1 4547 99 MUTATION ALLELE BURDEN REMAINS UNCHANGED IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA RESPONDING TO HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS. THE CYTIDINE ANALOGUES AZACYTIDINE AND 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (DECITABINE) ARE COMMONLY USED TO TREAT MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES, WITH OR WITHOUT A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE COMPONENT. IT REMAINS UNCLEAR WHETHER THE RESPONSE TO THESE HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS RESULTS FROM A CYTOTOXIC OR AN EPIGENETIC EFFECT. IN THIS STUDY, WE ADDRESS THIS QUESTION IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA. WE DESCRIBE A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MUTATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF THESE TUMOURS, COMBINING WHOLE-EXOME AND WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCING. WE IDENTIFY AN AVERAGE OF 14+/-5 SOMATIC MUTATIONS IN CODING SEQUENCES OF SORTED MONOCYTE DNA AND THE SIGNATURES OF THREE MUTATIONAL PROCESSES. SERIAL SEQUENCING DEMONSTRATES THAT THE RESPONSE TO HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION, WITHOUT ANY DECREASE IN THE MUTATION ALLELE BURDEN, NOR PREVENTION OF NEW GENETIC ALTERATION OCCURENCE. OUR FINDINGS INDICATE THAT CYTOSINE ANALOGUES RESTORE A BALANCED HAEMATOPOIESIS WITHOUT DECREASING THE SIZE OF THE MUTATED CLONE, ARGUING FOR A PREDOMINANTLY EPIGENETIC EFFECT.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
2 1542 28 DNA METHYLATION IN HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES: THE ROLE OF DECITABINE. NORMAL CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION IS DEPENDENT UPON CONTROLLED GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT CAN PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION. DNA METHYLATION AT CYTOSINE RESIDUES IN GENE PROMOTER CPG SEQUENCES IS KNOWN TO INHIBIT GENE TRANSCRIPTION. INAPPROPRIATE INHIBITION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION OF TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES, GENES THAT INHIBIT ANGIOGENESIS AND METASTASIS AND GENES INVOLVED IN DNA REPAIR BY UNCONTROLLED METHYLATION, CAN LEAD TO UNREGULATED GROWTH AND PROLIFERATION OF A CELL AND CARCINOGENESIS. PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION AFFECTING THE P16 GENE, RESULTING IN GENE SILENCING, HAS BEEN SHOWN TO OCCUR IN MANY HUMAN SOLID TUMOURS AND A 'HYPERMETHYLATION PROFILE' IN SOME LEUKAEMIAS HAS BEEN DEFINED. THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS BY WHICH ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION TAKES PLACE DURING CARCINOGENESIS ARE STILL NOT CLEAR. HOWEVER, THE LARGE NUMBER OF TARGET GENES (INVOLVED IN TUMORIGENESIS) THAT ARE SILENCED BY ABERRANT METHYLATION SUGGESTS THAT INHIBITION OF THIS PROCESS MAY HAVE POTENTIAL AS CANCER THERAPY. DECITABINE (NSC-127716, DACOGEN; SUPERGEN) IS A POTENT AND SPECIFIC HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT AND AN INHIBITOR OF THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY THAT MEDIATES DNA METHYLATION. DECITABINE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE A BROAD RANGE OF ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY IN PRECLINICAL STUDIES. THIS AGENT HAS EXHIBITED SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITY IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME, CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA, ALTHOUGH CLINICAL PHASE I AND II STUDIES WITH SOLID TUMOURS HAVE NOT BEEN VERY PROMISING. PHASE II AND III STUDIES ARE CURRENTLY ONGOING TO EVALUATE DECITABINE, BOTH ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, IN VARIOUS STAGES OF THESE HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3   59 28 A GENOME-WIDE SCREEN IDENTIFIES FREQUENTLY METHYLATED GENES IN HAEMATOLOGICAL AND EPITHELIAL CANCERS. BACKGROUND: GENETIC AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF BOTH EPITHELIAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENS ARE REQUIRED TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MARKERS THAT CAN BE USEFUL FOR DIAGNOSTIC AND PROGNOSTIC PURPOSES ACROSS MALIGNANCIES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE USE OF THE MIRA ASSAY (METHYLATED CPG ISLAND RECOVERY ASSAY) IN COMBINATION WITH GENOME-WIDE CPG ISLAND ARRAYS TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC MOLECULAR MARKERS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. WE IDENTIFIED 30 GENES DEMONSTRATING METHYLATION FREQUENCIES OF > OR =25% IN CHILDHOOD ALL, NINE GENES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT METHYLATION FREQUENCIES IN B VS T-ALL. FOR MAJORITY OF THE GENES EXPRESSION COULD BE RESTORED IN METHYLATED LEUKEMIA LINES AFTER TREATMENT WITH 5-AZADC. FORTY-FOUR PERCENT OF THE GENES REPRESENT TARGETS OF THE POLYCOMB COMPLEX. IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) TWO OF THE GENES, (TFAP2A AND EBF2), DEMONSTRATED INCREASED METHYLATION IN BLAST CRISIS COMPARED TO CHRONIC PHASE (P < 0.05). FURTHERMORE HYPERMETHYLATION OF AN AUTOPHAGY RELATED GENE ATG16L2 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB TREATMENT. LASTLY WE DEMONSTRATED THAT TEN OF THESE GENES WERE ALSO FREQUENTLY METHYLATED IN COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS. CONCLUSION: IN SUMMARY WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES SHOWING FREQUENT METHYLATION IN CHILDHOOD ALL, METHYLATION STATUS OF TWO OF THESE GENES IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE IN CML AND METHYLATION STATUS OF ANOTHER GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROGNOSIS. IN ADDITION A SUBSET OF THESE GENES MAY ACT AS EPIGENETIC MARKERS ACROSS HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AS WELL AS COMMON EPITHELIAL CANCERS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
4 5210 20 PRENEOPLASTIC ALTERATIONS DEFINE CLL DNA METHYLOME AND PERSIST THROUGH DISEASE PROGRESSION AND THERAPY. MOST HUMAN CANCERS CONVERGE TO A DEREGULATED METHYLOME WITH REDUCED GLOBAL LEVELS AND ELEVATED METHYLATION AT SELECT CPG ISLANDS. TO INVESTIGATE THE EMERGENCE AND DYNAMICS OF THE CANCER METHYLOME, WE CHARACTERIZED GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION IN PRE-NEOPLASTIC MONOCLONAL B CELL LYMPHOCYTOSIS (MBL) AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), INCLUDING SERIAL SAMPLES COLLECTED ACROSS DISEASE COURSE. WE DETECTED THE ABERRANT TUMOR-ASSOCIATED METHYLATION LANDSCAPE AT CLL DIAGNOSIS AND FOUND NO SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS IN THE HIGH-COUNT MBL-TO-CLL TRANSITION. PATIENT METHYLOMES SHOWED REMARKABLE STABILITY WITH NATURAL DISEASE AND POST-THERAPY PROGRESSION. SINGLE CLL CELLS WERE CONSISTENTLY ABERRANTLY METHYLATED, INDICATING A HOMOGENEOUS TRANSITION TO THE ALTERED EPIGENETIC STATE, AND A DISTINCT EXPRESSION PROFILE TOGETHER WITH MBL CELLS COMPARED TO NORMAL B CELLS. OUR LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS REVEALS THE CANCER METHYLOME TO EMERGE EARLY, WHICH MAY PROVIDE A PLATFORM FOR SUBSEQUENT GENETICALLY-DRIVEN GROWTH DYNAMICS AND TOGETHER WITH ITS PERSISTENT PRESENCE SUGGESTS A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE NORMAL-TO-CANCER TRANSITION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
5 5771 36 SPECIFIC MOLECULAR SIGNATURES PREDICT DECITABINE RESPONSE IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) ARE CHARACTERIZED BY MUTATIONS IN GENES ENCODING EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS AND ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS (DMTIS) ARE USED TO TREAT THESE DISORDERS, BUT RESPONSE IS HIGHLY VARIABLE, WITH FEW MEANS TO PREDICT WHICH PATIENTS WILL BENEFIT. HERE, WE EXAMINED BASELINE DIFFERENCES IN MUTATIONS, DNA METHYLATION, AND GENE EXPRESSION IN 40 CMML PATIENTS WHO WERE RESPONSIVE OR RESISTANT TO DECITABINE (DAC) IN ORDER TO DEVELOP A MOLECULAR MEANS OF PREDICTING RESPONSE AT DIAGNOSIS. WHILE SOMATIC MUTATIONS DID NOT DIFFERENTIATE RESPONDERS FROM NONRESPONDERS, WE IDENTIFIED 167 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) OF DNA AT BASELINE THAT DISTINGUISHED RESPONDERS FROM NONRESPONDERS USING NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING. THESE DMRS WERE PRIMARILY LOCALIZED TO NONPROMOTER REGIONS AND OVERLAPPED WITH DISTAL REGULATORY ENHANCERS. USING THE METHYLATION PROFILES, WE DEVELOPED AN EPIGENETIC CLASSIFIER THAT ACCURATELY PREDICTED DAC RESPONSE AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS. TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS REVEALED DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION AT DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN RESPONDERS AND NONRESPONDERS. IN RESPONDERS, THE UPREGULATED GENES INCLUDED THOSE THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE CELL CYCLE, POTENTIALLY CONTRIBUTING TO EFFECTIVE DAC INCORPORATION. TREATMENT WITH CXCL4 AND CXCL7, WHICH WERE OVEREXPRESSED IN NONRESPONDERS, BLOCKED DAC EFFECTS IN ISOLATED NORMAL CD34+ AND PRIMARY CMML CELLS, SUGGESTING THAT THEIR UPREGULATION CONTRIBUTES TO PRIMARY DAC RESISTANCE.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
6 2966 27 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILING OF CLL DISEASE PROGRESSION REVEALS LIMITED SOMATIC EVOLUTION AND SUGGESTS A RELATIONSHIP TO MEMORY-CELL DEVELOPMENT. WE EXAMINED GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION FROM INDOLENT TO AGGRESSIVE FORMS OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) USING SERIAL SAMPLES FROM 27 PATIENTS. ANALYSIS OF DNA MUTATIONS GROUPED THE LEUKEMIA CASES INTO THREE CATEGORIES: EVOLVING (26%), EXPANDING (26%) AND STATIC (47%). THUS, APPROXIMATELY THREE-QUARTERS OF THE CLL CASES HAD LITTLE TO NO GENETIC SUBCLONAL EVOLUTION. HOWEVER, WE IDENTIFIED SIGNIFICANT RECURRENT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING PROGRESSION AT 4752 CPGS ENRICHED FOR REGIONS NEAR POLYCOMB 2 REPRESSIVE COMPLEX (PRC2) TARGETS. PROGRESSION-ASSOCIATED CPGS NEAR THE PRC2 TARGETS UNDERGO METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE SAME DIRECTION DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION AS DURING NORMAL DEVELOPMENT FROM NAIVE TO MEMORY B CELLS. OUR STUDY SHOWS THAT CLL PROGRESSION DOES NOT TYPICALLY OCCUR VIA SUBCLONAL EVOLUTION, BUT THAT CERTAIN CPG SITES UNDERGO RECURRENT METHYLATION CHANGES. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST CLL PROGRESSION MAY INVOLVE DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES SHARED IN COMMON WITH THE GENERATION OF NORMAL MEMORY B CELLS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
7  160 24 ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL: DOES IT MATTER FOR DISEASE DEVELOPMENT? OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS, STUDIES OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES HAVE BEEN DOMINATED BY THE PRIMARY FOCUS OF UNDERSTANDING PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION. THESE EFFORTS NOT ONLY RESULTED IN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASIS OF EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES BUT ALSO RESULTED IN APPROVAL OF HYPOMETHYLATING AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEVERAL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. RECENT ADVANCES IN GLOBAL METHYLATION PROFILING COUPLED WITH THE USE OF MOUSE MODELS SUGGEST THAT ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IS ALSO A FREQUENT EVENT IN HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, PARTICULARLY IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND, THEREFORE, MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. HERE, WE REVIEW RECENT FINDINGS AND DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF ABERRANT PROMOTER HYPOMETHYLATION IN CLL.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
8 3098 27 GENOMIC DISRUPTION OF THE HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASE SETD2 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA. HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES (HMTS) ARE IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC REGULATORS OF GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND ARE DISRUPTED AT THE GENOMIC LEVEL IN A SPECTRUM OF HUMAN TUMOURS INCLUDING HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES. USING HIGH-RESOLUTION SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM (SNP) ARRAYS, WE IDENTIFIED RECURRENT DELETIONS OF THE SETD2 LOCUS IN 3% (8/261) OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CLL) PATIENTS. FURTHER VALIDATION IN TWO INDEPENDENT COHORTS SHOWED THAT SETD2 DELETIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS OF TP53, GENOMIC COMPLEXITY AND CHROMOTHRIPSIS. WITH NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING WE DETECTED MUTATIONS OF SETD2 IN AN ADDITIONAL 3.8% OF PATIENTS (23/602). IN MOST CASES, SETD2 DELETIONS OR MUTATIONS WERE OFTEN OBSERVED AS A CLONAL EVENT AND ALWAYS AS A MONO-ALLELIC LESION, LEADING TO REDUCED MRNA EXPRESSION IN SETD2-DISRUPTED CASES. PATIENTS WITH SETD2 ABNORMALITIES AND WILD-TYPE TP53 AND ATM FROM FIVE CLINICAL TRIALS EMPLOYING CHEMOTHERAPY OR CHEMO-IMMUNOTHERAPY HAD REDUCED PROGRESSION-FREE AND OVERALL SURVIVAL COMPARED WITH CASES WILD TYPE FOR ALL THREE GENES. CONSISTENT WITH ITS POSTULATED ROLE AS A TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR, OUR DATA HIGHLIGHT SETD2 ABERRATION AS A RECURRENT, EARLY LOSS-OF-FUNCTION EVENT IN CLL PATHOBIOLOGY LINKED TO AGGRESSIVE DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9  825 25 CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT ENHANCERS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS (TES) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO HAVE IMPORTANT GENE REGULATORY FUNCTIONS AND THEIR ALTERATION COULD LEAD TO DISEASE PHENOTYPES. ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML) DEVELOPS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A SERIES OF GENETIC CHANGES IN HEMATOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS, INCLUDING MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS. HERE, WE SET OUT TO STUDY THE GENE REGULATORY ROLE OF TES IN AML. WE FIRST EXPLORED THE EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE OF TES IN AML PATIENTS USING ATAC-SEQ DATA. WE SHOW THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF TES IN GENERAL, AND MORE SPECIFICALLY MAMMALIAN-WIDE INTERSPERSED REPEATS (MIRS), ARE MORE ENRICHED IN AML CELLS THAN IN NORMAL BLOOD CELLS. WE OBTAINED A SIMILAR FINDING WHEN ANALYZING HISTONE MODIFICATION DATA IN AML PATIENTS. GENE ONTOLOGY ENRICHMENT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT GENES NEAR MIRS IN OPEN CHROMATIN REGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN LEUKEMOGENESIS. TO FUNCTIONALLY VALIDATE THEIR REGULATORY ROLE, WE SELECTED 19 MIR REGIONS IN AML CELLS, AND TESTED THEM FOR ENHANCER ACTIVITY IN AN AML CELL LINE (KASUMI-1) AND A CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) CELL LINE (K562); THE RESULTS REVEALED SEVERAL MIRS TO BE FUNCTIONAL ENHANCERS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT TES ARE POTENTIALLY INVOLVED IN MYELOID LEUKEMOGENESIS AND HIGHLIGHT THESE SEQUENCES AS POTENTIAL CANDIDATES HARBORING AML-ASSOCIATED VARIATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10  151 25 ABERRANT METHYLATION AND IMPAIRED EXPRESSION OF THE P15(INK4B) CELL CYCLE REGULATORY GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). THE IMPORTANT CELL CYCLE REGULATORY GENE P15(INK4B) HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE INACTIVATED IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF THIS GENE IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML) THAT BELONGS TO THE MYELODYSPLASTIC/MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS (MDS/MPD) WITH A HIGH PROPORTION OF BLASTIC TRANSFORMATION. ANALYSIS OF BONE MARROW TREPHINES IN A SERIES OF 33 CMML CASES SHOWED AN ABERRANT P15(INK4B) GENE METHYLATION IN UP TO 58% OF CASES. METHYLATION WAS ANALYZED EMPLOYING DIFFERENT METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR AND GENOMIC SEQUENCING PROTOCOLS. IT TURNED OUT TO BE SPREAD OVER A BROAD AREA OF THE 5' REGION AND EXHIBITED SUBSTANTIAL HETEROGENEITY BETWEEN CASES AND EVEN IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. THE DEGREE OF ABERRANT METHYLATION WAS CORRELATED WITH A REDUCED MRNA AS WELL AS REDUCED PROTEIN EXPRESSION, AND WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DNMT 3A. WE CONCLUDE THAT ABERRANT GENE METHYLATION IS A FREQUENT EVENT IN CMML THAT MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PATHOGENESIS OF THIS MDS/MPD.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
11 2462 31 EPIGENETIC THERAPY OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES CONNECTS TO CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION INDEPENDENTLY OF ENDOGENOUS RETROELEMENT DEREPRESSION. BACKGROUND: MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MDS) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (AML) ARE CHARACTERISED BY ABNORMAL EPIGENETIC REPRESSION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF BONE MARROW HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS). DRUGS THAT REVERSE EPIGENETIC REPRESSION, SUCH AS 5-AZACYTIDINE (5-AZA), INDUCE HAEMATOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENT IN HALF OF TREATED PATIENTS. ALTHOUGH THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THERAPY SUCCESS ARE NOT YET CLEAR, INDUCTION OF ENDOGENOUS RETROELEMENTS (ERES) HAS BEEN HYPOTHESISED. METHODS: USING RNA SEQUENCING (RNA-SEQ), WE COMPARED THE TRANSCRIPTION OF ERES IN BONE MARROW HSCS FROM A NEW COHORT OF MDS AND CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA (CMML) PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER 5-AZA TREATMENT WITH HSCS FROM HEALTHY DONORS AND AML PATIENTS. WE FURTHER EXAMINED ERE TRANSCRIPTION USING THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE ANNOTATION OF ERE-OVERLAPPING TRANSCRIPTS EXPRESSED IN HSCS, GENERATED HERE BY DE NOVO TRANSCRIPT ASSEMBLY AND SUPPORTED BY FULL-LENGTH RNA-SEQ. RESULTS: CONSISTENT WITH PRIOR REPORTS, WE FOUND THAT TREATMENT WITH 5-AZA INCREASED THE REPRESENTATION OF ERE-DERIVED RNA-SEQ READS IN THE TRANSCRIPTOME. HOWEVER, SUCH INCREASES WERE COMPARABLE BETWEEN TREATMENT RESPONSES AND FAILURES. THE EXTENDED VIEW OF HSC TRANSCRIPTIONAL DIVERSITY OFFERED BY DE NOVO TRANSCRIPT ASSEMBLY ARGUED AGAINST 5-AZA-RESPONSIVE ERES AS DETERMINANTS OF THE OUTCOME OF THERAPY. INSTEAD, IT UNCOVERED PRE-TREATMENT EXPRESSION AND ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED GENE TRANSCRIPTS AS PREDICTORS OF THE RESPONSE OF MDS AND CMML PATIENTS TO 5-AZA TREATMENT. CONCLUSIONS: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES THE DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED TRANSCRIPTIONAL SIGNATURES OF PROTEIN-CODING AND NON-CODING GENES, RATHER THAN ERES, AS CORRELATES OF A FAVOURABLE RESPONSE OF MDS AND CMML PATIENTS TO 5-AZA TREATMENT AND OFFERS NOVEL CANDIDATES FOR FURTHER EVALUATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
12 2689 20 EVOLUTION OF DNA METHYLATION IS LINKED TO GENETIC ABERRATIONS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH CLONAL SELECTION BY GENETIC DRIVER ABERRATIONS IN CANCER IS WELL DOCUMENTED, THE ABILITY OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS TO PROMOTE TUMOR EVOLUTION IS UNDEFINED. WE USED 450K ARRAYS AND NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TO EVALUATE INTRATUMOR HETEROGENEITY AND EVOLUTION OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENETIC ABERRATIONS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL). CLL CASES EXHIBIT VAST INTERPATIENT DIFFERENCES IN INTRATUMOR METHYLATION HETEROGENEITY, WITH GENETICALLY CLONAL CASES MAINTAINING LOW METHYLATION HETEROGENEITY AND UP TO 10% OF TOTAL CPGS IN A MONOALLELICALLY METHYLATED STATE. INCREASING METHYLATION HETEROGENEITY CORRELATES WITH ADVANCED GENETIC SUBCLONAL COMPLEXITY. SELECTION OF NOVEL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IS OBSERVED ONLY IN CASES THAT UNDERGO GENETIC EVOLUTION, AND INDEPENDENT GENETIC EVOLUTION IS UNCOMMON AND IS RESTRICTED TO LOW-RISK ALTERATIONS. THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT ALTHOUGH EVOLUTION OF DNA METHYLATION OCCURS IN HIGH-RISK, CLINICALLY PROGRESSIVE CASES, POSITIVE SELECTION OF NOVEL METHYLATION PATTERNS ENTAILS COEVOLUTION OF GENETIC ALTERATION(S) IN CLL.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
13 2494 25 EPIGENETICS AND CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE DNA METHYLATION LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS GENERALLY LOWER THAN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. ALTHOUGH DNA METHYLATION IS GLOBALLY DECREASED, REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE PROMOTERS LEADS TO GENE SILENCING. MANY OF THESE GENES HAVE TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PHENOTYPES. UNLIKE MUTATIONS OR DELETIONS, HYPERMETHYLATION IS POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE AFTER INHIBITION WITH DNA METHYLATION MODULATORS. MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME HAS BEEN A MODEL DISEASE IN WHICH TREATMENT OF PATIENTS RESULTS IN DEMETHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES. THE STORY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS SLOWLY UNRAVELING AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS LIKELY ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE. ONGOING CLINICAL TRIALS CORRELATING CLINICAL RESPONSE TO GENE EXPRESSION AFTER TREATMENT WITH DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS WILL ULTIMATELY ALLOW US TO BETTER RISK STRATIFY AND PREDICT THE SUBGROUP OF PATIENTS WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH THIS CLASS OF DRUGS.	2006	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14 4530 31 MULTILAYER INTRACLONAL HETEROGENEITY IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF CELLS THAT COMPOSE MYELOID MALIGNANCIES, I.E., THE RESPECTIVE ROLES OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC HETEROGENEITY IN THIS DIVERSITY, REMAINS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. THIS QUESTION IS ADDRESSED IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, A MYELOID NEOPLASM IN WHICH CLINICAL DIVERSITY CONTRASTS WITH LIMITED GENETIC HETEROGENEITY. TO GENERATE INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL CLONES, WE REPROGRAMMED CD34(+) CELLS COLLECTED FROM A PATIENT WITH A CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IN WHICH WHOLE EXOME SEQUENCING OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTE DNA HAD IDENTIFIED 12 GENE MUTATIONS, INCLUDING A MUTATION IN KDM6A AND TWO HETEROZYGOUS MUTATIONS IN TET2 IN THE FOUNDING CLONE AND A SECONDARY KRAS(G12D) MUTATION. CD34(+) CELLS FROM AN AGE-MATCHED HEALTHY DONOR WERE ALSO REPROGRAMMED. WE CAPTURED A PART OF THE GENETIC HETEROGENEITY OBSERVED IN THE PATIENT, I.E. WE ANALYZED FIVE CLONES WITH TWO GENETIC BACKGROUNDS, WITHOUT AND WITH THE KRAS(G12D) MUTATION. HEMATOPOIETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THESE CLONES RECAPITULATED THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE PATIENT'S DISEASE, INCLUDING OVERPRODUCTION OF GRANULOMONOCYTES AND DYSMEGAKARYOPOIESIS. THESE ANALYSES ALSO DISCLOSED SIGNIFICANT DISCREPANCIES IN THE BEHAVIOR OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS DERIVED FROM INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL CLONES WITH SIMILAR GENETIC BACKGROUND, CORRELATING WITH LIMITED EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THESE ANALYSES SUGGEST THAT, BEYOND THE CODING MUTATIONS, SEVERAL LEVELS OF INTRACLONAL HETEROGENEITY MAY PARTICIPATE IN THE YET UNEXPLAINED CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY OF THE DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
15 6773 22 [ADVANCES OF RESEARCH ON DEMETHYLATION THERAPY FOR HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES]. DNA METHYLATION IS AN IMPORTANT AND REVERSIBLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION WHICH REGULATES GENOMIC STABILITY. METHYLATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR MAMMALIAN DEVELOPMENT. GENERALLY, GENE EXPRESSION LEVEL AND DNA METHYLATION ARE NEGATIVE CORRELATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING VIA METHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS IN THE PROMOTER IS IMPORTANT FOR CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION AND PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN TUMORIGENESIS. DEMETHYLATION DRUG CAN MODIFY CHROMATIN AND RESTORE THE ABILITY OF ANTI-ONCOGENE. DEMETHYLATION THERAPY AS A NEW THERAPY MAY TREAT EFFICIENTLY HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES WITH RESISTANCE AND RELAPSE. IN THIS REVIEW, DNA METHYLATION MECHANISM, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABERRANT METHYLATION AND HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, MECHANISM OF DEMETHYLATION THERAPY, THE ADVANCE OF RESEARCH ON THE DEMETHYLATION THERAPY OF HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES, SUCH AS ACUTE AND CHRONIC LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOMA, MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME WERE SUMMARIZED.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16 3532 22 IMATINIB INDEPENDENT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF NOV/CCN3 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: A MECHANISM UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION? BACKGROUND: THE NOV GENE PRODUCT, CCN3, HAS BEEN REPORTED IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF TUMORS TO SERVE AS A NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATOR, WHILE ACTING AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ITS SILENCING IN CML IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO QUERY IF THE GENE REGULATION OF CCN3 IS MEDIATED BY THE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE PATIENTS WITH CML. IN ADDITION, TO CLARIFY WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS AFFECTED BY BCR-ABL1 INHIBITION, WE ASSESSED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS FOLLOWING THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION USING IMATINIB THERAPY, AS THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LEUKEMIA. METHODS: TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE APPLIED BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE AS A HIGH-RESOLUTION METHOD TO STUDY THE REGULATORY SEGMENT OF THE CCN3 GENE. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CML PATIENTS AS WELL AS FOLLOWING IMATINIB THERAPY. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE CORRELATION OF CCN3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH BCR-ABL1 LEVELS. RESULTS: OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CML PATIENTS SHOWING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF THE METHYLATED PERCENTAGE AT THE CPG SITES COMPARED TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, THIS HYPERMETHYLATION WAS INDICATED TO BE INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 TITERS IN BOTH GROUPS, WHICH MIGHT SUGGEST A MECHANISM BEYOND THE BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: DESPITE SUGGESTING THAT THE CCN3 HYPERMETHYLATION ACTS AS A MOLECULAR MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION IN CML PATIENTS, THIS SCENARIO REQUIRES FURTHER VALIDATION BY COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. IN THE CASE OF ACTING UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 SIGNALING, THE METHYLATION MARKER CAN PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION AND A NOVEL PLATFORM FOR TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS FOR EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN IMATINIB RESISTANT PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  349 31 ALTERED DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN SF3B1 MUTATED CLL PATIENTS. MUTATIONS IN SPLICING FACTOR GENES HAVE A SEVERE IMPACT ON THE SURVIVAL OF CANCER PATIENTS. SPLICING FACTOR 3B SUBUNIT 1 (SF3B1) IS ONE OF THE MOST FREQUENTLY MUTATED GENES IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL); PATIENTS CARRYING THESE MUTATIONS HAVE A POOR PROGNOSIS. SINCE THE SPLICING MACHINERY AND THE EPIGENOME ARE CLOSELY INTERCONNECTED, WE INVESTIGATED WHETHER THESE ALTERATIONS MAY AFFECT THE EPIGENOMES OF CLL PATIENTS. WHILE AN OVERALL HYPOMETHYLATION DURING CLL CARCINOGENESIS HAS BEEN OBSERVED, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE EPIGENETIC STAGE OF THE ORIGINATING B CELLS AND SF3B1 MUTATIONS, AND THE SUBSEQUENT EFFECT OF THE MUTATIONS ON METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN CLL, HAVE NOT BEEN INVESTIGATED. WE PROFILED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF 27 CLL PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT SF3B1 MUTATIONS AND IDENTIFIED LOCAL DECREASES IN METHYLATION LEVELS IN SF3B1(MUT) CLL PATIENTS AT 67 GENOMIC REGIONS, MOSTLY IN PROXIMITY TO TELOMERIC REGIONS. THESE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) WERE ENRICHED IN GENE BODIES OF CANCER-RELATED SIGNALING GENES, E.G., NOTCH1, HTRA3, AND BCL9L. IN OUR STUDY, SF3B1 MUTATIONS EXCLUSIVELY EMERGED IN TWO OUT OF THREE EPIGENETIC STAGES OF THE ORIGINATING B CELLS. HOWEVER, NOT ALL THE DMRS COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE METHYLATION PROGRAMMING OF B CELLS DURING DEVELOPMENT, SUGGESTING THAT MUTATIONS IN SF3B1 CAUSE ADDITIONAL EPIGENETIC ABERRATIONS DURING CARCINOGENESIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
18 2911 27 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF LOSS OF TET2 AND/OR JAK2V617F MUTANT HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS FROM MOUSE MODELS OF MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (MPNS) ARE CLINICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY THE CHRONIC OVERPRODUCTION OF DIFFERENTIATED PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS AND THE GRADUAL EXPANSION OF MALIGNANT INTRAMEDULLARY/EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS. IN MPNS MUTATIONS IN JAK2 MPL OR CALR ARE DETECTED MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE IN MORE THAN 90% OF CASES [1,2]. MUTATIONS IN THEM LEAD TO THE ABNORMAL ACTIVATION OF JAK/STAT SIGNALING AND THE AUTONOMOUS GROWTH OF DIFFERENTIATED CELLS THEREFORE THEY ARE CONSIDERED AS "DRIVER" GENE MUTATIONS. IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS SUCH AS TET2 DNMT3A ASXL1 EZH2 OR IDH1/2 ARE DETECTED IN ABOUT 5%-30% OF CASES RESPECTIVELY [3]. MUTATIONS IN TET2 DNMT3A EZH2 OR IDH1/2 COMMONLY CONFER THE INCREASED SELF-RENEWAL CAPACITY ON NORMAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCS) BUT THEY DO NOT LEAD TO THE AUTONOMOUS GROWTH OF DIFFERENTIATED CELLS AND ONLY EXHIBIT SUBTLE CLINICAL PHENOTYPES [4,6-8,5]. IT WAS UNCLEAR HOW MUTATIONS IN SUCH EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INFLUENCED ABNORMAL HSCS WITH DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS HOW THEY INFLUENCED THE DISEASE PHENOTYPE OR WHETHER A SINGLE DRIVER GENE MUTATION WAS SUFFICIENT FOR THE INITIATION OF HUMAN MPNS. THEREFORE WE FOCUSED ON JAK2V617F AND LOSS OF TET2-THE FORMER AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF DRIVER GENE MUTATIONS AND THE LATTER AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF MUTATIONS IN EPIGENETIC REGULATORS-AND EXAMINED THE INFLUENCE OF SINGLE OR DOUBLE MUTATIONS ON HSCS (LINEAGE(-)SCA-1(+)C-KIT(+) CELLS (LSKS)) BY FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES AND MICROARRAY WHOLE-GENOME EXPRESSION ANALYSES [9]. GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING SHOWED THAT THE HSC FINGERPRINT GENES [10] WAS STATISTICALLY EQUALLY ENRICHED IN TET2-KNOCKDOWN-LSKS BUT NEGATIVELY ENRICHED IN JAK2V617F-LSKS COMPARED TO THAT IN WILD-TYPE-LSKS. DOUBLE-MUTANT-LSKS SHOWED THE SAME TENDENCY AS JAK2V617F-LSKS IN TERMS OF THEIR HSC FINGERPRINT GENES BUT THE EXPRESSION OF INDIVIDUAL GENES DIFFERED BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS. AMONG 245 HSC FINGERPRINT GENES 100 WERE MORE HIGHLY EXPRESSED IN DOUBLE-MUTANT-LSKS THAN IN JAK2V617F-LSKS. THESE ALTERED GENE EXPRESSIONS MIGHT PARTLY EXPLAIN THE MECHANISMS OF INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF MPNS WHICH WAS OBSERVED IN THE FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES [9]. HERE WE DESCRIBE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES DEPOSITED AT THE GENE EXPRESSION OMNIBUS (GEO) UNDER THE ACCESSION NUMBER GSE62302 INCLUDING EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSES.	2015	

19 2025 25 EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN A MURINE MODEL OF HUMAN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING GAIN OR LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION, ARE A HALLMARK OF NEARLY EVERY MALIGNANCY. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION CAN IMPACT EXPRESSION OF CANCER-RELATED GENES INCLUDING APOPTOSIS REGULATORS AND TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. BECAUSE SUCH EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE, THEY ARE BEING AGGRESSIVELY INVESTIGATED AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. HERE WE USE THE EMU-TCL1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) TO DETERMINE THE TIMING AND PATTERNS OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, AND TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. WE SHOW THAT CLL CELLS FROM EMU-TCL1 MICE AT VARIOUS STAGES RECAPITULATE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SEEN IN HUMAN CLL. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PROMOTER SEQUENCES IS OBSERVED AS EARLY AS 3 MONTHS OF AGE IN THESE ANIMALS, WELL BEFORE DISEASE ONSET. ABNORMALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS INCLUDE BINDING SITES FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXD3. WE SHOW THAT LOSS OF FOXD3 EXPRESSION DUE TO AN NF-KAPPAB P50/P50:HDAC1 REPRESSOR COMPLEX OCCURS IN TCL1-POSITIVE B CELLS BEFORE METHYLATION. THEREFORE, SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IS AN EARLY EVENT LEADING TO EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TARGET GENES IN MURINE AND HUMAN CLL. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE STRONG RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES TO TARGET NF-KAPPAB COMPONENTS IN CLL AND POTENTIALLY OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20 5687 22 SIGNIFICANCE OF INACTIVATED GENES IN LEUKEMIA: PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS. EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE TWO MECHANISMS PARTICIPATING IN LEUKEMIA, WHICH CAN INACTIVATE GENES INVOLVED IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS OR PROGRESSION. THE PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW WAS TO INTRODUCE VARIOUS INACTIVATED GENES AND EVALUATE THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS. BY SEARCHING THE MESH WORDS "GENE, SILENCING AND LEUKEMIA" IN PUBMED WEBSITE, RELEVANT ENGLISH ARTICLES DEALT WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS AS OF 2000 WERE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. GENE INACTIVATION IN LEUKEMIA IS LARGELY MEDIATED BY PROMOTER'S HYPERMETHYLATION OF GENE INVOLVING IN CELLULAR FUNCTIONS SUCH AS CELL CYCLE, APOPTOSIS, AND GENE TRANSCRIPTION. INACTIVATED GENES, SUCH AS ASPP1, TP53, IKZF1 AND P15, MAY CORRELATE WITH POOR PROGNOSIS IN ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA (ALL), CHRONIC LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA (CLL), CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) AND ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (AML), RESPECTIVELY. GENE INACTIVATION MAY PLAY A CONSIDERABLE ROLE IN LEUKEMIA PATHOGENESIS AND PROGNOSIS, WHICH CAN BE CONSIDERED AS COMPLEMENTARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS TO DIFFERENTIATE DIFFERENT LEUKEMIA TYPES, DETERMINE LEUKEMIA PROGNOSIS, AND ALSO DETECT RESPONSE TO THERAPY. IN GENERAL, THIS REVIEW SHOWED SOME GENES INACTIVATED ONLY IN LEUKEMIA (WITH DIFFERENCES BETWEEN B-ALL, T-ALL, CLL, AML AND CML). THESE DIFFERENCES COULD BE OF INTEREST AS AN ADDITIONAL TOOL TO BETTER CATEGORIZE LEUKEMIA TYPES. FURTHERMORE; BASED ON INACTIVATED GENES, A DIVERSE CLASSIFICATION OF LEUKEMIAS COULD REPRESENT A POWERFUL METHOD TO ADDRESS A TARGETED THERAPY OF THE PATIENTS, IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE SIDE EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES AND TO ENHANCE NEW DRUG STRATEGIES.	2017