1 4388 185 MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C EXPRESSION CORRELATES WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION AND RESPONSE TO IMATINIB MESYLATE IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A CLONAL MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM WHOSE PATHOGENESIS IS LINKED TO THE PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME PRESENCE THAT GENERATES THE BCR-ABL1 FUSION ONCOGENE. TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI) SUCH AS IMATINIB MESYLATE (IM) DRAMATICALLY IMPROVED THE TREATMENT EFFICIENCY AND SURVIVAL OF CML PATIENTS BY TARGETING BCR-ABL TYROSINE KINASE. THE DISEASE SHOWS THREE DISTINCT CLINICAL-LABORATORY STAGES: CHRONIC PHASE, ACCELERATED PHASE AND BLAST CRISIS. ALTHOUGH PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE RESPOND WELL TO TREATMENT, PATIENTS IN THE ACCELERATED PHASE OR BLAST CRISIS USUALLY SHOW THERAPY RESISTANCE AND CML RELAPSE. IT IS CRUCIAL, THEREFORE, TO IDENTIFY BIOMARKERS TO PREDICT CML GENETIC EVOLUTION AND RESISTANCE TO TKI THERAPY, CONSIDERING NOT ONLY THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC ABERRATIONS BUT ALSO THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING THE DISEASE. ALTHOUGH DYSREGULATIONS IN EPIGENETIC MODULATORS SUCH AS HISTONE METHYLTRASNFERASES HAVE ALREADY BEEN DESCRIBED FOR SOME HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES, TO DATE VERY LIMITED DATA IS AVAILABLE FOR CML, ESPECIALLY WHEN CONSIDERING THE LYSINE METHYLTRANSFERASE MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C. METHODS: HERE WE INVESTIGATED THE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF BOTH GENES IN CML PATIENTS IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE DISEASE, IN PATIENTS SHOWING DIFFERENT RESPONSES TO THERAPY WITH IM AND IN NON-NEOPLASTIC CONTROL SAMPLES. IMATINIB SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT CML CELL LINES WERE ALSO USED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER TREATMENT WITH OTHER TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS INTERFERED IN THEIR EXPRESSION. RESULTS: IN PATIENTS, BOTH METHYLTRANSFERASES WERE EITHER UPREGULATED OR WITH BASAL EXPRESSION LEVEL DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE COMPARED TO CONTROLS. INTERESTINGLY, MLL3/KMT2C AND SPECIALLY MLL2/KMT2D LEVELS DECREASED DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION CORRELATING WITH DISTINCT CLINICAL STAGES. FURTHERMORE, MLL2/KMT2D WAS DECREASED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT TO IM TREATMENT. A RESCUE IN THE EXPRESSION OF BOTH MLL GENES WAS OBSERVED IN KCL22S, A CML CELL LINE SENSITIVE TO IM, AFTER TREATMENT WITH DASATINIB OR NILOTINIB WHICH WAS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER RATE OF APOPTOSIS, AN ENHANCED EXPRESSION OF P21 (CDKN1A) AND A CONCOMITANT DECREASE IN THE EXPRESSION OF CDK2, CDK4 AND CYCLIN B1 (CCNB1) IN COMPARISON TO UNTREATED KCL22S CONTROL OR IM RESISTANT KCL22R CELL LINE, WHICH SUGGESTS INVOLVEMENT OF P53 REGULATED PATHWAY. CONCLUSION: OUR RESULTS ESTABLISHED A NEW ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MLL2/KMT2D AND MLL3/KMT2C GENES WITH CML AND SUGGEST THAT MLL2/KMT2D IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE EVOLUTION AND MAY BE A POTENTIAL MARKER TO PREDICT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPY RESISTANCE.	2018	

2 4694  50 NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IDENTIFIES MAJOR DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING PROGRESSION OF PH+ CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION ON THE EVOLUTION/PROGRESSION OF PH+ CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). WE INVESTIGATED THE METHYLOME OF CML PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP-CML), ACCELERATED PHASE (AP-CML) AND BLAST CRISIS (BC-CML) AS WELL AS IN CONTROLS BY REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING. ALTHOUGH ONLY ~600 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE IDENTIFIED IN SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM CP-CML PATIENTS COMPARED WITH CONTROLS, ~6500 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES WERE FOUND IN SAMPLES FROM BC-CML PATIENTS. IN THE MAJORITY OF AFFECTED CPG SITES, METHYLATION WAS INCREASED. IN CP-CML PATIENTS WHO PROGRESSED TO AP-CML/BC-CML, WE IDENTIFIED UP TO 897 GENES THAT WERE METHYLATED AT THE TIME OF PROGRESSION BUT NOT AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS. USING RNA-SEQUENCING, WE OBSERVED DOWNREGULATED EXPRESSION OF MANY OF THESE GENES IN BC-CML COMPARED WITH CP-CML SAMPLES. SEVERAL OF THEM ARE WELL-KNOWN TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES OR REGULATORS OF CELL PROLIFERATION, AND GENE RE-EXPRESSION WAS OBSERVED BY THE USE OF EPIGENETIC ACTIVE DRUGS. TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CPG SITE METHYLATION CLEARLY INCREASES DURING CML PROGRESSION AND THAT IT MAY PROVIDE A USEFUL BASIS FOR REVEALING NEW TARGETS OF THERAPY IN ADVANCED CML.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
3 3352  43 HISTONE DEMETHYLASE RBP2 MEDIATES THE BLAST CRISIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA THROUGH AN RBP2/PTEN/BCR-ABL CASCADE. EPIGENETIC DISORDERS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN TUMORIGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT, AMONG WHICH HISTONE METHYLATION ABNORMALITIES ARE COMMON. WHILE PATIENTS LIVING WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA IN THE CHRONIC PHASE (CML-CP) HAVE A GOOD RESPONSE TO TKI, BLASTIC PHASE (CML-BP) PATIENTS DEMONSTRATE POOR EFFICACY AND HIGH FATALITY RATES. HOWEVER, WHILE THE MECHANISM OF BLAST CRISIS OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA REMAINS UNCLEAR, HIGH EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION OF BCR-ABL ARE USUALLY RELATED TO CML BLAST CRISIS TRANSITION. WE FOUND THAT HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 (H3K4) DEMETHYLASE RBP2 EXPRESSION IS NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH BCR-ABL EXPRESSION, WHICH SUGGESTS A REGULATORY LINK BETWEEN THESE TWO GENES. WE ALSO DISCOVERED THAT RBP2 MEDIATES THE DEPHOSPHORYLATION OF BCR-ABL BY DIRECTLY DOWNREGULATING PTEN EXPRESSION, DEPENDING ON HISTONE DEMETHYLASE ACTIVITY, WHILE PTEN TARGETS PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF BCR-ABL, A PHOSPHATASE WHICH DIRECTLY DEPHOSPHORYLATES BCR-ABL. IN CLINICAL SPECIMENS, THE MRNA EXPRESSION OF RBP2 WAS FOUND TO BE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH THAT OF PTEN. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT THE UNDER-EXPRESSION OF RBP2 PROMOTES BLAST CRISIS TRANSITION BY ACTIVATING AN RBP2/PTEN/BCR-ABL CASCADE.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
4 1593  51 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING REVEALS A PATHOLOGICAL SIGNATURE THAT CONTRIBUTES TO TRANSCRIPTIONAL DEFECTS OF CD34(+) CD15(-) CELLS IN EARLY CHRONIC-PHASE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. DESPITE THE HIGH EFFICIENCY OF TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKI), SOME PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) WILL DISPLAY RESIDUAL DISEASE THAT CAN BECOME RESISTANT TO TREATMENT, INDICATING INTRACLONAL HETEROGENEITY IN CHRONIC-PHASE CML (CP-CML). TO DETERMINE THE BASIS OF THIS HETEROGENEITY, WE CONDUCTED THE FIRST EXHAUSTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DNA METHYLATION PATTERN OF SORTED CP-CML CD34(+) CD15(-) (IMMATURE) AND CD34(-) CD15(+) (MATURE) CELLS AT DIAGNOSIS (PRIOR TO ANY TREATMENT) AND COMPARED IT TO THAT OF CD34(+) CD15(-) AND CD34(-) CD15(+) CELLS ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY DONORS (HD). IN BOTH CELL TYPES, WE IDENTIFIED SEVERAL HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) SHOWING DNA METHYLATION CHANGES BETWEEN CP-CML AND HD SAMPLES, WITH ONLY A SUBSET OF THEM IN COMMON BETWEEN CD34(+) CD15(-) AND CD34(-) CD15(+) CELLS. THIS SUGGESTED DNA METHYLATION VARIABILITY WITHIN THE SAME CML CLONE. WE ALSO IDENTIFIED 70 GENES THAT COULD BE ABERRANTLY REPRESSED UPON HYPERMETHYLATION AND 171 GENES THAT COULD BE ABERRANTLY EXPRESSED UPON HYPOMETHYLATION OF SOME OF THESE DMRS IN CP-CML CELLS, AMONG WHICH 18 AND 81, RESPECTIVELY, WERE IN CP-CML CD34(+) CD15(-) CELLS ONLY. WE THEN VALIDATED THE DNA METHYLATION AND EXPRESSION DEFECTS OF SELECTED CANDIDATE GENES. SPECIFICALLY, WE IDENTIFIED GAS2, A CANDIDATE ONCOGENE, AS A NEW EXAMPLE OF GENE THE HYPOMETHYLATION OF WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH ROBUST OVEREXPRESSION IN CP-CML CELLS. ALTOGETHER, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT DNA METHYLATION ABNORMALITIES EXIST AT EARLY STAGES OF CML AND CAN AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LANDSCAPE OF MALIGNANT CELLS. THESE OBSERVATIONS COULD LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINATION TREATMENTS WITH EPIGENETIC DRUGS AND TKI FOR CP-CML.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5 3532  51 IMATINIB INDEPENDENT ABERRANT METHYLATION OF NOV/CCN3 IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: A MECHANISM UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION? BACKGROUND: THE NOV GENE PRODUCT, CCN3, HAS BEEN REPORTED IN A DIVERSE RANGE OF TUMORS TO SERVE AS A NEGATIVE GROWTH REGULATOR, WHILE ACTING AS A TUMOR SUPPRESSOR IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML). HOWEVER, THE PRECISE MECHANISM OF ITS SILENCING IN CML IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE AIMED TO QUERY IF THE GENE REGULATION OF CCN3 IS MEDIATED BY THE PROMOTER METHYLATION IN THE PATIENTS WITH CML. IN ADDITION, TO CLARIFY WHETHER THE EPIGENETIC SILENCING IS AFFECTED BY BCR-ABL1 INHIBITION, WE ASSESSED THE METHYLATION STATUS IN THE PATIENTS AT DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS FOLLOWING THE TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION USING IMATINIB THERAPY, AS THE FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR THIS TYPE OF LEUKEMIA. METHODS: TO ADDRESS THIS ISSUE, WE APPLIED BISULFITE-SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE AS A HIGH-RESOLUTION METHOD TO STUDY THE REGULATORY SEGMENT OF THE CCN3 GENE. THE RESULTS WERE ANALYZED IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED CML PATIENTS AS WELL AS FOLLOWING IMATINIB THERAPY. WE ALSO EVALUATED THE CORRELATION OF CCN3 PROMOTER METHYLATION WITH BCR-ABL1 LEVELS. RESULTS: OUR FINDINGS REVEALED THAT THE METHYLATION OCCURS FREQUENTLY IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF CML PATIENTS SHOWING A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE OF THE METHYLATED PERCENTAGE AT THE CPG SITES COMPARED TO NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. INTERESTINGLY, THIS HYPERMETHYLATION WAS INDICATED TO BE INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 TITERS IN BOTH GROUPS, WHICH MIGHT SUGGEST A MECHANISM BEYOND THE BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION. CONCLUSION: DESPITE SUGGESTING THAT THE CCN3 HYPERMETHYLATION ACTS AS A MOLECULAR MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF BCR-ABL1 FUNCTION IN CML PATIENTS, THIS SCENARIO REQUIRES FURTHER VALIDATION BY COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENTS. IN THE CASE OF ACTING UPSTREAM OF BCR-ABL1 SIGNALING, THE METHYLATION MARKER CAN PROVIDE EARLY DETECTION AND A NOVEL PLATFORM FOR TARGETED EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS FOR EFFICIENT TREATMENT IN IMATINIB RESISTANT PATIENTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
6  573  56 BCR-ABL1-INDUCED DOWNREGULATION OF WASP IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA INVOLVES EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION AND CONTRIBUTES TO MALIGNANCY. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE CAUSED BY THE BCR-ABL1 TYROSINE KINASE (TK). THE DEVELOPMENT OF TK INHIBITORS (TKIS) REVOLUTIONIZED THE TREATMENT OF CML PATIENTS. HOWEVER, TKIS ARE NOT EFFECTIVE TO THOSE AT ADVANCED PHASES WHEN AMPLIFIED BCR-ABL1 LEVELS AND INCREASED GENOMIC INSTABILITY LEAD TO SECONDARY ONCOGENIC MODIFICATIONS. WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN (WASP) IS AN IMPORTANT REGULATOR OF SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION IN HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS AND WAS SHOWN TO BE AN ENDOGENOUS INHIBITOR OF THE C-ABL TK. HERE, WE SHOW THAT THE EXPRESSION OF WASP DECREASES WITH THE PROGRESSION OF CML, INVERSELY CORRELATES WITH THE EXPRESSION OF BCR-ABL1 AND IS PARTICULARLY LOW IN BLAST CRISIS. ENFORCED EXPRESSION OF BCR-ABL1 NEGATIVELY REGULATES THE EXPRESSION OF WASP. DECREASED EXPRESSION OF WASP IS PARTIALLY DUE TO DNA METHYLATION OF THE PROXIMAL WASP PROMOTER. IMPORTANTLY, LOWER LEVELS OF WASP IN CML ADVANCED PHASE PATIENTS CORRELATE WITH POORER OVERALL SURVIVAL (OS) AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH TKI RESPONSE. INTERESTINGLY, ENFORCED EXPRESSION OF WASP IN BCR-ABL1-POSITIVE K562 CELLS INCREASES THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY TRAIL OR CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS AND NEGATIVELY MODULATES BCR-ABL1-INDUCED TUMORIGENESIS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR DATA REVEAL A NOVEL MOLECULAR MECHANISM THAT OPERATES IN BCR-ABL1-INDUCED TUMORIGENESIS THAT CAN BE USED TO DEVELOP NEW STRATEGIES TO HELP TKI-RESISTANT, CML PATIENTS IN BLAST CRISIS (BC).	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
7 5102  45 POLYCOMB GENES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE TO IMATINIB IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. AIM: IMATINIB IS A TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THAT HAS REVOLUTIONIZED THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). DESPITE ITS EFFICACY, ABOUT A THIRD OF PATIENTS DISCONTINUE THE TREATMENT DUE TO THERAPY FAILURE OR INTOLERANCE. THE RATIONAL IDENTIFICATION OF PATIENTS LESS LIKELY TO RESPOND TO IMATINIB WOULD BE OF PARAMOUNT CLINICAL RELEVANCE. WE HAVE SHOWN THAT TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORTER HOCT1 GENOTYPING PREDICTS IMATINIB ACTIVITY. IN PARALLEL, POLYCOMB GROUP GENES (PCGS) ARE EPIGENETIC REPRESSORS IMPLICATED IN CML PROGRESSION AND IN THERAPY RESISTANCE. PATIENTS & METHODS: WE MEASURED THE EXPRESSION OF EIGHT PCGS IN PAIRED PRE- AND POST-IMATINIB BONE MARROW SAMPLES FROM 30 CML PATIENTS. RESULTS: BMI1, PHC3, CBX6 AND CBX7 EXPRESSION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED DURING IMATINIB TREATMENT. POST-TREATMENT LEVELS OF CBX6 AND CBX7 PREDICTED 3-MONTH RESPONSE RATE. MEASUREMENT OF POST-TREATMENT BMI1 LEVELS IMPROVED THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF HOCT1 GENOTYPING. CONCLUSION: THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF PCGS MIGHT BE USEFUL FOR A MORE ACCURATE RISK STRATIFICATION OF CML PATIENTS.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
8  139  50 ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE PROGRESSION, RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB AND SHORTENED SURVIVAL IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA. THE EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF DNA METHYLATION IN CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (CML) IS NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. TO ELUCIDATE ITS ROLE WE ANALYZED 120 PATIENTS WITH CML FOR METHYLATION OF PROMOTER-ASSOCIATED CPG ISLANDS OF 10 GENES. FIVE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED BY DNA METHYLATION SCREENING IN THE K562 CELL LINE AND 3 GENES IN PATIENTS WITH MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS. THE CDKN2B GENE WAS SELECTED FOR ITS FREQUENT METHYLATION IN MYELOID MALIGNANCIES AND ABL1 AS THE TARGET OF BCR-ABL TRANSLOCATION. THIRTY PATIENTS WERE IMATINIB-NAIVE (MOSTLY TREATED BY INTERFERON-ALPHA BEFORE THE IMATINIB ERA), 30 WERE IMATINIB-RESPONSIVE, 50 WERE IMATINIB-RESISTANT, AND 10 WERE IMATINIB-INTOLERANT. WE QUANTIFIED DNA METHYLATION BY BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING. THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF METHYLATED GENES WAS 4.5 PER PATIENT IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, INCREASING SIGNIFICANTLY TO 6.2 IN THE ACCELERATED AND 6.4 IN THE BLASTIC PHASE. HIGHER NUMBERS OF METHYLATED GENES WERE ALSO OBSERVED IN PATIENTS RESISTANT OR INTOLERANT TO IMATINIB. THESE PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED ALMOST EXCLUSIVE METHYLATION OF A PUTATIVE TRANSPORTER OSCP1. ABNORMAL METHYLATION OF A SRC SUPPRESSOR GENE PDLIM4 WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SHORTENED SURVIVAL INDEPENDENTLY OF CML STAGE AND IMATINIB RESPONSIVENESS. WE CONCLUDE THAT ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CML PROGRESSION AND THAT DNA METHYLATION COULD BE A MARKER ASSOCIATED WITH IMATINIB RESISTANCE. FINALLY, DNA METHYLATION OF PDLIM4 MAY HELP IDENTIFY A SUBSET OF CML PATIENTS THAT WOULD BENEFIT FROM TREATMENT WITH SRC/ABL INHIBITORS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
9 6249  42 THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE MAJOR BREAKPOINT CLUSTER REGION IN HUMAN LEUKEMIA CELLS, INCLUDING PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME-POSITIVE CELLS, IS LINKED TO THE LINEAGE OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS. THE PHILADELPHIA (PH) TRANSLOCATION [T(9;22)(Q34;Q11)] IS THE MOST COMMON GENETIC ABNORMALITY IN HUMAN LEUKEMIA; A TRANSPOSITION OF THE ABL GENE TO THE MAJOR-BREAKPOINT CLUSTER REGION (M-BCR) IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PATHOGENESIS IN PH+ CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (PH+ CML) AND IN SOME CASES OF PH+ ACUTE LEUKEMIA (PH+ AL). OUR CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE METHYLATION OF HUMAN GENOMES ALLOWS US TO CONSIDER THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE EPIGENETIC PHENOMENON AND THE CONTROL OF DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION IN MAMMALIAN CELLS. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE M-BCR IS ASSOCIATED WITH BREAKPOINT-LOCALIZATION IN THIS REGION AND WITH THE LINEAGE OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS, WE HAVE EXAMINED 28 PATIENTS WITH PH+ LEUKEMIAS, INCLUDING NINE WITH PH+ AL, SIX PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA WITHOUT PH (PH- AML), AND FIVE PATIENTS WITH PH- ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (PH- ALL); USING THE RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ISOCHIZOMERS, MSPI AND HPAII. IN CML PATIENTS IN THE CHRONIC PHASE, THE HYPOMETHYLATED STATUS WITHIN THE NORMAL M-BCR ALLELE IS HETEROGENEOUS. IN CONTRAST, PATIENTS WITH PH+ CML IN THE LYMPHOID BLAST CRISIS PHASE EXHIBITED A 2.5/2.7 KB BAND WITH A COMPLETE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE GERMLINE M-BCR FRAGMENT (TYPE L). THIS PATTERN IS CONSISTENTLY NOTED IN PH- ALL CELLS, AND THE PATTERN IS QUITE DIFFERENT FROM THAT FOUND IN MYELOID BLAST CRISIS OR PH- AML (TYPE M). IN PATIENTS WITH M-BCR-NONREARRANGED PH+ ALL, IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE M-BCR METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE CELL-LINEAGE SPECIFIC BUT SOME PH+ ALL CELLS HAD A HYPOMETHYLATION PATTERN THAT WAS IDENTICAL TO THAT OBSERVED IN PH- AML, SUGGESTING A DISTINCTION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LEUKEMIA CELLS WITH THE PH CHROMOSOME, ESPECIALLY PH+ AL.	1993	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
10 5669  39 SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP GENES HAS BEEN SHOWN TO LEAD TO CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF THE CANONICAL WNT-SIGNALING PATHWAY. THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF DEREGULATED WNT-SIGNALING ACTIVATION IN A HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY WAS REPORTED IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML). TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF SFRP IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OBSERVED WNT ACTIVATION IN CML, WE STUDIED THE METHYLATION AND MUTATIONAL STATUS OF THE SFRP1 PROMOTER IN 48 CHRONIC PHASE CML PATIENTS. OF THE 48 CML PATIENTS 41 WERE SHOWN TO BE UNMETHYLATED, 6 PATIENTS HEMI-METHYLATED AND 1 PATIENT FULLY METHYLATED AT THE SFRP1 PROMOTER. ALBEIT OBSERVED INFREQUENTLY IN CHRONIC PHASE CML, SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION CORRELATED WITH PRIMARY CYTOGENETIC RESISTANCE TO IMATINIB MESYLATE. SFRP1 PROMOTER METHYLATION MAY INDICATE A GENETICALLY MORE UNSTABLE FORM OF DISEASE RESISTANT TO THERAPY AND PROVIDE A KEY BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE IN THERAPY RESISTANT PATIENTS, IN ADDITION TO A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE OBSERVED ACTIVATION OF CANONICAL WNT SIGNALING IN CML.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11 4877  49 OVEREXPRESSION OF MIR-4433 BY SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID SUPPRESSES GROWTH OF CML CELLS AND INDUCES APOPTOSIS THROUGH TARGETING BCR-ABL. BACKGROUND: TARGETING BCR-ABL IS THE KEY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CML. ALTHOUGH GREAT PROGRESS HAS BEEN ACHIEVED FOR THE TREATMENT OF CML PATIENTS IN CHRONIC STAGE, EFFECTIVE DRUGS WITH GOOD SAFETY ARE NOT AVAILABLE FOR THOSE IN ADVANCED STAGES OF CML PATIENTS. IN PRESENT STUDY, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR, SUBEROYLANILIDE HYDROXAMIC ACID (SAHA), WAS USED TO SCREEN FOR MICRORNA THAT CAN TARGET BCR-ABL. METHODS: RT-QPCR WAS USED TO DETERMINE BCR-ABL AND MIR-4433 TRANSCRIPTION LEVEL IN CML CELLS. IN CML CELLS, PROTEINS INCLUDING PARP, CASPASE-3, ACETYL-HISTONE 3, HISTONE 3 AND BCR-ABL, AS WELL AS BCR-ABL DOWNSTREAM PROTEINS WERE DETECTED USING WESTERN BLOT. CELL VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS WERE MONITORED RESPECTIVELY BY MTS ASSAY AND FLOW CYTOMETRY. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MIR-4433 AND BCR-ABL WAS DETERMINED BY LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY. THE ANTI-TUMOR EFFECT OF MIR-4433 TO K562 CELLS WAS EVALUATED BY NUDE MOUSE XENOGRAFT MODEL IN VIVO. RESULTS: SAHA UP-REGULATED THE ACETYLATION LEVEL OF HISTONE 3, AND EFFECTIVELY INHIBITED BCR-ABL MRNA LEVEL AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY, WHILE INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF CML CELLS AND INDUCING APOPTOSIS. FURTHERMORE, BIOINFORMATICS TOOLS PREDICTED THAT MIR-4433 IS A PUTATIVE MICRORNA TARGETING BCR-ABL AND THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVEL OF MIR-4433 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AFTER SAHA TREATMENT IN K562 CELLS. LUCIFERASE ACTIVITY ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT MIR-4433 DIRECTLY TARGETS BCR-ABL. ADDITIONALLY, TRANSIENT EXPRESSION OF MIR-4433 ABROGATED BCR-ABL ACTIVITY AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAYS WHILE INDUCING APOPTOSIS IN K562 CELLS. MOREOVER, STABLE EXPRESSION OF MIR-4433 SUPPRESSED BCR-ABL AND ITS DOWNSTREAM SIGNALING PATHWAY, AND INHIBITED THE GROWTH OF K562 CELLS IN VITRO AND THE GROWTH OF K562-XENOGRAFTS IN NUDE MICE. CONCLUSION: MIR-4433 WAS IDENTIFIED AS A MICRORNA TARGETING BCR-ABL, WHICH MAY BE SUBJECT TO EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF SAHA, A HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR THAT HAS BEEN APPROVED BY THE US FDA FOR THE TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY PROVIDE A MOLECULAR BASIS FROM ANOTHER ANGLE FOR THE USE OF SAHA IN THE TREATMENT OF CML.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
12 2327  58 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN CANCER/TESTIS ANTIGEN GENE, HAGE, IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CANCER TESTIS ANTIGENS (CTA) PROVIDE ATTRACTIVE TARGETS FOR CANCER-SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY. ALTHOUGH CTA GENES ARE EXPRESSED IN SOME NORMAL TISSUES, SUCH AS THE TESTIS, THIS IMMUNOLOGICALLY PROTECTED SITE LACKS MHC I EXPRESSION AND AS SUCH, DOES NOT PRESENT SELF ANTIGENS TO T CELLS. TO DATE, CTA GENES HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE EXPRESSED IN A RANGE OF SOLID TUMORS VIA DEMETHYLATION OF THEIR PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS, BUT RARELY IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) OR OTHER HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES. DESIGN AND METHODS: IN THIS STUDY, THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE CTA GENE PROMOTER WAS ANALYZED BY QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (MSP) AND SEQUENCING IN FOUR PHILADELPHIA-POSITIVE CELL LINES (TCC-S, K562, KU812 AND KYO-1) AND IN CML SAMPLES TAKEN FROM PATIENTS IN CHRONIC PHASE (CP N=215) OR BLAST CRISIS (BC N=47). HAGE EXPRESSION WAS ASSESSED BY QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION. RESULTS: THE TCC-S CELL LINE SHOWED DEMETHYLATION OF HAGE THAT WAS ASSOCIATED WITH OVER-EXPRESSION OF THIS GENE. HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE FREQUENT IN BC (46%) THAN IN CP (22%) (P=0.01) AND WAS CORRELATED WITH HIGH EXPRESSION LEVELS OF HAGE TRANSCRIPTS (P<0.0001). OF NOTE, IN CP-CML, EXTENSIVE HAGE HYPOMETHYLATION WAS ASSOCIATED WITH POORER PROGNOSIS IN TERMS OF CYTOGENETIC RESPONSE TO INTERFERON (P=0.01) OR IMATINIB (P=0.01), MOLECULAR RESPONSE TO IMATINIB (P=0.003) AND PROGRESSION-FREE SURVIVAL (P=0.05). INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSION: THE METHYLATION STATUS OF THE HAGE PROMOTER DIRECTLY CORRELATES WITH ITS EXPRESSION IN BOTH CML CELL LINES AND PATIENTS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH ADVANCED DISEASE AND POOR OUTCOME.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
13 1260  44 CURRENT VIEWS ON THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN TYROSINE KINASES AND PHOSPHATASES IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER CHARACTERIZED BY BCR-ABL1 ONCOGENE EXPRESSION. THIS DYSREGULATED PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE (PTK) IS KNOWN AS THE PRINCIPAL DRIVER OF THE DISEASE AND IS TARGETED BY TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS (TKIS). EXTENSIVE DOCUMENTATION HAS ELUCIDATED HOW THE TRANSFORMATION OF MALIGNANT CELLS IS CHARACTERIZED BY MULTIPLE GENETIC/EPIGENETIC CHANGES LEADING TO THE LOSS OF TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES FUNCTION OR PROTO-ONCOGENES EXPRESSION. THE IMPAIRMENT OF ADEQUATE LEVELS OF SUBSTRATES PHOSPHORYLATION, THUS AFFECTING THE BALANCE PTKS AND PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES (PPS), REPRESENTS A WELL-ESTABLISHED CELLULAR MECHANISM TO ESCAPE FROM SELF-LIMITING SIGNALS. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS OUR ATTENTION ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF AND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PTKS AND PPS, EMPHASIZING THEIR BIOLOGICAL ROLES IN DISEASE EXPANSION, THE REGULATION OF LSCS AND TKI RESISTANCE. WE DECIDED TO SEPARATE THOSE PPS THAT HAVE BEEN VALIDATED IN PRIMARY CELL MODELS OR LEUKEMIA MOUSE MODELS FROM THOSE WHOSE STUDIES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ONLY IN CELL LINES (AND, THUS, REQUIRE VALIDATION), AS THERE MAY BE DIFFERENCES IN THE MANNER THAT THE ASSOCIATED PATHWAYS ARE MODIFIED UNDER THESE TWO CONDITIONS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE ROLES OF DIVERSE PPS, WITH HOPE THAT BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE INTERPLAY AMONG PHOSPHATASES AND KINASES WILL EVENTUALLY RESULT IN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THIS DISEASE AND CONTRIBUTE TO ITS ERADICATION.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
14 4221  48 METHYLATION AND SILENCING OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE RECEPTOR TYPE O IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. PURPOSE: PREVIOUS STUDIES IN OUR LABORATORY HAVE SHOWN THE PROGRESSIVE METHYLATION AND SUPPRESSION OF THE GENE ENCODING PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, PTPRO, IN THE LIVERS OF RATS FED A METHYL-DEFICIENT DIET THAT INDUCES HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OBSERVED THE METHYLATION OF PTPRO IN PRIMARY HUMAN LUNG TUMORS AND ALSO SHOWED ITS POTENTIAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS. THE PRESENT STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER THE TRUNCATED FORM OF PTPRO (PTPROT), SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN NAIVE B LYMPHOCYTES, WAS ALSO METHYLATED AND SUPPRESSED IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), A DISEASE GENERALLY AFFECTING B LYMPHOCYTES. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: INITIAL SCREENING SHOWED THAT 60% OF THE 52 CLL SAMPLES ANALYZED USING METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR ASSAY WERE METHYLATED COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS, WHICH WERE NOT METHYLATED. THE EXPRESSION OF PTPROT, AS MEASURED BY SEMIQUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR, INVERSELY CORRELATED WITH METHYLATION IN THE FEW SAMPLES TESTED. ANALYSIS OF ADDITIONAL SAMPLES (N = 50) BY COMBINED BISULFITE RESTRICTION ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE PTPRO CPG ISLAND WAS METHYLATED IN 82% OF PATIENTS WITH CLL COMPARED WITH B LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. FURTHERMORE, OVERALL EXPRESSION OF PTPRO WAS REDUCED IN CLL RELATIVE TO NORMAL LYMPHOCYTES. THE PTPRO GENE WAS ALSO SUPPRESSED BY METHYLATION IN THE CLL CELL LINE WAC3CD5, WHERE IT COULD BE REACTIVATED UPON TREATMENT WITH THE DNA HYPOMETHYLATING AGENT 5-AZAC. ECTOPIC EXPRESSION OF PTPROT IN A NONEXPRESSING CELL LINE INCREASED GROWTH INHIBITION WITH FLUDARABINE TREATMENT, A THERAPY COMMONLY USED FOR CLL. CONCLUSION: THIS STUDY REVEALS THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PTPRO METHYLATION AND SILENCING IN CLL TUMORIGENESIS AND ALSO PROVIDES A NOVEL MOLECULAR TARGET IN THE EPIGENETIC THERAPY.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 2088  58 EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS COMPLEMENTS THE JAK2V617F-MUTATION. BACKGROUND: SECRETED FRIZZLED-RELATED PROTEINS (SFRPS) ARE ANTAGONISTS OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY, WHICH PLAYS A CENTRAL ROLE IN STEM CELL MAINTENANCE AND DIFFERENTIATION OF STEM CELLS AND HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS. EPIGENETIC DOWNREGULATION OF SFRPS BY PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION HAS BEEN DESCRIBED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES. THERE IS AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ABERRANT WNT SIGNALING AND THE ESTABLISHED CANCER STEM CELL CONCEPT. IN CONTRAST TO BCR-ABL1-POSITIVE CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CML, BCR-ABL1-NEGATIVE MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS (PH-MPN) ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THE FREQUENT OCCURRENCE OF AN AUTOACTIVATING MUTATION IN THE JAK2 TYROSINE KINASE (JAK2V617F) OR OTHER MUTATIONS IN THE JAK-STAT PATHWAY. HOWEVER, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF JAK2 MUTATED OR UNMUTATED PH-MPN REMAIN NOT COMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. WE DETERMINED THE PROMOTER METHYLATION STATUS OF SFRP-1, -2, -4, AND -5 IN 57 MPN PATIENT SAMPLES BY METHYLATION-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) (MSP). JAK2V617F WAS ASSESSED BY ALLELE-SPECIFIC PCR. RESULTS: ABERRANT METHYLATION AMONG PRIMARY MPN SAMPLES WAS 4% FOR SFRP-1, 25% FOR SFRP-2, 2% FOR SFRP-4, AND 0% FOR SFRP-5. HYPERMETHYLATION OF SFRP-2, WHICH WAS THE MOST FREQUENTLY HYPERMETHYLATED GENE IN OUR STUDY, COULD NOT BE CORRELATED TO ANY SPECIFIC MPN SUBTYPE. HOWEVER, WE DETECTED A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN SFRP-2 METHYLATION AND PRESENCE OF A JAK2V617F MUTATION (P = 0.008). NONE OF THE 10 CML SAMPLES SHOWED ANY SFRP-METHYLATION. CONCLUSIONS: OUR DATA INDICATE THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION OF THE WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY IS A COMMON EVENT IN MPN WITH ABERRANT METHYLATION OF AT LEAST ONE SFRP BEING DETECTED IN 25% OF THE PRIMARY PATIENT SAMPLES AND IN 30% IF ONLY ACCOUNTING FOR PH-MPN. A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN SFRP-2 METHYLATION AND PRESENCE OF JAK2V617F IN OUR DATA SUPPORTS THE HYPOTHESIS THAT EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION MAY BE A COMPLEMENTARY MECHANISM TO GENETIC ABERRATIONS. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF CRUCIAL STEM CELL MAINTENANCE GENES SEEMS TO CONTRIBUTE TO DISEASE PATHOGENESIS IN PH-MPN.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
16 4837  33 ONCOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC REMODELING OF CIS-REGULATORY ELEMENTS IN ASXL1-MUTANT CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. MYELOID NEOPLASMS ARE CLONAL HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DISORDERS DRIVEN BY THE SEQUENTIAL ACQUISITION OF RECURRENT GENETIC LESIONS. TRUNCATING MUTATIONS IN THE CHROMATIN REMODELER ASXL1 (ASXL1(MT)) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH-RISK DISEASE PHENOTYPE WITH INCREASED PROLIFERATION, EPIGENETIC THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE, AND POOR SURVIVAL OUTCOMES. WE PERFORMED A MULTI-OMICS INTERROGATION TO DEFINE GENE EXPRESSION AND CHROMATIN REMODELING ASSOCIATED WITH ASXL1(MT) IN CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML). ASXL1(MT) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A LOSS OF REPRESSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION AND INCREASE IN PERMISSIVE HISTONE METHYLATION AND ACETYLATION IN PROMOTER REGIONS. ASXL1(MT) ARE FURTHER ASSOCIATED WITH DE NOVO ACCESSIBILITY OF DISTAL ENHANCERS BINDING ETS TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS, TARGETING IMPORTANT LEUKEMOGENIC DRIVER GENES. CHROMATIN REMODELING OF PROMOTERS AND ENHANCERS IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION AND HETEROGENOUS AMONG OVEREXPRESSED GENES. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE MAP OF THE TRANSCRIPTOME AND CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE OF ASXL1(MT) CMML, FORMING AN IMPORTANT FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING ONCOGENIC CIS INTERACTIONS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
17 5101  44 POLYCOMB FACTOR PHF19 CONTROLS CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION TOWARD ERYTHROID PATHWAY IN CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS. POLYCOMB GROUP (PCG) OF PROTEINS ARE A GROUP OF HIGHLY CONSERVED EPIGENETIC REGULATORS INVOLVED IN MANY BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT, CELL PROLIFERATION, AND ADULT STEM CELL DETERMINATION. PHD FINGER PROTEIN 19 (PHF19) IS AN ASSOCIATED FACTOR OF POLYCOMB REPRESSOR COMPLEX 2 (PRC2), OFTEN UPREGULATED IN HUMAN CANCERS. IN PARTICULAR, MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELL LINES SHOW INCREASED LEVELS OF PHF19, YET LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ITS FUNCTION. HERE, WE HAVE CHARACTERIZED THE ROLE OF PHF19 IN MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS. WE DEMONSTRATED THAT PHF19 DEPLETION DECREASES CELL PROLIFERATION AND PROMOTES CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) DIFFERENTIATION. MECHANISTICALLY, WE HAVE SHOWN HOW PHF19 REGULATES THE PROLIFERATION OF CML THROUGH A DIRECT REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE INHIBITOR P21. FURTHERMORE, WE OBSERVED THAT MTF2, A PHF19 HOMOLOG, PARTIALLY COMPENSATES FOR PHF19 DEPLETION IN A SUBSET OF TARGET GENES, INSTRUCTING SPECIFIC ERYTHROID DIFFERENTIATION. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT PHF19 IS A KEY TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR FOR CELL FATE DETERMINATION AND COULD BE A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR MYELOID LEUKEMIA TREATMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
18 5691  51 SILENCING OF HDAC6 AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. ALTHOUGH THE TREATMENT PARADIGM FOR CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS RAPIDLY CHANGING, THE DISEASE REMAINS INCURABLE, EXCEPT WITH ALLOGENEIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION, AND RESISTANCE, RELAPSED DISEASE, AND PARTIAL RESPONSES PERSIST AS SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES. RECENT STUDIES HAVE UNCOVERED ROLES FOR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN THE REGULATION OF MECHANISMS CONTRIBUTING TO MALIGNANT PROGRESSION OF CLL B CELLS. HOWEVER, THE EXTENT TO WHICH EPIGENETIC MODIFIERS CAN BE TARGETED FOR THERAPEUTIC BENEFIT IN CLL PATIENTS REMAINS POORLY EXPLORED. WE REPORT FOR THE FIRST TIME THAT EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC MODIFIER HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 (HDAC6) IS UPREGULATED IN CLL PATIENT SAMPLES, CELL LINES, AND EUTCL1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODELS COMPARED WITH HDAC6 IN NORMAL CONTROLS. GENETIC SILENCING OF HDAC6 CONFERRED SURVIVAL BENEFIT IN EUTCL1 MICE. ADMINISTRATION OF ISOFORM-SPECIFIC HDAC6 INHIBITOR ACY738 IN THE EUTCL1 AGING AND ADOPTIVE TRANSFER MODELS DETERRED PROLIFERATION OF CLL B CELLS, DELAYED DISEASE ONSET VIA DISRUPTION OF B-CELL RECEPTOR SIGNALING, AND SENSITIZED CLL B CELLS TO APOPTOSIS. FURTHERMORE, COADMINISTRATION OF ACY738 AND IBRUTINIB DISPLAYED SYNERGISTIC CELL KILL AGAINST CLL CELL LINES AND IMPROVED OVERALL SURVIVAL COMPARED WITH EITHER SINGLE AGENT IN VIVO. THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE FOR THE FIRST TIME THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF SELECTIVE HDAC6 INHIBITION IN PRECLINICAL CLL MODELS AND SUGGEST A RATIONALE FOR THE CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HDAC6 INHIBITORS FOR CLL TREATMENT, EITHER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH BRUTON TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 3898  56 LARGE-SCALE TOPOLOGICAL DISRUPTION OF CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES 9 AND 22 IS ASSOCIATED WITH NONRESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN CML. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA (CML) IS A MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASM DEFINED BY THE PRESENCE OF T(9;22) TRANSLOCATION WHOSE ORIGIN HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRIDIMENSIONAL GENOME ORGANIZATION. THIS REARRANGEMENT LEADS TO THE FUSION OF BCR AND ABL1 GENES GIVING RISE TO A CHIMERIC PROTEIN WITH CONSTITUTIVE KINASE ACTIVITY. IMATINIB, A TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR (TKI), IS USED AS A FIRST-LINE TREATMENT FOR CML, THOUGH ~40% OF CML PATIENTS DO NOT RESPOND. HERE, USING STRUCTURED ILLUMINATION MICROSCOPY (SIM) AND 3D RECONSTRUCTION, WE STUDIED THE 3D ORGANIZATION PATTERNS OF THE ABL1 AND BCR GENES, AND THEIR CHROMOSOME TERRITORIES (CTS) CT9 AND CT22, IN CD34+ CELLS FROM CML PATIENTS THAT RESPONDED OR NOT TO TKI. WE FOUND THAT TKI RESISTANCE IN CML IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL DISRUPTION OF CT9 AND CT22 IN CD34+ CELLS, INCREASED CT VOLUMES (ESPECIALLY FOR CT22), INTERMINGLING BETWEEN CT9 AND CT22, AND AN OPEN-CHROMATIN EPIGENETIC MARK IN CT22. ALTOGETHER OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT LARGE-SCALE DISRUPTION OF CT9 AND CT22 CORRELATES WITH THE CLINICAL RESPONSE OF CML PATIENTS, WHICH COULD BE TRANSLATED INTO A POTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC MARKER OF RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN THIS DISEASE AND PROVIDE NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS UNDERLYING RESISTANCE TO TKI IN CML.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
20 2753  46 EXPRESSION OF BCL2L12 IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PATIENTS: ASSOCIATION WITH CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR PROGNOSTIC MARKERS. DYSREGULATION OF APOPTOSIS IS A DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL), ALTHOUGH A UNIQUE MECHANISM UNDERLYING APOPTOSIS RESISTANCE OF CLL B LYMPHOCYTES HAS NOT BEEN IDENTIFIED YET. ABERRANT EXPRESSION AS WELL AS GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF NUMEROUS GENES INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT PATHWAYS OF APOPTOSIS REGULATION HAS BEEN DESCRIBED IN CLL. HERE, WE REPORT THE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF BCL2L12 (BCL2-LIKE 12), A NOVEL APOPTOTIC GENE BELONGING TO BCL2 FAMILY, IN 58 SERBIAN CLL PATIENTS. QUANTITATIVE REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (QRT-PCR) ANALYSIS REVEALED A SIGNIFICANT OVEREXPRESSION OF BCL2L12 MRNA IN CLL SAMPLES COMPARED TO NON-LEUKEMIC SAMPLES, IMPLYING ITS ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE. RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC) ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT BCL2L12 EXPRESSION EFFICIENTLY DISCRIMINATES CLL CASES FROM HEALTHY CONTROLS. HOWEVER, RELATIVELY HOMOGENOUS BCL2L12 MRNA EXPRESSION AMONG PATIENTS DID NOT REFLECT THEIR CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS (WITH THE EXCEPTION OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE STATUS AND TIME FROM DIAGNOSIS TO TREATMENT) AND FAILED TO SHOW ASSOCIATION WITH THE MOST INFORMATIVE PROGNOSTIC MARKERS, NAMELY THE MUTATIONAL STATUS OF REARRANGED IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN VARIABLE REGION GENES, CD38 AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE GENE (LPL) EXPRESSION.	2013