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS, DEVELOP CHRONICALLY OVER RELATIVELY LONG PERIODS OF TIME, IN CONTRAST TO THE RELATIVELY RAPID DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OR ACCIDENTS. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST IS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY BE MEDIATED BY ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE. THIS HYPOTHESIS IS SUPPORTED BY EVIDENCE THAT DIETARY RESTRICTION, WHICH UNIVERSALLY DELAYS AGE-RELATED DISEASES, ALSO AMELIORATES DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. CONVERSELY, BOTH AGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACCUMULATION OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN MITOTIC CELLS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS THAT ARE A MEASURE OF "BIOLOGICAL AGE", A BETTER PREDICTOR OF AGE-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY THAN CHRONOLOGICAL AGE. HERE WE REVIEW EVIDENCE THAT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS SUCH AS SMOKING AND AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO DRIVE NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, BY THE ACCELERATION OF BIOLOGICAL AGE, MEDIATED BY CUMULATIVE AND PERSISTENT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AS WELL AS SOMATIC MUTATIONS. ELUCIDATION OF SUCH MECHANISMS COULD PLAUSIBLY ALLOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERVENTIONS WHICH DELAY DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF BOTH AGING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
8 6781 40 [BREATHING: AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH - PART III]. THE THIRD PART OF THE DGP STATEMENT INTRODUCES THE CURRENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ON LESS STUDIED HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON METABOLISM LEADING TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND DIABETES AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS AND DELAYED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN CHILDREN. FURTHERMORE, PRENATAL EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS ON MOTHER AND CHILD ARE ADDRESSED. FINALLY, THE CURRENTLY DISCUSSED BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING VARIOUS HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ARE DESCRIBED.DIFFERING, BUT OFTEN COMPLEMENTARY BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CREATE THE BASIS FOR THE DIVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES CAUSED BY AIR POLLUTION. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND A SUBCLINICAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE LUNGS AND ON A SYSTEMIC LEVEL ("LOW-GRADE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION") ARE CONSIDERED TO BE KEY MECHANISMS. THEY PROMOTE SECONDARY ALTERATIONS IN THE BODY, SUCH AS VASCULAR OR METABOLIC PROCESSES, AND MAY ALSO RESULT IN THE CURRENTLY STUDIED EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR NEUROINFLAMMATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLUBLE PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE ROLE OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES TRANSLOCATED ACROSS BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES INTO BLOOD VESSEL AND TRANSPORTED VIA THE CIRCULATION TO SECONDARY TARGET ORGANS, SUCH AS LIVER, BRAIN OR THE FETUS, ARE INTENSIVELY DISCUSSED.DIABETES IS ONE OF THE LEADING CHRONIC DISEASES WORLDWIDE, WITH A PREVALENCE OF ALMOST 14 % IN GERMANY. ALTHOUGH LIFESTYLE FACTORS ARE THE MAIN CAUSES, CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION MAY ADDITIONALLY INCREASE THE RISK FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IS PROVIDED BY STUDIES ADDRESSING THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN METABOLICALLY HEALTHY PARTICIPANTS, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, OR PREGNANCY-RELATED DIABETES. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PROVIDE FURTHER SUPPORT FOR PLAUSIBLE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO GAIN MORE EVIDENCE, TAKING MULTIPLE LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SUCH AS GREEN SPACE AND NOISE, AND AN IMPROVED INDIVIDUAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT INTO ACCOUNT.THE AGING POPULATION HAS AN INCREASED RISK OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES. FIRST STUDIES POINT TOWARDS A CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION, SPECIFICALLY BY PARTICULATE MATTER. SEVERAL STUDIES REPORT ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DECREASED NEUROCOGNITIVE CAPACITY OR AN INCREASED PREVALENCE OF DEMENTIA OR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN ADULTS. HOWEVER, THE STUDIES ARE INHOMOGENEOUS REGARDING DESIGN, EXPOSURE AND OUTCOME, LEADING TO INCONSISTENT RESULTS. WITH RESPECT TO THE INFLUENCE ON NEUROCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN, FIRST STUDIES SUGGEST AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF AIR POLLUTION, E. G. AT SCHOOL, AND DELAYED COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT.EVEN THOUGH THE EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS DURING PREGNANCY IS STILL HETEROGENEOUS, THE STUDIES GENERALLY POINT TOWARDS AN ADVERSE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL AND FETAL ORGANISMS. THE STRONGEST EVIDENCE EXISTS FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, WITH SMALL EFFECT SIZES OF ONLY SOME GRAMS, AND FOR A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF REDUCED BIRTH WEIGHT (< 2500 G). AN INCREASED RISK FOR GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND PREECLAMPSIA UNDERSCORES THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION ON THE MATERNAL ORGANISM. HOWEVER, THE CURRENT BODY OF EVIDENCE DOES NOT YET ALLOW A FINAL CONCLUSION ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTRAUTERINE EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION REGARDING EARLY CHILDHOOD LUNG FUNCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALLERGIES, PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF THE FACT THAT IT IS HARD TO DISTINGUISH IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF PRE- AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE.	2019	

9 1932 21 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES: AN UNDERRECOGNIZED CONTRIBUTION TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES. PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE TO WHICH EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) HAVE BEEN VERY CONSERVATIVE AND HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERESTIMATED THE ACTUAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR AT LEAST TWO REASONS. FIRSTLY, MOST PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE EXCLUDED THE CONTRIBUTION OF LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS, BUT THESE USUALLY INVOLVE SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS THAT INCREASE RISK OF DISEASE. SECONDLY, EARLY LIFE EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IS NOW CLEARLY ASSOCIATED WITH AN ELEVATED RISK OF SEVERAL DISEASES LATER IN LIFE, BUT THESE CONNECTIONS ARE OFTEN DIFFICULT TO DISCERN. THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE FOR ASTHMA AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS, BUT THERE IS ALSO A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY AND CHRONIC DISEASES. MOST CANCERS ARE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS. IN ADDITION, NEW INFORMATION SHOWS SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND DIABETES AND EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS PRESENT IN AIR, FOOD, AND WATER. THESE RELATIONSHIPS LIKELY REFLECT THE COMBINATION OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS AND GENE INDUCTION. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE TO NCDS THAN PREVIOUS REPORTS HAVE SUGGESTED. PREVENTION NEEDS TO SHIFT FOCUS FROM INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY AND AN UNDERSTANDING THAT EFFECTIVE PREVENTION OF NCDS ULTIMATELY RELIES ON IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE EXPOSURE TO MODIFIABLE RISKS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
10 4942 28 PATERNAL OBESITY: HOW BAD IS IT FOR SPERM QUALITY AND PROGENY HEALTH? THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THAT PATERNAL OBESITY IS ASSOCIATED NOT ONLY WITH AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF INFERTILITY, BUT ALSO WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF METABOLIC DISTURBANCE IN ADULT OFFSPRING. APPARENTLY, SEVERAL MECHANISMS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SPERM QUALITY ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PATERNAL OBESITY, SUCH AS PHYSIOLOGICAL/HORMONAL ALTERATIONS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. ALONG THESE LINES, MODIFICATIONS OF HORMONAL PROFILES NAMELY REDUCED ANDROGEN LEVELS AND ELEVATED ESTROGEN LEVELS, WERE FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER SPERM CONCENTRATION AND SEMINAL VOLUME. ADDITIONALLY, OXIDATIVE STRESS IN TESTIS MAY INDUCE AN INCREASE OF THE PERCENTAGE OF SPERM WITH DNA FRAGMENTATION. THE LATTER, RELATE TO OTHER PECULIARITIES SUCH AS ALTERATION OF THE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, INCREASED RISK OF MISCARRIAGE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC MORBIDITY IN THE OFFSPRING, INCLUDING CHILDHOOD CANCERS. UNDOUBTEDLY, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (IE, DNA METHYLATION, CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS, AND SMALL RNA DEREGULATION) OF SPERM RELATED TO PATERNAL OBESITY AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON THE PROGENY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD DETERMINANTS OF PATERNAL OBESITY-INDUCED TRANSMISSION. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE AND DISCUSS THE DATA AVAILABLE IN THE LITERATURE REGARDING THE BIOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND MOLECULAR CONSEQUENCES OF PATERNAL OBESITY ON MALE FERTILITY POTENTIAL AND ULTIMATELY PROGENY HEALTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11 2881 25 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF PERSONALIZED WEIGHT LOSS INTERVENTIONS BASED ON NUTRIGENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METAGENOMIC DATA. AS OBESITY HAS BECOME A MAJOR GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGE, A LARGE NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE ANALYZED DIFFERENT STRATEGIES AIMED AT INDUCING A NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE AND, CONSEQUENTLY, BODY WEIGHT LOSS. HOWEVER, MOST EXISTING WEIGHT LOSS PROGRAMS ARE GENERALLY UNSUCCESSFUL, SO SEVERAL INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT TO IDENTIFY PHYSIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS CONCERNING THIS VARIABILITY IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT MORE PERSONALIZED TREATMENT. NOWADAYS, AN INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH IS BEING PROPOSED THROUGH SO-CALLED PERSONALIZED NUTRITION, WHEREBY NOT ONLY THE PHENOTYPE BUT ALSO THE GENOTYPE IS USED FOR CUSTOMIZED NUTRITION TREATMENT. REGARDING BODY WEIGHT REGULATION, APPROXIMATELY 70 POLYMORPHISMS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN OR NEAR GENES RELATED TO ENERGY EXPENDITURE, APPETITE, ADIPOGENESIS, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND LIPID METABOLISM. ALTHOUGH PERSONALIZED NUTRITION REFERS MAINLY TO GENETIC MAKEUP, RECENT ADVANCES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE EPIGENOME AND THE MICROBIOME OPEN THE DOOR TO IMPLEMENT MORE PERSONALIZED RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BODY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT. IN THIS CONTEXT, RECENT STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE EXISTENCE OF SEVERAL EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT MAY MODIFY GENE EXPRESSION AND COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE OUTCOME OF WEIGHT LOSS INTERVENTIONS. MOREOVER, DIFFERENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT DIETARY INTERVENTIONS COULD AFFECT THE COMPOSITION OF GUT MICROBIOTA AND HAVE AN IMPACT ON BODY WEIGHT. THE INTEGRATION OF NUTRIGENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METAGENOMIC DATA MAY LEAD TO THE DESIGN OF MORE PERSONALIZED DIETARY TREATMENTS TO PREVENT CHRONIC DISEASES AND TO OPTIMIZE THE INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSE TO DIETARY INTERVENTIONS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
12 4468 36 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND MALE INFERTILITY. IN RECENT DECADES, THE WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS RISEN DRAMATICALLY AND IS CURRENTLY ESTIMATED TO BE AROUND 20%. OBESITY IS LINKED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF COMORBIDITIES AND PREMATURE MORTALITY. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT OBESITY NEGATIVELY IMPACTS MALE FERTILITY THROUGH VARIOUS MECHANISMS. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO INVESTIGATE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH OBESITY IMPAIRS MALE REPRODUCTION, INCLUDING OBESITY-ASSOCIATED HYPOGONADISM AND ITS EFFECTS ON SPERMATOGENESIS, CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. OBESITY NEGATIVELY IMPACTS BOTH CONVENTIONAL AND BIOFUNCTIONAL SPERM PARAMETERS, AND IT ALSO INDUCES EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO OFFSPRING. MOREOVER, OBESITY-RELATED DISEASES ARE LINKED TO A DYSREGULATION OF ADIPOCYTE FUNCTION AND MICRO-ENVIRONMENTAL INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. THE DYSREGULATED ADIPOKINES SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE INSULIN SIGNALING, AND THEY MAY ALSO HAVE A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON TESTICULAR FUNCTION. SIRTUINS CAN ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN INFLAMMATORY AND METABOLIC RESPONSES IN OBESE PATIENTS. UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN OBESITY-INDUCED MALE INFERTILITY COULD INCREASE OUR ABILITY TO IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF OBESITY AND ITS RELATED CONSEQUENCES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13 6109 28 THE EPIGENETIC AGING, OBESITY, AND LIFESTYLE. THE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY HAS DRAMATICALLY INCREASED WORLDWIDE OVER THE PAST DECADES. AGING-RELATED CHRONIC CONDITIONS, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, ARE MORE PREVALENT IN INDIVIDUALS WITH OBESITY, THUS REDUCING THEIR LIFESPAN. EPIGENETIC CLOCKS, THE NEW METRICS OF BIOLOGICAL AGE BASED ON DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, COULD BE CONSIDERED A REFLECTION OF THE STATE OF ONE'S HEALTH. SEVERAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS CAN INDUCE EPIGENETIC AGING ACCELERATIONS, INCLUDING OBESITY, THUS LEADING TO AN INCREASED RISK OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES. THE INSIGHT INTO THE COMPLEX LINK BETWEEN OBESITY AND AGING MIGHT HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH AND THE MITIGATION OF FUTURE DISEASE RISK. THE PRESENT NARRATIVE REVIEW TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AGING AND OBESITY, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENOME MAY BE AN INTRIGUING TARGET FOR AGE-RELATED PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THAT ITS MODIFICATION COULD INFLUENCE AGING AND PROLONG A HEALTHY LIFESPAN. THEREFORE, WE HAVE FOCUSED ON DNA METHYLATION AGE AS A CLINICAL BIOMARKER, AS WELL AS ON THE POTENTIAL REVERSAL OF EPIGENETIC AGE USING A PERSONALIZED DIET- AND LIFESTYLE-BASED INTERVENTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14 2584 27 EPIGENETICS OF OBESITY. OBESITY IS A METABOLIC DISEASE, WHICH IS BECOMING AN EPIDEMIC HEALTH PROBLEM: IT HAS BEEN RECENTLY DEFINED IN TERMS OF GLOBAL PANDEMIC. OVER THE YEARS, THE APPROACHES THROUGH FAMILY, TWINS AND ADOPTION STUDIES LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOME CAUSAL GENES IN MONOGENIC FORMS OF OBESITY BUT THE ORIGINS OF THE PANDEMIC OF OBESITY CANNOT BE CONSIDERED ESSENTIALLY DUE TO GENETIC FACTORS, BECAUSE HUMAN GENOME IS NOT LIKELY TO CHANGE IN JUST A FEW YEARS. EPIGENETIC STUDIES HAVE OFFERED IN RECENT YEARS VALUABLE TOOLS FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLDWIDE SPREAD OF THE PANDEMIC OF OBESITY. THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS-DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE TAILS, AND MIRNAS MODIFICATIONS-IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY IS MORE AND MORE EVIDENT. IN THE EPIGENETIC LITERATURE, THERE ARE EVIDENCES THAT THE ENTIRE EMBRYO-FETAL AND PERINATAL PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE PROGRAMMING OF ALL HUMAN ORGANS AND TISSUES. THEREFORE, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING REQUIRE A NEW AND GENERAL PATHOGENIC PARADIGM, THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE THEORY, TO EXPLAIN THE CURRENT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION, THAT IS, THE WORLDWIDE INCREASE OF CHRONIC, DEGENERATIVE, AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES SUCH AS OBESITY, DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, AND CANCER. OBESITY AND ITS RELATED COMPLICATIONS ARE MORE AND MORE ASSOCIATED WITH ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS (OBESOGENS), GUT MICROBIOTA MODIFICATIONS AND UNBALANCED FOOD INTAKE, WHICH CAN INDUCE, THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WEIGHT GAIN, AND ALTERED METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
15 6234 28 THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM. PEOPLE WHO WERE SMALL AT BIRTH AND HAD POOR INFANT GROWTH HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, PARTICULARLY IF THEIR RESTRICTED EARLY GROWTH WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED CHILDHOOD WEIGHT GAIN. THESE RELATIONS EXTEND ACROSS THE NORMAL RANGE OF BIRTH SIZE IN A GRADED MANNER, SO REDUCED SIZE IS NOT A PREREQUISITE. IN ADDITION, LARGER BIRTH SIZE IS ASSOCIATED WITH RISKS OF OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. THE ASSOCIATIONS APPEAR TO REFLECT DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTIC RESPONSES MADE BY THE FETUS AND INFANT BASED ON CUES ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT, INFLUENCED BY MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDING DIET, BODY COMPOSITION, STRESS, AND EXERCISE LEVELS. THESE RESPONSES INVOLVE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES THAT MODIFY THE OFFSPRING'S PHENOTYPE. VULNERABILITY TO ILL HEALTH RESULTS IF THE ENVIRONMENT IN INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND LATER LIFE IS MISMATCHED TO THE PHENOTYPE INDUCED IN DEVELOPMENT, INFORMED BY THE DEVELOPMENTAL CUES. THIS MISMATCH MAY ARISE THROUGH UNBALANCED DIET OR BODY COMPOSITION OF THE MOTHER OR A CHANGE IN LIFESTYLE FACTORS BETWEEN GENERATIONS. THESE INSIGHTS OFFER NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16 5076 29 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING CANCER RISK AND PROGNOSIS IN OBESITY. OBESITY RESULTS FROM A CHRONIC EXCESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE DUE TO A LONG-TERM IMBALANCE BETWEEN ENERGY INTAKE AND EXPENDITURE. AVAILABLE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL DATA STRONGLY SUPPORT THE LINKS BETWEEN OBESITY AND CERTAIN CANCERS. EMERGING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS HAVE IMPROVED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLES OF KEY PLAYERS IN OBESITY-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS SUCH AS AGE, SEX (MENOPAUSE), GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS, GUT MICROBIOTA AND METABOLIC FACTORS, BODY SHAPE TRAJECTORY OVER LIFE, DIETARY HABITS, AND GENERAL LIFESTYLE. IT IS NOW WIDELY ACCEPTED THAT THE CANCER-OBESITY RELATIONSHIP DEPENDS ON THE SITE OF CANCER, THE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY STATUS, AND MICRO ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS SUCH AS LEVELS OF INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN TRANSFORMING TISSUES. WE HEREBY REVIEW RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CANCER RISK AND PROGNOSIS IN OBESITY WITH RESPECT TO THESE PLAYERS. WE HIGHLIGHT HOW THE LACK OF THEIR CONSIDERATION CONTRIBUTED TO THE CONTROVERSY OVER THE LINK BETWEEN OBESITY AND CANCER IN EARLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES. FINALLY, THE LESSONS AND CHALLENGES OF INTERVENTIONS FOR WEIGHT LOSS AND BETTER CANCER PROGNOSIS, AND THE MECHANISMS OF WEIGHT GAIN IN SURVIVORS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
17 3848 23 IS EPIGENETICS AN IMPORTANT LINK BETWEEN EARLY LIFE EVENTS AND ADULT DISEASE? BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PROVIDE ONE POTENTIAL EXPLANATION FOR HOW ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES IN EARLY LIFE CAUSE LONG-TERM CHANGES IN CHRONIC DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY. WHEREAS EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IS INCREASINGLY IMPLICATED IN VARIOUS RARE DEVELOPMENTAL SYNDROMES AND CANCER, THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN COMPLEX CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY, REMAINS LARGELY UNCHARACTERIZED. EXTENSIVE WORK IN ANIMAL MODELS IS REQUIRED TO DEVELOP SPECIFIC HYPOTHESES THAT CAN BE PRACTICABLY TESTED IN HUMANS. ANIMAL MODELS: WE HAVE DEVELOPED A MOUSE MODEL SHOWING THAT METHYL DONOR SUPPLEMENTATION PREVENTS TRANSGENERATIONAL AMPLIFICATION OF OBESITY, SUGGESTING A ROLE FOR DNA METHYLATION IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL ESTABLISHMENT OF BODY WEIGHT REGULATION. CONCLUSIONS: COUPLING SUCH MODELS WITH RECENTLY DEVELOPED EPIGENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES SHOULD ULTIMATELY ENABLE US TO DETERMINE IF EPIGENETICS IS AN IMPORTANT LINK BETWEEN EARLY LIFE EVENTS AND ADULT DISEASE.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 1801 27 EFFECT OF MATERNAL DIET ON THE EPIGENOME: IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN METABOLIC DISEASE. THE RAPID INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE OF CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES CANNOT BE EXPLAINED SOLELY BY GENETIC AND ADULT LIFESTYLE FACTORS. THERE IS NOW CONSIDERABLE EVIDENCE THAT THE FETAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT ALSO STRONGLY INFLUENCES THE RISK OF DEVELOPING SUCH DISEASES IN LATER LIFE. HUMAN STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT LOW BIRTH WEIGHT IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF CVD, TYPE II DIABETES, OBESITY AND HYPERTENSION, ALTHOUGH RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT OVER-NUTRITION IN EARLY LIFE CAN ALSO INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FUTURE METABOLIC DISEASE. THESE FINDINGS HAVE BEEN REPLICATED IN A VARIETY OF ANIMAL MODELS, WHICH HAVE SHOWN THAT BOTH MATERNAL UNDER- AND OVER-NUTRITION CAN INDUCE PERSISTENT CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND METABOLISM WITHIN THE OFFSPRING. THE MECHANISM BY WHICH THE MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT INDUCES SUCH CHANGES IS BEGINNING TO BE UNDERSTOOD AND INVOLVES THE ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SPECIFIC GENES. THE DEMONSTRATION OF A ROLE FOR ALTERED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL INDUCTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES RAISES THE POSSIBILITY THAT NUTRITIONAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS MAY BE USED TO MODIFY LONG-TERM CARDIO-METABOLIC DISEASE RISK AND COMBAT THIS RAPID RISE IN CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
19 3582 24 IMPACT OF PRENATAL AND EARLY LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ON NORMAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. THE GLOBAL BURDEN AND PATTERN OF DISEASE HAS CHANGED IN RECENT DECADES, WITH FEWER EARLY CHILDHOOD DEATHS AND LONGER LIVES COMPLICATED BY CHRONIC DISEASE. DISRUPTION OF NORMAL HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BY ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, ESPECIALLY DURING FOETAL DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY POSTNATAL LIFE INCREASE LIFE-LONG RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASE. THE DEVELOPMENTAL TIMING AND METHOD OF ADVERSE EXPOSURE DETERMINES THE LIKELY IMPACT ON HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT. WHILE MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE STRUCTURALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY MATURE AT BIRTH, THE CNS, RESPIRATORY AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS ARE NOT AND UNDERGO PROLONGED PERIODS OF POSTNATAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. AS SUCH, THESE ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE VULNERABLE TO ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BOTH PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES. WHILE THE PRECISE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING CHRONIC DISEASE ARE UNKNOWN, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ARE LIKELY TO BE INVOLVED. AN UNDERSTANDING OF THESE PROCESSES IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP MITIGATION STRATEGIES AIMED AT REDUCING CHRONIC DISEASE PREVALENCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
20 2226 24 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY NUTRIENTS IN EARLY LIFE PHASES: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN METABOLIC ALTERATION IN ADULTHOOD. METABOLIC CHRONIC DISEASES, ALSO NAMED NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS), ARE CONSIDERED MULTIFACTORIAL PATHOLOGIES, WHICH ARE DRAMATICALLY INCREASED DURING THE LAST DECADES. NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES SUCH AS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, OBESITY, DIABETES MELLITUS, CANCERS, AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES MARKEDLY INCREASE MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND SOCIOECONOMIC COSTS. MOREOVER, NCDS INDUCE SEVERAL AND COMPLEX CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS THAT LEAD TO A GRADUAL DETERIORATION OF HEALTH STATUS AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. MULTIPLE FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF THESE DISEASES SUCH AS SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR, SMOKING, POLLUTION, AND UNHEALTHY DIET. INDEED, NUTRITION HAS A PIVOTAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING HEALTH, AND DIETARY IMBALANCES REPRESENT MAJOR DETERMINANTS FAVORING CHRONIC DISEASES THROUGH METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS ALTERATIONS. IN PARTICULAR, IT APPEARS THAT SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND ADEQUATE NUTRITION ARE IMPORTANT IN ALL PERIODS OF LIFE, BUT THEY ARE ESSENTIAL DURING SPECIFIC TIMES IN EARLY LIFE SUCH AS PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL PHASES. INDEED, EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES REPORT THE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF AN INCORRECT NUTRITION ON HEALTH STATUS SEVERAL DECADES LATER IN LIFE. DURING THE LAST DECADE, A GROWING INTEREST ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AS LINK BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES AND NCDS DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN OBSERVED. FINALLY, BECAUSE OF THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF THE HORMONES IN FAT, CARBOHYDRATE, AND PROTEIN METABOLISM REGULATION THROUGHOUT LIFE, IT IS EXPECTED THAT ANY HORMONAL MODIFICATION OF THESE PROCESSES CAN IMBALANCE METABOLISM AND FAT STORAGE. THEREFORE, A PARTICULAR INTEREST TO SEVERAL CHEMICALS ABLE TO ACT AS ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS HAS BEEN RECENTLY DEVELOPED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW AND DISCUSS THE EPIGENETIC ROLE OF SOME SPECIFIC NUTRIENTS AND CHEMICALS IN THE MODULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS.	2019