1 4677 152 NEW LNCRNAS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C PROGRESSION: FROM FIBROSIS TO HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH IN THE WORLD, AND ABOUT 80% OF THE CASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B OR C. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE ACCUMULATED OVER DECADES OF CHRONIC INJURY AND MAY AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES AND PROTOONCOGENES. STUDIES HAVE EVIDENCED THE ROLE OF LONG NON-CODING RNAS (LNCRNA) WITH ONCOGENIC OR TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTIVITIES, SUGGESTING A GREAT POTENTIAL IN THE TREATMENT, DIAGNOSIS OR INDICATOR OF PROGNOSIS IN CANCER. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE GLOBAL EXPRESSION PROFILE LNCRNA IN HEPATIC TISSUE SAMPLES WITH DIFFERENT STAGES OF FIBROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, HCC AND NORMAL LIVER, IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY NEW LNCRNAS THAT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO STUDY THE PROGRESSION OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS TO HCC ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C. RNA-SEQ WAS PERFORMED ON ILLUMINA NEXTSEQ PLATFORM TO IDENTIFY LNCRNAS EXPRESSED DIFFERENTLY IN 15 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C, THREE PATIENTS WITH HCC AND THREE NORMAL LIVER SPECIMENS. WHEN THE PATHOLOGICAL TISSUES (FIBROSIS AND CARCINOMA) WERE COMPARED TO NORMAL HEPATIC TISSUE, WERE IDENTIFIED 2, 6 E 34 DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNAS IN MODERATE FIBROSIS, ADVANCED FIBROSIS AND HCC, RESPECTIVELY. THE CARCINOMA GROUP HAD THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED LNCRNA (34) AND OF THESE, 29 WERE EXCLUSIVE IN THIS TYPE OF TISSUE. A HEAT MAP OF THE DEREGULATED LNCRNA REVEALED DIFFERENT EXPRESSION PATTERNS ALONG THE PROGRESSION OF FIBROSIS TO HCC. THE RESULTS SHOWED THE DEREGULATION OF SOME LNCRNA ALREADY CLASSIFIED AS TUMOR SUPPRESSORS IN HCC AND OTHER CANCERS, AS WELL AS SOME UNPUBLISHED LNCRNA WHOSE FUNCTION IS UNKNOWN. SOME OF THESE LNCRNAS ARE DYSREGULATED SINCE THE EARLY STAGES OF LIVER INJURY IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C, OTHERS OVEREXPRESSED ONLY IN TUMOR TISSUE, INDICATING THEMSELVES AS CANDIDATES OF MARKERS OF FIBROSIS PROGRESSION OR TUMOR, WITH POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN PROGNOSIS AS WELL AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE ALREADY STUDIES ON LNCRNA IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY CONDUCTED IN SAMPLES EXCLUSIVELY OF HCV-RELATED LIVER AND HCV HCC.	2020	
                 
2  332  43 ALTERATION OF EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE AND DEVELOPS AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE. A VARIETY OF HCC-RELATED GENES ARE KNOWN TO BE ALTERED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THEREFORE, INFORMATION REGARDING ALTERATION OF THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILES IN HCC IS ESSENTIAL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGY OF THIS TYPE OF TUMOR. METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN GENE PROMOTERS IS KNOWN TO AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE CORRESPONDING GENES. ABNORMAL REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION IS OBSERVED IN THE 5' REGION OF SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HCC, AND THIS HYPERMETHYLATION MAY PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL INACTIVATION OF DOWNSTREAM TSGS. THE DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY OXIDATION IS A TRIGGER OF ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TSGS THROUGH RECRUITMENT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX TO THE PROMOTER SEQUENCE. THUS, OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EMERGENCE OF HCC FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS THROUGH THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF TSGS. THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL ATTEMPTS TO APPLY EPIGENETIC INFORMATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HCC. THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SELECTED METHYLATION EVENTS ON SURVIVAL IN HCC PATIENTS HAS BEEN REPORTED, AND THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF BACKGROUND LIVER COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH RECURRENCE-FREE SURVIVAL OF HCC PATIENTS WHO HAVE UNDERGONE HEPATECTOMY. ANOTHER STUDY DETECTED METHYLATED DNA FROM HCC CELLS IN SERUM, AND THE CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA WAS REGARDED AS A POTENTIAL TUMOR MARKER. IN ADDITION, SEVERAL TRIALS OF HCC THERAPY HAVE TARGETED THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY AND WERE BASED UPON COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES OF DNA METHYLATION OF THIS TYPE OF TUMOR. HERE, WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH REGARDING DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN HUMAN HCC AND DESCRIBE THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC INFORMATION TO HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3 5360  41 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN COMPREHENSIVE GENETIC ANALYSES FOR HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) TYPICALLY DEVELOPS IN THE LIVER WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS, AND ACTIVATION OF ONCOGENES AND INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OCCURS DURING CARCINOGENESIS VIA GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYSES FOR EXAMINING THE CANCER GENOME HAVE REVEALED INFORMATION REGARDING GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HCC TISSUES. ACCORDING TO PREVIOUS STUDIES, THE INCIDENCE OF RECURRENT GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN INDIVIDUAL GENES WAS THOUGHT TO BE RELATIVELY RARE AND LIMITED TO A SUBSET OF A FEW CANCER-SPECIFIC GENES SUCH AS TUMOR SUPPRESSOR P53, RB GENES AND ONCOGENES SUCH AS CTNNB1. HOWEVER, RECENT WHOLE-GENOME ANALYSES AND EXOME SEQUENCING OF TUMOR DNA HAVE REVEALED NUMEROUS NOVEL ALTERATIONS OF CANCER-RELATED GENES AND PATHWAYS CRITICAL FOR HCC DEVELOPMENT. IN ADDITION, VARIOUS RISK FACTORS FOR HCC, SUCH AS THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS, MAY AFFECT THE MUTATION PROFILE OF THE CORRESPONDING CANCER GENOME. ON THE OTHER HAND, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE ALSO IDENTIFIED IMPORTANT SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS INVOLVED IN HCC DEVELOPMENT, WHICH MAY ALLOW DETECTION OF A GROUP AT HIGH RISK OF HCC EMERGENCE. SUCH ANALYSES WILL CLARIFY HOW THIS MALIGNANCY CAN BE TREATED, DIAGNOSED AND PREVENTED MORE EFFECTIVELY.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
4 3567  30 IMPACT OF HEPATITIS VIRUS AND AGING ON DNA METHYLATION IN HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) USUALLY DEVELOPS ON THE BASIS OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS, WHERE INACTIVATION OF SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) TAKES PLACE VIA METHYLATION OF THE PROMOTER. INTERESTINGLY, THESE METHYLATION EVENTS ARE MORE PREVALENT IN A BACKGROUND LIVER AT HIGH RISK OF HCC THAN ONE AT LOW RISK. ABNORMAL METHYLATION IS ALSO OBSERVED IN PRECANCEROUS NODULES SUCH AS DYSPLASTIC NODULES AND ADENOMAS, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IS AN EARLY EVENT FOR HCC CARCINOGENESIS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT INFECTION WITH THE HEPATITIS VIRUS INDUCES ALTERATION OF METHYLATION AT PROMOTERS OF TSGS. SOME STUDIES SUGGESTED THAT VIRAL PROTEINS INTERFERE WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B. INDUCTION OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATION IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C MIGHT, HOWEVER, MIGHT BE A CONSEQUENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS. IN ADDITION, WE PROPOSED AGE SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION FOR HCC DEVELOPMENT VIA EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ARE REQUIRED TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANISM OF INDUCING EPIGENETIC INSTABILITY DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
5 5622  38 SEARCH FOR USEFUL BIOMARKERS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA, TUMOR FACTORS AND BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS (REVIEW). HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS A COMPLEX AND MULTISTEP PROCESS THAT INVOLVES THE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN REGULATORY GENES. TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), CURRENT RESEARCH HAS UTILIZED IMPROVED ARRAY TECHNOLOGIES. THE IDENTIFICATION OF CANCER-RELATED MOLECULES COULD LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR TREATMENT AND BIOMARKERS FOR PREDICTING PROGNOSIS. HOWEVER, PROGNOSTIC PREDICTION IS INSUFFICIENT WHEN CONSIDERING ONLY TUMOR FACTORS, SINCE HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS ALSO GREATLY INFLUENCED BY THE STATUS OF THE BACKGROUND LIVER. CLINICAL BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS, SUCH AS THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS, ARE WELL KNOWN AS RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING HCC. IN CONTRAST, GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS REMAIN UNKNOWN, ALBEIT THOSE ARE IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPING PROCESS OF HCC. INVESTIGATING BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS COULD CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARCINOGENIC MARKERS OF HCC AND TO THE PREVENTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE REVIEW THE CURRENTLY IDENTIFIED TUMOR FACTORS AND BACKGROUND LIVER FACTORS FROM A MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT AND ALSO INTRODUCE OUR COMBINATION ARRAY ANALYSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
6 2172  41 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN HCV-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), IS THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS, WHICH IS LARGELY CAUSED BY VIRUS INFECTION. ABOUT 80% OF THE VIRUS-INFECTED PEOPLE DEVELOP A CHRONIC INFECTION THAT EVENTUALLY LEADS TO LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). WITH APPROXIMATELY 71 MILLION HCV CHRONIC INFECTED PATIENTS WORLDWIDE, THEY STILL HAVE A HIGH RISK OF HCC IN THE NEAR FUTURE. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS IN CHRONIC HCV INFECTION HAVE NOT BEEN STILL FULLY UNDERSTOOD, WHICH INVOLVE A COMPLEX EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND CELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS. HERE, WE SUMMARIZE 18 SPECIFIC GENE TARGETS AND DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN RECENT FINDINGS. WITH THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS REQUIRING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA HYPER OR HYPO-METHYLATION OF THESE SPECIFIC GENES, THE DYSREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR THE HCV LIFE CYCLE AND HCC. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE A NOVEL INSIGHT INTO A CORRELATION BETWEEN HCV INFECTION AND HCC TUMORIGENESIS, AS WELL AS POTENTIALLY PREVENTABLE APPROACHES. HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION LARGELY CAUSES HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) WORLDWIDE WITH 3 TO 4 MILLION NEWLY INFECTED CASES DIAGNOSED EACH YEAR. IT IS URGENT TO EXPLORE ITS UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR THERAPEUTIC TREATMENT AND BIOMARKER DISCOVERY. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS IN CHRONIC HCV INFECTION HAVE NOT BEEN STILL FULLY UNDERSTOOD, WHICH INVOLVE A COMPLEX EPIGENETIC REGULATION AND CELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS. HERE, WE SUMMARIZE 18 SPECIFIC GENE TARGETS AND DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN RECENT FINDINGS. WITH THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS REQUIRING HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND DNA HYPER OR HYPO-METHYLATION OF THESE SPECIFIC GENES, THE DYSREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS FOR THE HCV LIFE CYCLE AND HCC. THESE FINDINGS PROVIDE A NOVEL INSIGHT INTO A CORRELATION BETWEEN HCV INFECTION AND HCC TUMORIGENESIS, AS WELL AS POTENTIALLY PREVENTABLE APPROACHES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7 5770  35 SPECIFIC MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE MAY PREDICT A RISK OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON HUMAN CANCERS AND A MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH WORLDWIDE. THE BLEAK OUTCOMES OF HCC PATIENTS EVEN AFTER CURATIVE TREATMENT HAVE BEEN, AT LEAST PARTIALLY, ATTRIBUTED TO ITS MULTICENTRIC ORIGIN. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO EXAMINE NOT ONLY TUMOR TISSUE BUT ALSO NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE TO INVESTIGATE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OPERATING DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF "FIELD CANCERIZATION". SEVERAL STUDIES PREVIOUSLY INVESTIGATED THE ASSOCIATION OF MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE WITH CLINICAL FEATURES AND PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. IN PARTICULAR, SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION PROFILES HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE POSSIBLE CLINICAL VALUE OF ARRAY-BASED COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES OF MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS, ESPECIALLY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE TO CLARIFY THE RISK OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION BASED ON SPECIFIC METHYLATION SIGNATURES MAY BE ADVANTAGEOUS FOR CLOSE FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WHO ARE AT HIGH RISK OF HCC DEVELOPMENT. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES MAY BE HELPFUL TO REDUCE THE RISK OF HCC DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE, AND THUS PROVIDE PROMISING MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
8 4920  37 PARALLEL EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC CHANGES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATITIS VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENT TUMOR TYPES IN THE WORLD, WITH SHORT SURVIVAL TIMES AND FEW TREATMENT OPTIONS. HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) ARE MAJOR ETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF HCC, ALTHOUGH THE ASSOCIATED MECHANISMS ARE INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT BOTH VIRUSES PROMOTE TUMORIGENESIS BY UP-REGULATING GENES THAT PROMOTE HEPATOCELLULAR GROWTH AND SURVIVAL, AND BY DOWN-REGULATING OTHER GENES THAT ACT AS TUMOR SUPPRESSORS AND NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATORY MOLECULES. SIGNIFICANTLY, A NUMBER OF THE PATHWAYS THAT ARE ALTERED BY THESE VIRUSES ARE THE SAME ONES THAT ACCUMULATE GENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING TUMOR PROGRESSION. THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE PATHWAYS THAT PROMOTE VIRUS PERSISTENCE AND REPLICATION MAY ALSO PROMOTE CELL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL. FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE VIRUS, THIS PROMOTES CHRONIC INFECTION, WHILE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE HOST, THIS PROMOTES TUMORIGENESIS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9 2970  40 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE THIRD MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CANCER DEATHS WORLDWIDE, AND THE INCIDENCE OF THIS FATAL DISEASE IS STILL ON RISE. THE MAJORITY OF HCCS EMERGE IN THE BACKGROUND OF A CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE, SUCH AS CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS. THE CURRENT UNDERSTANDING IS THAT MAJORITY OF HCCS EVOLVE AS A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS VIRUSES. THESE UNDERLYING PATHOGENIC STIMULI SUBSEQUENTLY INDUCE A SPECTRUM OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN SEVERAL CANCER-RELATED GENES, WHICH ARE INVOLVED IN CELL-CYCLE REGULATION, CELL GROWTH AND ADHESION. SUCH WIDESPREAD GENOMIC ALTERATIONS CAUSE DISRUPTION OF NORMAL CELLULAR SIGNALING AND FINALLY LEAD TO THE ACQUISITION OF A MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE IN HCC. IN GENERAL, THE TYPE OF GENE ALTERATIONS, SUCH AS POINT MUTATIONS, DELETION OF CHROMOSOMAL REGIONS AND ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF GENE PROMOTERS DIFFER ACCORDING TO THE INDIVIDUAL TARGETED GENE. IN HCC, INCIDENCE OF GENETIC ALTERATIONS IS RELATIVELY RARE AND IS LIMITED TO A SUBSET OF FEW CANCER-SPECIFIC GENES, SUCH AS THE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR P53, RB GENES AND ONCOGENES SUCH AS THE CTNNB1. IN CONTRAST, EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT INVOLVE ABERRANT METHYLATION OF GENES AND OTHER POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS OCCUR FAR MORE FREQUENTLY, AND SOME OF THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE NOW BEING EXPLOITED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC SIGNATURES FOR HCC. IN ADDITION, RECENT FINDINGS OF UNIQUE MICRORNA EXPRESSION PROFILES ALSO PROVIDE AN EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF NOVEL MECHANISMS FOR GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION IN HCC. IN THIS REVIEW ARTICLE, WE WILL REVIEW THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE ACTIVATION OF VARIOUS ONCOGENIC PATHWAYS AND THE INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PATHWAYS IN HCC THAT RESULT IN THE DISRUPTION OF CANCER-RELATED GENE FUNCTION. IN ADDITION, WE WILL SPECIFICALLY EMPHASIZE THE CLINICAL IMPLICATION OF SOME OF THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                     
10 1543  30 DNA METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. AS FOR MANY OTHER TUMORS, DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) MUST BE UNDERSTOOD AS A MULTISTEP PROCESS WITH ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN REGULATORY GENES, LEADING TO ACTIVATION OF ONCOGENES AND INACTIVATION OR LOSS OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSG). IN THE LAST DECADES, IN ADDITION TO GENETIC ALTERATIONS, EPIGENETIC INACTIVATION OF (TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) GENES BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM IN TUMORIGENESIS. IN HCC, ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PROMOTER SEQUENCES OCCURS NOT ONLY IN ADVANCED TUMORS, IT HAS BEEN ALSO OBSERVED IN PREMALIGNANT CONDITIONS JUST AS CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS B OR C AND CIRRHOTIC LIVER. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA FOCUSING DNA METHYLATION.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 2166  42 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: HOW ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE THE EPIGENOME. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAINTAIN HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION OVER MANY CELL GENERATIONS. IMPORTANTLY, DEREGULATED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN A WIDE RANGE OF HUMAN MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING LIVER CANCER. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), WHICH ORIGINATES FROM THE HEPATOCYTES, IS BY FAR THE MOST COMMON LIVER CANCER, WITH RATES AND AETIOLOGY THAT SHOW CONSIDERABLE GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION. VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS AND LIFESTYLES KNOWN TO BE RISK FACTORS FOR HCC (SUCH AS INFECTION BY HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV), CHRONIC ALCOHOL INTAKE, AND AFLATOXINS) ARE SUSPECTED TO PROMOTE ITS DEVELOPMENT BY ELICITING EPIGENETIC CHANGES, HOWEVER THE PRECISE GENE TARGETS AND UNDERLYING MECHANISMS HAVE NOT BEEN ELUCIDATED. MANY RECENT STUDIES HAVE EXPLOITED CONCEPTUAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN EPIGENETICS AND EPIGENOMICS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC EVENTS INDUCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN HCC TUMORS AND NON-TUMOR PRECANCEROUS (CIRRHOTIC) LESIONS. THESE STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES AND PATHWAYS THAT ARE TARGETED BY EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION (CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND RNA-MEDIATED GENE SILENCING) DURING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF HCC. FREQUENT IDENTIFICATION OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN SPECIFIC GENES IN CIRRHOTIC TISSUE IS CONSISTENT WITH THE NOTION THAT EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF SELECTED GENES IN PRE-MALIGNANT LESIONS PRECEDES AND PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT OF HCC. IN ADDITION, SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE ARGUE THAT SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (SUCH AS HBV VIRUS) MAY ABROGATE CELLULAR DEFENSE SYSTEMS, INDUCE SILENCING OF HOST GENES AND PROMOTE HCC DEVELOPMENT VIA AN "EPIGENETIC STRATEGY". FINALLY, PROFILING STUDIES REVEAL THAT HCC TUMORS AND PRE-CANCEROUS LESIONS MAY EXHIBIT EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC RISK FACTORS AND TUMOR PROGRESSION STAGE. TOGETHER, RECENT EVIDENCE UNDERSCORES THE IMPORTANCE OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC EVENTS INDUCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN LIVER CANCER AND HIGHLIGHTS POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR BIOMARKER DISCOVERY AND FUTURE PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES.	2011	
                                                                 
12 6640  42 UNRAVELING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN HCV-INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS. CANCER INDUCED BY A VIRAL INFECTION IS AMONG THE LEADING CAUSES OF CANCER. HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) IS A HEPATOTROPIC ONCOGENIC POSITIVE-SENSE RNA VIRUS THAT LEADS TO CHRONIC INFECTION, EXPOSING THE LIVER TO A CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF DAMAGE AND REGENERATION AND PROMOTING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE VIRUS PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARCINOGENESIS THROUGH INDIRECT AND DIRECT MOLECULAR MECHANISMS SUCH AS CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, OXIDATIVE STRESS, STEATOSIS, GENETIC ALTERATIONS, EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION, PROLIFERATION, AND APOPTOSIS, AMONG OTHERS. RECENTLY, DIRECT-ACTING ANTIVIRALS (DAAS) SHOWED SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE IN 95% OF CASES. NEVERTHELESS, PATIENTS TREATED WITH DAAS HAVE REPORTED AN UNEXPECTED INCREASE IN THE EARLY INCIDENCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). STUDIES SUGGEST THAT HCV INDUCES EPIGENETIC REGULATION THROUGH NON-CODING RNAS, DNA METHYLATION, AND CHROMATIN REMODELING, WHICH MODIFY GENE EXPRESSIONS AND INDUCE GENOMIC INSTABILITY RELATED TO HCC DEVELOPMENT THAT PERSISTS WITH THE INFECTION'S CLEARANCE. THE NEED FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARCINOGENESIS IS EVIDENT. THE AIM OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO UNRAVEL THE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARCINOGENESIS BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER THE VIRAL INFECTION'S RESOLUTION, AND HOW THESE PATHWAYS WERE REGULATED BY THE VIRUS, TO FIND CONTROL POINTS THAT CAN BE USED AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13 4134  39 MECHANISMS OF HUMAN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS AND ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN HUMANS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND CHARACTERIZED. AMONG THESE ARE CHRONIC INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS OR HEPATITIS C VIRUS, EXPOSURE TO AFLATOXIN B1, AND CIRRHOSIS OF ANY ETIOLOGY (INCLUDING ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS AND CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC LIVER DISEASES). BOTH CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND CIRRHOSIS REPRESENT MAJOR PRENEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS OF THE LIVER AS THE MAJORITY OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS ARISE IN THESE PATHOLOGICAL SETTINGS. HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS REPRESENTS A LINEAR AND PROGRESSIVE PROCESS IN WHICH SUCCESSIVELY MORE ABERRANT MONOCLONAL POPULATIONS OF HEPATOCYTES EVOLVE. REGENERATIVE HEPATOCYTES IN FOCAL LESIONS IN THE INFLAMED LIVER (CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR CIRRHOSIS) GIVE RISE TO HYPERPLASTIC HEPATOCYTE NODULES, AND THESE PROGRESS TO DYSPLASTIC NODULES, WHICH ARE THOUGHT TO BE THE DIRECT PRECURSOR OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. IN MOST CASES, THE NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF HEPATOCYTES RESULTS FROM ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC DAMAGE DURING THE REPETITIVE CELLULAR PROLIFERATION THAT OCCURS IN THE INJURED LIVER IN RESPONSE TO PARACRINE GROWTH FACTOR AND CYTOKINE STIMULATION. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS EXHIBIT NUMEROUS GENETIC ABNORMALITIES (INCLUDING CHROMOSOMAL DELETIONS, REARRANGEMENTS, ANEUPLOIDY, GENE AMPLIFICATIONS, AND MUTATIONS), AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS (INCLUDING MODULATION OF DNA METHYLATION). THESE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS COMBINE TO ACTIVATE POSITIVE MEDIATORS OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION (INCLUDING CELLULAR PROTO-ONCOGENES AND THEIR MITOGENIC SIGNALING PATHWAYS) AND INACTIVATE NEGATIVE MEDIATORS OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION (INCLUDING TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES), RESULTING IN CELLS WITH AUTONOMOUS GROWTH POTENTIAL. HOWEVER, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS EXHIBIT A HIGH DEGREE OF GENETIC HETEROGENEITY, SUGGESTING THAT MULTIPLE MOLECULAR PATHWAYS MAY BE INVOLVED IN THE GENESIS OF SUBSETS OF HEPATOCELLULAR NEOPLASMS. CONTINUED INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISMS OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS WILL REFINE OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BASIS FOR NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION IN LIVER, ENABLING THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND/OR MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA.	2003	

14 5921  38 TARGETING CLINICAL EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING FOR CHEMOPREVENTION OF METABOLIC AND VIRAL HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. OBJECTIVE: HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE FASTEST-GROWING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY WITH CHRONIC VIRAL HEPATITIS AND NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH) AS MAJOR AETIOLOGIES. TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR HCC ARE UNSATISFACTORY AND CHEMOPREVENTIVE APPROACHES ARE ABSENT. CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC) RESULTS IN EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DRIVING HCC RISK AND PERSISTING FOLLOWING CURE. HERE, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AS TARGETS FOR LIVER CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION. DESIGN: LIVER TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH NASH AND CHC WERE ANALYSED BY CHIP-SEQ (H3K27AC) AND RNA-SEQ. THE LIVER DISEASE-SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING IN PATIENTS WAS MODELLED IN A LIVER CELL CULTURE SYSTEM. PERTURBATION STUDIES COMBINED WITH A TARGETED SMALL MOLECULE SCREEN FOLLOWED BY IN VIVO AND EX VIVO VALIDATION WERE USED TO IDENTIFY CHROMATIN MODIFIERS AND READERS FOR HCC CHEMOPREVENTION. RESULTS: IN PATIENTS, CHC AND NASH SHARE SIMILAR EPIGENETIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC MODIFICATIONS DRIVING CANCER RISK. USING A CELL-BASED SYSTEM MODELLING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN PATIENTS, WE IDENTIFIED CHROMATIN READERS AS TARGETS TO REVERT LIVER GENE TRANSCRIPTION DRIVING CLINICAL HCC RISK. PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDIES IN A NASH-HCC MOUSE MODEL SHOWED THAT THE PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITION OF CHROMATIN READER BROMODOMAIN 4 INHIBITED LIVER DISEASE PROGRESSION AND HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS BY RESTORING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPROGRAMMING OF THE GENES THAT WERE EPIGENETICALLY ALTERED IN PATIENTS. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS UNRAVEL THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF METABOLIC AND VIRUS-INDUCED EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS FOR PATHOGENESIS OF HCC DEVELOPMENT AND IDENTIFY CHROMATIN READERS AS TARGETS FOR CHEMOPREVENTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 4687  38 NEW TOOLS FOR MOLECULAR THERAPY OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF LIVER CANCER, ARISING FROM NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF HEPATOCYTES OR LIVER PRECURSOR/STEM CELLS. HCC IS OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH PRE-EXISTING CHRONIC LIVER PATHOLOGIES OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN (MAINLY SUBSEQUENT TO HBV AND HCV INFECTIONS), SUCH AS FIBROSIS OR CIRRHOSIS. CURRENT THERAPIES ARE ESSENTIALLY STILL INEFFECTIVE, DUE BOTH TO THE TUMOR HETEROGENEITY AND THE FREQUENT LATE DIAGNOSIS, MAKING NECESSARY THE CREATION OF NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO INHIBIT TUMOR ONSET AND PROGRESSION AND IMPROVE THE SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS. A PROMISING STRATEGY FOR TREATMENT OF HCC IS THE TARGETED MOLECULAR THERAPY BASED ON THE RESTORATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS LOST DURING NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. IN PARTICULAR, THE DELIVERY OF MASTER GENES OF EPITHELIAL/HEPATOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION, ABLE TO TRIGGER AN EXTENSIVE REPROGRAMMING OF GENE EXPRESSION, COULD ALLOW THE INDUCTION OF AN EFFICIENT ANTITUMOR RESPONSE THROUGH THE SIMULTANEOUS ADJUSTMENT OF MULTIPLE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. HERE, WE REPORT RECENT LITERATURE DATA SUPPORTING THE USE OF MEMBERS OF THE LIVER ENRICHED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (LETF) FAMILY, IN PARTICULAR HNF4ALPHA, AS TOOLS FOR GENE THERAPY OF HCC.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
16 6723  49 VITAMIN D RECEPTOR GENE METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. WORLDWIDE, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MAJOR SUBTYPE OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCERS. HCC IS TYPICALLY DIAGNOSED LATE IN ITS COURSE. WITH RESPECT TO CANCER, THE GENOMIC ACTIONS OF VITAMIN D ARE MEDIATED THROUGH BINDING TO THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR), WHICH ALLOWS IT TO MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF GENES IN A CELL-AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC MANNER. EPIGENETICS IS A RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETIC STUDY APPLICABLE TO HCC. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE THOUGHT TO BE EARLY EVENTS IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CURCUMIN HAS GREAT POTENTIAL AS AN EPIGENETIC AGENT. ACCORDINGLY, THE CURRENT STUDY HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO STUDY THE METHYLATION STATUS OF VDR GENE PROMOTER FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HCC AIMING TO FIND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND POTENTIAL SCREENING ROLE IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (CLD). ADDITIONALLY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE, THE EFFECT OF CURCUMIN ON HCC CELL LINE, AIMING TO DISCOVER NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS THROUGH EPIGENETICS. THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED ON 45 FORMALIN-FIXED, PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED LIVER TISSUE BLOCKS INCLUDING 15 HCC SAMPLES (GROUP A), 15 CLD SAMPLES (GROUP B) AND 15 APPARENTLY NORMAL TISSUE TAKEN FROM AROUND BENIGN LESIONS (GROUP C). METHYLATION SPECIFIC RESTRICTION DIGESTION AND QPCR WERE DONE ON ALL SAMPLES AFTER DNA EXTRACTION. THE PERCENTAGE OF VDR GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE HCC GROUP COMPARED TO BOTH CLD AND CONTROL GROUPS (P < 0.01). VDR PROMOTER METHYLATION BY (MS-QPCR) WAS DECREASED AND THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF VDR BY (QRT-PCR) WAS MARKEDLY INCREASED IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT FASHION IN CELLS GROWN IN CURCUMIN-ADEQUATE MEDIUM. IN CONCLUSION, THIS STUDY MAY OPEN A NEW GATE FOR THE USE OF VDR PROMOTER METHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER IN HCC.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 4476  32 MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE FIFTH MOST COMMON CANCER AND THE THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH WORLDWIDE. HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS A MULTISTEP PROCESS EVOLVING FROM NORMAL THROUGH CHRONIC HEPATITIS/CIRRHOSIS AND DYSPLASTIC NODULES TO HCC. WITH ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR METHODS, THERE IS A GROWING UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS IS STRONGLY LINKED TO INCREASES IN ALLELIC LOSSES, CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES, GENE MUTATIONS, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND ALTERATIONS IN MOLECULAR CELLULAR PATHWAYS. SOME OF THESE ALTERATIONS ARE ACCOMPANIED BY A STEPWISE INCREASE IN THE DIFFERENT PATHOLOGICAL DISEASE STAGES IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. OVERALL, A DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PROGRESSION OF HCC IS OF FUNDAMENTAL IMPORTANCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT REGIMES FOR HCC.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18 4461  35 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF GENDER DISPARITY IN HEPATITIS B VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC), A MALIGNANT TUMOR WITH HIGH MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. ONE REMARKABLE CLINICAL FEATURE OF HBV-RELATED HCC IS THAT ITS INCIDENCE IS HIGHER IN MALES AND POSTMENOPAUSAL FEMALES COMPARED TO OTHER FEMALES. INCREASING EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC MAY INVOLVE GENDER DISPARITY AND THAT IT MAY BE A TYPE OF HORMONE-RESPONSIVE MALIGNANT TUMOR. SEX HORMONES, SUCH AS ANDROGEN AND ESTROGEN, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PLAY VERY DIFFERENT ROLES IN THE PROGRESSION OF AN HBV INFECTION AND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HBV-RELATED HCC. THROUGH BINDING TO THEIR SPECIFIC CELLULAR RECEPTORS AND AFFECTING THE CORRESPONDING SIGNALING PATHWAYS, SEX HORMONES CAN REGULATE THE TRANSACTIVATION OF HBX, CAUSE THE CHRONIC RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN THE HEPATOCELLULAR MICROENVIRONMENT, AND PARTICIPATE IN EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERNATIONS IN HEPATOCYTES. ALL OF THESE FUNCTIONS MAY BE RELATED TO THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF HBV-ASSOCIATED HCC. A THOROUGH INVESTIGATION OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE GENDER-RELATED DISPARITY IN HBV-RELATED HCC SHOULD PROVIDE A NEW PERSPECTIVE FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING ITS PATHOGENESIS AND EXPLORING MORE EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF THIS DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
19 3932  31 LIVER REGENERATION, LIVER CANCERS AND CYCLINS. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE HAS REVEALED THAT MALIGNANT CELL GROWTH IS REGULATED BY COMPLEX MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS. AMONG HUMAN CANCERS, CANCER IN THE LIVER (HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC)) IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE EVIDENCE THAT IT IS USUALLY BASED ON CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES SUCH AS LIVER CIRRHOSIS OR CHRONIC HEPATITIS, IN WHICH THE LIVER IS PERSISTENTLY REGENERATING FOLLOWING HEPATIC INJURY. THIS RAISES THE POSSIBILITY THAT REPEATED HEPATOCYTE PROLIFERATION MAY CAUSE DISORDER OF GENES THAT ARE REGULATING THE CELL CYCLE IN HEPATOCYTES, THUS CAUSING HCC. IN THIS ARTICLE, RECENT STUDIES FOCUSING ON LIVER REGENERATION AND CANCER ARE REVIEWED FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE CELL CYCLE THAT IS REGULATED BY CYCLIN AND THE ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.	1998	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20 3018  42 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS OF LIVER CANCER. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) REPRESENTS A MAJOR FORM OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCER IN ADULTS. CHRONIC INFECTIONS WITH HEPATITIS B (HBV) AND C (HCV) VIRUSES AND ALCOHOL ABUSE ARE THE MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO HCC. THIS DEADLY CANCER AFFECTS MORE THAN 500,000 PEOPLE WORLDWIDE AND IT IS QUITE RESISTANT TO CONVENTIONAL CHEMO- AND RADIOTHERAPY. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC STUDIES ON HCC MAY HELP TO UNDERSTAND BETTER ITS MECHANISMS AND PROVIDE NEW TOOLS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY. RECENT LITERATURE ON WHOLE GENOME ANALYSIS OF HCC INDICATED A HIGH NUMBER OF MUTATED GENES IN ADDITION TO WELL-KNOWN GENES SUCH AS TP53, CTNNB1, AXIN1 AND CDKN2A, BUT THEIR FREQUENCIES ARE MUCH LOWER. APART FROM CTNNB1 MUTATIONS, MOST OF THE OTHER MUTATIONS APPEAR TO RESULT IN LOSS-OF-FUNCTION. THUS, HCC-ASSOCIATED MUTATIONS CANNOT BE EASILY TARGETED FOR THERAPY. EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS THAT APPEAR TO OCCUR QUITE FREQUENTLY MAY SERVE AS NEW TARGETS. GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION, PROMOTER METHYLATION, ABERRANT EXPRESSION OF NON-CODING RNAS AND DYSREGULATED EXPRESSION OF OTHER EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES SUCH AS EZH2 ARE THE BEST-KNOWN EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES. FUTURE RESEARCH IN THIS DIRECTION MAY HELP TO IDENTIFY NOVEL BIOMARKERS AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR HCC.	2013