1 4760 161 NOVEL TREATMENTS OF ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA. ADULT T CELL LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA (ATL) IS AN AGGRESSIVE MALIGNANCY SECONDARY TO CHRONIC INFECTION WITH THE HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE I (HTLV-I) RETROVIRUS. ATL CARRIES A DISMAL PROGNOSIS. ATL CLASSIFIES INTO FOUR SUBTYPES (ACUTE, LYMPHOMA, CHRONIC, AND SMOLDERING) WHICH DISPLAY DIFFERENT CLINICAL FEATURES, PROGNOSIS AND RESPONSE TO THERAPY, HENCE REQUIRING DIFFERENT CLINICAL MANAGEMENT. SMOLDERING AND CHRONIC SUBTYPES RESPOND WELL TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY USING THE COMBINATION OF ZIDOVUDINE (AZT) AND INTERFERON-ALPHA (IFN) WITH A SIGNIFICANT PROLONGATION OF SURVIVAL. CONVERSELY, THE WATCH AND WAIT STRATEGY OR CHEMOTHERAPY FOR THESE INDOLENT SUBTYPES ALLIES WITH A POOR LONG-TERM OUTCOME. ACUTE ATL IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHEMO-RESISTANCE AND DISMAL PROGNOSIS. LYMPHOMA SUBTYPES RESPOND BETTER TO INTENSIVE CHEMOTHERAPY BUT SURVIVAL REMAINS POOR. ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (HSCT) RESULTS IN LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IN ROUGHLY ONE THIRD OF TRANSPLANTED PATIENTS BUT ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF PATIENTS CAN MAKE IT TO TRANSPLANT. OVERALL, CURRENT TREATMENTS OF AGGRESSIVE ATL ARE NOT SATISFACTORY. PROGNOSIS OF REFRACTORY OR RELAPSED PATIENTS IS DISMAL WITH SOME ENCOURAGING RESULTS WHEN USING LENALIDOMIDE OR MOGAMULIZUMAB. TO OVERCOME RESISTANCE AND PREVENT RELAPSE, PRECLINICAL OR PILOT CLINICAL STUDIES USING TARGETED THERAPIES SUCH AS ARSENIC/IFN, MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, EPIGENETIC THERAPIES ARE PROMISING BUT WARRANT FURTHER CLINICAL INVESTIGATION. ANTI-ATL VACCINES INCLUDING TAX PEPTIDE-PULSED DENDRITIC CELLS, INDUCED TAX-SPECIFIC CTL RESPONSES IN ATL PATIENTS. FINALLY, BASED ON THE PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATL, AND THE RISK-ADAPTED TREATMENT APPROACHES TO DIFFERENT ATL SUBTYPES, TREATMENT STRATEGIES OF ATL SHOULD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES AND THE HOST MICROENVIRONMENT INCLUDING HTLV-1 INFECTED NON-MALIGNANT CELLS. HEREIN, WE WILL PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF NOVEL TREATMENTS OF ATL IN VITRO, IN VIVO, AND IN EARLY CLINICAL TRIALS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
2 6789  40 [CURRENT STATUS OF ATL RESEARCH: EFFORTS FOR PREVENTION AND PRECISION MEDICINE FOR ATL]. THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW AGENTS AND HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION INTO THE TREATMENT OF ATL HAS ACTIVATED ITS CLINICAL RESEARCH. HOWEVER, THE PROGNOSIS OF ATL REMAINS POOR COMPARED WITH THOSE OF OTHER LEUKEMIAS AND LYMPHOMAS. THUS, SEEMINGLY WE HAVE TO RECONSIDER A NEW STRATEGY OF ATL THERAPY BASED ON ITS UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS. HTLV-1 INFECTION OF T CELLS RESULTS IN CLONAL PROLIFERATION OF INFECTED CELLS THAT ACCUMULATE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES BEFORE THE ONSET OF ATL. THEREFORE, THE TREATMENT STRATEGY SHOULD INCLUDE THE PREVENTION OF HTLV-1 INFECTION AND ATL DEVELOPMENT IN ADDITION TO PRECISION MEDICINE BASED ON THE STRATIFICATION OF ATL CASES BY BIOMARKERS THAT DISCRIMINATE CLINICAL STAGES OF ATL. I SUMMARIZE HERE THE RECENT PROGRESS IN ATL RESEARCH FOCUSING ON THE BIOMOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES THAT LEAD TO CLONAL EXPANSION AND MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HTLV-1-INFECTED T CELLS. APPARENTLY, ONE OF THE BASES FOR THE PREVENTION OF ATL IS TO ESTABLISH A DISEASE ENTITY OF "CHRONIC ACTIVE HTLV-1 INFECTION" THAT DEFINES HIGH-RISK CARRIERS FOR ATL DEVELOPMENT AND ENABLES PREVENTIVE INTERVENTION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3 3565  42 IMPACT OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND BIOMARKERS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY OF TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. MOST MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES ARE GENERALLY A CONSEQUENCE OF ACQUIRED MUTATIONS OR REARRANGEMENTS IN CELL REPLICATION PROCESSES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) IS A CLINICALLY AND MOLECULARLY HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE THAT RESULTS FROM ACQUIRED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. DESPITE THE ADVANCES MADE IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS DISEASE, THE OVERALL SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS REMAINS VERY LOW DUE TO THE HIGH RELAPSE RATE. PHARMACOGENETICS AND MASSIVE SEQUENCING STUDIES HAVE ALLOWED THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW RECURRENT MUTATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT PROGNOSTIC IMPACT IN AML; FURTHERMORE, IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING WILL SOON BECOME A STANDARD DIAGNOSTIC TEST, WHICH WILL ALLOW THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF PATIENTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT OPEN NEW THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES AND ALLOW INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH THIS AGGRESSIVE DISEASE. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS THE FIRST NEOPLASTIC DISEASE FOR WHICH A CHARACTERISTIC GENETIC ALTERATION WAS DESCRIBED. IT HAS, BY DEFINITION, A GENETIC MARKER, THE BCR::ABL1 REARRANGEMENT, AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE T9;22(Q34;Q11) TRANSLOCATION. ITS STUDY IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF THIS ENTITY AND ALSO FOR MONITORING THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. DRUGS KNOWN AS TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) THAT TARGET THE BCR::ABL1 PROTEIN (ORAL TARGETED THERAPY) ARE THE CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OF CML, REPRESENTING A CHANGE OF PARADIGM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ONCOHEMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4  358  41 ALTERNATIVE SPLICING IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML): A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET? ALTHOUGH THE IMATINIB BASED THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REPRESENTS A TRIUMPH OF MEDICINE, NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CML BENEFIT FROM THIS DRUG DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE AND INTOLERANCE. THE INTERRUPTION OF IMATINIB TREATMENT IS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY CLINICAL RELAPSE, SUGGESTING A FAILURE IN THE KILLING OF RESIDUAL LEUKAEMIC STEM CELLS. THERE IS NEED TO IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE SELECTIVE MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THIS DISEASE AND DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. ALTERNATIVE PRE-MRNA SPLICING (AS) IS AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT GREATLY DIVERSIFIES THE REPERTOIRE OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME. AS ORCHESTRATES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES OF PROTEINS AND BETWEEN PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. CHANGES CAUSED BY INDIVIDUAL SPLICING EVENTS IN THE CELLS ARE SMALL, HOWEVER, "SPLICING PROGRAMS" TYPICALLY REACT TO THESE INDIVIDUAL CHANGES WITH CONSIDERABLE EFFECTS IN CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL SURVIVAL, AND APOPTOSIS. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A PIVOTAL ROLE OF AS IN LEUKEMIAS, PARTICULARLY IN MYELODISPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTE LEUKEMIA (CLL). FROM THESE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN OTHER MALIGNANCES, IT IS CLEAR THAT SPLICING ABNORMALITIES PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. EVALUATION OF AS EVENTS IN CML CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL DISEASE MARKERS AND DRUGSENSITIVE TARGETS TO OVERCOME THE LIMITS OF THE SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS CURRENTLY USED FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH CML. THE USE OF ABERRANT SPLICE VARIANTS AS DISEASE MARKERS HAS BEEN REPORTED, HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE USE OF SPLICING ABNORMALITIES AS DRUG TARGETS IN CML. HEREIN WE DISCUSS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES THAT CAN BE USED TO TARGET SPLICING ABNORMALITIES IN CML.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5 4681  34 NEW OPTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC HEMATOPOIETIC DISORDERS, USUALLY PRESENTING AS REFRACTORY ANEMIA OR CYTOPENIA, WITH AN APPROXIMATELY 25% RISK OF PROGRESSION TOWARD ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEIMA (AML), AND NO PROVEN CURATIVE TREATMENT. NOVEL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES TARGETING BOTH THE MALIGNANT BLOOD CELL AND ITS MICROENVIRONMENT CAN OVERCOME RESISTANCE TO CURRENT THERAPIES, AND REPRESENT A PROMISING TREATMENT PARADIGM FOR IMPROVING PATIENT OUTCOME. MANY OF THESE AGENTS HAVE MULTIPLE BIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO PRESENT A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS IN MDS AND TO DISCUSS THE EVOLVING TRENDS IN THE TREATMENT OF MDS (IMMUNOSUPPRESIVE THERAPY, IMMUNOMODULATORY DRUGS, ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, PROTEASOME INHIBITORS, EPIGENETIC THERAPY).	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
6 4487  39 MOLECULARLY TARGETED DRUG COMBINATIONS DEMONSTRATE SELECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS FOR MYELOID- AND LYMPHOID-DERIVED HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. TRANSLATING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY UNDERLYING HUMAN CANCERS INTO THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IS AN ONGOING CHALLENGE. LARGE-SCALE SEQUENCING EFFORTS HAVE UNCOVERED A SPECTRUM OF MUTATIONS IN MANY HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), SUGGESTING THAT COMBINATIONS OF AGENTS WILL BE REQUIRED TO TREAT THESE DISEASES EFFECTIVELY. COMBINATORIAL APPROACHES WILL ALSO BE CRITICAL FOR COMBATING THE EMERGENCE OF GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS SUBCLONES, RESCUE SIGNALS IN THE MICROENVIRONMENT, AND TUMOR-INTRINSIC FEEDBACK PATHWAYS THAT ALL CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE RELAPSE. TO IDENTIFY NOVEL AND EFFECTIVE DRUG COMBINATIONS, WE PERFORMED EX VIVO SENSITIVITY PROFILING OF 122 PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES FROM A VARIETY OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES AGAINST A PANEL OF 48 DRUG COMBINATIONS. THE COMBINATIONS WERE DESIGNED AS DRUG PAIRS THAT TARGET NONOVERLAPPING BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND COMPRISE DRUGS FROM DIFFERENT CLASSES, PREFERABLY WITH FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION APPROVAL. A COMBINATION RATIO (CR) WAS DERIVED FOR EACH DRUG PAIR, AND CRS WERE EVALUATED WITH RESPECT TO DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES AS WELL AS AGAINST GENETIC, CYTOGENETIC, AND CELLULAR PHENOTYPES OF SPECIMENS FROM THE TWO LARGEST DISEASE CATEGORIES: AML AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). NEARLY ALL TESTED COMBINATIONS INVOLVING A BCL2 INHIBITOR SHOWED ADDITIONAL BENEFIT IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, WHEREAS SELECT COMBINATIONS INVOLVING PI3K, CSF1R, OR BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS SHOWED PREFERENTIAL BENEFIT IN LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES. EXPANDED ANALYSES OF PATIENTS WITH AML AND CLL REVEALED SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF EX VIVO DRUG COMBINATION EFFICACY THAT WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SELECT GENETIC, CYTOGENETIC, AND PHENOTYPIC DISEASE SUBSETS, WARRANTING FURTHER EVALUATION. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE HEURISTIC VALUE OF AN INTEGRATED FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
7 6618  39 UNDERSTANDING AND MONITORING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA BLAST CRISIS: HOW TO BETTER MANAGE PATIENTS. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS TRIGGERED PRIMARILY BY THE T(9;22) (Q34.13; Q11.23) TRANSLOCATION. THIS RECIPROCAL CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF THE BCR-ABL FUSION GENE. PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE (CP) EXPERIENCE A GOOD CURATIVE EFFECT WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS. HOWEVER, CASES ARE TREATMENT REFRACTORY, WITH A DISMAL PROGNOSIS, WHEN THE DISEASE HAS PROGRESSED TO THE ACCELERATED PHASE (AP) OR BLAST PHASE (BP). UNTIL NOW, FEW REPORTS HAVE PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED AT DIFFERENT MOLECULAR LEVELS. INDEED, THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENESIS OF CML EVOLUTION COMPRISES GENETIC ABERRATIONS, CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS (EXCEPT FOR THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME), TELOMERE BIOLOGY, AND EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES. HEREIN, WE PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BIOLOGY RESPONSIBLE FOR BLAST TRANSFORMATION OF CML AT SEVERAL LEVELS, SUCH AS GENETICS, TELOMERE BIOLOGY, AND EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES. BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE AND POOR OUTCOMES, ONLY THE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE IS MONITORED REGULARLY, WHICH INVOLVES BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPT LEVEL ASSESSMENT AND IMMUNOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE, WITH THE OPTIMAL TREATMENT STRATEGY FOR PATIENTS IN CP ADAPTED TO EVALUATE DISEASE RECURRENCE OR PROGRESSION. OVERALL, SELECTING OPTIMAL TREATMENT ENDPOINTS TO PREDICT SURVIVAL AND SUCCESSFUL TFR IMPROVES THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS. THUS, IDENTIFYING RISK FACTORS AND DEVELOPING RISK-ADAPTED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO A BETTER OUTCOME FOR ADVANCED-PHASE PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
8 1882  36 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
9 6857  47 [NOVEL CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES IN ONCO-HEMATHOLOGY]. CYTOGENETIC, MOLECULAR AND PHENOTYPING FEATURES OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES SUCCEEDED IN IMPROVING THEIR MANAGEMENT BY A MORE ACCURATE STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS ACCORDING TO SEVERAL GROUPS OF RISK AND BY PROVIDING A RATIONAL FOR TARGETED THERAPY. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF TREATMENT (EXCLUDING CELLULAR THERAPY) ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN ONCO-HEMATOLOGY: CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY, SMALL MOLECULES FOR TARGETED THERAPY AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES. CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY WITH OPTIMIZATION OF DOSES AND MULTIDRUG-BASED REGIMENS ALLOWED TO SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS AND KEEPS A PLACE OF CHOICE IN TREATMENT OF THESE DISEASES. TARGETED TREATMENTS CAME FROM THE CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HEMOPATHIES. THUS, THE KINASE BCR-ABL, AS A RESULT OF THE TRANSLOCATION T(9;22)(Q34;Q11), HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY TARGETED BY TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND PH+ ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES LIKE INTERNAL-TANDEM DUPLICATION/POINT ACTIVATING MUTATIONS IN FLT3 IN SOME ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA OR EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATIONS IN SOME BLOOD MALIGNANCIES CAN ALSO BE TARGETED BY SMALL MOLECULES. HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANT CELLS ARE PHENOTYPICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY EXPRESSION OF CLUSTER OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD) ON THEIR SURFACE. THESE CD ARE DETECTED BY FLOW CYTOMETRY USING SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TARGETING DIFFERENT CD HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT. RITUXIMAB, AN ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODY, WAS THE FIRST MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOPED FOR TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES. SINCE RITUXIMAB, MANY OTHER MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ARE BEING DEVELOPED. TRENDS IN MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES PRESENTED HERE WILL INCLUDE TREATMENTS, WHICH HAVE AT LEAST ENTERED PHASE I/II CLINICAL TRIALS IN ADULT OR CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA. THEY INCLUDE SOME NOVEL DRUGS OF CONVENTIONAL CHEMOTHERAPY LIKE SECOND-GENERATION NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES. WE WILL GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF THE SMALL MOLECULES TARGETING THE DIFFERENT CELLULAR PATHWAYS AND WE WILL HIGHLIGHT THOSE APPEARING AS THE MOST PROMISING LIKE NOVEL TKIS. THE LARGE FIELD OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES WILL BE ALSO APPROACHED FOCUSING ON ANTIBODIES DEVELOPED IN LEUKEMIAS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
10 6320  39 THE ROCKY ROAD TO PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE MYELOID BLOOD LINEAGE CHARACTERIZED BY IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION AND INCREASED PROLIFERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS. RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE LED TO AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF AML BIOLOGY BUT ALSO UNCOVERED THE ENORMOUS CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF THE DISEASE. DESPITE THIS HETEROGENEITY, AML IS MOSTLY MANAGED BY A 'ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL' APPROACH CONSISTING OF INTENSIVE, HIGHLY TOXIC INDUCTION AND CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY. THESE TREATMENT PROTOCOLS HAVE REMAINED LARGELY UNCHANGED FOR THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES AND ONLY LEAD TO A CURE IN APPROXIMATELY 30-35% OF CASES. THE ADVENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND OTHER MALIGNANCIES HAS SPARKED HOPE TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOME IN AML. HOWEVER, THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TARGETED AGENTS IN AML THERAPY HAS BEEN UNEXPECTEDLY CUMBERSOME AND REMAINS A DIFFICULT TASK DUE TO A VARIETY OF DISEASE- AND PATIENT-SPECIFIC FACTORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE CURRENT STANDARD AND INVESTIGATIONAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES WITH A FOCUS ON TARGETED AGENTS AND HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL TOOLS THAT MIGHT FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THIS FATAL DISEASE. THE CLASSES OF AGENTS DESCRIBED IN THIS REVIEW INCLUDE CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED SIGNALLING PATHWAY INHIBITORS, SURFACE RECEPTOR TARGETS, EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, DRUGS TARGETING THE INTERACTION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELL WITH THE STROMA AND DRUGS THAT TARGET THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY. THE CLINICAL CONTEXT AND OUTCOME WITH THESE AGENTS WILL BE EXAMINED TO GAIN INSIGHT ABOUT THEIR OPTIMAL UTILIZATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11 2237  39 EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. MYELOID HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES ARE CLONAL BONE MARROW NEOPLASMS, COMPRISING OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), THE MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN) AND SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS (SM). THE FIELD OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT HEMATOPOIESIS IS RAPIDLY GROWING. IN RECENT YEARS, HETEROZYGOUS SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN GENES ENCODING EPIGENETIC REGULATORS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ALL SUBTYPES OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, SUPPORTING THE RATIONALE FOR TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) ARE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS THAT, IN VITRO, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE GROWTH ARREST, APOPTOTIC OR AUTOPHAGIC CELL DEATH, AND TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MYELOID TUMOR CELLS. THESE EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED BOTH AT THE BULK TUMOR LEVEL AND IN THE MOST IMMATURE CD34(+)38(-) CELL COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS. THUS, THERE IS A STRONG RATIONALE SUPPORTING HDACI THERAPY IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, DESPITE INITIAL PROMISING RESULTS IN PHASE I TRIALS, HDACI IN MONOTHERAPY AS WELL AS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER DRUGS, HAVE FAILED TO IMPROVE RESPONSES OR SURVIVAL. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE RATIONALE FOR HDACI IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, CLINICAL RESULTS AND SPECULATIONS ON WHY CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE THUS FAR NOT MET THE EXPECTATIONS, AND HOW THIS MAY BE IMPROVED IN THE FUTURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12 5245  47 PROGNOSTIC RELEVANCE OF INTEGRATED GENETIC PROFILING IN ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA. ADULT T-CELL LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA (ATL) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF PERIPHERAL T-CELL MALIGNANCIES CHARACTERIZED BY HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS TYPE-1 INFECTION, WHOSE GENETIC PROFILE HAS RECENTLY BEEN FULLY INVESTIGATED. HOWEVER, IT IS STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD HOW THESE ALTERATIONS AFFECT CLINICAL FEATURES AND PROGNOSIS. WE INVESTIGATED THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS COMMONLY FOUND IN ATL ON DISEASE PHENOTYPES AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES, BASED ON GENOTYPING DATA OBTAINED FROM 414 AND 463 ATL PATIENTS USING TARGETED-CAPTURE SEQUENCING AND SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY KARYOTYPING, RESPECTIVELY. AGGRESSIVE (ACUTE/LYMPHOMA) SUBTYPES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED BURDEN OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, HIGHER FREQUENCIES OF TP53 AND IRF4 MUTATIONS, AND MANY COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS (CNAS), INCLUDING PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS AND CDKN2A DELETIONS, COMPARED WITH INDOLENT (CHRONIC/SMOLDERING) SUBTYPES. BY CONTRAST, STAT3 MUTATIONS WERE MORE CHARACTERISTIC OF INDOLENT ATL. HIGHER NUMBERS OF SOMATIC MUTATIONS AND CNAS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH WORSE SURVIVAL. IN A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS INCORPORATING BOTH CLINICAL FACTORS AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS, THE JAPAN CLINICAL ONCOLOGY GROUP PROGNOSTIC INDEX HIGH-RISK, OLDER AGE, PRKCB MUTATIONS, AND PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS WERE INDEPENDENT POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN AGGRESSIVE ATL. IN INDOLENT ATL, IRF4 MUTATIONS, PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS, AND CDKN2A DELETIONS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTER SURVIVAL, ALTHOUGH THE CHRONIC SUBTYPE WITH UNFAVORABLE CLINICAL FACTORS WAS ONLY MARGINALLY SIGNIFICANT. THUS, SOMATIC ALTERATIONS CHARACTERIZING AGGRESSIVE DISEASES PREDICT WORSE PROGNOSIS IN INDOLENT ATL, AMONG WHICH PD-L1 AMPLIFICATIONS ARE A STRONG GENETIC PREDICTOR IN BOTH AGGRESSIVE AND INDOLENT ATL. ATL SUBTYPES ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO MOLECULARLY DISTINCT SUBSETS WITH DIFFERENT PROGNOSIS. GENETIC PROFILING MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO IMPROVED PROGNOSTICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ATL PATIENTS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13 2652  32 EPIGENOMICS OF LEUKEMIA: FROM MECHANISMS TO THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. LEUKEMOGENESIS IS A MULTISTEP PROCESS IN WHICH SUCCESSIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL EVENTS ENHANCE THE ABILITY OF A CLONAL POPULATION ARISING FROM HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS TO PROLIFERATE, DIFFERENTIATE AND SURVIVE. CLINICALLY AND PATHOLOGICALLY, LEUKEMIA IS SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. LEUKEMIA HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED ONLY AS A GENETIC DISEASE. HOWEVER, IN RECENT YEARS, SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE ELUCIDATION OF THE LEUKEMOGENESIS-ASSOCIATED PROCESSES. THUS, WE HAVE COME TO UNDERSTAND THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MIRNA ARE INVOLVED IN THE PERMANENT CHANGES OF GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLLING THE LEUKEMIA PHENOTYPE. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WILL FOCUS ON THE EPIGENETIC DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKEMIA AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS AS BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14 1164  31 CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) AS A DISEASE MODEL TO DEFINE AND STUDY CLONAL HETEROGENEITY. ALTHOUGH TUMOUR CELL INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR MANY YEARS, ITS APPLICATION IN THE ONCOLOGY CLINICAL PRACTICE (PATIENT MANAGEMENT, PROGNOSIS, ETC.) REMAINS LIMITED. FOR THIS, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) IS A REMARKABLE MODEL. BASIC RESEARCH STUDIES REVEALED THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE INITIAL CLONE, AND LED TO THE HYPOTHESIS OF THE EXISTENCE OF LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS. NEVERTHELESS, THE INDISPUTABLE EVIDENCE OF THE INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY ROLE IN THE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE CAME FROM THE OUTCOMES OF THE TREATMENT WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (THE FIRST TARGETED THERAPY IN MEDICINE) COMBINED WITH THE EARLY AND RIGOROUS CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR MONITORING OF THESE PATIENTS. CML MANAGEMENT ALREADY TAKES THIS HETEROGENEITY INTO ACCOUNT FOR PERSONALIZED PATIENT FOLLOW-UP. THE ADVENTURE CONTINUES WITH THE OBJECTIVES OF BETTER TAILORING THE TREATMENT AND OF CURING THE DISEASE IN MOST OF THE PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
15 3091  24 GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC HETEROGENEITY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. DEFINING FEATURES OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) ARE NOT ONLY ITS IMMUNOPHENOTYPE OF CD19(+)CD5(+)CD23(+)SIGDIM EXPRESSING CLONAL MATURE B CELLS BUT ALSO ITS HIGHLY VARIABLE CLINICAL COURSE. IN RECENT YEARS, ADVANCES IN MASSIVELY PARALLEL SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGIES HAVE LED TO RAPID PROGRESS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLL GENOME AND EPIGENOME. OVERALL, THESE STUDIES HAVE CLEARLY DEMARCATED NOT ONLY THE VAST DEGREE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH CLL BUT ALSO EVEN WITHIN INDIVIDUAL PATIENT LEUKEMIAS. WE HEREIN REVIEW THE RAPIDLY GROWING SERIES OF STUDIES ASSESSING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FEATURES OF CLL WITHIN CLINICALLY DEFINED PERIODS OF ITS GROWTH. THESE STUDIES STRONGLY SUGGEST AN EVOLVING SPECTRUM OF LESIONS OVER TIME AND THAT THESE FEATURES MAY HAVE CLINICAL IMPACT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
16 4660  42 NEW APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASIA. THE THERAPEUTIC DILEMMA THAT CONFRONTS THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) IS ILLUSTRATED BY THE ABSENCE OF A FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION-APPROVED AGENT WITH AN INDICATION FOR THIS DISEASE. CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY AND INADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE PATHOBIOLOGY HAVE LIMITED PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT RECIPROCAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MALIGNANT CLONE AND THE MICROENVIRONMENT SERVE TO CREATE A HOSTILE MILIEU THAT REINFORCES INEFFECTIVE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION. INEFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS, THE HALLMARK OF MDS, ARISES FROM IMPAIRED PROGENITOR RESPONSIVENESS TO NORMAL TROPHIC SIGNALS AND EXCESS LOCAL GENERATION OF INHIBITORY CYTOKINES, WHICH PROMOTE ACCELERATED APOPTOTIC LOSS OF PROGENITORS AND THEIR PROGENY. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS MODEL DERIVES FROM CYTOKINE NEUTRALIZATION STUDIES AND THE DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLASMA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA CONCENTRATION AND DNA OXIDATION AND GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION IN MALIGNANT CD34+ PROGENITORS. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT ANGIOGENIC MOLECULES GENERATED BY MALIGNANT MYELOMONOCYTIC PRECURSORS REPRESENT INTEGRAL DIFFUSABLE SIGNALS THAT REINFORCE LEUKEMIA PROGENITOR SELF-RENEWAL WHILE PROMOTING THE GENERATION OF PROAPOPTOTIC CYTOKINES AND MEDULLARY ANGIOGENIC RESPONSE. THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION IS COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDING METHYLATION SILENCING OF THE P15 PROTO-ONCOGENE OR ACTIVATING RAS POINT MUTATIONS. DELINEATION OF SUCH BIOLOGIC FEATURES THAT ARE CENTRAL TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF MDS PROVIDES A RELIABLE FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS IN CLINICAL TESTING INCLUDE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, THALIDOMIDE AND RELATED ANALOGUES, AND THE RECOMBINANT VEGF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY, BEVACIZUMAB. AGENTS WHOSE ACTIONS MAY RESTORE DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAMS, SUCH AS THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS OR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, OFFER THE PROSPECT TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS WHILE IMPACTING THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION. RAS FARNESYL TRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAVE SHOWN ENCOURAGING PRELIMINARY RESULTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN ADVANCED MDS AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (ATO) INTERACTS WITH A SPECTRUM OF BIOLOGIC TARGETS THAT MAY BE UNIQUELY SUITED TO MDS. ATO IS A POTENT INDUCER OF APOPTOSIS IN THIOL-DEPLETED MALIGNANT PROGENITORS AND NEOVASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, WHILE PROMOTING DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH HISTONE ACETYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COREPRESSORS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT BIOLOGIC TARGETS IN MDS HAS RAISED EXPECTATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC THERAPIES FOR MDS IN THE YEARS THAT FOLLOW.	2002	

17 1078  35 CLONAL NON-MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS: UNRAVELING MOLECULAR PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS TO DEVELOP NOVEL TARGETED THERAPEUTICS. CLONAL NON-MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS ARE A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF DISEASES THAT ARE PARTICULARLY CHALLENGING FOR HEMATOLOGISTS. INDEED, MOST OBVIOUS AND FREQUENT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES INCLUDE A BROAD SPECTRUM OF MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS LEUKEMIAS, LYMPHOMAS, MYELOMA, AND OTHER MYELOPROLIFERATIVE OR LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. IN RECENT YEARS, ALL THESE DISEASES HAVE BEEN CATEGORIZED BY THE WHO ACCORDING TO A NOVEL CLASSIFICATION OF MYELOID AND LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES, WHICH TAKES IN ACCOUNT THE OUTSTANDING PROGRESS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF MOLECULAR DEFECTS UNDERLYING HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. REGARDLESS OF A NUMBER OF NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES, HEMATOLOGISTS CONTINUE TO DEAL DAILY WITH CONDITIONS WHERE A CLEAR DIAGNOSIS OF A MALIGNANCY IS MISSING: THIS IS THE CASE OF SEVERAL CLONAL HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS, WHICH ARE CONSIDERED BONA FIDE NON-MALIGNANT. SOME MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, CHRONIC T AND NK DISORDERS OF GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTES, MYELOFIBROSIS, MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES, MONOCLONAL B-CEL LYMPHOCYTOSIS, MASTOCYTOSIS AND PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA ARE PARADIGMATIC EXAMPLES OF HOW CLONAL DISORDERS ARE CLEARLY DIFFERENT FROM CANCERS, EVEN IF THEY MAY SHARE WITH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES SIMILAR MOLECULAR, GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCESSES. INDEED, IT IS NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR WHETHER IN INDIVIDUAL CONDITIONS SUCH PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS MAY REPRESENT INITIAL STEP(S) OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, MAKING A BRIDGE BETWEEN THESE CLONAL NON-MALIGNANT DISORDERS AND TYPICAL HEMATOLOGICAL CANCERS. SOME OF THESE NON-MALIGNANT DISORDERS IMPLY SPECIFIC PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS AND/OR CLINICAL COURSE, AND SO THEY HAVE BEEN DEFINITELY ESTABLISHED WITH THEIR OWN BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL IDENTITY. HOWEVER, THE OBVIOUS QUESTION WHETHER SOME OF THESE CLONAL NON-MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES FORM SOME A KIND OF DISEASE-CONTINUUM WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING MALIGNANT COUNTERPART IS STILL TO BE ANSWERED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
18 2992  35 GENETIC LANDSCAPE AND DEREGULATED PATHWAYS IN B-CELL LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES. WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING, THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE OF THE COMPLEX GROUP OF B-CELL LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES HAS RAPIDLY BEEN UNRAVELLED IN RECENT YEARS. THIS HAS PROVIDED IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT RECURRENT GENETIC EVENTS AND IDENTIFIED KEY PATHWAYS DEREGULATED IN EACH LYMPHOMA SUBTYPE. IN PARALLEL, THERE HAS BEEN INTENSE SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL TYPES OF TARGETED THERAPY THAT 'HIT' CENTRAL MECHANISMS IN LYMPHOMA PATHOBIOLOGY, SUCH AS BTK, PI3K OR BCL2 INHIBITORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE WILL OUTLINE THE CURRENT VIEW OF THE GENETIC LANDSCAPE OF SELECTED ENTITIES: FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA, DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA, MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA, CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA AND MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA. WE WILL DETAIL RECURRENT ALTERATIONS AFFECTING IMPORTANT SIGNALLING PATHWAYS, THAT IS THE B-CELL RECEPTOR/NF-KAPPAB PATHWAY, NOTCH SIGNALLING, JAK-STAT SIGNALLING, P53/DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE, APOPTOSIS AND CELL CYCLE REGULATION, AS WELL AS OTHER PERHAPS UNEXPECTED CELLULAR PROCESSES, SUCH AS IMMUNE REGULATION, CELL MIGRATION, EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND RNA PROCESSING. WHILST MANY OF THESE PATHWAYS/PROCESSES ARE COMMONLY ALTERED IN DIFFERENT LYMPHOID TUMORS, ALBEIT AT VARYING FREQUENCIES, OTHERS ARE PREFERENTIALLY TARGETED IN SELECTED B-CELL MALIGNANCIES. SOME OF THESE GENETIC LESIONS ARE EITHER INVOLVED IN DISEASE ONTOGENY OR LINKED TO THE EVOLUTION OF EACH DISEASE AND/OR SPECIFIC CLINICOBIOLOGICAL FEATURES, AND SOME OF THEM HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO HAVE PROGNOSTIC AND EVEN PREDICTIVE IMPACT. FUTURE WORK IS ESPECIALLY NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THE THERAPY-RESISTANT DISEASE, PARTICULARLY IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH TARGETED THERAPY, AND TO IDENTIFY NOVEL TARGETS AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IN ORDER TO REALIZE TRUE PRECISION MEDICINE IN THIS CLINICALLY HETEROGENEOUS PATIENT GROUP.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
19 5687  40 SIGNIFICANCE OF INACTIVATED GENES IN LEUKEMIA: PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS. EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE TWO MECHANISMS PARTICIPATING IN LEUKEMIA, WHICH CAN INACTIVATE GENES INVOLVED IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS OR PROGRESSION. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO INTRODUCE VARIOUS INACTIVATED GENES AND EVALUATE THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS. BY SEARCHING THE MESH WORDS "GENE, SILENCING AND LEUKEMIA" IN PUBMED WEBSITE, RELEVANT ENGLISH ARTICLES DEALT WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS AS OF 2000 WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. GENE INACTIVATION IN LEUKEMIA IS LARGELY MEDIATED BY PROMOTER'S HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE INVOLVING IN CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SUCH AS CELL CYCLE, APOPTOSIS, AND GENE TRANSCRIPTION. INACTIVATED GENES, SUCH AS ASPP1, TP53, IKZF1 AND P15, MAY CORRELATE WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA (CLL), CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), RESPECTIVELY. GENE INACTIVATION MAY PLAY A CONSIDERABLE ROLE IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS, WHICH CAN BE CONSIDERED AS COMPLEMENTARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS TO DIFFERENTIATE DIFFERENT LEUKEMIA TYPES, DETERMINE LEUKEMIA PROGNOSIS, AND ALSO DETECT RESPONSE TO THERAPY. IN GENERAL, THIS REVIEW SHOWED SOME GENES INACTIVATED ONLY IN LEUKEMIA (WITH DIFFERENCES BETWEEN B-ALL, T-ALL, CLL, AML AND CML). THESE DIFFERENCES COULD BE OF INTEREST AS AN ADDITIONAL TOOL TO BETTER CATEGORIZE LEUKEMIA TYPES. FURTHERMORE; BASED ON INACTIVATED GENES, A DIVERSE CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKEMIAS COULD REPRESENT A POWERFUL METHOD TO ADDRESS A TARGETED THERAPY OF THE PATIENTS, IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE SIDE EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES AND TO ENHANCE NEW DRUG STRATEGIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
20 4320  24 MICRORNAS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: AN OLD DISEASE WITH NEW GENETIC INSIGHTS. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS THE MOST COMMON LEUKEMIA AMONG ADULT POPULATION IN WESTERN COUNTRY. IN THE LAST DECADE, SEVERAL FINDINGS HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY REVOLUTIONIZED THE OLD CONCEPT THAT CLL IS A DISEASE ORIGINATING FROM MATURE, NOT-DIVIDING CELL WITH INDOLENT CLINICAL COURSE. NOTABLY, NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS) HAS CONTRIBUTED TO DEEPEN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE CELLULAR NETWORKS THAT IMPLY THE ONSET AND THE PROGRESSION OF CLL. AMONG GENETIC ABERRATIONS THAT ARE RECURRENTLY OBSERVED IN B-CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH CLL, MICRORNA DEREGULATION REPRESENTED THE FIRST EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THAT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED. THROUGH EPIGENETIC MECHANISM THEY CAN MODULATE GENE EXPRESSION AND INTERFERE WITH CELLULAR PATHWAYS THAT ARE INVOLVED IN CELL CYCLE, APOPTOSIS AND B-CELL RECEPTOR (BCR) ACTIVATION. ALTHOUGH FEW STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THE PROGNOSTIC AND PREDICTIVE VALUE OF MICRORNA EXPRESSION LEVELS, THEIR VALIDATION WITHIN PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL TRIALS IS WARRANTED.	2016