1 4544 126 MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY IN HYPOXIA WITH INFLAMMATION IS CONTROLLED BY BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS. SOME OF THE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) PATIENTS ENGAGED IN EXERCISE-BASED MUSCLE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS ARE UNRESPONSIVE. TO UNRAVEL THE RESPECTIVE ROLE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION ON SOLEUS MUSCLE HYPERTROPHIC CAPACITIES, WE CHALLENGED MALE WISTAR RATS TO REPEATED LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE INSTILLATIONS, ASSOCIATED OR NOT WITH A CHRONIC HYPOXIA EXPOSURE. MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY WAS INITIATED BY BILATERAL ABLATION OF SOLEUS AGONISTS 1 WEEK BEFORE SACRIFICE. TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE HISTONE ACETYLATION, WE ALSO TREATED OUR ANIMALS WITH AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAINS AND EXTRA TERMINAL PROTEINS (I-BET) DURING THE WEEK AFTER SURGERY. PULMONARY INFLAMMATION TOTALLY INHIBITED THIS HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE UNDER BOTH NORMOXIC AND HYPOXIC CONDITIONS (26% LOWER THAN CONTROL SURGERY, P < 0.05), CONSISTENT WITH THE S6K1 AND MYOGENIN MEASUREMENTS. CHANGES IN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND CLASS IIA HISTONE DEACETYLASES EXPRESSION, FOLLOWING PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, SUGGESTED A PUTATIVE ROLE FOR HISTONE ACETYLATION SIGNALING IN THE ALTERED HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE. THE I-BET DRUG RESTORED THE HYPERTROPHY RESPONSE SUGGESTING THAT THE NON-RESPONSE OF MUSCLE TO A HYPERTROPHIC STIMULUS COULD BE MODULATED BY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE-ACETYLATION DEPENDANT PATHWAYS. DRUGS TARGETING SUCH EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY OPEN THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION WHO ARE UNRESPONSIVE TO REHABILITATION.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2 2493  39 EPIGENETICS AND CHROMATIN REMODELING PLAY A ROLE IN LUNG DISEASE. EPIGENETICS IS DEFINED AS HERITABLE CHANGES THAT AFFECT GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT ALTERING THE DNA SEQUENCE. EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IS FACILITATED THROUGH DIFFERENT MECHANISMS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AND RNA-ASSOCIATED SILENCING BY SMALL NON-CODING RNAS. ALL THESE MECHANISMS ARE CRUCIAL FOR NORMAL DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION. THESE THREE SYSTEMS INTERACT AND STABILIZE ONE ANOTHER AND CAN INITIATE AND SUSTAIN EPIGENETIC SILENCING, THUS DETERMINING HERITABLE CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION. HISTONE ACETYLATION REGULATES DIVERSE CELLULAR FUNCTIONS INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION, DNA REPAIR AND CELL PROLIFERATION. TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATORS POSSESS INTRINSIC HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY AND THIS ACTIVITY DRIVES INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION. ELEVEN CLASSICAL HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ACT TO REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF DISTINCT SUBSETS OF INFLAMMATORY/IMMUNE GENES. THUS, LOSS OF HDAC ACTIVITY OR THE PRESENCE OF HDAC INHIBITORS CAN FURTHER ENHANCE INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION BY PRODUCING A GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGE IN HAT ACTIVITY. FOR EXAMPLE, HDAC2 EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY ARE REDUCED IN LUNG MACROPHAGES, BIOPSY SPECIMENS, AND BLOOD CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA AND SMOKING ASTHMATICS, AS WELL AS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). THIS MAY ACCOUNT, AT LEAST IN PART, FOR THE ENHANCED INFLAMMATION AND REDUCED STEROID RESPONSIVENESS SEEN IN THESE PATIENTS. OTHER PROTEINS, PARTICULARLY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, ARE ALSO ACETYLATED AND ARE TARGETS FOR DEACETYLATION BY HDACS AND SIRTUINS, A RELATED FAMILY OF 7 PREDOMINANTLY PROTEIN DEACETYLASES. THUS THE ACETYLATION/DEACETYLATION STATUS OF NF-KAPPAB AND THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR CAN ALSO AFFECT THE OVERALL EXPRESSION PATTERN OF INFLAMMATORY GENES AND REGULATE THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. UNDERSTANDING AND TARGETING SPECIFIC ENZYMES INVOLVED IN THIS PROCESS MIGHT LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC AGENTS, PARTICULARLY IN SITUATIONS IN WHICH CURRENT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPIES ARE SUBOPTIMAL.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
3 2170  30 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC EVENTS ARE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE LUNGS AND AIRWAYS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). MOREOVER, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE INVOLVED IN THE SKELETAL (PERIPHERAL) MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION OF COPD PATIENTS. WHETHER EPIGENETIC EVENTS MAY ALSO REGULATE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN COPD REMAINS UNKNOWN. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS WOULD BE DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN THE MAIN INSPIRATORY MUSCLE (DIAPHRAGM) OF PATIENTS WITH COPD OF A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS. IN DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE SPECIMENS (THORACOTOMY DUE TO LUNG LOCALIZED NEOPLASMS) OF SEDENTARY PATIENTS WITH MILD-TO-MODERATE AND SEVERE COPD, WITH PRESERVED BODY COMPOSITION, AND SEDENTARY HEALTHY CONTROLS, EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE-ENRICHED MICRORNAS, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATS) AND DEACETYLASES (HDACS), TOTAL DNA METHYLATION AND PROTEIN ACETYLATION, SMALL UBIQUITIN-RELATED MODIFIER (SUMO) LIGASES, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND MUSCLE STRUCTURE WERE EXPLORED. ALL SUBJECTS WERE ALSO CLINICALLY EVALUATED: LUNG AND MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND EXERCISE CAPACITY. COMPARED TO HEALTHY CONTROLS, PATIENTS EXHIBITED MODERATE AIRFLOW LIMITATION AND DIFFUSION CAPACITY, AND REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE AND TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC STRENGTH. MOREOVER, IN THE DIAPHRAGM OF THE COPD PATIENTS, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNA EXPRESSION WAS DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MYOCYTE ENHANCER FACTOR (MEF)2C PROTEIN LEVELS WERE HIGHER, AND DNA METHYLATION LEVELS, MUSCLE FIBER TYPES AND SIZES DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CONTROLS. IN THE MAIN RESPIRATORY MUSCLE OF COPD PATIENTS WITH A WIDE RANGE OF DISEASE SEVERITY AND NORMAL BODY COMPOSITION, MUSCLE-SPECIFIC MICRORNAS WERE DOWNREGULATED, WHILE HDAC4 AND MEF2C LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED. IT IS LIKELY THAT THESE EPIGENETIC EVENTS ACT AS BIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO BETTER OVERCOME THE CONTINUOUS INSPIRATORY LOADS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN COPD. THESE FINDINGS MAY OFFER NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO SPECIFICALLY TARGET RESPIRATORY MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH COPD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
4 3719  51 INHIBITION OF BET PROTEINS REDUCES RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION RESULTING FROM COMBINED HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS A CO-MORBIDITY, WHICH STRONGLY PARTICIPATES IN MORBI-MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). RECENT FINDINGS SHOWED THAT BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEINS, IN CHARGE OF READING HISTONE ACETYLATION, COULD BE INVOLVED IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION. OUR AIM WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF I-BET151, AN INHIBITOR OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET), ON THE RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, INDUCED BY A COMBINATION OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION, AS THE TWO MAIN STIMULI ENCOUNTERED IN COPD. ADULT WISTAR MALE RATS, EXPOSED TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS PULMONARY INFLAMMATION (CHPI), SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY (+57%, P < 0.001), AN INCREASE IN SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (+46%, P < 0.001) AND IN CONTRACTION SPEED (+36%, P < 0.001), WHEN COMPARED TO CONTROL ANIMALS. I-BET151 TREATED ANIMALS (CHPI-IB) SHOWED RESTORED HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS TO LEVELS SIMILAR TO CONTROL ANIMALS, DESPITE CHRONIC HYPOXIA PLUS EXPOSURE TO PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THEY DISPLAYED LOWER RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY AND HEMATOCRIT COMPARED TO THE CHPI GROUP (RESPECTIVELY -16%, P < 0.001; AND -9%, P < 0.05). OUR DESCRIPTIVE STUDY SHOWS A VALUABLE EFFECT OF THE INHIBITION OF BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN PROTEINS ON HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS, DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA AND PULMONARY INFLAMMATION. THIS SUGGESTS THAT SUCH INHIBITION COULD BE OF POTENTIAL INTEREST FOR COPD PATIENTS WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. FURTHER STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO UNRAVEL THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS INVOLVED AND THE NET BENEFITS OF INHIBITING ADAPTATIONS TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
5 5946  38 TARGETING THE EPIGENOME IN THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY METHYLATION OF DNA AND VARIOUS POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES MAY AFFECT THE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE INFLAMMATORY GENES. ACETYLATION OF HISTONES BY HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES ACTIVATES INFLAMMATORY GENES, WHEREAS HISTONE DEACETYLATION RESULTS IN INFLAMMATORY GENE REPRESSION. CORTICOSTEROIDS EXERT THEIR ANTIINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS PARTLY BY INDUCING ACETYLATION OF ANTIINFLAMMATORY GENES, BUT MAINLY BY RECRUITING HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 (HDAC2) TO ACTIVATED INFLAMMATORY GENES. HDAC2 DEACETYLATES ACETYLATED GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS SO THAT THEY CAN SUPPRESS ACTIVATED INFLAMMATORY GENES IN ASTHMA. IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), THERE IS RESISTANCE TO THE ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIONS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS, WHICH IS EXPLAINED BY REDUCED ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF HDAC2. THIS CAN BE REVERSED BY A PLASMID VECTOR, WHICH RESTORES HDAC2 LEVELS, BUT MAY ALSO BE ACHIEVED BY LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF THEOPHYLLINE. OXIDATIVE STRESS CAUSES CORTICOSTEROID RESISTANCE BY REDUCING HDAC2 ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION BY ACTIVATION OF PHOSPHOINOSITIDE-3-KINASE-DELTA, RESULTING IN HDAC2 PHOSPHORYLATION VIA A CASCADE OF KINASES. THEOPHYLLINE REVERSES CORTICOSTEROID RESISTANCE BY DIRECTLY INHIBITING OXIDANT-ACTIVATED PI3KDELTA AND IS MIMICKED BY PI3KDELTA KNOCKOUT OR BY SELECTIVE INHIBITORS. OTHER TREATMENTS MAY ALSO INTERACT IN THIS PATHWAY, MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO REVERSE CORTICOSTEROID RESISTANCE IN PATIENTS WITH COPD, AS WELL AS IN SMOKERS WITH ASTHMA AND SOME PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ASTHMA IN WHOM SIMILAR MECHANISMS OPERATE. OTHER HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING METHYLATION, TYROSINE NITRATION, AND UBIQUITINATION MAY ALSO AFFECT HISTONE FUNCTION AND INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION, AND BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THESE EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS COULD LED TO NOVEL ANTIINFLAMMATORY THERAPIES, PARTICULARLY IN CORTICOSTEROID-RESISTANT INFLAMMATION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6 2119  30 EPIGENETIC HISTONE MODIFICATION REGULATES DEVELOPMENTAL LEAD EXPOSURE INDUCED HYPERACTIVITY IN RATS. LEAD (PB) EXPOSURE WAS COMMONLY CONSIDERED AS A HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD). HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF THIS PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS STILL REMAINS ELUSIVE. IN LIGHT OF THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN MODULATING THE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE AND THE CAUSATIVE ENVIRONMENT, THE ALTERATIONS OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS EXPOSED BY VARIOUS DOSES OF LEAD, ALONG WITH CONCOMITANT BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS, WERE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY. ACCORDING TO THE FREE AND FORCED OPEN FIELD TEST, THERE SHOWED THAT IN A DOSAGE-DEPENDENT MANNER, LEAD EXPOSURE COULD RESULT IN THE INCREASED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY OF RATS, THAT IS, HYPERACTIVITY: A SUBTYPE OF ADHD. WESTERN BLOTTING ASSAYS REVEALED THAT THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS BY CHRONIC LEAD EXPOSURE, WHILE NO DRAMATIC CHANGES WERE DETECTED IN TERMS OF EXPRESSION YIELDS OF ADHD-RELATED DOPAMINERGIC PROTEINS, INDICATING THAT HISTONE ACETYLATION PLAYS ESSENTIAL ROLES IN THIS TOXICANT-INVOLVED PATHOGENESIS. IN ADDITION, THE INCREASED LEVEL OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF P300, A TYPICAL HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, AS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL OF P300 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED UPON HIGHER-DOSE PB EXPOSURE. IN SUMMARY, THIS STUDY FIRST DISCOVERED THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM BRIDGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE (PB) AND THE DISEASE ITSELF (ADHD) IN THE HISTONE MODIFICATION LEVEL, PAVING THE WAY FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF ADHD'S ETIOLOGY AND IN FURTHER STEPS, ESTABLISHING THE THERAPY STRATEGY OF THIS WIDESPREAD NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
7 3341  27 HISTONE DEACETYLASE-2 IS INVOLVED IN STRESS-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT VIA HISTONE DEACETYLATION AND PI3K/AKT SIGNALING PATHWAY MODIFICATION. EXPOSURE TO CHRONIC STRESS UPREGULATES BLOOD GLUCOCORTICOID LEVELS AND IMPAIRS COGNITION VIA DIVERSE EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS HISTONE DEACETYLATION. HISTONE DEACETYLATION CAN LEAD TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING OF MANY PROTEINS INVOLVED IN COGNITION AND MAY ALSO CAUSE LEARNING AND MEMORY DYSFUNCTION. HISTONE DEACETYLASE?2 (HDAC2) HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED TO EPIGENETICALLY BLOCK COGNITION VIA A REDUCTION IN THE HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL; HOWEVER, IT IS UNKNOWN WHETHER HDAC2 IS INVOLVED IN THE COGNITIVE DECLINE INDUCED BY CHRONIC STRESS. TO THE BEST OF AUTHORS' KNOWLEDGE, THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE STRESS HORMONE CORTICOSTEROID UPREGULATE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS IN NEURO?2A CELLS AND CAUSE CELL INJURIES. HDAC2 KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A SIGNIFICANT AMELIORATION OF THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN N2A CELLS VIA THE UPREGULATION OF HISTONE ACETYLATION AND MODIFICATIONS IN THE PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3?KINASE/PROTEIN KINASE B SIGNALING PATHWAY. IN ADDITION, THE HDAC2 PROTEIN LEVELS WERE UPREGULATED IN 12?MONTH?OLD FEMALE C57BL/6J MICE UNDER CHRONIC STRESS IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE FINDINGS SUGGESTED THAT HDAC2 MAY BE AN IMPORTANT NEGATIVE REGULATOR INVOLVED IN CHRONIC STRESS?INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8 3935  35 LIVER-SPECIFIC KNOCKDOWN OF CLASS IIA HDACS HAS LIMITED EFFICACY ON GLUCOSE METABOLISM BUT ENTAILS SEVERE ORGAN SIDE EFFECTS IN MICE. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF EPIGENETIC GENE MODIFICATION THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF METABOLISM. IN PARTICULAR CLASS IIA HDACS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO AFFECT HEPATIC GLUCONEOGENESIS AND PREVIOUS APPROACHES REVEALED THAT THEIR INHIBITION REDUCES BLOOD GLUCOSE IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC MICE. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL OF CLASS IIA HDAC INHIBITION AS A THERAPEUTIC OPPORTUNITY FOR THE TREATMENT +OF METABOLIC DISEASES. FOR THAT, SIRNAS SELECTIVELY TARGETING HDAC4, 5 AND 7 WERE SELECTED AND USED TO ACHIEVE A COMBINATORIAL KNOCKDOWN OF THESE THREE CLASS IIA HDAC ISOFORMS. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE HEPATOCELLULAR EFFECTS AS WELL AS THE IMPACT ON GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM WERE ANALYZED IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. THE TRIPLE KNOCKDOWN RESULTED IN A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DECREASE OF GLUCONEOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE AND HUMAN HEPATOCYTE CELL MODELS. A SIMILAR HDAC-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF HEPATIC GLUCONEOGENESIS GENES COULD BE ACHIEVED IN MICE USING A LIVER-SPECIFIC LIPID NANOPARTICLE SIRNA FORMULATION. HOWEVER, THE EFFICACY ON WHOLE BODY GLUCOSE METABOLISM ASSESSED BY PYRUVATE-TOLERANCE TESTS WERE ONLY LIMITED AND DID NOT OUTWEIGH THE SAFETY FINDINGS OBSERVED BY HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN SPLEEN AND KIDNEY. MECHANISTICALLY, AFFYMETRIX GENE EXPRESSION STUDIES PROVIDE EVIDENCE THAT CLASS IIA HDACS DIRECTLY TARGET OTHER KEY FACTORS BEYOND THE DESCRIBED FORKHEAD BOX (FOXP) TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORS, SUCH AS HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 4 ALPHA (HNF4A). DOWNSTREAM OF THESE FACTORS SEVERAL ADDITIONAL PATHWAYS WERE REGULATED NOT MERELY INCLUDING GLUCOSE AND LIPID METABOLISM AND TRANSPORT. IN CONCLUSION, THE LIVER-DIRECTED COMBINATORIAL KNOCKDOWN OF HDAC4, 5 AND 7 BY THERAPEUTIC SIRNAS AFFECTED MULTIPLE PATHWAYS IN VITRO, LEADING IN VIVO TO THE DOWNREGULATION OF GENES INVOLVED IN GLUCONEOGENESIS. HOWEVER, THE EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION LEVEL WERE NOT PARALLELED BY A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION OF GLUCONEOGENESIS IN MICE. COMBINED KNOCKDOWN OF HDAC ISOFORMS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE ADVERSE EFFECTS IN VIVO, CHALLENGING THIS APPROACH AS A TREATMENT OPTION FOR CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS LIKE TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
9 3193  40 HDAC INHIBITION REGULATES OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CD4(+)THELPER CELLS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AND NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER PATIENTS VIA MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A (MTTFA) MODULATING NF-KAPPAB/HIF1ALPHA AXIS. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY REMODELLING CHROMATIN. ISOENZYMES OF THE HDAC FAMILY EXHIBIT ABERRANT REGULATION IN A WIDE VARIETY OF CANCERS AS WELL AS SEVERAL INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISORDERS LIKE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). INHIBITION OF HDACS IS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY THAT COULD BE USED TO REVERSE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION. TRICHOSTATIN A (TSA), A POWERFUL HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, HAS ANTI-CANCER EFFECTS IN NUMEROUS CANCER TYPES. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT YET APPARENT HOW HDAC INHIBITORS AFFECT HUMAN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER CELLS (NSCLC) AND COPD. THIS STUDY AIMS TO INVESTIGATE TSA'S ROLE IN RESTORING MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION AND ITS EFFECT ON HYPOXIA AND INFLAMMATION IN CD4(+)T CELLS OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS WITH COPD AND LUNG CANCER. AS A RESULT OF TREATMENT WITH TSA, THERE IS A REDUCTION IN THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND A DECREASED ENRICHMENT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION AT VEGFA GENE LOCI. WE HAVE SEEN A SUBSTANTIAL DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF NF-KAPPAB AND HIF1ALPHA, WHICH ARE THE CRITICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION AND HYPOXIA, RESPECTIVELY. FOLLOWING TSA TREATMENT, MTTFA EXPRESSION WAS INCREASED, FACILITATING PATIENTS WITH COPD AND NSCLC IN THE RECOVERY OF THEIR DYSFUNCTIONAL MITOCHONDRIA. FURTHERMORE, WE HAVE DISCOVERED THAT TSA TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH COPD AND NSCLC MAY LEAD TO IMMUNOPROTECTIVE NESS BY INDUCING TH1NESS. OUR FINDING GIVES A NEW INSIGHT INTO THE EXISTING BODY OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING TSA-BASED THERAPEUTIC METHODS AND HIGHLIGHTS THE NECESSITY OF EPIGENETIC THERAPY FOR THESE DEVASTATING LUNG DISORDERS.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
10 5560  38 ROLE OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 IN EPIGENETICS AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE: IMPLICATIONS IN LUNG INFLAMMAGING AND COPD. HISTONE DEACETYLASE 2 (HDAC2) IS A CLASS I HISTONE DEACETYLASE THAT REGULATES VARIOUS CELLULAR PROCESSES, SUCH AS CELL CYCLE, SENESCENCE, PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, DEVELOPMENT, APOPTOSIS, AND GLUCOCORTICOID FUNCTION IN INHIBITING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. HDAC2 HAS BEEN SHOWN TO PROTECT AGAINST DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE/PREMATURE AGING VIA AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM IN RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS. THESE PHENOMENA ARE OBSERVED IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD). HDAC2 IS POSTTRANSLATIONALLY MODIFIED BY OXIDATIVE/CARBONYL STRESS IMPOSED BY CIGARETTE SMOKE AND OXIDANTS, LEADING TO ITS REDUCTION VIA AN UBIQUITINATION-PROTEASOME DEPENDENT DEGRADATION IN LUNGS OF PATIENTS WITH COPD. IN THIS PERSPECTIVE, WE HAVE DISCUSSED THE ROLE OF HDAC2 POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS AND ITS ROLE IN REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, HISTONE/DNA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE, AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE, PARTICULARLY IN INFLAMMAGING, AND DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF COPD. WE HAVE ALSO DISCUSSED THE POTENTIAL DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH AVENUES IN MODULATING LUNG INFLAMMAGING AND CELLULAR SENESCENCE BASED ON EPIGENETIC CHROMATIN MODIFICATIONS IN DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED OXIDATIVE STRESS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
11 2228  34 EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE. PERIODONTITIS IS A CHRONIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE DRIVEN BY DYSBIOSIS, AN IMBALANCE BETWEEN COMMENSAL BACTERIA AND THE HOST ORGANISM. PERIODONTITIS IS A LEADING CAUSE OF TOOTH LOSS IN ADULTS AND OCCURS IN ABOUT 50% OF THE US POPULATION. IN ADDITION TO THE CLINICAL CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH TREATING PERIODONTITIS, THE PROGRESSION AND CHRONIC NATURE OF THIS DISEASE SERIOUSLY AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH. EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT PERIODONTITIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH MECHANISMS BEYOND BACTERIA-INDUCED PROTEIN AND TISSUE DEGRADATION. HERE, WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT BACTERIA ARE ABLE TO INDUCE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS MEDIATED BY HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE FOUND THAT DYSBIOSIS IN VIVO LED TO EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, INCLUDING ACETYLATION OF HISTONES AND DOWNREGULATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1. IN ADDITION, IN VITRO EXPOSURE OF ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES RESULTED IN HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL COACTIVATORS, SUCH AS P300/CBP, AND ACCUMULATION OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB). GIVEN THAT ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE FOR THE PERIODONTIUM AGAINST BACTERIA, WE ALSO EVALUATED WHETHER ACTIVATION OF PATHOGEN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS INDUCED HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. WE FOUND THAT ACTIVATION OF THE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS 1, 2, AND 4 AND THE NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING OLIGOMERIZATION DOMAIN PROTEIN 1 INDUCED HISTONE ACETYLATION IN ORAL EPITHELIAL CELLS. OUR FINDINGS CORROBORATE THE EMERGING CONCEPT THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTITIS.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12  172  32 ABSENCE OF HDAC3 BY MATRIX STIFFNESS PROMOTES CHROMATIN REMODELING AND FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION IN IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS. IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF) IS A CHRONIC AND FATAL DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY PROGRESSIVE AND IRREVERSIBLE LUNG SCARRING ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT ACTIVATION OF FIBROBLASTS. EPIGENETICS COULD INTEGRATE DIVERSE MICROENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS, SUCH AS STIFFNESS, TO DIRECT PERSISTENT FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION. HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY DEACETYLASES (HDAC) MAY PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES INVOLVED IN THE PATHOLOGICAL REMODELING OF THE LUNG. PARTICULARLY, HDAC3 IS CRUCIAL FOR MAINTAINING CHROMATIN AND REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION, BUT LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS ROLE IN IPF. IN THE STUDY, CONTROL AND IPF-DERIVED FIBROBLASTS WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE OF HDAC3 ON CHROMATIN REMODELING AND GENE EXPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH IPF SIGNATURE. ADDITIONALLY, THE CELLS WERE GROWN ON HYDROGELS TO MIMIC THE STIFFNESS OF A FIBROTIC LUNG. OUR RESULTS SHOWED A DECREASED HDAC3 IN THE NUCLEUS OF IPF FIBROBLASTS, WHICH CORRELATES WITH CHANGES IN NUCLEUS SIZE AND HETEROCHROMATIN LOSS. THE INHIBITION OF HDAC3 WITH A PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITOR CAUSES HYPERACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND PROVOKES AN INCREASED EXPRESSION OF COL1A1, ACTA2, AND P21. COMPARABLE RESULTS WERE FOUND IN HYDROGELS, WHERE MATRIX STIFFNESS PROMOTES THE LOSS OF NUCLEAR HDAC3 AND INCREASES THE PROFIBROTIC SIGNATURE. FINALLY, LATRUNCULIN B WAS USED TO CONFIRM THAT CHANGES BY STIFFNESS DEPEND ON THE MECHANOTRANSDUCTION SIGNALS. TOGETHER, THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT HDAC3 COULD BE A LINK BETWEEN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND THE FIBROTIC MICROENVIRONMENT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13 2022  36 EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION IN A MOUSE MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ALLERGIC ASTHMA. DEVELOPMENT OF ASTHMA IN CHILDHOOD IS LINKED TO VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT IN EARLY LIFE, WITH SUBSEQUENT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ALLERGENS. PROGRESSION TO PERSISTENT ASTHMA IS ASSOCIATED WITH A TH2-BIASED IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE AND STRUCTURAL REMODELLING OF THE AIRWAYS. THE UNDERLYING MECHANISMS ARE UNCLEAR, BUT COULD INVOLVE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. TO INVESTIGATE THIS, WE EMPLOYED A RECENTLY DEVELOPED MOUSE MODEL IN WHICH SELF-LIMITED NEONATAL INFECTION WITH A PNEUMOVIRUS, FOLLOWED BY SENSITISATION TO OVALBUMIN VIA THE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND LOW-LEVEL CHRONIC CHALLENGE WITH AEROSOLISED ANTIGEN, LEADS TO DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASTHMATIC PHENOTYPE. WE ASSESSED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNA BY CELLS IN THE PROXIMAL AIRWAYS, COMPARING CHANGES OVER THE PERIOD OF DISEASE PROGRESSION, AND USED TARGET PREDICTION DATABASES TO IDENTIFY GENES LIKELY TO BE UP- OR DOWNREGULATED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ALTERED REGULATION OF MICRORNA. IN PARALLEL, WE ASSESSED DNA METHYLATION IN PULMONARY CD4(+) T CELLS. WE FOUND THAT A LIMITED NUMBER OF MICRORNAS EXHIBITED MARKED UP- OR DOWNREGULATION FOLLOWING EARLY-LIFE INFECTION AND SENSITISATION, FOR MANY OF WHICH THE LEVELS OF EXPRESSION WERE FURTHER CHANGED FOLLOWING CHRONIC CHALLENGE WITH THE SENSITIZING ANTIGEN. TARGETS OF THESE MICRORNAS INCLUDED GENES INVOLVED IN IMMUNE OR INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES (E.G. GATA3, KITL) AND IN TISSUE REMODELLING (E.G. IGF1, TGFBR1), AS WELL AS GENES FOR VARIOUS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND SIGNALLING PROTEINS. IN PULMONARY CD4(+) T CELLS, THERE WAS SIGNIFICANT DEMETHYLATION AT PROMOTER SITES FOR INTERLEUKIN-4 AND INTERFERON-GAMMA, THE LATTER INCREASING FOLLOWING CHRONIC CHALLENGE. WE CONCLUDE THAT, IN THIS MODEL, PROGRESSION TO AN ASTHMATIC PHENOTYPE IS LINKED TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION AND STRUCTURAL REMODELLING, AND WITH T-CELL COMMITMENT TO A TH2 IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PATTERN OF GENE ACTIVATION MIGHT PLAY A ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDHOOD ASTHMA.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
14 2499  24 EPIGENETICS AND EXERCISE. EPIGENETICS CAN BE DEFINED AS 'THE STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION OF CHROMOSOMAL REGIONS SO AS TO REGISTER, SIGNAL, OR PERPETUATE ALTERED ACTIVITY STATES.' INCREASED TRANSCRIPTION OF KEY REGULATORY, METABOLIC, AND MYOGENIC GENES IS AN EARLY RESPONSE TO EXERCISE AND IS IMPORTANT IN MEDIATING SUBSEQUENT ADAPTATIONS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE. DNA HYPOMETHYLATION AND HISTONE HYPERACETYLATION ARE EMERGING AS IMPORTANT CRUCIAL EVENTS FOR INCREASED TRANSCRIPTION. THE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MULTIPLE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND THEIR REGULATION BY METABOLIC CHANGES AND SIGNALING EVENTS DURING EXERCISE, WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR ENHANCED UNDERSTANDING OF THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE, ARE QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15  593  33 BET PROTEIN INHIBITION REGULATES CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTES NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY. BACKGROUND: SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) USUALLY CAUSES A DEVASTATING LIFELONG DISABILITY FOR PATIENTS. AFTER A TRAUMATIC LESION, DISRUPTION OF THE BLOOD-SPINAL CORD BARRIER INDUCES THE INFILTRATION OF MACROPHAGES INTO THE LESION SITE AND THE ACTIVATION OF RESIDENT GLIAL CELLS, WHICH RELEASE CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES. THESE EVENTS RESULT IN A PERSISTENT INFLAMMATION, WHICH HAS BOTH DETRIMENTAL AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS, BUT EVENTUALLY LIMITS FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY AND CONTRIBUTES TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. BROMODOMAIN AND EXTRA-TERMINAL DOMAIN (BET) PROTEINS ARE EPIGENETIC READERS THAT REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES BY INTERACTING WITH ACETYLATED LYSINE RESIDUES. WHILE BET INHIBITORS ARE A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR CANCER, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THEIR IMPLICATION AFTER SCI. THUS, THE CURRENT STUDY WAS AIMED TO INVESTIGATE THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE OF BET INHIBITORS IN THIS PATHOLOGIC CONDITION. METHODS: WE EVALUATED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 TO MODIFY MACROPHAGE REACTIVITY IN VITRO AND TO MODULATE INFLAMMATION IN A SCI MICE MODEL. WE ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF BET INHIBITION IN PRO-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. WE DETERMINED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BET INHIBITION IN TISSUE SPARING, INFLAMMATION, NEURONAL PROTECTION, AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME AFTER SCI. RESULTS: WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE BET INHIBITOR JQ1 REDUCED THE LEVELS OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AND INCREASED THE EXPRESSION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. A PROLONGED TREATMENT WITH JQ1 ALSO DECREASED REACTIVITY OF MICROGLIA/MACROPHAGES, ENHANCED NEUROPROTECTION AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, AND ACUTELY REDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN AFTER SCI. CONCLUSIONS: BET PROTEIN INHIBITION IS AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT TO REGULATE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND PROMOTE NEUROPROTECTION AFTER SCI. THESE NOVEL RESULTS DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT TARGETING BET PROTEINS IS AN ENCOURAGING APPROACH FOR SCI REPAIR AND A POTENTIAL STRATEGY TO TREAT OTHER INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16 5418  44 REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES ON NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 PATHWAY GENES AND TET ACTIVITY IN CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT-CHALLENGED CELLS/COPD EXACERBATION MODEL IN VITRO. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) IS A GLOBAL HEALTH PROBLEM. CURRENTLY, THERE IS A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PATHOBIOLOGY OF THIS DISEASE AND AVAILABLE THERAPIES ARE INEFFECTIVE. CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF COPD; HOWEVER, NOT ALL SMOKERS DEVELOP COPD. EXACERBATIONS OF COPD CAUSED BY MICROBES ARE COMMON AND DETRIMENTAL. APPROXIMATELY 20-50% OF PATIENT EXACERBATIONS ARE CAUSED BY BACTERIAL COLONIZATION IN THE LOWER AIRWAYS. IT IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION, PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE DURING PROGRESSION OF COPD. THUS, WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS VARY SIGNIFICANTLY FOLLOWING SMOKE EXPOSURE AND DURING EXACERBATIONS CAUSED BY BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. TO TEST OUR HYPOTHESIS, WE USED AN IN VITRO STUDY MODEL THAT MIMICS COPD EXACERBATIONS AND PERFORMED EXTENSIVE STUDIES TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF CPG PROMOTER METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES. BOTH NF-KAPPAB AND STAT3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN ORCHESTRATING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DURING CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE. IN BRIEF, HUMAN LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS WITH TYPE II ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM CHARACTERISTICS (A549) WERE CHALLENGED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKE EXTRACT (CSE) OR DMSO (CONTROL) FOLLOWED BY A 3-H CHALLENGE WITH BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS; FROM PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA) PRIOR TO THE TERMINATION OF CSE EXPOSURE (COPD EXACERBATION GROUP). THE PRODUCTION OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES, REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, AND DNA METHYLATION OF SPECIFIC GENES WERE THEN ASSESSED. WE ALSO STUDIED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCASES (TETS), THE ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR DNA DEMETHYLATION, AND ASSESSED THEIR ROLE IN REGULATING DNA METHYLATION IN THE CSE-CHALLENGED GROUP. RESULTS: THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES/CHEMOKINES (IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 AND CCL5) IN THE COPD EXACERBATION GROUP AS COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. HYPOMETHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB-MEDIATED PATHWAY GENES CORRELATED WITH THEIR INDUCTION IN OUR COPD EXACERBATION STUDY MODEL. FURTHER, WE OBSERVED AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF TET1/2 IN REGULATING THE DNA METHYLATION OF NF-KAPPAB, STAT3, IKK, AND NIK GENES AND CYTOKINE/CHEMOKINE PRODUCTION BY A549 CELLS DURING CSE CHALLENGE. CONCLUSIONS: STUDIES TO FURTHER DEFINE THE ROLE OF TETS IN CSE-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER AND MORE EFFECTIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR COPD.	2020	

17 5279  27 PROMOTER-SPECIFIC RELEVANCE OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY DEXAMETHASONE DURING THE REGULATION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS (GCS) ARE WIDELY USED TO TREAT DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNE DISEASES THROUGH TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES. MODULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION BY GCS IS KNOWN TO OCCUR THROUGH DIVERSE MECHANISMS OF VARYING RELEVANCE TO SPECIFIC CLASSES OF GENES. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS ARE INDEED A PIVOTAL REGULATORY FEATURE OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR AND OTHER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. IN THIS STUDY, HISTONE POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS WERE INVESTIGATED FOR THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE REGULATION OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY GENES - EXPRESSED IN HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED MACROPHAGES - IN RESPONSE TO TREATMENT WITH SYNTHETIC GC DEXAMETHASONE (DEX). WE SHOW THAT HISTONE TAIL ACETYLATION STATUS IS MODIFIED FOLLOWING DEX ADMINISTRATION, THROUGH DISTINCT AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS AT THE PROMOTERS OF INTERLEUKIN-8 AND INTERLEUKIN-23. IN ADDITION TO HISTONE H3 ACETYLATION, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT H3 LYSINE 4 TRIMETHYLATION IS AFFECTED FOLLOWING DRUG TREATMENT.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18 5937  37 TARGETING HISTONE DEACETYLASE ACTIVITY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND ASTHMA AS PROTOTYPES OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASE: SHOULD WE KEEP OUR HATS ON? CELLULAR ACTIVATION, PROLIFERATION AND SURVIVAL IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES IS REGULATED NOT ONLY BY ENGAGEMENT OF SIGNAL TRANS-DUCTION PATHWAYS THAT MODULATE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS REQUIRED FOR THESE PROCESSES, BUT ALSO BY EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ACCESS TO GENE PROMOTER REGIONS. HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASES COORDINATE THE RECRUITMENT AND ACTIVATION OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS WITH CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN HISTONES THAT ALLOW GENE PROMOTER EXPOSURE. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACS) COUNTERACT HISTONE ACETYL TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY THROUGH THE TARGETING OF BOTH HISTONES AS WELL AS NONHISTONE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PROTEINS IMPORTANT IN INFLAMMATION. NUMEROUS STUDIES HAVE INDICATED THAT DEPRESSED HDAC ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY AIRWAY DISEASES MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LOCAL PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND DIMINISH PATIENT RESPONSES TO CORTICOSTEROID TREATMENT. RECENT OBSERVATIONS THAT HDAC ACTIVITY IS DEPRESSED IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENT SYNOVIAL TISSUE HAVE PREDICTED THAT STRATEGIES RESTORING HDAC FUNCTION MAY BE THERAPEUTIC IN THIS DISEASE AS WELL. PHARMACOLOGICAL INHIBITORS OF HDAC ACTIVITY, HOWEVER, HAVE DEMONSTRATED POTENT THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF ARTHRITIS AND OTHER CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. IN THE PRESENT REVIEW WE ASSESS AND RECONCILE THESE OUTWARDLY PARADOXICAL STUDY RESULTS TO PROVIDE A WORKING MODEL FOR HOW ALTERATIONS IN HDAC ACTIVITY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO PATHOLOGY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, AND HIGHLIGHT KEY QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED IN THE PRECLINICAL EVALUATION OF COMPOUNDS MODULATING THESE ENZYMES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
19 6533  35 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE ASTHMA. THE 10% OF PATIENTS WITH THE MOST SEVERE ASTHMA ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR A LARGE PART OF HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE AND MORBIDITY. UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IS KEY IF NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES ARE TO BE DEVELOPED. EVIDENCE IS ACCUMULATING THAT CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS ASTHMA ARE ASSOCIATED WITH TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ALTERATIONS IN THE PATTERN OF INFLAMMATORY GENE EXPRESSION WITHIN THE AIRWAYS. EXPRESSION OF THESE GENES CAN BE REGULATED BY TRANSCRIPTIONAL, POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL, TRANSLATIONAL AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT BINDING OF ACTIVATED TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO SPECIFIC INDUCIBLE GENE PROMOTER SITES IS TIGHTLY CONTROLLED BY CHROMATIN STATE AS A RESULT OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, PARTICULARLY THE BALANCE BETWEEN HISTONE ACETYLATION AND DEACETYLATION [1]. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND THE PROMOTER IS KEY TO THE DIVERSIFICATION OF GENE EXPRESSION IN A TIME DEPENDENT MANNER LEADING TO ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES. ALTERATIONS OF THE ACCESSIBILITY OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO THE DNA CAN HAVE RESIDING EFFECTS UPON GENE TRANSCRIPTION. THIS REVIEW WILL FOCUS ON THE REGULATION OF SEVERAL GROUPS OF KEY GENES WHICH ARE INVOLVED IN CHRONIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION AND REMODELLING IN ASTHMA DRAWING MAINLY FROM OUR EXPERIENCE OF STUDYING THESE PROCESSES IN AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS. AN OVERVIEW IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 1.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
20 2297  30 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN. ACUTE PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DAMAGE, WHICH RESULTS IN THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. RECENT STUDIES POINT TO THE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNA METHYLATION) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAIN. WE HAVE FOUND THAT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY PAIN INDUCED BY THE APPLICATION OF 10% MUSTARD OIL ON THE TONGUES OF RATS, LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B WERE ELEVATED MARKEDLY (36 AND 42 % RESPECTIVELY), WHEREAS THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY. PREVIOUS INJECTION OF XEFOCAM WITH 0,4 MG/KG DOSE DECREASED LEVELS OF DNMT3A AND 3B (25 AND 24% RESPECTIVELY). THE LEVEL OF DNMT1 WAS NOT CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY COMPARED TO THE CONTROL GROUP. THE FINDINGS SUPPORT THE IDEA THAT INHIBITORS OF DNA-METHYLTRANSFERASES COULD BE USEFUL FOR PAIN MANAGEMENT. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT NSAIDS (ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH DNMT INHIBITORS) MAY BE PROPOSED AS POSSIBLE EPIGENETIC REGULATORY AGENTS, WHICH MAY PLAY A ROLE IN EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INDIRECTLY THROUGH ALTERING THE ACTIVITY OF INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS INVOLVED IN PAIN DEVELOPMENT.	2014