1 4681 86 NEW OPTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC HEMATOPOIETIC DISORDERS, USUALLY PRESENTING AS REFRACTORY ANEMIA OR CYTOPENIA, WITH AN APPROXIMATELY 25% RISK OF PROGRESSION TOWARD ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEIMA (AML), AND NO PROVEN CURATIVE TREATMENT. NOVEL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES TARGETING BOTH THE MALIGNANT BLOOD CELL AND ITS MICROENVIRONMENT CAN OVERCOME RESISTANCE TO CURRENT THERAPIES, AND REPRESENT A PROMISING TREATMENT PARADIGM FOR IMPROVING PATIENT OUTCOME. MANY OF THESE AGENTS HAVE MULTIPLE BIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO PRESENT A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS IN MDS AND TO DISCUSS THE EVOLVING TRENDS IN THE TREATMENT OF MDS (IMMUNOSUPPRESIVE THERAPY, IMMUNOMODULATORY DRUGS, ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, PROTEASOME INHIBITORS, EPIGENETIC THERAPY).	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
2 1242 42 CURRENT AND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) ARE A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS WITH AN ANNUAL INCIDENCE OF 4.1 CASES PER 100,000 AMERICANS. PATIENTS WITH MDS SUFFER FROM CHRONIC CYTOPENIAS THAT MAY LEAD TO RECURRENT TRANSFUSIONS, INFECTIONS, AND INCREASED RISK FOR BLEEDING. THEY ARE ALSO AT RISK FOR PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC CELL TRANSPLANTATION IS THE ONLY POTENTIALLY CURATIVE TREATMENT FOR MDS, ALTHOUGH 3 DRUGS HAVE BEEN APPROVED BY THE US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR ITS TREATMENT: LENALIDOMIDE, 5-AZACITIDINE, AND DECITABINE. THESE THERAPIES CAN BE EFFECTIVE IN THE RELIEF OF CYTOPENIAS, ACHIEVEMENT OF CYTOGENETIC REMISSIONS, AND REDUCTION IN BONE MARROW BLASTS. 5-AZACITIDINE HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE OVERALL SURVIVAL. HOWEVER, THERE REMAIN MANY UNMET NEEDS IN THE TREATMENT OF MDS. BREAKTHROUGHS IN OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPLEX PATHOGENESIS OF MDS THROUGH EPIGENETIC, GENETIC, IMMUNOLOGIC, AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS HAVE ALLOWED US TO DEVELOP NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES THAT CAN LEAD TO IMPROVEMENTS IN OUTCOMES IN MDS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE AIM TO PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF THE EVOLUTION IN CLASSIFCATION AND RISK STRATIFCATION IN MDS AND TO ILLUSTRATE HOW WE CAN USE THIS TO GUIDE US IN TAILORING THERAPEUTIC CHOICES IN THIS DISEASE. RESPONSES AND OUTCOMES RELATED TO COM MONLY USED MDS THERAPIES WILL BE DISCUSSED TOGETHER WITH NOVEL THERAPIES THAT HAVE EVOLVED WITH THE IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF MDS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
3 3565 31 IMPACT OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND BIOMARKERS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY OF TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. MOST MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES ARE GENERALLY A CONSEQUENCE OF ACQUIRED MUTATIONS OR REARRANGEMENTS IN CELL REPLICATION PROCESSES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) IS A CLINICALLY AND MOLECULARLY HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE THAT RESULTS FROM ACQUIRED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. DESPITE THE ADVANCES MADE IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS DISEASE, THE OVERALL SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS REMAINS VERY LOW DUE TO THE HIGH RELAPSE RATE. PHARMACOGENETICS AND MASSIVE SEQUENCING STUDIES HAVE ALLOWED THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW RECURRENT MUTATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT PROGNOSTIC IMPACT IN AML; FURTHERMORE, IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING WILL SOON BECOME A STANDARD DIAGNOSTIC TEST, WHICH WILL ALLOW THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF PATIENTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT OPEN NEW THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES AND ALLOW INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH THIS AGGRESSIVE DISEASE. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS THE FIRST NEOPLASTIC DISEASE FOR WHICH A CHARACTERISTIC GENETIC ALTERATION WAS DESCRIBED. IT HAS, BY DEFINITION, A GENETIC MARKER, THE BCR::ABL1 REARRANGEMENT, AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE T9;22(Q34;Q11) TRANSLOCATION. ITS STUDY IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF THIS ENTITY AND ALSO FOR MONITORING THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. DRUGS KNOWN AS TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) THAT TARGET THE BCR::ABL1 PROTEIN (ORAL TARGETED THERAPY) ARE THE CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OF CML, REPRESENTING A CHANGE OF PARADIGM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ONCOHEMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
4 2237 36 EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. MYELOID HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES ARE CLONAL BONE MARROW NEOPLASMS, COMPRISING OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), THE MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN) AND SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS (SM). THE FIELD OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT HEMATOPOIESIS IS RAPIDLY GROWING. IN RECENT YEARS, HETEROZYGOUS SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN GENES ENCODING EPIGENETIC REGULATORS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ALL SUBTYPES OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, SUPPORTING THE RATIONALE FOR TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) ARE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS THAT, IN VITRO, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE GROWTH ARREST, APOPTOTIC OR AUTOPHAGIC CELL DEATH, AND TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MYELOID TUMOR CELLS. THESE EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED BOTH AT THE BULK TUMOR LEVEL AND IN THE MOST IMMATURE CD34(+)38(-) CELL COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS. THUS, THERE IS A STRONG RATIONALE SUPPORTING HDACI THERAPY IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, DESPITE INITIAL PROMISING RESULTS IN PHASE I TRIALS, HDACI IN MONOTHERAPY AS WELL AS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER DRUGS, HAVE FAILED TO IMPROVE RESPONSES OR SURVIVAL. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE RATIONALE FOR HDACI IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, CLINICAL RESULTS AND SPECULATIONS ON WHY CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE THUS FAR NOT MET THE EXPECTATIONS, AND HOW THIS MAY BE IMPROVED IN THE FUTURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
5 6320 37 THE ROCKY ROAD TO PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE MYELOID BLOOD LINEAGE CHARACTERIZED BY IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION AND INCREASED PROLIFERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS. RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE LED TO AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF AML BIOLOGY BUT ALSO UNCOVERED THE ENORMOUS CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF THE DISEASE. DESPITE THIS HETEROGENEITY, AML IS MOSTLY MANAGED BY A 'ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL' APPROACH CONSISTING OF INTENSIVE, HIGHLY TOXIC INDUCTION AND CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY. THESE TREATMENT PROTOCOLS HAVE REMAINED LARGELY UNCHANGED FOR THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES AND ONLY LEAD TO A CURE IN APPROXIMATELY 30-35% OF CASES. THE ADVENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND OTHER MALIGNANCIES HAS SPARKED HOPE TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOME IN AML. HOWEVER, THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TARGETED AGENTS IN AML THERAPY HAS BEEN UNEXPECTEDLY CUMBERSOME AND REMAINS A DIFFICULT TASK DUE TO A VARIETY OF DISEASE- AND PATIENT-SPECIFIC FACTORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE CURRENT STANDARD AND INVESTIGATIONAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES WITH A FOCUS ON TARGETED AGENTS AND HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL TOOLS THAT MIGHT FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THIS FATAL DISEASE. THE CLASSES OF AGENTS DESCRIBED IN THIS REVIEW INCLUDE CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED SIGNALLING PATHWAY INHIBITORS, SURFACE RECEPTOR TARGETS, EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, DRUGS TARGETING THE INTERACTION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELL WITH THE STROMA AND DRUGS THAT TARGET THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY. THE CLINICAL CONTEXT AND OUTCOME WITH THESE AGENTS WILL BE EXAMINED TO GAIN INSIGHT ABOUT THEIR OPTIMAL UTILIZATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
6  358 32 ALTERNATIVE SPLICING IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML): A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET? ALTHOUGH THE IMATINIB BASED THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REPRESENTS A TRIUMPH OF MEDICINE, NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CML BENEFIT FROM THIS DRUG DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE AND INTOLERANCE. THE INTERRUPTION OF IMATINIB TREATMENT IS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY CLINICAL RELAPSE, SUGGESTING A FAILURE IN THE KILLING OF RESIDUAL LEUKAEMIC STEM CELLS. THERE IS NEED TO IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE SELECTIVE MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THIS DISEASE AND DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. ALTERNATIVE PRE-MRNA SPLICING (AS) IS AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT GREATLY DIVERSIFIES THE REPERTOIRE OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME. AS ORCHESTRATES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES OF PROTEINS AND BETWEEN PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. CHANGES CAUSED BY INDIVIDUAL SPLICING EVENTS IN THE CELLS ARE SMALL, HOWEVER, "SPLICING PROGRAMS" TYPICALLY REACT TO THESE INDIVIDUAL CHANGES WITH CONSIDERABLE EFFECTS IN CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL SURVIVAL, AND APOPTOSIS. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A PIVOTAL ROLE OF AS IN LEUKEMIAS, PARTICULARLY IN MYELODISPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTE LEUKEMIA (CLL). FROM THESE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN OTHER MALIGNANCES, IT IS CLEAR THAT SPLICING ABNORMALITIES PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. EVALUATION OF AS EVENTS IN CML CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL DISEASE MARKERS AND DRUGSENSITIVE TARGETS TO OVERCOME THE LIMITS OF THE SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS CURRENTLY USED FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH CML. THE USE OF ABERRANT SPLICE VARIANTS AS DISEASE MARKERS HAS BEEN REPORTED, HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE USE OF SPLICING ABNORMALITIES AS DRUG TARGETS IN CML. HEREIN WE DISCUSS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES THAT CAN BE USED TO TARGET SPLICING ABNORMALITIES IN CML.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7 2547 23 EPIGENETICS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. MYELOID HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES ARE AMONG THE EPIGENETICALLY BEST CHARACTERIZED NEOPLASMS. THE COMPARATIVELY LOW NUMBER OF RECURRING BALANCED AND UNBALANCED CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES AS WELL AS COMMON GENETIC MUTATIONS HAS ENABLED SCIENTISTS TO RELATE EPIGENETIC STATES TO THESE. THE EASE OF ACCESSING MALIGNANT CELLS THROUGH BONE MARROW ASPIRATION HAS CERTAINLY CONTRIBUTED TO THE FAST EXPANSION OF KNOWLEDGE. EVEN SO, THE CLINICAL AND PATHOGENETIC RELEVANCE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IS STILL NOT KNOWN, AND THE FIELD WILL CERTAINLY EVOLVE VERY FAST WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES. THE FIRST EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL EPIGENETIC THERAPY IS SEEN IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, IN THE HIGH-RISK MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) WHICH ARE ROUTINELY TREATED WITH THE DEMETHYLATING AGENT AZACYTIDINE.THIS CHAPTER WILL CONCENTRATE ON DESCRIBING THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) AND MDS. AN OVERVIEW OF CLINICAL RELEVANCE AND EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IS ALSO MADE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
8 2582 31 EPIGENETICS OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) ARE CLONAL DISEASES OF THE ELDERLY CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC CYTOPENIAS, DYSPLASIA AND A VARIABLE RISK OF PROGRESSION TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). ABERRANT METHYLATION OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE PROMOTERS HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED FOR MANY YEARS AND RECENTLY TRACKED TO THE MOST IMMATURE CELLS OF MDS, SUGGESTING THAT THESE ALTERATIONS ARE DRIVERS OF MDS PATHOGENESIS. IN RECENT YEARS, RECURRENT SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN GENES ENCODING PROTEINS INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION AND DEMETHYLATION AND IN COVALENT HISTONE MODIFICATIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING MDS. WHOLE-GENOME EPIGENETIC PROFILES OF MDS ARE ALSO EMERGING. IN PARALLEL WITH THESE ADVANCES IN THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF MDS, CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE ESTABLISHED HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS (HMAS) AS THE MAINSTAY OF THERAPY IN THE ADVANCED FORMS OF THE DISEASE. IN THIS REVIEW, WE SUMMARIZE THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MACHINERY INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC REGULATION, DISCUSS HOW EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARISE IN MDS AND CONTRIBUTE TO ITS PATHOGENESIS AND THEN DISCUSS THE MODE OF ACTION OF HMAS IN MDS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9 5284 32 PROPOSALS FOR CLINICAL TRIALS IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY OF MOSTLY OLDER INDIVIDUALS THAT EXHIBITS BOTH MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE FEATURES. CMML PRESENTATION AND OUTCOME ARE VARIABLE, REFLECTING GENETIC AND CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY. HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS ARE THE MAINSTAY OF THERAPY BUT INDUCE COMPLETE REMISSIONS IN LESS THAN 20% OF PATIENTS AND DO NOT PROLONG SURVIVAL COMPARED TO HYDROXYUREA. ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (ASCT) IS POTENTIALLY CURATIVE, BUT FEW PATIENTS QUALIFY DUE TO ADVANCED AGE AND/OR COMORBIDITIES. WORK OF THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS HAS IDENTIFIED KEY MOLECULAR PATHWAYS THAT DRIVE DISEASE PROLIFERATION AND TRANSFORMATION TO ACUTE LEUKEMIA, INCLUDING JAK/STAT AND MAPK SIGNALING AND EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION. THERE IS INCREASINGLY COMPELLING EVIDENCE THAT INFLAMMATION IS A MAJOR DRIVER OF CMML PROGRESSION. THUS FAR HOWEVER, THIS MECHANISTIC KNOWLEDGE HAS NOT YET BEEN TRANSLATED INTO IMPROVED OUTCOMES, SUGGESTING THAT FUNDAMENTALLY NEW APPROACHES ARE REQUIRED. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DISCUSS THE DISEASE COURSE, NEW CLASSIFICATIONS, AND CURRENT TREATMENT LANDSCAPE OF CMML. WE REVIEW ONGOING CLINICAL STUDIES AND DISCUSS OPTIONS FOR RATIONALLY BASED FUTURE CLINICAL TRIALS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
10 1164 24 CONTRIBUTION OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) AS A DISEASE MODEL TO DEFINE AND STUDY CLONAL HETEROGENEITY. ALTHOUGH TUMOUR CELL INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR MANY YEARS, ITS APPLICATION IN THE ONCOLOGY CLINICAL PRACTICE (PATIENT MANAGEMENT, PROGNOSIS, ETC.) REMAINS LIMITED. FOR THIS, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) IS A REMARKABLE MODEL. BASIC RESEARCH STUDIES REVEALED THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE INITIAL CLONE, AND LED TO THE HYPOTHESIS OF THE EXISTENCE OF LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS. NEVERTHELESS, THE INDISPUTABLE EVIDENCE OF THE INTRA-CLONAL HETEROGENEITY ROLE IN THE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE CAME FROM THE OUTCOMES OF THE TREATMENT WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (THE FIRST TARGETED THERAPY IN MEDICINE) COMBINED WITH THE EARLY AND RIGOROUS CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR MONITORING OF THESE PATIENTS. CML MANAGEMENT ALREADY TAKES THIS HETEROGENEITY INTO ACCOUNT FOR PERSONALIZED PATIENT FOLLOW-UP. THE ADVENTURE CONTINUES WITH THE OBJECTIVES OF BETTER TAILORING THE TREATMENT AND OF CURING THE DISEASE IN MOST OF THE PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11 1882 25 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
12  963 22 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: INSIGHTS INTO BIOLOGY, PROGNOSTIC FACTORS, AND TREATMENT. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY CHARACTERIZED BY BOTH DYSPLASTIC AND PROLIFERATIVE FEATURES, WITH AN INHERENT RISK FOR LEUKEMIC TRANSFORMATION. WITH THE HELP OF THIS REVIEW, WE AIM TO SUMMARIZE KEY CONCEPTS WITH REGARDS TO CMML BIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, RISK STRATIFICATION, AND THERAPEUTICS. RECENT FINDINGS: BASED ON RECENT STUDIES, CMML IS HALLMARKED BY A RELATIVELY LOW GENETIC COMPLEXITY, WHICH CONTRASTS WITH A COMPELLING PHENOTYPICAL HETEROGENEITY, LARGELY DRIVEN BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF CMML BIOLOGY HAS LED TO AN IMPROVEMENT IN RISK-STRATIFICATION, BY MEANS OF INCORPORATING PROGNOSTICALLY RELEVANT GENE MUTATIONS. THIS, HOWEVER, HAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACTED AVAILABLE THERAPIES AND OUTCOMES CONTINUE TO REMAIN POOR. ADVANCES IN CMML BIOLOGY HAVE BETTER EXPLAINED THE PHENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY, WHILE CONTINUING TO DEFINE THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. IN SPITE OF RECENT ADVANCES, LIMITED EFFECTIVE THERAPIES EXIST AND DEVELOPING RATIONALLY DERIVED THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IS MUCH NEEDED.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
13 6573 31 TREATMENT OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN THE ERA OF GENOMICS-ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERSISTING CHALLENGES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) REPRESENTS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM THAT IS MAINLY CHARACTERIZED BY RAPID PROLIFERATION, DYSREGULATED APOPTOSIS, AND IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION OF LEUKEMIC BLASTS. FOR SEVERAL DECADES, THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH IN AML WAS LARGELY BASED ON HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS WITH LITTLE IMPACT ON THE TREATMENT DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. THIS PERSPECTIVE HAS DRASTICALLY CHANGED WITHIN THE PAST YEARS DUE TO THE ADVENT OF NOVEL MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES, SUCH AS WHOLE GENOME NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), AND THE RESULTING KNOWLEDGE GAIN IN AML BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS. AFTER MORE THAN FOUR DECADES OF INTENSIVE CHEMOTHERAPY AS A "ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL" CONCEPT, SEVERAL TARGETED AGENTS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN APPROVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF AML, EITHER AS SINGLE AGENTS OR AS PART OF COMBINED TREATMENT REGIMENS. SEVERAL OTHER COMPOUNDS, DIRECTED AGAINST REGULATORS OF APOPTOTIC, EPIGENETIC, OR MICROENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS, AS WELL AS MODULATORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, ARE CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT AND BEING INVESTIGATED IN CLINICAL TRIALS. THE CONSTANT PROGRESS IN AML RESEARCH HAS STARTED TO PRODUCE IMPROVED SURVIVAL RATES AND FUELED HOPES THAT A ONCE RAPIDLY FATAL DISEASE CAN BE TRANSFORMED INTO A CHRONIC CONDITION. IN THIS REVIEW, THE AUTHORS PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED AML THERAPIES AND DISCUSS PERSISTENT CHALLENGES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
14 4660 38 NEW APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASIA. THE THERAPEUTIC DILEMMA THAT CONFRONTS THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) IS ILLUSTRATED BY THE ABSENCE OF A FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION-APPROVED AGENT WITH AN INDICATION FOR THIS DISEASE. CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY AND INADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE PATHOBIOLOGY HAVE LIMITED PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT RECIPROCAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MALIGNANT CLONE AND THE MICROENVIRONMENT SERVE TO CREATE A HOSTILE MILIEU THAT REINFORCES INEFFECTIVE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION. INEFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS, THE HALLMARK OF MDS, ARISES FROM IMPAIRED PROGENITOR RESPONSIVENESS TO NORMAL TROPHIC SIGNALS AND EXCESS LOCAL GENERATION OF INHIBITORY CYTOKINES, WHICH PROMOTE ACCELERATED APOPTOTIC LOSS OF PROGENITORS AND THEIR PROGENY. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS MODEL DERIVES FROM CYTOKINE NEUTRALIZATION STUDIES AND THE DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLASMA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA CONCENTRATION AND DNA OXIDATION AND GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION IN MALIGNANT CD34+ PROGENITORS. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT ANGIOGENIC MOLECULES GENERATED BY MALIGNANT MYELOMONOCYTIC PRECURSORS REPRESENT INTEGRAL DIFFUSABLE SIGNALS THAT REINFORCE LEUKEMIA PROGENITOR SELF-RENEWAL WHILE PROMOTING THE GENERATION OF PROAPOPTOTIC CYTOKINES AND MEDULLARY ANGIOGENIC RESPONSE. THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION IS COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDING METHYLATION SILENCING OF THE P15 PROTO-ONCOGENE OR ACTIVATING RAS POINT MUTATIONS. DELINEATION OF SUCH BIOLOGIC FEATURES THAT ARE CENTRAL TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF MDS PROVIDES A RELIABLE FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS IN CLINICAL TESTING INCLUDE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, THALIDOMIDE AND RELATED ANALOGUES, AND THE RECOMBINANT VEGF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY, BEVACIZUMAB. AGENTS WHOSE ACTIONS MAY RESTORE DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAMS, SUCH AS THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS OR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, OFFER THE PROSPECT TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS WHILE IMPACTING THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION. RAS FARNESYL TRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAVE SHOWN ENCOURAGING PRELIMINARY RESULTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN ADVANCED MDS AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (ATO) INTERACTS WITH A SPECTRUM OF BIOLOGIC TARGETS THAT MAY BE UNIQUELY SUITED TO MDS. ATO IS A POTENT INDUCER OF APOPTOSIS IN THIOL-DEPLETED MALIGNANT PROGENITORS AND NEOVASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, WHILE PROMOTING DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH HISTONE ACETYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COREPRESSORS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT BIOLOGIC TARGETS IN MDS HAS RAISED EXPECTATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC THERAPIES FOR MDS IN THE YEARS THAT FOLLOW.	2002	

15 2652 19 EPIGENOMICS OF LEUKEMIA: FROM MECHANISMS TO THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. LEUKEMOGENESIS IS A MULTISTEP PROCESS IN WHICH SUCCESSIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL EVENTS ENHANCE THE ABILITY OF A CLONAL POPULATION ARISING FROM HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS TO PROLIFERATE, DIFFERENTIATE AND SURVIVE. CLINICALLY AND PATHOLOGICALLY, LEUKEMIA IS SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. LEUKEMIA HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED ONLY AS A GENETIC DISEASE. HOWEVER, IN RECENT YEARS, SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE ELUCIDATION OF THE LEUKEMOGENESIS-ASSOCIATED PROCESSES. THUS, WE HAVE COME TO UNDERSTAND THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MIRNA ARE INVOLVED IN THE PERMANENT CHANGES OF GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLLING THE LEUKEMIA PHENOTYPE. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WILL FOCUS ON THE EPIGENETIC DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKEMIA AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS AS BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
16 2981 18 GENETIC COMPLEXITY OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. IN RECENT YEARS CMML HAS RECEIVED INCREASED ATTENTION AS THE MOST COMMONLY OBSERVED MDS/MPN OVERLAP SYNDROME. RENEWED INTEREST HAS OCCURRED IN PART DUE TO WIDESPREAD ADOPTION OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING PANELS THAT HELP RENDER THE DIAGNOSIS IN THE ABSENCE OF MORPHOLOGIC DYSPLASIA. ALTHOUGH MOST CMML PATIENTS EXHIBIT SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, SPLICEOSOME COMPONENTS, TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION GENES, IT IS INCREASINGLY CLEAR THAT A SMALL SUBSET HARBORS AN INHERITED PREDISPOSITION TO CMML AND OTHER MYELOID NEOPLASMS. MORE INTRIGUING IS THE FACT THAT THE MUTATIONAL SPECTRUM OBSERVED IN CMML IS FOUND IN OTHER TYPES OF MYELOID LEUKEMIAS, BEGGING THE QUESTION OF HOW SIMILAR GENETIC BACKGROUNDS CAN LEAD TO SUCH DIVERGENT CLINICAL PHENOTYPES. IN THIS REVIEW WE PRESENT A CONTEMPORARY SNAPSHOT OF THE GENETIC COMPLEXITY INHERENT TO CMML, EXPLORE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE AND PRESENT A STEPWISE MODEL OF CMML PATHOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
17 2083 28 EPIGENETIC DRUGS: A LONGSTANDING STORY. IN THIS CHAPTER, THE DEVELOPMENT OF DECITABINE FROM ITS SYNTHESIS IN 1964 TO THE SUBMISSION OF A REGISTRATION FILE IN 2004 IS REVIEWED. THE PROPER APPLICATION OF THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF DECITABINE TOOK QUITE SOME TIME TO ELUCIDATE. IN ADDITION, THE PRACTICAL HANDLING IN THE CLINIC WAS NOT EASY AS THE PROLONGED MYELOSUPPRESSION OF DECITABINE MADE IT DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE THE PREFERRED DOSE AND SCHEDULE. LABORATORY STUDIES ON DNA METHYLATION AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION SHOWED POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS IN SOLID AND HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, DESPITE MANY ATTEMPTS, RESULTS IN SOLID TUMORS HAVE BEEN DISAPPOINTING THUS FAR. AFTER THOROUGH INVESTIGATION, DECITABINE ACHIEVED THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION IN MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), IN PARTICULAR IN PATIENTS WITH A POOR PROGNOSIS. FURTHER INDICATIONS MAY INCLUDE ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML), HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION, SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, AND THALASSEMIA. WHEREAS MOST DRUGS ARE ALREADY AT THE END OF THEIR LIFE CYCLE AFTER 40 YEARS, DECITABINE IS ONLY AT THE BEGINNING. ITS APPLICATION WILL BROADEN WITH THE INCREASE IN KNOWLEDGE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO DRUG THERAPY.	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18 6618 27 UNDERSTANDING AND MONITORING CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA BLAST CRISIS: HOW TO BETTER MANAGE PATIENTS. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS TRIGGERED PRIMARILY BY THE T(9;22) (Q34.13; Q11.23) TRANSLOCATION. THIS RECIPROCAL CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF THE BCR-ABL FUSION GENE. PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE (CP) EXPERIENCE A GOOD CURATIVE EFFECT WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS. HOWEVER, CASES ARE TREATMENT REFRACTORY, WITH A DISMAL PROGNOSIS, WHEN THE DISEASE HAS PROGRESSED TO THE ACCELERATED PHASE (AP) OR BLAST PHASE (BP). UNTIL NOW, FEW REPORTS HAVE PROVIDED A COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED AT DIFFERENT MOLECULAR LEVELS. INDEED, THE UNDERLYING PATHOGENESIS OF CML EVOLUTION COMPRISES GENETIC ABERRATIONS, CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS (EXCEPT FOR THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME), TELOMERE BIOLOGY, AND EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES. HEREIN, WE PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BIOLOGY RESPONSIBLE FOR BLAST TRANSFORMATION OF CML AT SEVERAL LEVELS, SUCH AS GENETICS, TELOMERE BIOLOGY, AND EPIGENETIC ANOMALIES. BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED TREATMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLE AND POOR OUTCOMES, ONLY THE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE IS MONITORED REGULARLY, WHICH INVOLVES BCR-ABL TRANSCRIPT LEVEL ASSESSMENT AND IMMUNOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE, WITH THE OPTIMAL TREATMENT STRATEGY FOR PATIENTS IN CP ADAPTED TO EVALUATE DISEASE RECURRENCE OR PROGRESSION. OVERALL, SELECTING OPTIMAL TREATMENT ENDPOINTS TO PREDICT SURVIVAL AND SUCCESSFUL TFR IMPROVES THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS. THUS, IDENTIFYING RISK FACTORS AND DEVELOPING RISK-ADAPTED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO A BETTER OUTCOME FOR ADVANCED-PHASE PATIENTS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19  958 28 CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA - A REVIEW. INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) IS A CLONAL MYELOID NEOPLASM, DENOTED BY OVERLAPPING MYELODYSPLASTIC AND MYELOPROLIFERATIVE FEATURES, WITH POOR OVERALL SURVIVAL AND HIGH TRANSFORMATION RATE TO ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. AREAS COVERED: THIS REVIEW, FOLLOWING A THOROUGH MEDLINE SEARCH OF PERTINENT PUBLISHED LITERATURE, DISCUSSES THE DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA, THE PATHOGENESIS, AND THE COMPLEX GENETIC LANDSCAPE OF THE DISEASE. PROGNOSTICATION, RESPONSE CRITERIA, THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS, EFFICACY OF ESTABLISHED AND NOVEL TREATMENT MODALITIES ARE THOROUGHLY REVIEWED. EXPERT OPINION: CYTOGENETIC ABNORMALITIES AND MUTATIONS IN GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION, AND CELL-SIGNALING ARE ABUNDANT IN CMML AND IMPLICATED IN ITS COMPLEX PATHOGENESIS. AS PRESENCE OF THESE MUTATIONS CARRY A PROGNOSTIC IMPACT, THEY ARE INCREASINGLY INCORPORATED IN RISK-STRATIFICATION SCHEMES. NOVEL RESPONSE CRITERIA HAVE BEEN PROPOSED, CONSIDERING THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF THE DISEASE. ALTHOUGH ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION REMAINS THE ONLY TREATMENT WITH CURATIVE INTENT, IT IS RESERVED FOR A MINORITY OF PATIENTS; THEREFORE, THERE IS AN UNMET NEED FOR OPTIMIZING TREATMENT MODALITIES, SUCH AS HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS, AND INTRODUCING NOVEL AGENTS, WHICH COULD SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE SURVIVAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF CMML PATIENTS. CLINICAL TRIALS DEDICATED SPECIFICALLY TO CMML ARE NEEDED TO EXPLORE THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF NOVEL TREATMENT MODALITIES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
20 6437 30 THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN LEUKEMIA AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME OVER THE PAST 40 YEARS. MAJOR THERAPEUTIC PROGRESS HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED IN LEUKEMIA AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) OVER THE PAST 40 YEARS, WHICH MAY NOT BE FULLY APPRECIATED BY THE LARGER MEDICAL COMMUNITY. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO BRIEFLY HIGHLIGHT THE TREATMENT BREAKTHROUGHS IN LEUKEMIA AND MDS. THERAPEUTIC PROGRESS HAPPENED THROUGH BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF DISEASE PATHOPHYSIOLOGIES AND RATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED AGENTS, LIKE IMATINIB MESYLATE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML), AND THROUGH ASTUTE, EMPIRICAL DISCOVERIES IN THE CLINIC, LIKE ALL-TRANS RETINOIC ACID AND ARSENIC TRIOXIDE IN ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (APL) AND CHLORODEOXYADENOSINE IN HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA (HCL). TODAY, THE 5- TO 10-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES IN PATIENTS WITH APL AND HCL EXCEED 80%. IN PATIENTS WITH CML, IMATINIB THERAPY HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ESTIMATED 5- TO 7-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES FROM 85% TO 90%. IN PATIENTS WITH ADULT ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, MODERN INTENSIVE REGIMENS HAVE IMPROVED THE 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES FROM 20% UP TO 40%. IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY RECENTLY PRODUCED HIGH RATES OF QUALITY RESPONSES AND IMPROVED LONG-TERM OUTCOME. IN YOUNGER PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), THE 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES RANGE FROM 40% TO 50%, ALTHOUGH ELDERLY AML REMAINS A THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGE. IN PATIENTS WITH MDS, IT WAS RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED THAT EPIGENETIC THERAPY WITH HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IMPROVED SURVIVAL. MUCH THERAPEUTIC PROGRESS HAS BEEN WITNESSED IN LEUKEMIA AND MDS, AND MUCH MORE IS EXPECTED TO OCCUR SOON.	2008