1 4660 207 NEW APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASIA. THE THERAPEUTIC DILEMMA THAT CONFRONTS THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) IS ILLUSTRATED BY THE ABSENCE OF A FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION-APPROVED AGENT WITH AN INDICATION FOR THIS DISEASE. CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY AND INADEQUATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE PATHOBIOLOGY HAVE LIMITED PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. PRECLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT RECIPROCAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MALIGNANT CLONE AND THE MICROENVIRONMENT SERVE TO CREATE A HOSTILE MILIEU THAT REINFORCES INEFFECTIVE BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION. INEFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS, THE HALLMARK OF MDS, ARISES FROM IMPAIRED PROGENITOR RESPONSIVENESS TO NORMAL TROPHIC SIGNALS AND EXCESS LOCAL GENERATION OF INHIBITORY CYTOKINES, WHICH PROMOTE ACCELERATED APOPTOTIC LOSS OF PROGENITORS AND THEIR PROGENY. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS MODEL DERIVES FROM CYTOKINE NEUTRALIZATION STUDIES AND THE DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLASMA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA CONCENTRATION AND DNA OXIDATION AND GLUTATHIONE DEPLETION IN MALIGNANT CD34+ PROGENITORS. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT ANGIOGENIC MOLECULES GENERATED BY MALIGNANT MYELOMONOCYTIC PRECURSORS REPRESENT INTEGRAL DIFFUSABLE SIGNALS THAT REINFORCE LEUKEMIA PROGENITOR SELF-RENEWAL WHILE PROMOTING THE GENERATION OF PROAPOPTOTIC CYTOKINES AND MEDULLARY ANGIOGENIC RESPONSE. THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION IS COMPOUNDED BY EPIGENETIC EVENTS INCLUDING METHYLATION SILENCING OF THE P15 PROTO-ONCOGENE OR ACTIVATING RAS POINT MUTATIONS. DELINEATION OF SUCH BIOLOGIC FEATURES THAT ARE CENTRAL TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF MDS PROVIDES A RELIABLE FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS. ANTIANGIOGENIC AGENTS IN CLINICAL TESTING INCLUDE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS, THALIDOMIDE AND RELATED ANALOGUES, AND THE RECOMBINANT VEGF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY, BEVACIZUMAB. AGENTS WHOSE ACTIONS MAY RESTORE DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAMS, SUCH AS THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS OR HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS, OFFER THE PROSPECT TO PROMOTE EFFECTIVE HEMATOPOIESIS WHILE IMPACTING THE POTENTIAL FOR LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION. RAS FARNESYL TRANSFERASE INHIBITORS HAVE SHOWN ENCOURAGING PRELIMINARY RESULTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ARE CURRENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN ADVANCED MDS AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ARSENIC TRIOXIDE (ATO) INTERACTS WITH A SPECTRUM OF BIOLOGIC TARGETS THAT MAY BE UNIQUELY SUITED TO MDS. ATO IS A POTENT INDUCER OF APOPTOSIS IN THIOL-DEPLETED MALIGNANT PROGENITORS AND NEOVASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, WHILE PROMOTING DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH HISTONE ACETYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COREPRESSORS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT BIOLOGIC TARGETS IN MDS HAS RAISED EXPECTATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE-SPECIFIC THERAPIES FOR MDS IN THE YEARS THAT FOLLOW.	2002	

2  358  52 ALTERNATIVE SPLICING IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML): A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET? ALTHOUGH THE IMATINIB BASED THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) REPRESENTS A TRIUMPH OF MEDICINE, NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH CML BENEFIT FROM THIS DRUG DUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE AND INTOLERANCE. THE INTERRUPTION OF IMATINIB TREATMENT IS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY CLINICAL RELAPSE, SUGGESTING A FAILURE IN THE KILLING OF RESIDUAL LEUKAEMIC STEM CELLS. THERE IS NEED TO IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE SELECTIVE MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THIS DISEASE AND DEVELOP MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES. ALTERNATIVE PRE-MRNA SPLICING (AS) IS AN EPIGENETIC PROCESS THAT GREATLY DIVERSIFIES THE REPERTOIRE OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME. AS ORCHESTRATES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS TYPES OF PROTEINS AND BETWEEN PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS. CHANGES CAUSED BY INDIVIDUAL SPLICING EVENTS IN THE CELLS ARE SMALL, HOWEVER, "SPLICING PROGRAMS" TYPICALLY REACT TO THESE INDIVIDUAL CHANGES WITH CONSIDERABLE EFFECTS IN CELL PROLIFERATION, CELL SURVIVAL, AND APOPTOSIS. CURRENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS A PIVOTAL ROLE OF AS IN LEUKEMIAS, PARTICULARLY IN MYELODISPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTE LEUKEMIA (CLL). FROM THESE STUDIES AND STUDIES IN OTHER MALIGNANCES, IT IS CLEAR THAT SPLICING ABNORMALITIES PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION. EVALUATION OF AS EVENTS IN CML CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY NOVEL DISEASE MARKERS AND DRUGSENSITIVE TARGETS TO OVERCOME THE LIMITS OF THE SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS CURRENTLY USED FOR TREATING PATIENTS WITH CML. THE USE OF ABERRANT SPLICE VARIANTS AS DISEASE MARKERS HAS BEEN REPORTED, HOWEVER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE USE OF SPLICING ABNORMALITIES AS DRUG TARGETS IN CML. HEREIN WE DISCUSS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES THAT CAN BE USED TO TARGET SPLICING ABNORMALITIES IN CML.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3 2237  49 EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS. MYELOID HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES ARE CLONAL BONE MARROW NEOPLASMS, COMPRISING OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), THE MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS), CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML), THE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPN) AND SYSTEMIC MASTOCYTOSIS (SM). THE FIELD OF EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT HEMATOPOIESIS IS RAPIDLY GROWING. IN RECENT YEARS, HETEROZYGOUS SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN GENES ENCODING EPIGENETIC REGULATORS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN ALL SUBTYPES OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, SUPPORTING THE RATIONALE FOR TREATMENT WITH EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS. HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS (HDACI) ARE EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS THAT, IN VITRO, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO INDUCE GROWTH ARREST, APOPTOTIC OR AUTOPHAGIC CELL DEATH, AND TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION OF MYELOID TUMOR CELLS. THESE EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED BOTH AT THE BULK TUMOR LEVEL AND IN THE MOST IMMATURE CD34(+)38(-) CELL COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS. THUS, THERE IS A STRONG RATIONALE SUPPORTING HDACI THERAPY IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES. HOWEVER, DESPITE INITIAL PROMISING RESULTS IN PHASE I TRIALS, HDACI IN MONOTHERAPY AS WELL AS IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER DRUGS, HAVE FAILED TO IMPROVE RESPONSES OR SURVIVAL. THIS REVIEW PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE RATIONALE FOR HDACI IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, CLINICAL RESULTS AND SPECULATIONS ON WHY CLINICAL TRIALS HAVE THUS FAR NOT MET THE EXPECTATIONS, AND HOW THIS MAY BE IMPROVED IN THE FUTURE.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
4 2752  36 EXPRESSION OF ANGIOGENIC FACTORS IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA: ROLE OF THE BCR/ABL ONCOGENE, BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS, AND POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML) IS A STEM CELL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY AN INCREASED PRODUCTION AND ACCUMULATION OF CLONAL BCR/ABL-POSITIVE CELLS IN HAEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES. THE CHRONIC PHASE OF CML IS INEVITABLY FOLLOWED BY AN ACCELERATED PHASE OF THE DISEASE, WITH CONSECUTIVE BLAST CRISIS. HOWEVER, DEPENDING ON GENETIC STABILITY, EPIGENETIC EVENTS, AND SEVERAL OTHER FACTORS, THE CLINICAL COURSE AND SURVIVAL APPEAR TO VARY AMONG PATIENTS. RECENT DATA SUGGEST THAT ANGIOGENIC CYTOKINES SUCH AS VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF), ARE UP-REGULATED IN CML, AND PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. THESE FACTORS APPEAR TO BE PRODUCED AND RELEASED IN LEUKAEMIC CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH CML. IN LINE WITH THIS NOTION, INCREASED SERUM-LEVELS OF ANGIOGENIC GROWTH FACTORS ARE MEASURABLE IN CML PATIENTS. IN THIS STUDY WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF ANGIOGENIC GROWTH FACTORS EXPRESSED IN CML CELLS, DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF THESE CYTOKINES, THE BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF THEIR PRODUCTION IN LEUKAEMIC CELLS, AND THEIR POTENTIAL CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
5 3565  52 IMPACT OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS AND BIOMARKERS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS AND TOXICITY OF TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. MOST MALIGNANT HEMATOLOGICAL DISEASES ARE GENERALLY A CONSEQUENCE OF ACQUIRED MUTATIONS OR REARRANGEMENTS IN CELL REPLICATION PROCESSES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) IS A CLINICALLY AND MOLECULARLY HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE THAT RESULTS FROM ACQUIRED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS. DESPITE THE ADVANCES MADE IN UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS DISEASE, THE OVERALL SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS REMAINS VERY LOW DUE TO THE HIGH RELAPSE RATE. PHARMACOGENETICS AND MASSIVE SEQUENCING STUDIES HAVE ALLOWED THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEW RECURRENT MUTATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT PROGNOSTIC IMPACT IN AML; FURTHERMORE, IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING WILL SOON BECOME A STANDARD DIAGNOSTIC TEST, WHICH WILL ALLOW THE MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF PATIENTS. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP MOLECULAR TARGETS THAT OPEN NEW THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES AND ALLOW INDIVIDUALIZED TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH THIS AGGRESSIVE DISEASE. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS THE FIRST NEOPLASTIC DISEASE FOR WHICH A CHARACTERISTIC GENETIC ALTERATION WAS DESCRIBED. IT HAS, BY DEFINITION, A GENETIC MARKER, THE BCR::ABL1 REARRANGEMENT, AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE T9;22(Q34;Q11) TRANSLOCATION. ITS STUDY IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF THIS ENTITY AND ALSO FOR MONITORING THE RESPONSE TO TREATMENT. DRUGS KNOWN AS TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) THAT TARGET THE BCR::ABL1 PROTEIN (ORAL TARGETED THERAPY) ARE THE CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OF CML, REPRESENTING A CHANGE OF PARADIGM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ONCOHEMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
6 1616  41 DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS IN THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES. THE RECENTLY APPROVED DRUGS 5-AZACITIDINE (5AC) AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYAZACYTIDINE (DAC) ARE IN WIDE CLINICAL USE FOR THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) OF ALL TYPES AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). THESE AGENTS WERE DEVELOPED BASED UPON AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN MALIGNANCY, AND THEY HAVE BEEN EVALUATED IN RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS, WHICH DEMONSTRATE RESPONSE RATES BETWEEN 20% AND 40% IN PATIENTS FOR WHOM NO PREVIOUS STANDARD OF CARE WAS AVAILABLE. AS UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MALIGNANT PHENOTYPE IMPROVES, WE ARE ABLE TO TARGET OTHER REGULATORS OF CHROMATIN CONFORMATION THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ABERRANT GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND DYSREGULATED CELL GROWTH. THE HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITORS BELONG TO ONE CLASS OF THERAPEUTICS DEVELOPED USING THIS PARADIGM. ALTHOUGH RESPONSES USING HDAC INHIBITORS ALONE IN MDS HAVE BEEN MODEST, ROBUST PRECLINICAL DATA DRIVE CLINICAL TRIALS IN WHICH THEY ARE UTILIZED IN COMBINATION WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) INHIBITORS. COMBINATION THERAPY OFFERS THE POSSIBILITY OF HEMATOLOGIC IMPROVEMENT AND REMISSION TO MYELODYSPLASTIC PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUSLY UNTREATABLE DISEASE.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
7 4681  38 NEW OPTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS) IS A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC HEMATOPOIETIC DISORDERS, USUALLY PRESENTING AS REFRACTORY ANEMIA OR CYTOPENIA, WITH AN APPROXIMATELY 25% RISK OF PROGRESSION TOWARD ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEIMA (AML), AND NO PROVEN CURATIVE TREATMENT. NOVEL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES TARGETING BOTH THE MALIGNANT BLOOD CELL AND ITS MICROENVIRONMENT CAN OVERCOME RESISTANCE TO CURRENT THERAPIES, AND REPRESENT A PROMISING TREATMENT PARADIGM FOR IMPROVING PATIENT OUTCOME. MANY OF THESE AGENTS HAVE MULTIPLE BIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO PRESENT A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS IN MDS AND TO DISCUSS THE EVOLVING TRENDS IN THE TREATMENT OF MDS (IMMUNOSUPPRESIVE THERAPY, IMMUNOMODULATORY DRUGS, ARSENIC TRIOXIDE, PROTEASOME INHIBITORS, EPIGENETIC THERAPY).	2005	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8 2652  38 EPIGENOMICS OF LEUKEMIA: FROM MECHANISMS TO THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. LEUKEMOGENESIS IS A MULTISTEP PROCESS IN WHICH SUCCESSIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL EVENTS ENHANCE THE ABILITY OF A CLONAL POPULATION ARISING FROM HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS TO PROLIFERATE, DIFFERENTIATE AND SURVIVE. CLINICALLY AND PATHOLOGICALLY, LEUKEMIA IS SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES: CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. LEUKEMIA HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED ONLY AS A GENETIC DISEASE. HOWEVER, IN RECENT YEARS, SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE ELUCIDATION OF THE LEUKEMOGENESIS-ASSOCIATED PROCESSES. THUS, WE HAVE COME TO UNDERSTAND THAT EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS INCLUDING DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND MIRNA ARE INVOLVED IN THE PERMANENT CHANGES OF GENE EXPRESSION CONTROLLING THE LEUKEMIA PHENOTYPE. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WILL FOCUS ON THE EPIGENETIC DEFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKEMIA AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS AS BIOMARKERS FOR DIAGNOSTIC, PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
9 5589  42 ROLE OF SIRT1 IN THE GROWTH AND REGULATION OF NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC AND LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: RECENT STUDIES HAVE ENHANCED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THE SIRT1 DEACETYLASE IN REGULATION OF NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) AND LEUKEMIA STEM CELLS (LSCS), AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN REGULATING AUTOPHAGY AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING IN RESPONSE TO METABOLIC ALTERATIONS. RECENT FINDINGS: STUDIES EMPLOYING CONDITIONAL DELETION MOUSE MODELS INDICATE AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF SIRT1 IN MAINTENANCE OF ADULT HSCS UNDER CONDITIONS OF STRESS. SIRT1 IS SIGNIFICANTLY OVEREXPRESSED IN LSC POPULATIONS FROM ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) PATIENTS WITH THE FLT3-ITD MUTATION, AND MAINTAINS THEIR SURVIVAL, GROWTH AND DRUG RESISTANCE, AS PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED FOR CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). SIRT1 CAN ALSO ENHANCE LEUKEMIA EVOLUTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE BY PROMOTING GENETIC INSTABILITY. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF SIRT1 IN REGULATING AUTOPHAGY IN RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS, AND HAVE ELUCIDATED COMPLEX MECHANISMS BY WHICH SIRT1 REGULATES EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF STEM CELLS. SUMMARY: SIRT1 INHIBITION HOLDS PROMISE AS A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ABLATION OF LSCS IN CHRONIC PHASE CML OR FLT3-ITD-ASSOCIATED AML. ADDITIONAL STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF SIRT1 IN LINKING METABOLIC ALTERATIONS TO GENOMIC STABILITY, AUTOPHAGY AND EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF STEM CELLS ARE WARRANTED.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
10 1674  42 DRIVER MUTATIONS IN LEUKEMIA PROMOTE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS THROUGH A COMBINATION OF CELL-AUTONOMOUS AND NICHE MODULATION. STUDIES OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) HAVE LED TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF MUTATIONS THAT AFFECT DIFFERENT CELLULAR PATHWAYS. SOME OF THESE HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED AS PRELEUKEMIC, AND A STEPWISE EVOLUTION PROGRAM WHEREBY CELLS ACQUIRE ADDITIONAL MUTATIONS HAS BEEN PROPOSED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AML. HOW THE TIMING OF ACQUISITION OF THESE MUTATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON TRANSFORMATION AND THE BONE MARROW (BM) MICROENVIRONMENT OCCURS HAS ONLY RECENTLY BEGUN TO BE INVESTIGATED. WE SHOW THAT CONSTITUTIVE AND EARLY LOSS OF THE EPIGENETIC REGULATOR, TET2, WHEN COMBINED WITH CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF FLT3, RESULTS IN TRANSFORMATION OF CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA-LIKE OR MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM-LIKE PHENOTYPE TO AML, WHICH IS MORE PRONOUNCED IN DOUBLE-MUTANT MICE RELATIVE TO MICE CARRYING MUTATIONS IN SINGLE GENES. FURTHERMORE, WE SHOW THAT IN PRELEUKEMIC AND LEUKEMIC MICE THERE ARE ALTERATIONS IN THE BM NICHE AND SECRETED CYTOKINES, WHICH CREATES A PERMISSIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR THE GROWTH OF MUTATION-BEARING CELLS RELATIVE TO NORMAL CELLS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
11 4124  40 MECHANISMS OF DISEASE PROGRESSION AND RESISTANCE TO TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA: AN UPDATE. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF THE BCR-ABL1 FUSION GENE, WHICH ENCODES A CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVE TYROSINE KINASE CONSIDERED TO BE THE PATHOGENIC DRIVER CAPABLE OF INITIATING AND MAINTAINING THE DISEASE. DESPITE THE REMARKABLE EFFICACY OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) TARGETING BCR-ABL1, SOME PATIENTS MAY NOT RESPOND (PRIMARY RESISTANCE) OR MAY RELAPSE AFTER AN INITIAL RESPONSE (SECONDARY RESISTANCE). IN A SMALL PROPORTION OF CASES, DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE IS ACCOMPANIED OR SHORTLY FOLLOWED BY PROGRESSION FROM CHRONIC TO BLASTIC PHASE (BP), CHARACTERIZED BY A DISMAL PROGNOSIS. EVOLUTION FROM CP INTO BP IS A MULTIFACTORIAL AND PROBABLY MULTISTEP PHENOMENON. INCREASE IN BCR-ABL1 TRANSCRIPT LEVELS IS THOUGHT TO PROMOTE THE ONSET OF SECONDARY CHROMOSOMAL OR GENETIC DEFECTS, INDUCE DIFFERENTIATION ARREST, PERTURB RNA TRANSCRIPTION, EDITING AND TRANSLATION THAT TOGETHER WITH EPIGENETIC AND METABOLIC CHANGES MAY ULTIMATELY LEAD TO THE EXPANSION OF HIGHLY PROLIFERATING, DIFFERENTIATION-ARRESTED MALIGNANT CELLS. A MULTITUDE OF STUDIES OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES HAVE INVESTIGATED THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE CLOSELY INTERTWINED PHENOMENA OF DRUG RESISTANCE AND DISEASE PROGRESSION. HERE, WE PROVIDE AN UPDATE ON WHAT IS CURRENTLY KNOWN ON THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING PROGRESSION AND PRESENT THE LATEST ACQUISITIONS ON BCR-ABL1-INDEPENDENT RESISTANCE AND LEUKEMIA STEM CELL PERSISTENCE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
12 2085  48 EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA: A MYRIAD OF MECHANISMS AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. THE ONSET OF GLOBAL EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CHROMATIN THAT DRIVE TUMOR PROLIFERATION AND HETEROGENEITY IS A HALLMARK OF MANY FORMS OF CANCER. IDENTIFYING THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT GOVERN THESE CHANGES AND DEVELOPING THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES TO MODULATE THEM, IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED AVENUE PURSUED IN TRANSLATIONAL CANCER MEDICINE. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) ARISES CLONALLY WHEN A HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL (HSC) ACQUIRES THE CAPACITY TO PRODUCE THE CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVE TYROSINE KINASE BCR-ABL1 FUSION PROTEIN WHICH DRIVES TUMOR DEVELOPMENT. TREATMENT WITH TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) THAT TARGET BCR-ABL1 HAS BEEN TRANSFORMATIVE IN CML MANAGEMENT BUT IT DOES NOT LEAD TO CURE IN THE VAST MAJORITY OF PATIENTS. THUS NOVEL THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE REQUIRED AND THESE MUST TARGET CHANGES TO BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS THAT ARE ABERRANT IN CML - INCLUDING THOSE THAT OCCUR WHEN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE ALTERED. THESE CHANGES MAY BE DUE TO ALTERATIONS IN DNA OR HISTONES, THEIR BIOCHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS AND REQUISITE 'WRITER' PROTEINS, OR TO DYSREGULATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF NON-CODING RNAS THAT COLLECTIVELY FUNCTION AS MODULATORS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL AND DNA INTEGRITY. HERE, WE REVIEW THE EVIDENCE FOR SUBVERTED EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN CML AND HOW THESE IMPACT ON A DIVERSE SET OF BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, ON DISEASE PROGRESSION, PROGNOSIS AND DRUG RESISTANCE. WE WILL ALSO DISCUSS RECENT PROGRESS TOWARDS DEVELOPING EPIGENETIC THERAPIES THAT SHOW PROMISE TO IMPROVE CML PATIENT CARE AND MAY LEAD TO IMPROVED CURE RATES.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
13 2393  40 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AND EMERGING EPIGENETIC THERAPIES IN CML. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY BCR-ABL1, AN ONCOGENIC FUSION GENE ARISING FROM THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS) TO OVERCOME THE CONSTITUTIVE TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITY OF THE BCR-ABL PROTEIN HAS DRAMATICALLY IMPROVED DISEASE MANAGEMENT AND PATIENT OUTCOMES OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS. HOWEVER, THE MAJORITY OF PATIENTS ARE NOT CURED AND DEVELOPING NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES THAT TARGET EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE A PROMISING AVENUE TO IMPROVE CURE RATES. A NUMBER OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE ALTERED OR REPROGRAMMED DURING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF CML, RESULTING IN ALTERATIONS IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, DNA METHYLATION AND DYSREGULATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY. IN THIS REVIEW THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE EXAMINED AND THE POTENTIAL OF EPIGENETIC THERAPIES ARE DISCUSSED AS A MEANS OF ERADICATING RESIDUAL DISEASE AND OFFERING A POTENTIAL CURE FOR CML IN COMBINATION WITH CURRENT THERAPIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 3702  43 INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN PRELEUKEMIC AND LEUKEMIC STEM CELLS. HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) ARE A RARE SUBSET OF BONE MARROW CELLS THAT USUALLY EXIST IN A QUIESCENT STATE, ONLY ENTERING THE CELL CYCLE TO REPLENISH THE BLOOD COMPARTMENT, THEREBY LIMITING THE POTENTIAL FOR ERRORS IN REPLICATION. INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS THAT ARE RELEASED IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS, SUCH AS INFECTION, TRIGGER ACTIVE CYCLING OF HSCS. THESE INFLAMMATORY SIGNALS CAN ALSO DIRECTLY INDUCE HSCS TO RELEASE CYTOKINES INTO THE BONE MARROW ENVIRONMENT, PROMOTING MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION. AFTER STRESS MYELOPOIESIS IS TRIGGERED, HSCS REQUIRE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PROGRAMS TO DEACTIVATE THIS RESPONSE AND RETURN TO STEADY STATE. PROLONGED OR EXCESSIVE EXPOSURE TO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, SUCH AS IN PROLONGED INFECTION OR IN CHRONIC RHEUMATOLOGIC CONDITIONS, CAN LEAD TO CONTINUED HSC CYCLING AND EVENTUAL HSC LOSS. THIS PROMOTES BONE MARROW FAILURE, AND CAN PRECIPITATE PRELEUKEMIC STATES OR LEUKEMIA THROUGH THE ACQUISITION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HSCS. THIS CAN OCCUR THROUGH THE INITIATION OF CLONAL HEMATOPOIESIS, FOLLOWED BY THE EMERGENCE PRELEUKEMIC STEM CELLS (PRE-LSCS). IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE THE ROLES OF MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN THE GENERATION OF PRE-LSCS AND IN PROGRESSION TO MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MDS), MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS, AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML). IN AML, ACTIVATION OF SOME INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING PATHWAYS CAN PROMOTE THE CYCLING AND DIFFERENTIATION OF LSCS, AND THIS CAN BE EXPLOITED THERAPEUTICALLY. WE ALSO DISCUSS THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF MODULATING INFLAMMATORY SIGNALING FOR THE TREATMENT OF MYELOID MALIGNANCIES.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
15  736  44 CANCER STEM CELLS--NEW APPROACH TO CANCEROGENENSIS AND TREATMENT. RECENTLY, THERE IS AN INCREASING EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE THEORY OF CANCER STEM CELLS NOT ONLY IN LEUKEMIA BUT ALSO IN SOLID CANCER. TO DATE, THE EXISTENCE OF CANCER STEM CELLS HAS BEEN PROVEN IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, IN BREAST CANCER, IN BRAIN TUMORS, IN LUNG CANCER AND GASTROINTESTINAL TUMORS. THIS REVIEW IS FOCUSING ON THE RECENT DISCOVERY OF STEM CELLS IN LEUKEMIA, HUMAN BRAIN TUMORS AND BREAST CANCER. A SMALL POPULATION OF CELLS IN THE TUMOR (LESS THAN 1%) SHOWS THE POTENTIAL TO GIVE RISE TO THE TUMOR AND ITS GROWTH. THESE CELLS HAVE A SUBSTANTIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF STEM CELLS--ABILITY FOR SELF-RENEWAL WITHOUT LOSS OF PROLIFERATION CAPACITY WITH EACH CELL DIVISION. FURTHERMORE THEY ARE IMMORTAL, RATHER RESISTANT TO TREATMENT AND EXPRESS TYPICAL MARKERS OF STEM CELLS. THE ORIGIN OF THESE RESIDENT CANCER STEM CELLS IS NOT CLEAR. WHETHER THE CANCER STEM CELLS ORIGINATE FROM NORMAL STEM CELLS IN CONSEQUENCE OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND/OR REDIFFERENTIATION FROM SOMATIC TUMOR CELLS TO THE STEM-LIKE CELLS REMAINS TO BE INVESTIGATED. WE PROPOSE THE IDEA OF THE RELATION BETWEEN NORMAL TISSUE STEM CELLS AND CANCER STEM CELLS AND THEIR POPULATIONS--PROGENITOR CELLS. BASED ON THIS WE HIGHLIGHT ONE OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERISTIC OF STEM CELL--PLASTICITY, WHICH IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL REGENERATION PROCESS AS WELL AS CARCINOGENESIS. FURTHERMORE, WE CONSIDER THE MICROENVIRONMENT AS A LIMITING FACTOR FOR TUMOR GENESIS IN AML, BREAST CANCER AND BRAIN TUMORS. THUS THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CANCER STEM CELLS ARE JUST BEGINNING TO BE REVEALED, THE CONTINUATION OF THESE STUDIES SHOULD LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER STEM CELLS TARGET THERAPIES FOR CANCER TREATMENT.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
16 1542  47 DNA METHYLATION IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF DECITABINE. NORMAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION IS DEPENDENT UPON CONTROLLED GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION AT CYTOSINE RESIDUES IN GENE PROMOTER CPG SEQUENCES IS KNOWN TO INHIBIT GENE TRANSCRIPTION. INAPPROPRIATE INHIBITION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION OF TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES, GENES THAT INHIBIT ANGIOGENESIS AND METASTASIS AND GENES INVOLVED IN DNA REPAIR BY UNCONTROLLED METHYLATION, CAN LEAD TO UNREGULATED GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION OF A CELL AND CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AFFECTING THE P16 GENE, RESULTING IN GENE SILENCING, HAS BEEN SHOWN TO OCCUR IN MANY HUMAN SOLID TUMOURS AND A 'HYPERMETHYLATION PROFILE' IN SOME LEUKAEMIAS HAS BEEN DEFINED. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION TAKES PLACE DURING CARCINOGENESIS ARE STILL NOT CLEAR. HOWEVER, THE LARGE NUMBER OF TARGET GENES (INVOLVED IN TUMORIGENESIS) THAT ARE SILENCED BY ABERRANT METHYLATION SUGGESTS THAT INHIBITION OF THIS PROCESS MAY HAVE POTENTIAL AS CANCER THERAPY. DECITABINE (NSC-127716, DACOGEN; SUPERGEN) IS A POTENT AND SPECIFIC HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT AND AN INHIBITOR OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY THAT MEDIATES DNA METHYLATION. DECITABINE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A BROAD RANGE OF ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY IN PRECLINICAL STUDIES. THIS AGENT HAS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITY IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, ALTHOUGH CLINICAL PHASE I AND II STUDIES WITH SOLID TUMOURS HAVE NOT BEEN VERY PROMISING. PHASE II AND III STUDIES ARE CURRENTLY ONGOING TO EVALUATE DECITABINE, BOTH ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, IN VARIOUS STAGES OF THESE HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
17 1882  41 EMERGING TREATMENTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF LEUKAEMIA IN YOUNG ADULTS. ALTHOUGH 75-85% OF PATIENTS WILL ACHIEVE COMPLETE REMISSION AFTER INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY, THE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IS STILL < 50% AT 5 YEARS. CHEMOTHERAPY HAS INCREASED IN INTENSITY IN RECENT YEARS AND IS PERCEIVED TO HAVE REACHED THE LIMIT OF TOXICITY. ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, WHICH IS UNDOUBTEDLY THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO PREVENT RELAPSE, MAY NOT ADD SUBSTANTIAL SURVIVAL BENEFITS. SEVERAL NEW PHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF AML ARE NOW BECOMING AVAILABLE, WITH VARIOUS MOLECULAR TARGETS IDENTIFIED, INCLUDING THE FARNESYLATION OF RAS FAMILY PROTEINS AND TYROSINE KINASES INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND EPIGENETIC METHYLATION. MORE SELECTIVE DELIVERY OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS IS ALSO FEASIBLE USING HUMANISED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES, WITH THE INTRIGUING POSSIBILITY OF INCREASING TREATMENT DELIVERY WITHOUT INCREASING THE TOXICITY. HOWEVER, DESPITE THE PROGRESS IN THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF DRUGS IN DISORDERS SUCH AS CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, AML LACKS A SINGLE SPECIFIC PATHOGNOMIC GENETIC EVENT TO ACT AS A DRUG TARGET. THIS REVIEW DISCUSSES THE DRUGS PRESENTLY UNDER INVESTIGATION IN PHASE II OR PHASE III TRIALS IN AML.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
18 6320  52 THE ROCKY ROAD TO PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) IS A MALIGNANT DISORDER OF THE MYELOID BLOOD LINEAGE CHARACTERIZED BY IMPAIRED DIFFERENTIATION AND INCREASED PROLIFERATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS. RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE LED TO AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF AML BIOLOGY BUT ALSO UNCOVERED THE ENORMOUS CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR HETEROGENEITY OF THE DISEASE. DESPITE THIS HETEROGENEITY, AML IS MOSTLY MANAGED BY A 'ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL' APPROACH CONSISTING OF INTENSIVE, HIGHLY TOXIC INDUCTION AND CONSOLIDATION CHEMOTHERAPY. THESE TREATMENT PROTOCOLS HAVE REMAINED LARGELY UNCHANGED FOR THE PAST SEVERAL DECADES AND ONLY LEAD TO A CURE IN APPROXIMATELY 30-35% OF CASES. THE ADVENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND OTHER MALIGNANCIES HAS SPARKED HOPE TO IMPROVE PATIENT OUTCOME IN AML. HOWEVER, THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TARGETED AGENTS IN AML THERAPY HAS BEEN UNEXPECTEDLY CUMBERSOME AND REMAINS A DIFFICULT TASK DUE TO A VARIETY OF DISEASE- AND PATIENT-SPECIFIC FACTORS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE DESCRIBE CURRENT STANDARD AND INVESTIGATIONAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES WITH A FOCUS ON TARGETED AGENTS AND HIGHLIGHT POTENTIAL TOOLS THAT MIGHT FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TARGETED THERAPIES FOR THIS FATAL DISEASE. THE CLASSES OF AGENTS DESCRIBED IN THIS REVIEW INCLUDE CONSTITUTIVELY ACTIVATED SIGNALLING PATHWAY INHIBITORS, SURFACE RECEPTOR TARGETS, EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS, DRUGS TARGETING THE INTERACTION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELL WITH THE STROMA AND DRUGS THAT TARGET THE APOPTOTIC MACHINERY. THE CLINICAL CONTEXT AND OUTCOME WITH THESE AGENTS WILL BE EXAMINED TO GAIN INSIGHT ABOUT THEIR OPTIMAL UTILIZATION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
19 5913  29 TARGETED THERAPY IN LEUKEMIA. RESEARCH CONDUCTED OVER THE LAST TWO DECADES HAS YIELDED A DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR LESIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS AND COMMITTED PROGENITORS INTO THE VARIOUS FORMS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF LEUKEMIA REMAINS INCOMPLETE, THE INFORMATION GAINED TO DATE HAS HAD A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE WAY THESE MALIGNANCIES ARE BOTH DIAGNOSED AND MONITORED DURING THERAPY. MORE RECENTLY, TARGETED THERAPIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED AGAINST SOME OF THE IDENTIFIED GENETIC LESIONS. THESE THERAPIES HAVE LED TO SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS IN PATIENT OUTCOMES WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY DECREASING THERAPY-RELATED TOXICITY. WITH THE ADVENT OF GENOME-WIDE METHODS TO DEFINE THE TOTAL COMPLEMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC LESIONS INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS, NEW TARGETED THERAPIES CAN BE ANTICIPATED. THIS REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS SOME OF THE TARGETED THERAPIES THAT ARE PRESENTLY BEING USED TO TREAT HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES AND DESCRIBES SOME OF THE RECENT ADVANCES THAT SHOULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE TARGET THERAPIES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
20 4487  47 MOLECULARLY TARGETED DRUG COMBINATIONS DEMONSTRATE SELECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS FOR MYELOID- AND LYMPHOID-DERIVED HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. TRANSLATING THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY UNDERLYING HUMAN CANCERS INTO THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES IS AN ONGOING CHALLENGE. LARGE-SCALE SEQUENCING EFFORTS HAVE UNCOVERED A SPECTRUM OF MUTATIONS IN MANY HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, INCLUDING ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), SUGGESTING THAT COMBINATIONS OF AGENTS WILL BE REQUIRED TO TREAT THESE DISEASES EFFECTIVELY. COMBINATORIAL APPROACHES WILL ALSO BE CRITICAL FOR COMBATING THE EMERGENCE OF GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS SUBCLONES, RESCUE SIGNALS IN THE MICROENVIRONMENT, AND TUMOR-INTRINSIC FEEDBACK PATHWAYS THAT ALL CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE RELAPSE. TO IDENTIFY NOVEL AND EFFECTIVE DRUG COMBINATIONS, WE PERFORMED EX VIVO SENSITIVITY PROFILING OF 122 PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES FROM A VARIETY OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES AGAINST A PANEL OF 48 DRUG COMBINATIONS. THE COMBINATIONS WERE DESIGNED AS DRUG PAIRS THAT TARGET NONOVERLAPPING BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND COMPRISE DRUGS FROM DIFFERENT CLASSES, PREFERABLY WITH FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION APPROVAL. A COMBINATION RATIO (CR) WAS DERIVED FOR EACH DRUG PAIR, AND CRS WERE EVALUATED WITH RESPECT TO DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES AS WELL AS AGAINST GENETIC, CYTOGENETIC, AND CELLULAR PHENOTYPES OF SPECIMENS FROM THE TWO LARGEST DISEASE CATEGORIES: AML AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). NEARLY ALL TESTED COMBINATIONS INVOLVING A BCL2 INHIBITOR SHOWED ADDITIONAL BENEFIT IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, WHEREAS SELECT COMBINATIONS INVOLVING PI3K, CSF1R, OR BROMODOMAIN INHIBITORS SHOWED PREFERENTIAL BENEFIT IN LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES. EXPANDED ANALYSES OF PATIENTS WITH AML AND CLL REVEALED SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF EX VIVO DRUG COMBINATION EFFICACY THAT WERE ASSOCIATED WITH SELECT GENETIC, CYTOGENETIC, AND PHENOTYPIC DISEASE SUBSETS, WARRANTING FURTHER EVALUATION. THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE HEURISTIC VALUE OF AN INTEGRATED FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES.	2017