1 4771 116 NUCLEAR SENSOR INTERFERON-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 16 INHIBITS THE FUNCTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA BY INTEGRATING INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: NUCLEAR-LOCATED COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR HBV PERSISTENCE AND THE KEY OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER AND HOW THE HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM SENSES HBV CCCDNA AND ITS BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES. APPROACH AND RESULTS: HERE, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT INTERFERON-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 16 (IFI16) COULD SERVE AS A UNIQUE INNATE SENSOR TO RECOGNIZE AND BIND TO HBV CCCDNA IN HEPATIC NUCLEI, LEADING TO THE INHIBITION OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION. MECHANISTICALLY, OUR DATA SHOWED THAT IFI16 PROMOTED THE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF HBV CCCDNA BY TARGETING AN INTERFERON-STIMULATED RESPONSE ELEMENT (ISRE) PRESENT IN CCCDNA. IT IS OF INTEREST THAT THIS ISRE WAS ALSO REVEALED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN IFI16-ACTIVATED TYPE I INTERFERON RESPONSES. FURTHERMORE, OUR DATA REVEALED THAT HBV COULD DOWN-REGULATE THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF IFI16 IN HEPATOCYTES, AND THERE WAS A NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN IFI16 AND HBV TRANSCRIPTS IN LIVER BIOPSIES, SUGGESTING THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF IFI16 IN SUPPRESSING CCCDNA FUNCTION UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. CONCLUSIONS: THE NUCLEAR SENSOR IFI16 SUPPRESSES CCCDNA FUNCTION BY INTEGRATING INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION BY TARGETING THE ISRE OF CCCDNA, AND IFI16 MAY PRESENT AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET AGAINST HBV INFECTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 2837  67 FORKHEAD O TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 4 RESTRICTS HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION THROUGH GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4 ALPHA AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA VIA INTERACTING WITH PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN. NUCLEAR LOCATED HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) REMAINS THE KEY OBSTACLE TO CURE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB). IN OUR PREVIOUS INVESTIGATION, IT WAS FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD INHIBIT HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY THROUGH DOWNREGULATING THE EXPRESSION OF HNF4ALPHA. HOWEVER, THE EXACT MECHANISMS WHEREBY FOXO4 INHIBITS HBV REPLICATION, ESPECIALLY ITS EFFECT ON CCCDNA, REMAIN UNCLEAR. HERE, OUR DATA FURTHER REVEALED THAT FOXO4 COULD EFFECTIVELY INHIBIT CCCDNA MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT AFFECTING CCCDNA LEVEL. MECHANISTIC STUDY SHOWED THAT FOXO4 COULD CAUSE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA. ALTHOUGH FOXO4-MEDIATED DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA CONTRIBUTED TO INHIBITING HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY, IT HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON CCCDNA EPIGENETIC REGULATION. FURTHER, IT WAS FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD COLOCALIZE WITHIN PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN (PML) NUCLEAR BODIES AND INTERACT WITH PML. OF NOTE, PML WAS REVEALED TO BE CRITICAL FOR FOXO4-MEDIATED INHIBITION OF CCCDNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND OF THE FOLLOWING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION. FURTHERMORE, FOXO4 WAS FOUND TO BE DOWNREGULATED IN HBV-INFECTED HEPATOCYTES AND HUMAN LIVER TISSUES, AND IT WAS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY IN CHB PATIENTS. TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF FOXO4 IN SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION VIA GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA AND EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF CCCDNA THROUGH INTERACTING WITH PML. TARGETING FOXO4 MAY PRESENT AS A NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AGAINST CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IMPORTANCE HBV CCCDNA IS A DETERMINING FACTOR FOR VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND THE MAIN OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. STRATEGIES THAT TARGET CCCDNA DIRECTLY ARE THEREFORE OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN CONTROLLING PERSISTENT HBV INFECTION. IN PRESENT INVESTIGATION, WE FOUND THAT FOXO4 COULD EFFICIENTLY SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION AND HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF CCCDNA ITSELF. FURTHER, OUR DATA REVEALED THAT FOXO4 MIGHT INHIBIT CCCDNA FUNCTION VIA A TWO-PART MECHANISM: ONE IS TO EPIGENETICALLY SUPPRESS CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION VIA INTERACTING WITH PML, AND THE OTHER IS TO INHIBIT HBV CORE PROMOTER ACTIVITY VIA THE GENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF HNF4ALPHA. OF NOTE, HBV MIGHT DAMPEN THE EXPRESSION OF FOXO4 FOR ITS OWN PERSISTENT INFECTION. WE PROPOSE THAT MANIPULATION OF FOXO4 MAY PRESENT AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AGAINST CHRONIC HBV INFECTION.	2022	

3 3728  38 INHIBITION OF REPLICATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS USING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT TARGET THE VIRAL DNA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) IS A SERIOUS GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS OCCURS AS A RESULT OF STABILITY OF THE REPLICATION INTERMEDIATE COMPRISING COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA). DEVELOPMENT OF DRUGS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF DISABLING THIS CCCDNA IS VITAL. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE AN EPIGENETIC APPROACH TO INACTIVATING VIRAL DNA, WE ENGINEERED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSORS THAT COMPRISE AN HBV DNA-BINDING DOMAIN OF TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR LIKE EFFECTORS (TALES) AND A FUSED KRUPPEL ASSOCIATED BOX (KRAB). THESE REPRESSOR TALES (RTALES) TARGETED THE VIRAL SURFACE OPEN READING FRAME AND WERE PLACED UNDER TRANSCRIPTION CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE OR LIVER-SPECIFIC PROMOTERS. RESULTS: EVALUATION IN CULTURED CELLS AND FOLLOWING HYDRODYNAMIC INJECTION OF MICE REVEALED THAT THE RTALES SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED PRODUCTION OF MARKERS OF HBV REPLICATION WITHOUT EVIDENCE OF HEPATOTOXICITY. INCREASED METHYLATION OF HBV DNA AT CPG ISLAND II SHOWED THAT THE RTALES CAUSED INTENDED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. CONCLUSIONS: EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HBV DNA IS A NEW AND EFFECTIVE MEANS OF INACTIVATING THE VIRUS IN VIVO. THE APPROACH HAS THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND AVOIDS POTENTIALLY PROBLEMATIC UNINTENDED MUTAGENESIS OF GENE EDITING.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 5678  47 SHORT HAIRPIN RNA INDUCES METHYLATION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN HUMAN HEPATOMA CELLS. SMALL INTERFERING RNAS NOT ONLY MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION AT A POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL, BUT ALSO INDUCE TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE SILENCING BY RNA INTERFERENCE-MEDIATED HETEROCHROMATIN FORMATION AND RNA-DIRECTED DNA METHYLATION (RDDM). HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH ESTABLISHED IN PLANTS, THERE HAVE BEEN CONTROVERSIES WHETHER RDDM OPERATES IN MAMMALS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR VIRAL RNA TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF HBV CCCDNA IS REGULATED BY METHYLATION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE STABLY EXPRESSED SHORT HAIRPIN RNA (SHRNA) AGAINST HBV IN HUMAN HEPATOMA CELLS TO DETERMINE WHETHER SHRNA INDUCES METHYLATION OF HBV CCCDNA. HEPAD38 CELLS WHICH PERMIT REPLICATION OF HBV UNDER CONTROL OF TETRACYCLINE-RESPONSIVE PROMOTER WERE TRANSDUCED WITH LENTIVIRAL VECTORS WHICH ENCODE SH-1580, A SHRNA AGAINST THE HEPATITIS B VIRAL PROTEIN HBX. BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT SH-1580 INDUCED CPG METHYLATIONS AT A HIGHER RATE COMPARED TO CONTROL (31.3% VS. 12.8%, P<0.05). THE SH-1580-INDUCED CPG METHYLATION WAS LOCALIZED NEAR THE TARGET SEQUENCE OF SH-1580 IN MORE THAN A HALF OF THE CLONES. METHYLATION-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SUPPRESSION WAS CONFIRMED BY IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION ASSAY. THESE RESULTS CONFIRM THE FEASIBILITY OF RDDM OF HBV CCCDNA IN HUMAN CELLS. LENTIVIRAL VECTOR-MEDIATED TRANSFER OF SHRNA MAY BE USED AS A TOOL FOR NOVEL TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODULATION BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF HBV CCCDNA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5 6448  41 THERAPEUTIC SHUTDOWN OF HBV TRANSCRIPTS PROMOTES REAPPEARANCE OF THE SMC5/6 COMPLEX AND SILENCING OF THE VIRAL GENOME IN VIVO. OBJECTIVE: THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES SILENCING AND REDUCING THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) RESERVOIR, THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO CURE CHRONIC HBV INFECTION. WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF SMALL INTERFERRING RNA (SIRNA) TARGETING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS OR PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALPHA (PEG-IFNALPHA) ON THE VIRAL REGULATORY HBX PROTEIN AND THE STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOME 5/6 COMPLEX (SMC5/6), A HOST FACTOR SUPPRESSING CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION. IN PARTICULAR, WE ASSESSED WHETHER INTERVENTIONS LOWERING HBV TRANSCRIPTS CAN ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN SILENCING OF CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION IN VIVO. DESIGN: HBV-INFECTED HUMAN LIVER CHIMERIC MICE WERE TREATED WITH SIRNA OR PEG-IFNALPHA. VIROLOGICAL AND HOST CHANGES WERE ANALYSED AT THE END OF TREATMENT AND DURING THE REBOUND PHASE BY QUALITATIVE PCR, ELISA, IMMUNOBLOTTING AND CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. RNA IN SITU HYBRIDISATION WAS COMBINED WITH IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO DETECT SMC6 AND HBV RNAS AT SINGLE CELL LEVEL. THE ENTRY INHIBITOR MYRCLUDEX-B WAS USED DURING THE REBOUND PHASE TO AVOID NEW INFECTION EVENTS. RESULTS: BOTH SIRNA AND PEG-IFNALPHA STRONGLY REDUCED ALL HBV MARKERS, INCLUDING HBX LEVELS, THUS ENABLING THE REAPPEARANCE OF SMC5/6 IN HEPATOCYTES THAT ACHIEVED HBV-RNA NEGATIVISATION AND SMC5/6 ASSOCIATION WITH THE CCCDNA. ONLY IFN REDUCED CCCDNA LOADS AND ENHANCED IFN-STIMULATED GENES. HOWEVER, THE ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS DID NOT PERSIST OFF TREATMENT AND SMC5/6 WAS AGAIN DEGRADED. REMARKABLY, THE BLOCKADE OF VIRAL ENTRY THAT STARTED AT THE END OF TREATMENT HINDERED RENEWED DEGRADATION OF SMC5/6. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT THERAPEUTICS ABROGATING ALL HBV TRANSCRIPTS INCLUDING HBX PROMOTE EPIGENETIC SUPPRESSION OF THE HBV MINICHROMOSOME, WHEREAS STRATEGIES PROTECTING THE HUMAN HEPATOCYTES FROM REINFECTION ARE NEEDED TO MAINTAIN CCCDNA SILENCING.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6 3948  40 LNCRNA-CD160 DECREASES THE IMMUNITY OF CD8(+) T CELLS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. THE TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE, THEREFORE INVESTIGATING THE KEY REGULATORS OF CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE IS NEEDED TO IMPROVE CHRONIC HBV TREATMENT. BLOOD SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HBV INFECTION WERE USED TO CONFIRM THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HBV INFECTION STAGE AND CD160 RECEPTOR EXPRESSION LEVELS IN CD8(+) T CELLS, THE CD8(+) T CELLS ARE USED TO RESEARCH THE MECHANISM OF T CELL IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATION, MOREOVER, C3H/HEN MICE WITH REDUCED CD160 EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LONG NON-CODING (LNC)RNA-CD160 AND HBV INFECTION. LONG NON-CODING (LNC)RNA-CD160 AND HISTONE-MODIFICATION ENZYME GENE HISTONE DEACETYLASE 11 (HDAC11) EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH CD160 EXPRESSION. LNCRNA-CD160 CAN INHIBIT THE SECRETION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA THROUGH HDAC11 RECRUITMENT AND BIND TO HDAC11 TO FORM A COMPLEX ON THE PROMOTERS OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA. THE HDAC11, IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA FORM A COMPLEX AND ENHANCE THE METHYLATION OF H3K9ME1, CHROMATIN CHANGES INTO THE HETEROCHROMATIN AND THE TRANSCRIPTION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA IS BLOCKED; MOREOVER, THE HDAC11/IFN-GAMMA/TNF-ALPHA COMPLEX CAN ALSO INHIBIT THE SECRETION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA IN CD160(-) CD8(+) T CELLS AND SUPPRESSES THE FUNCTION OF CD8(+) T CELLS. FURTHERMORE, SMALL INTERFERING RNA TARGETING LNCRNA-CD160 CAN BLOCK HBV INFECTION PROGRESSION. LNCRNA-CD160 ACTS AS AN IMMUNE SUPPRESSIVE FACTOR AND IS EXPRESSED AT A HIGH LEVEL IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CD8(+) T CELLS OF HBV INFECTED PATIENTS. FURTHERMORE, HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF LNCRNA-CD160 CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE INHIBITION OF IFN-GAMMA AND TNF-ALPHA SECRETION IN CD8(+) T CELLS AND DECREASE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF CD8(+) T CELLS. THEREFORE, LNCRNA-CD160 MAY BECOME A NEW TARGET FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF CHRONIC HBV INFECTION IN THE FUTURE AND MAY PROVIDE A NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF HBV INFECTION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
7  819  34 CHARACTERIZATION OF A KDM5 SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITOR WITH ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AGAINST HEPATITIS B VIRUS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) IS A GLOBAL HEALTH CARE CHALLENGE AND A MAJOR CAUSE OF LIVER DISEASE. TO FIND NEW THERAPEUTIC AVENUES WITH A POTENTIAL TO FUNCTIONALLY CURE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION, WE PERFORMED A FOCUSED SCREEN OF EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF REPLICATION OR GENE EXPRESSION. FROM THIS WORK WE IDENTIFIED ISONICOTINIC ACID INHIBITORS OF THE HISTONE LYSINE DEMETHYLASE 5 (KDM5) WITH POTENT ANTI-HBV ACTIVITY. TO ENHANCE THE CELLULAR PERMEABILITY AND LIVER ACCUMULATION OF THE MOST POTENT KDM5 INHIBITOR IDENTIFIED (GS-080) AN ESTER PRODRUG WAS DEVELOPED (GS-5801) THAT RESULTED IN IMPROVED BIOAVAILABILITY AND LIVER EXPOSURE AS WELL AS AN INCREASED H3K4ME3:H3 RATIO ON CHROMATIN. GS-5801 TREATMENT OF HBV-INFECTED PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES REDUCED THE LEVELS OF HBV RNA, DNA AND ANTIGEN. EVALUATION OF GS-5801 ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY IN A HUMANIZED MOUSE MODEL OF HBV INFECTION, HOWEVER, DID NOT RESULT IN ANTIVIRAL EFFICACY, DESPITE ACHIEVING PHARMACODYNAMIC LEVELS OF H3K4ME3:H3 PREDICTED TO BE EFFICACIOUS FROM THE IN VITRO MODEL. HERE WE DISCUSS POTENTIAL REASONS FOR THE DISCONNECT BETWEEN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EFFICACY, WHICH HIGHLIGHT THE TRANSLATIONAL DIFFICULTIES OF EPIGENETIC TARGETS FOR VIRAL DISEASES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8 3247  34 HEPATITIS B VIRUS BASAL CORE PROMOTER MUTATIONS SHOW LOWER REPLICATION FITNESS ASSOCIATED WITH CCCDNA ACETYLATION STATUS. IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION, VARIANTS WITH MUTATIONS IN THE BASAL CORE PROMOTER (BCP) AND PRECORE REGION PREDOMINATE AND ASSOCIATE WITH MORE SEVERE DISEASE FORMS. STUDIES ON THEIR EFFECT ON VIRAL REPLICATION REMAIN CONTROVERSIAL. INCREASING EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF CCCDNA REGULATE HBV REPLICATION AND DISEASE OUTCOME. HERE WE DETERMINED THE TRANSCRIPTION AND VIRAL REPLICATION EFFICIENCY OF WELL-DEFINED BCP AND PRECORE MUTATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON CCCDNA EPIGENETIC CONTROL. HBV MONOMERS BEARING BCP MUTATIONS A1762T/G1764A AND A1762T/G1764A/C1766T, AND PRECORE MUTATIONS G1896A, G1899A AND G1896A/G1899A, WERE TRANSFECTED INTO HEPG2 CELLS USING A PLASMID-FREE APPROACH. VIRAL RNA TRANSCRIPTS WERE DETECTED BY NORTHERN BLOT HYBRIDIZATION AND RT PCR, DNA REPLICATIVE INTERMEDIATES BY SOUTHERN BLOTTING AND RT PCR, AND VIRAL RELEASE WAS MEASURED BY ELISA. ACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONES WAS ASSESSED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) ASSAY AND METHYLATION OF CCCDNA BY BISULFITE SEQUENCING. BCP MUTATIONS RESULTED IN LOW VIRAL RELEASE, MRNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PGRNA/CCCDNA RATIOS THAT PARALLELED THE ACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND H4 HISTONE AND INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH THE HDAC1 RECRUITMENT ONTO CCCDNA. INDEPENDENTLY OF THE MUTATIONS, CCCDNA WAS A TARGET FOR METHYLATION, ACCOMPANIED BY THE UPREGULATION OF DNMT1 EXPRESSION AND DNMT1 RECRUITMENT ONTO CCCDNA. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT BCP MUTATIONS DECREASE VIRAL REPLICATION CAPACITY POSSIBLY BY MODULATING THE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-BOUND HISTONES WHILE PRECORE MUTATIONS DO NOT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON VIRAL REPLICATION. THESE DATA PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE REGULATION OF HBV VIRAL REPLICATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
9 1178  34 CONTROL OF CCCDNA FUNCTION IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. THE TEMPLATE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) TRANSCRIPTION, THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA), PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE VIRUS AND PERMITS THE PERSISTENCE OF INFECTION. NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES HAVE OPENED NEW POSSIBILITIES TO INVESTIGATE THE ORGANIZATION AND THE ACTIVITY OF THE CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOME IN VIVO, AND RECENT ADVANCES HAVE STARTED TO SHED LIGHT ON THE COMPLEXITY OF THE MECHANISMS CONTROLLING CCCDNA FUNCTION. NUCLEAR CCCDNA ACCUMULATES IN HEPATOCYTE NUCLEI AS A STABLE MINICHROMOSOME ORGANIZED BY HISTONE AND NON-HISTONE VIRAL AND CELLULAR PROTEINS. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REGULATING CCCDNA STABILITY AND ITS TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY AT THE RNA, DNA AND EPIGENETIC LEVELS IN THE COURSE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CH-B) INFECTION MAY REVEAL NEW POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR ANTI-HBV DRUGS AND HENCE ASSIST IN THE DESIGN OF STRATEGIES AIMED AT SILENCING AND EVENTUALLY DEPLETING THE CCCDNA RESERVOIR.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
10 3249  39 HEPATITIS B VIRUS HIJACKS CTHRC1 TO EVADE HOST IMMUNITY AND MAINTAIN REPLICATION. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION CAUSES ACUTE AND CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, BUT IS NOT DIRECTLY CYTOPATHIC. LIVER INJURY RESULTS FROM REPEATED ATTEMPTS OF THE CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE SYSTEM TO CONTROL THE VIRAL INFECTION. HERE, WE INVESTIGATE THE ROLES OF CELLULAR FACTORS AND SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF HBV REPLICATION TO REVEAL THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING HBV INFECTION AND PATHOGENESIS. WE SHOW THAT COLLAGEN TRIPLE HELIX REPEAT CONTAINING 1 (CTHRC1) EXPRESSION IS ELEVATED IN HBV-INFECTED PATIENTS AND IN HBV-TRANSFECTED CELLS THROUGH EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION. CTHRC1 FACILITATES HBV REPLICATION IN CULTURED CELLS AND BALB/C MICE BY ACTIVATING THE PKCALPHA/ERK/JNK/C-JUN CASCADE TO REPRESS THE IFN/JAK/STAT PATHWAY. HBV-ACTIVATED CTHRC1 DOWNREGULATES THE ACTIVITY OF TYPE I INTERFERON (IFN), THE PRODUCTION OF IFN-STIMULATED GENES (ISGS), AND THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCER AND ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION 1/2 (STAT1/2), WHEREAS IT UPREGULATES THE PHOSPHORYLATION AND UBIQUITINATION OF TYPE I IFN RECEPTORS (IFNARALPHA/BETA). THUS, OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT HBV USES A NOVEL MECHANISM TO HIJACK CELLULAR FACTORS AND SIGNAL CASCADES IN ORDER TO EVADE HOST ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY AND MAINTAIN PERSISTENT INFECTION. WE ALSO DEMONSTRATE THAT CTHRC1 HAS A NOVEL ROLE IN VIRAL INFECTION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11 3255  31 HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN MEDIATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS A WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM. HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN (HBX), A PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY PROTEIN ENCODED BY HBV, IS NECESSARY FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) MINICHROMOSOMES, AND AFFECTS THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HOST CELLS. THE EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF HBX ON HOST CELL GENOME IS STRONGLY INVOLVED IN HBV-RELATED HCC CARCINOGENESIS. HERE, WE REVIEW THE LATEST FINDINGS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION INDUCED BY HBX PROTEIN IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATION AND NON-CODING RNA EXPRESSION. THE INFLUENCE OF HBX ON THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CCCDNA IS ALSO SUMMARIZED. IN ADDITION, PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF TARGETED DRUGS FOR EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY HBX ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. THE EXPLORATION OF EPIGENETIC MARKERS AS POTENTIAL TARGETS WILL HELP TO DEVELOP NEW PREVENTION AND/OR TREATMENT METHODS FOR HBX-RELATED HCC.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12 3256  30 HEPATITIS B VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND HEPATIC CANCER STEM CELLS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS LINKED TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) PATHOGENESIS. DESPITE THE AVAILABILITY OF A HBV VACCINE, CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR HCC ARE INADEQUATE. GLOBALLY, 257 MILLION PEOPLE ARE CHRONIC HBV CARRIERS, AND CHILDREN BORN FROM HBV-INFECTED MOTHERS BECOME CHRONIC CARRIERS, DESTINED TO DEVELOP LIVER CANCER. THUS, NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE NEEDED TO TARGET ESSENTIAL PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN HCC PATHOGENESIS. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUPPORTS EXISTENCE OF HEPATIC CANCER STEM CELLS (HCSCS), WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO CHEMOTHERAPY RESISTANCE AND CANCER RECURRENCE AFTER TREATMENT OR SURGERY. UNDERSTANDING HOW HCSCS FORM WILL ENABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PREVENT THEIR FORMATION. RECENT STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM INVOLVING THE DOWNREGULATION OF THE CHROMATIN MODIFYING POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2) DURING HBV INFECTION, WHICH RESULTS IN RE-EXPRESSION OF HCSC MARKER GENES IN INFECTED HEPATOCYTES AND HBV-ASSOCIATED LIVER TUMORS. HOWEVER, THE GENESIS OF HCSCS REQUIRES, IN ADDITION TO THE EXPRESSION OF HCSC MARKERS CELLULAR CHANGES, REWIRING OF METABOLISM, CELL SURVIVAL, ESCAPE FROM PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH, AND IMMUNE EVASION. HOW THESE CHANGES OCCUR IN CHRONICALLY HBV-INFECTED HEPATOCYTES IS NOT YET UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL PRESENT THE BASICS ABOUT HBV INFECTION AND HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. NEXT, WE WILL DISCUSS STUDIES DESCRIBING THE MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF LIVER CANCERS AND HOW EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS LIKELY ORCHESTRATE CELLULAR REPROGRAMING OF HEPATOCYTES TO ENABLE FORMATION OF HCSCS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
13 6337  27 THE ROLE OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS AND PATHOGENESIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B IS CAUSED BY A PERSISTENT FORM OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS, COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA). STABILITY OF CCCDNA IS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF CCCDNA AND FORMATION OF MINICHROMOSOME, REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. ONE OF THE KEY MECHANISMS IN EPIGENETICS IS METHYLATION OF DNA ON CPG ISLANDS. EXPRESSION LEVELS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES (DNMTS) IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS WERE SHOWN TO BE UPREGULATED. NEVERTHELESS, THE ROLE OF DNMTS IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF HBV AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE CELL REMAIN ELUSIVE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS LATEST ACHIEVEMENTS ON THE ROLE OF DNMTS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B AND HBV IN VITRO MODELS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
14 3189  40 HBX RELIEVES CHROMATIN-MEDIATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRAL CCCDNA INVOLVING SETDB1 HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE. BACKGROUND & AIMS: MAINTENANCE OF THE COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR HBV DNA (CCCDNA) THAT SERVES AS A TEMPLATE FOR HBV TRANSCRIPTION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FAILURE OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES. WHILE STUDIES IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS PATIENTS HAVE SHOWN THAT HIGH VIREMIA CORRELATES WITH HYPERACETYLATION OF CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONES, THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING CCCDNA STABILITY AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION ARE STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS STUDY AIMED TO DECIPHER THE ROLE OF CHROMATIN AND CHROMATIN MODIFIER PROTEINS ON HBV TRANSCRIPTION. METHODS: WE ANALYZED THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURE OF ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBED OR SILENCED CCCDNA BY INFECTING PRIMARY HUMAN HEPATOCYTES AND DIFFERENTIATED HEPARG CELLS WITH WILD-TYPE VIRUS OR VIRUS DEFICIENT (HBVX-) FOR THE EXPRESSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN (HBX), THAT IS REQUIRED FOR HBV EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN THE ABSENCE OF HBX, HBV CCCDNA WAS TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENCED WITH THE CONCOMITANT DECREASE OF HISTONE 3 (H3) ACETYLATION AND H3K4ME3, INCREASE OF H3 DI- AND TRI-METHYLATION (H3K9ME) AND THE RECRUITMENT OF HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 FACTORS (HP1) THAT CORRELATE WITH CONDENSED CHROMATIN. SETDB1 WAS FOUND TO BE THE MAIN HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEPOSITION OF H3K9ME3 AND HBV REPRESSION. FINALLY, FULL TRANSCRIPTIONAL REACTIVATION OF HBVX- UPON HBX RE-EXPRESSION CORRELATED WITH AN INCREASE OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND H3K4ME3, AND A CONCOMITANT DECREASE OF HP1 BINDING AND OF H3K9ME3 ON THE CCCDNA. CONCLUSION: UPON HBV INFECTION, CELLULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVING SETDB1-MEDIATED H3K9ME3 AND HP1 INDUCE SILENCING OF HBV CCCDNA TRANSCRIPTION THROUGH MODULATION OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. HBX IS ABLE TO RELIEVE THIS REPRESSION AND ALLOW THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ACTIVE CHROMATIN.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
15 6115  37 THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS MODULATES THE OUTCOME OF INFECTION. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE STABLE ALTERATIONS IN GENE EXPRESSION THAT DO NOT INVOLVE MUTATIONS OF THE GENETIC SEQUENCE ITSELF. IT HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY CLEAR THAT EPIGENETIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO THE OUTCOME OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION BY AFFECTING CELLULAR AND VIRION GENE EXPRESSION, VIRAL REPLICATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HBV PERSISTS IN THE NUCLEUS OF INFECTED HEPATOCYTES AS A STABLE NON-INTEGRATED COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) WHICH FUNCTIONS AS A MINICHROMOSOME. THERE ARE TWO MAJOR FORMS OF HBV EPIGENETIC REGULATION: POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF HISTONE PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOME AND DNA METHYLATION OF VIRAL AND HOST GENOMES. THIS REVIEW EXPLORES HOW HBV CAN INTERPHASE WITH HOST EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN ORDER TO EVADE HOST DEFENCES AND TO PROMOTE ITS OWN SURVIVAL AND PERSISTENCE. WE FOCUS ON THE EFFECT OF CCCDNA BOUND-HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND THE METHYLATION STATUS OF HBV DNA IN REGULATING VIRAL REPLICATION. INVESTIGATION OF HBV EPIGENETIC CONTROL HAS IMPORTANT CLINICAL CORRELATES WITH REGARDS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC REGIMENS THAT WILL SUCCESSFULLY ERADICATE HBV INFECTION AND DEAL WITH HBV REACTIVATION IN THOSE UNDERGOING TREATMENT WITH DEMETHYLATING AGENTS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16 3254  24 HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN AND HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS ONE OF THE MOST ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HBV IS ABLE TO INTEGRATE INTO THE HOST GENOME AND ENCODE THE MULTI-FUNCTIONAL HEPATITIS B VIRUS X PROTEIN (HBX). ALTHOUGH THE MECHANISM BETWEEN HBX AND CARCINOGENESIS IS STILL ELUSIVE, RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HBX WAS ABLE TO INFLUENCE VARIOUS SIGNALING PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC PROCESSES. THIS REVIEW WILL EXAMINE AND SUMMARIZE RECENT LITERATURE ABOUT HBX'S ROLE IN THESE VARIOUS PROCESSES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
17 3243  34 HEPATIC STEATOSIS IN HEPATITIS C IS A STORAGE DISEASE DUE TO HCV INTERACTION WITH MICROSOMAL TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSFER PROTEIN (MTP). LIVER STEATOSIS IS A FREQUENT HISTOLOGICAL FEATURE IN PATIENTS CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HCV AND HEPATIC STEATOSIS SEEMS TO BE THE RESULT OF BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC FACTORS. IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT HCV CAN ALTER INTRAHEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM BY AFFECTING LIPID SYNTHESIS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, LIPID PEROXIDATION, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND THE ASSEMBLY AND SECRETION OF VLDL. MANY STUDIES SUGGEST THAT HCV-RELATED STEATOSIS MIGHT BE THE RESULT OF A DIRECT INTERACTION BETWEEN THE VIRUS AND MTP. IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT MTP IS CRITICAL FOR THE SECRETION OF HCV PARTICLES AND THAT INHIBITION OF ITS LIPID TRANSFER ACTIVITY REDUCES HCV PRODUCTION. HOWEVER, HIGHER DEGREES OF HEPATIC STEATOSIS WERE FOUND IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PATIENTS CARRYING THE T ALLELE OF MTP -493G/T POLYMORPHISM THAT SEEMS TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MTP TRANSCRIPTION. WE PROPOSE HERE THAT LIVER STEATOSIS IN HEPATITIS C COULD BE A STORAGE DISEASE INDUCED BY THE EFFECTS OF THE VIRUS AND OF ITS PROTEINS ON THE INTRACELLULAR LIPID MACHINERY AND ON MTP. AVAILABLE DATA SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS THAT HCV MAY MODULATE MTP EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY THROUGH A NUMBER OF MECHANISMS SUCH AS INHIBITION OF ITS ACTIVITY AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL. INITIAL UP REGULATION COULD FAVOUR PROPAGATION OF HCV WHILE DOWN REGULATION IN CHRONIC PHASE COULD CAUSE IMPAIRMENT OF TRIGLYCERIDE SECRETION AND EXCESSIVE LIPID ACCUMULATION, WITH ABNORMAL LIPID DROPLETS FACILITATING THE "STORAGE" OF VIRUS PARTICLES FOR PERSISTENT INFECTION.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18 5335  34 QUANTIFICATION AND EPIGENETIC EVALUATION OF THE RESIDUAL POOL OF HEPATITIS B COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA IN LONG-TERM NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUE-TREATED PATIENTS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR (CCC)DNA IS THE KEY GENOMIC FORM RESPONSIBLE FOR VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND VIROLOGICAL RELAPSE AFTER TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL. THE ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL INTRAHEPATIC CCCDNA LEVELS AND ACTIVITY AFTER LONG-TERM NUCLEOS(T)IDE ANALOGUES THERAPY STILL REPRESENTS A TECHNICAL CHALLENGE. QUANTITATIVE (Q)PCR, ROLLING CIRCLE AMPLIFICATION (RCA) AND DROPLET DIGITAL (DD)PCR ASSAYS WERE USED TO QUANTIFY RESIDUAL INTRAHEPATIC CCCDNA IN LIVER BIOPSIES FROM 56 CHRONICALLY HBV INFECTED PATIENTS AFTER 3 TO 5 YEARS OF TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT. ACTIVITY OF RESIDUAL CCCDNA WAS EVALUATED BY QUANTIFYING 3.5 KB HBV RNA (PREC/PGRNA) AND BY ASSESSING CCCDNA-ASSOCIATED HISTONE TAILS POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS (PTMS) BY MICRO-CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION. LONG-TERM TELBIVUDINE TREATMENT RESULTED IN SERUM HBV DNA SUPPRESSION, WITH MOST OF THE PATIENTS REACHING UNDETECTABLE LEVELS. DESPITE 38 OUT OF 56 PATIENTS HAD UNDETECTABLE CCCDNA WHEN ASSESSED BY QPCR, RCA AND DDPCR ASSAYS DETECTED CCCDNA IN ALL-BUT-ONE NEGATIVE SAMPLES. LOW PREC/PGRNA LEVEL IN TELBIVUDINE-TREATED SAMPLES WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ENRICHMENT FOR CCCDNA HISTONE PTMS RELATED TO REPRESSED TRANSCRIPTION. NO DIFFERENCE IN CCCDNA LEVELS WAS FOUND ACCORDING TO SERUM VIRAL MARKERS EVOLUTION. THIS PANEL OF CCCDNA EVALUATION TECHNIQUES SHOULD PROVIDE AN ADDED VALUE FOR THE NEW PROOF-OF-CONCEPT CLINICAL TRIALS AIMING AT A FUNCTIONAL CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
19 6421  32 THE THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES OF RESMINOSTAT FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCER WITH INCREASES IN NEW CASES BEING REPORTED ANNUALLY. HISTOPATHOLOGISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED HEPATIC STEATOSIS AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF A BROAD RANGE OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ONSET AND DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. IN THIS CONTEXT, EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS MAY SERVE AS PRECANCEROUS FACTORS PREDISPOSING NORMAL CELLS TO THE INITIATION OF CARCINOGENESIS. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT HEPATIC TUMORIGENESIS AND DIFFERENTIATED ADIPOCYTES MAY MODULATE BOTH GLOBAL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) EXPRESSION AND SPECIFIC CLASS I HDAC GENES IN THE TUMOUR MICROENVIRONMENT. THE NOVEL CLASS I HDAC INHIBITOR RESMINOSTAT WAS SHOWN TO REDUCE THE PROLIFERATION OF HCC CELLS ALONG WITH ITS SPECIFICITY IN TARGETING CLASS I HDACS AND ONCOGENES. THE COMBINED EFFECT OF RESMINOSTAT WITH SEVERAL PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS SUCH AS SORAFENIB, CISPLATIN AND DOXORUBICIN WAS ALSO DEMONSTRATED. THE INHIBITION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC OPTION FOR HCC. IN LINE WITH THIS, THE SPECIFIC HSP90 INHIBITOR 17-(ALLYLAMINO)-17-DEMETHOXYGELDANAMYCIN (17-AAG) WAS SELECTED AND IT WAS FOUND THAT THE COMBINATION OF RESMINOSTAT AND 17-AAG MAY PROVIDE A "SMART" CLINICAL STRATEGY FOR HCC PATIENTS BY TARGETING CELLULAR COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE TUMOUR MICROENVIRONMENT. THIS STUDY PROVIDES AN INSIGHT INTO THE USE OF RESMINOSTAT AS AN EPIGENETIC BASED THERAPEUTIC FOR HCC ALONG WITH OTHER PHARMACEUTICAL OPTIONS, IN PARTICULAR BY TARGETING THE CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION THAT OCCURS BETWEEN HEPATOMA AND ADIPOCYTES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
20 3186  52 HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA MINICHROMOSOMES IN DISTINCT EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES DIFFER IN THEIR VULNERABILITY TO DAMAGE. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HBV COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA (CCCDNA) IS A MAJOR OBSTACLE FOR A CURE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS REGULATE THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES. HOWEVER, IT REMAINS UNCLEAR HOW THE EPIGENETIC STATE OF CCCDNA AFFECTS ITS STABILITY. APPROACHES AND RESULTS: BY USING HBV INFECTION CELL MODELS AND IN VITRO AND IN VIVO RECOMBINANT CCCDNA (RCCCDNA) AND HBVCIRCLE MODELS, THE REDUCTION RATE OF HBV CCCDNA AND THE EFFICACY OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B MRNA EDITING ENZYME CATALYTIC SUBUNIT 3A (APOBEC3A)-MEDIATED AND CRISPR/CRISPR-ASSOCIATED 9 (CAS9)-MEDIATED CCCDNA TARGETING WERE COMPARED BETWEEN CCCDNAS WITH DISTINCT TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITIES. INTERFERON-ALPHA TREATMENT AND HEPATITIS B X PROTEIN (HBX) DELETION WERE APPLIED AS TWO STRATEGIES FOR CCCDNA REPRESSION. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND MICROCOCCAL NUCLEASE ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE EPIGENETIC PATTERN OF CCCDNA. HBV CCCDNA LEVELS REMAINED STABLE IN NONDIVIDING HEPATOCYTES; HOWEVER, THEY WERE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED DURING CELL DIVISION, AND THE REDUCTION RATE WAS SIMILAR BETWEEN CCCDNAS IN TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE AND TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REPRESSED STATES. STRIKINGLY, HBV RCCCDNA WITHOUT HBX EXPRESSION EXHIBITED A SIGNIFICANTLY LONGER PERSISTENCE IN MICE. THE CCCDNA WITH LOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY EXHIBITED AN EPIGENETICALLY INACTIVE PATTERN AND WAS MORE DIFFICULT TO ACCESS BY APOBEC3A AND ENGINEERED CRISPR-CAS9. THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR ACTIVATING CCCDNA INCREASED ITS VULNERABILITY TO APOBEC3A. CONCLUSIONS: HBV CCCDNA MINICHROMOSOMES IN DISTINCT EPIGENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL STATES SHOWED A SIMILAR REDUCTION RATE DURING CELL DIVISION BUT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERED IN THEIR ACCESSIBILITY AND VULNERABILITY TO TARGETED NUCLEASES AND ANTIVIRAL AGENTS. EPIGENETIC SENSITIZATION OF CCCDNA MAKES IT MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DAMAGE AND MAY POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTE TO AN HBV CURE.	2022