1 4226 112 METHYLATION IN PERICYTES AFTER ACUTE INJURY PROMOTES CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF RENAL MYOFIBROBLASTS IS NOT CLEAR AFTER ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI). HERE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT MYOFIBROBLASTS WERE ACTIVATED FROM QUIESCENT PERICYTES (QPERICYTES) AND THE CELL NUMBERS INCREASED AFTER ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY-INDUCED AKI (IRI-AKI). MYOFIBROBLASTS UNDERWENT APOPTOSIS DURING RENAL RECOVERY BUT ONE-FIFTH OF THEM SURVIVED IN THE RECOVERED KIDNEYS ON DAY 28 AFTER IRI-AKI AND THEIR CELL NUMBERS INCREASED AGAIN AFTER DAY 56. MICROARRAY DATA SHOWED THE DISTINCTIVE GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF QPERICYTES, ACTIVATED PERICYTES (APERICYTES, MYOFIBROBLASTS), AND INACTIVATED PERICYTES (IPERICYTES) ISOLATED FROM KIDNEYS BEFORE, ON DAY 7, AND ON DAY 28 AFTER IRI-AKI. HYPERMETHYLATION OF THE ACTA2 REPRESSOR YBX2 DURING IRI-AKI RESULTED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF IPERICYTES TO PROMOTE THE TRANSITION TO CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) AND AGGRAVATED FIBROGENESIS INDUCED BY A SECOND AKI INDUCED BY ADENINE. MECHANISTICALLY, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA1 DECREASED THE BINDING OF YBX2 TO THE PROMOTER OF ACTA2 AND INDUCED YBX2 HYPERMETHYLATION, THEREBY INCREASING ALPHA-SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN EXPRESSION IN APERICYTES. DEMETHYLATION BY 5-AZACYTIDINE RECOVERED THE MICROVASCULAR STABILIZING FUNCTION OF APERICYTES, REVERSED THE PROFIBROTIC PROPERTY OF IPERICYTES, PREVENTED AKI-CKD TRANSITION, AND ATTENUATED FIBROGENESIS INDUCED BY A SECOND ADENINE-AKI. IN CONCLUSION, INTERVENTION TO ERASE HYPERMETHYLATION OF PERICYTES AFTER AKI PROVIDES A STRATEGY TO STOP THE TRANSITION TO CKD.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
2 5636  28 SERELAXIN ALLEVIATES CARDIAC FIBROSIS THROUGH INHIBITING ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION VIA RXFP1. RATIONALE: CARDIAC FIBROSIS IS AN INTEGRAL CONSTITUENT OF EVERY FORM OF CHRONIC HEART DISEASE, AND PERSISTENCE OF FIBROSIS REDUCES TISSUE COMPLIANCE AND ACCELERATES THE PROGRESSION TO HEART FAILURE. RELAXIN-2 IS A HUMAN HORMONE, WHICH HAS VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS MEDIATING RENAL VASODILATION IN PREGNANCY. ITS RECOMBINANT FORM SERELAXIN HAS RECENTLY BEEN TESTED IN CLINICAL TRIALS AS A THERAPY FOR ACUTE HEART FAILURE BUT DID NOT MEET ITS PRIMARY ENDPOINTS. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EXAMINE WHETHER SERELAXIN HAS AN ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECT IN THE HEART AND THEREFORE COULD BE BENEFICIAL IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE. METHODS: WE UTILIZED TWO DIFFERENT CARDIAC FIBROSIS MOUSE MODELS (ASCENDING AORTIC CONSTRICTION (AAC) AND ANGIOTENSIN II (ATII) ADMINISTRATION VIA OSMOTIC MINIPUMPS) TO ASSESS THE ANTI-FIBROTIC POTENTIAL OF SERELAXIN. HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STAINING AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS THE FIBROSIS LEVEL AND INDICATE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS WHICH ARE UNDERGOING ENDMT. IN VITRO TGFBETA1-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (ENDMT) ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED IN HUMAN CORONARY ARTERY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND MOUSE CARDIAC ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (MCECS) AND WERE EXAMINED USING MOLECULAR METHODS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION-QPCR ASSAY WAS UTILIZED TO IDENTIFY THE SERELAXIN EFFECT ON CHROMATIN REMODELING IN THE RXFP1 PROMOTER REGION IN MCECS. RESULTS: OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE A SIGNIFICANT AND DOSE-DEPENDENT ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECT OF SERELAXIN IN THE HEART IN BOTH MODELS. WE FURTHER SHOW THAT SERELAXIN MEDIATES THIS EFFECT, AT LEAST IN PART, THROUGH INHIBITION OF ENDMT THROUGH THE ENDOTHELIAL RELAXIN FAMILY PEPTIDE RECEPTOR 1 (RXFP1). WE FURTHER DEMONSTRATE THAT SERELAXIN ADMINISTRATION IS ABLE TO INCREASE ITS OWN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION (RXFP1) THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION IN FORM OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS BY ATTENUATING TGFBETA-PSMAD2/3 SIGNALING IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IS THE FIRST TO IDENTIFY THAT SERELAXIN INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF ITS OWN RECEPTOR RXFP1 AND THAT THIS MEDIATES THE INHIBITION OF ENDMT AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS, SUGGESTING THAT SERELAXIN MAY HAVE A BENEFICIAL EFFECT AS ANTI-FIBROTIC THERAPY IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
3  669  26 BONE MARROW STROMAL CELL ANTIGEN-1 (CD157) REGULATED BY SPHINGOSINE KINASE 2 MEDIATES KIDNEY FIBROSIS. CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS A PROGRESSIVE DISEASE THAT MAY LEAD TO END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE. INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS DEVELOPS AS THE DISEASE PROGRESSES. THERAPIES THAT FOCUS ON FIBROSIS TO DELAY OR REVERSE PROGRESSIVE RENAL FAILURE ARE LIMITED. WE AND OTHERS SHOWED THAT SPHINGOSINE KINASE 2-DEFICIENT MICE (SPHK2 (-/-)) DEVELOP LESS FIBROSIS IN MOUSE MODELS OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS. SPHINGOSINE KINASE2 (SPHK2), ONE OF TWO SPHINGOSINE KINASES THAT PRODUCE SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE (S1P), IS PRIMARILY LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS. S1P PRODUCED BY SPHK2 INHIBITS HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) AND CHANGES HISTONE ACETYLATION STATUS, WHICH CAN LEAD TO ALTERED TARGET GENE EXPRESSION. WE HYPOTHESIZED THAT SPHK2 EPIGENETICALLY REGULATES DOWNSTREAM GENES TO INDUCE FIBROSIS, AND WE PERFORMED A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS USING THE COMBINATION OF RNA-SEQ AND CHIP-SEQ. BST1/CD157 WAS IDENTIFIED AS A GENE THAT IS REGULATED BY SPHK2 THROUGH A CHANGE IN HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVEL, AND BST1 (-/-) MICE WERE FOUND TO DEVELOP LESS RENAL FIBROSIS AFTER UNILATERAL ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY, A MOUSE MODEL OF KIDNEY FIBROSIS. ALTHOUGH BST1 IS A CELL-SURFACE MOLECULE THAT HAS A WIDE VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS THROUGH ITS VARIED ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES AND DOWNSTREAM INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS, NO STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF BST1 IN KIDNEY DISEASES HAVE BEEN REPORTED PREVIOUSLY. IN THE CURRENT STUDY, WE DEMONSTRATED THAT BST1 IS A GENE THAT IS REGULATED BY SPHK2 THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGE AND IS CRITICAL IN KIDNEY FIBROSIS.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4 2155  30 EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS AND METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING IN FIBROGENESIS: DUAL TARGETING OF G9A AND DNMT1 FOR THE INHIBITION OF LIVER FIBROSIS. OBJECTIVE: HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSC) TRANSDIFFERENTIATION INTO MYOFIBROBLASTS IS CENTRAL TO FIBROGENESIS. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, INCLUDING HISTONE AND DNA METHYLATION, PLAY A KEY ROLE IN THIS PROCESS. CONCERTED ACTION BETWEEN HISTONE AND DNA-MEHYLTRANSFERASES LIKE G9A AND DNMT1 IS A COMMON THEME IN GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION. WE AIMED TO STUDY THE EFFICACY OF CM272, A FIRST-IN-CLASS DUAL AND REVERSIBLE G9A/DNMT1 INHIBITOR, IN HALTING FIBROGENESIS. DESIGN: G9A AND DNMT1 WERE ANALYSED IN CIRRHOTIC HUMAN LIVERS, MOUSE MODELS OF LIVER FIBROSIS AND CULTURED MOUSE HSC. G9A AND DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS KNOCKED DOWN OR INHIBITED WITH CM272 IN HUMAN HSC (HHSC), AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSES TO TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA1 (TGFBETA1) WERE EXAMINED. GLYCOLYTIC METABOLISM AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION WERE ANALYSED WITH SEAHORSE-XF TECHNOLOGY. GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION WAS ANALYSED BY CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION AND METHYLATION-SPECIFIC PCR. ANTIFIBROGENIC ACTIVITY AND SAFETY OF CM272 WERE STUDIED IN MOUSE CHRONIC CCL(4) ADMINISTRATION AND BILE DUCT LIGATION (BDL), AND IN HUMAN PRECISION-CUT LIVER SLICES (PCLSS) IN A NEW BIOREACTOR TECHNOLOGY. RESULTS: G9A AND DNMT1 WERE DETECTED IN STROMAL CELLS IN AREAS OF ACTIVE FIBROSIS IN HUMAN AND MOUSE LIVERS. G9A AND DNMT1 EXPRESSION WAS INDUCED DURING MOUSE HSC ACTIVATION, AND TGFBETA1 TRIGGERED THEIR CHROMATIN RECRUITMENT IN HHSC. G9A/DNMT1 KNOCKDOWN AND CM272 INHIBITED TGFBETA1 FIBROGENIC RESPONSES IN HHSC. TGFBETA1-MEDIATED PROFIBROGENIC METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING WAS ABROGATED BY CM272, WHICH RESTORED GLUCONEOGENIC GENE EXPRESSION AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION THROUGH ON-TARGET EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. CM272 INHIBITED FIBROGENESIS IN MICE AND PCLSS WITHOUT TOXICITY. CONCLUSIONS: DUAL G9A/DNMT1 INHIBITION BY COMPOUNDS LIKE CM272 MAY BE A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR TREATING LIVER FIBROSIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5 2818  15 FIBROSIS UNDER ARREST. APPROXIMATELY 5% OF PEOPLE THAT ARE HOSPITALIZED FOR ANY REASON DEVELOP ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE, WHICH, IN SOME CASES, PROGRESSES TO A CHRONIC CONDITION RESULTING IN FIBROSIS OF THE KIDNEY AND PERMANENT CHANGES IN THE ORGAN'S FUNCTION. TWO NEW STUDIES SUGGEST THAT CELL CYCLE ARREST OF EPITHELIAL CELLS AND EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE KEY ROLES IN THE SWITCH TO CHRONIC DISEASE (PAGES 535-543 AND 544-550).	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
6 4001  33 LOSS OF MEN1 LEADS TO RENAL FIBROSIS AND DECREASES HGF-ADAMTS5 PATHWAY ACTIVITY VIA AN EPIGENETIC MECHANISM. BACKGROUND: RENAL FIBROSIS IS A SERIOUS CONDITION THAT RESULTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES. THE MEN1 GENE IS AN EPIGENETIC REGULATOR THAT ENCODES THE MENIN PROTEIN AND ITS ROLE IN KIDNEY TISSUE REMAINS UNCLEAR. METHODS: KIDNEY HISTOLOGY WAS EXAMINED ON PARAFFIN SECTIONS STAINED WITH HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN STAINING. MASSON'S TRICHROME STAINING AND SIRIUS RED STAINING WERE USED TO ANALYZE RENAL FIBROSIS. GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION WERE DETERMINED BY QUANTITATIVE REAL-TIME PCR (QPCR) AND WESTERN BLOT, RESPECTIVELY. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING IN THE KIDNEY TISSUES FROM MICE OR PATIENTS WAS USED TO EVALUATE PROTEIN LEVELS. FLOW CYTOMETRY WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE CELL CYCLE DISTRIBUTIONS AND APOPTOSIS. RNA-SEQUENCING WAS PERFORMED FOR DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION GENES IN THE KIDNEY TISSUES OF THE MEN1F/F AND MEN1?/? MICE. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING (CHIP-SEQ) WAS CARRIED OUT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF MENIN- AND H3K4ME3-ENRICHED REGIONS WITHIN THE WHOLE GENOME IN THE MOUSE KIDNEY TISSUE. CHIP-QPCR ASSAYS WERE PERFORMED FOR OCCUPANCY OF MENIN AND H3K4ME3 AT THE GENE PROMOTER REGIONS. LUCIFERASE REPORTER ASSAY WAS USED TO DETECT THE PROMOTER ACTIVITY. THE EXACERBATED UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION (UUO) MODELS IN THE MEN1F/F AND MEN1?/? MICE WERE USED TO ASSESS THE PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RH-HGF ON RENAL FIBROSIS. RESULTS: THE EXPRESSION OF MEN1 IS REDUCE IN KIDNEY TISSUES OF FIBROTIC MOUSE AND HUMAN DIABETIC PATIENTS AND TREATMENT WITH FIBROTIC FACTOR RESULTS IN THE DOWNREGULATION OF MEN1 EXPRESSION IN RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS (RTECS). DISRUPTION OF MEN1 IN RTECS LEADS TO HIGH EXPRESSION OF ALPHA-SMA AND COLLAGEN 1, WHEREAS MEN1 OVEREXPRESSION RESTRAINS EPITHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT) INDUCED BY TGF-BETA TREATMENT. CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT OF MEN1 RESULTED IN CHRONIC RENAL FIBROSIS AND UUO-INDUCED TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (TIF), WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED INDUCTION OF EMT, G2/M ARREST AND JNK SIGNALING. MECHANISTICALLY, MENIN RECRUITS AND INCREASES H3K4ME3 AT THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR (HGF) AND A DISINTEGRIN AND METALLOPROTEINASE WITH THROMBOSPONDIN MOTIFS 5 (ADAMTS5) GENES AND ENHANCES THEIR TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION. IN THE UUO MICE MODEL, EXOGENOUS HGF RESTORED THE EXPRESSION OF ADAMTS5 AND AMELIORATED RENAL FIBROSIS INDUCED BY MEN1 DEFICIENCY. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS DEMONSTRATE THAT MEN1 IS AN ESSENTIAL ANTIFIBROTIC FACTOR IN RENAL FIBROGENESIS AND COULD BE A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR ANTIFIBROTIC THERAPY.	2022	

7 3128  33 GIPC-REGULATED IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO THROUGH A BETA1-INTEGRIN PATHWAY. BACKGROUND & AIMS: TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF-BETA)-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF QUIESCENT HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS) AND THEIR TRANSFORMATION TO MYOFIBROBLASTS IS A KEY EVENT IN LIVER FIBROSIS AND PORTAL HYPERTENSION. GIPC (ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN) IS A DOWNSTREAM SIGNAL ACTIVATION MOLECULE OF TGF-BETA AND OTHER RECEPTORS. IN THIS STUDY, WE SOUGHT TO IDENTIFY NOVEL GENES TARGETED BY TGF-BETA AND GIPC AND ELUCIDATE IF AND HOW THEY MAY CONTRIBUTE TO LIVER FIBROSIS. METHODS: WE PERFORMED SEQUENTIAL MESSENGER RNA SEQUENCING ANALYSIS ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS AND THEN ON TGF-BETA-STIMULATED HSCS IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF GIPC ALSO REFERRED TO AS SYNECTIN (GIPC) KNOCKDOWN. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-3 (IGFBP-3) TRANSPORT PROTEIN EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC. QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS WERE DONE FOR FURTHER CONFIRMATION. RESULTS: IGFBP-3, AN INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR TRANSPORT PROTEIN, EMERGED AS A TOP ACTIVATION TARGET OF BOTH TGF-BETA AND GIPC, WHICH WAS CONFIRMED BY QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION, ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY, AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS. TARGETED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SHOWED THAT GIPC INCREASES THE HISTONE 3 LYSINE 27 (H3K27) ACETYLATION ACTIVATING MARK AND CONCURRENTLY DECREASES THE H3K27 INHIBITORY TRIMETHYLATION (H3K27M3) MARK, PROVIDING AN EPIGENETIC CORRELATE TO THE GENE REGULATION CHANGES. IN VIVO, GLOBAL KNOCKOUT OF IGFBP-3 MICE RESULTED IN ATTENUATION OF HSC ACTIVATION MARKERS AND ATTENUATION OF PORTAL PRESSURE IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC LIVER INJURY MODELS. ANALYSIS OF SERUM LEVELS FROM CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS ALSO SHOWED AN IGFBP-3 INCREASE OF MORE THAN 2-FOLD COMPARED WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS. FINALLY, IN VITRO MECHANISM STUDIES SHOWED THAT IGFBP-3 PROMOTES HSC MIGRATION THROUGH INTEGRIN-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION OF PROTEIN KINASE B. CONCLUSIONS: TGF-BETA UP-REGULATES IGFBP-3 THROUGH GIPC, LEADING TO INCREASED HSC MIGRATION IN VITRO AND PROMOTES PORTAL HYPERTENSION IN VIVO. THESE STUDIES SUPPORT THE ROLE OF IGFBP-3 AS A POTENTIAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC TARGET OR BIOMARKER IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 1298  22 DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVITY AND EPIGENETIC MODULATION ASSOCIATES WITH DOWN-REGULATION OF HEPATIC DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) REQUIRE MANY MEDICATIONS. CYP2C AND CYP3A DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF THE MAJORITY OF PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS. THESE ENZYMES ARE TRANSCRIPTIONALLY REGULATED BY THE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS PREGNANE X RECEPTOR (PXR) AND HEPATIC NUCLEAR FACTOR 4ALPHA (HNF-4ALPHA). EXPRESSION OF CYP2C AND CYP3A IS DECREASED IN CKD; HOWEVER, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THIS OCCURS IS UNKNOWN. WE INDUCED CKD IN RATS BY 5/6 NEPHRECTOMY AND USED CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP) TO DETERMINE NUCLEAR RECEPTOR- AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATION-MEDIATED DIFFERENCES IN THE PROMOTER REGION OF THE CYP2C AND CYP3A GENES. RNA POLYMERASE II AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS DECREASED 76 AND 57% IN THE CYP2C11 PROMOTOR AND 71 AND 77% IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER, RESPECTIVELY (P<0.05). CHIP ALSO REVEALED A 57% DECREASE IN PXR BINDING TO THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER IN CKD RATS (P<0.05). THE DECREASE IN PXR AND HNF-4ALPHA BINDING WAS ACCOMPANIED BY DIMINISHED HISTONE 4 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP3A2 PROMOTER (48%) AND HISTONE 3 ACETYLATION IN THE CYP2C11 (77%) AND CYP3A2 (77%) PROMOTER LOCI FOR NUCLEAR RECEPTOR ACTIVATION (P<0.05). THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT DECREASED NUCLEAR RECEPTOR BINDING AND HISTONE ACETYLATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE MECHANISM OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYME DOWN-REGULATION AND ALTERED PHARMACOKINETICS IN CKD.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
9 3049  27 GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS REVEALS ZINC TRANSPORTER ZIP9 REGULATED BY DNA METHYLATION PROMOTES RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS VIA THE TGF-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY. RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IS A DETRIMENTAL AND CHRONIC DISORDER THAT OCCURS AFTER RADIATION EXPOSURE. DNA METHYLATION HAS BEEN CHARACTERIZED AS AN IMPORTANT REGULATORY MECHANISM OF MULTIPLE PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES. IN THIS STUDY, WE COMPARED THE GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN AND ADJACENT NORMAL TISSUES OF RATS BY METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION SEQUENCING. RADIATION-INDUCED FIBROTIC SKIN SHOWED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH 3,650 PROTEIN-CODING GENES, 72 MICRORNAS, 5,836 LONG NONCODING RNAS AND 3 PIWI-INTERACTING RNAS. BY INTEGRATING THE MRNA AND METHYLATION PROFILES, THE ZINC TRANSPORTER SLC39A9/ZIP9 WAS INVESTIGATED IN GREATER DETAIL. THE PROTEIN LEVEL OF ZIP9 WAS INCREASED IN IRRADIATED SKIN TISSUES OF HUMANS, MONKEYS, AND RATS, ESPECIALLY IN RADIOGENIC FIBROTIC SKIN TISSUES. RADIATION INDUCED THE DEMETHYLATION OF A CPG DINUCLEOTIDE IN EXON 1 OF ZIP9 THAT RESULTED IN RECRUITMENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL FACTOR SP1 AND INCREASED ZIP9 EXPRESSION. OVEREXPRESSION OF ZIP9 RESULTED IN ACTIVATION OF THE PROFIBROTIC TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY THROUGH PROTEIN KINASE B IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS. IN ADDITION, RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED ZINC ACCUMULATION. THE ZINC CHELATOR N,N,N',N'-TETRAKIS(2-PYRIDYLMETHYL)-1,2-ETHYLENEDIAMINE ABROGATED ZIP9-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF THE TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-BETA SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ATTENUATED RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS IN A RAT MODEL. IN SUMMARY, OUR FINDINGS ILLUSTRATE EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF ZIP9 AND ITS CRITICAL ROLE IN PROMOTING RADIATION-INDUCED SKIN FIBROSIS.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
10 1274  28 DACH1 PROTECTS PODOCYTES FROM EXPERIMENTAL DIABETIC INJURY AND MODULATES PTIP-H3K4ME3 ACTIVITY. DACHSHUND HOMOLOG 1 (DACH1), A KEY CELL-FATE DETERMINANT, REGULATES TRANSCRIPTION BY DNA SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC BINDING. WE IDENTIFIED DIMINISHED DACH1 EXPRESSION IN A LARGE-SCALE SCREEN FOR MUTATIONS THAT CONVERT INJURY-RESISTANT PODOCYTES INTO INJURY-SUSCEPTIBLE PODOCYTES. IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE (DKD) PATIENTS, PODOCYTE DACH1 EXPRESSION LEVELS ARE DIMINISHED, A CONDITION THAT STRONGLY CORRELATES WITH POOR CLINICAL OUTCOMES. GLOBAL DACH1 KO MICE MANIFEST RENAL HYPOPLASIA AND DIE PERINATALLY. PODOCYTE-SPECIFIC DACH1 KO MICE, HOWEVER, MAINTAIN NORMAL GLOMERULAR ARCHITECTURE AT BASELINE, BUT RAPIDLY EXHIBIT PODOCYTE INJURY AFTER DIABETES ONSET. FURTHERMORE, PODOCYTE-SPECIFIC AUGMENTATION OF DACH1 EXPRESSION IN MICE PROTECTS FROM DKD. COMBINED RNA SEQUENCING AND IN SILICO PROMOTER ANALYSIS REVEAL CONVERSELY OVERLAPPING GLOMERULAR TRANSCRIPTOMIC SIGNATURES BETWEEN PODOCYTE-SPECIFIC DACH1 AND PAX TRANSACTIVATION-DOMAIN INTERACTING PROTEIN (PTIP) KO MICE, WITH UPREGULATED GENES POSSESSING HIGHER-THAN-EXPECTED NUMBERS OF PROMOTER DACH1-BINDING SITES. PTIP, AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF THE ACTIVATING HISTONE H3 LYSINE 4 TRIMETHYLATION (H3K4ME3) COMPLEX, INTERACTS WITH DACH1 AND IS RECRUITED BY DACH1 TO ITS PROMOTER-BINDING SITES. DACH1-PTIP RECRUITMENT REPRESSES TRANSCRIPTION AND REDUCES PROMOTER H3K4ME3 LEVELS. DACH1 KNOCKDOWN IN PODOCYTES COMBINED WITH HYPERGLYCEMIA TRIGGERS TARGET GENE UPREGULATION AND INCREASES PROMOTER H3K4ME3. THESE FINDINGS REVEAL THAT IN DKD, DIMINISHED DACH1 EXPRESSION ENHANCES PODOCYTE INJURY VULNERABILITY VIA EPIGENETIC DEREPRESSION OF ITS TARGET GENES.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
11  368  32 AMYLOID BETA-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 CONTROLS CELL SURVIVAL IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. SWEDISH DOUBLE MUTATION (KM670/671NL) OF AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) IS REPORTED TO INCREASE TOXIC AMYLOID BETA (ABETA) PRODUCTION VIA ABERRANT CLEAVAGE AT THE BETA-SECRETASE SITE AND THEREBY CAUSE EARLY-ONSET ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD). HOWEVER, THE UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS LEADING TO AD PATHOGENESIS REMAINS LARGELY UNKNOWN. PREVIOUSLY, OUR TRANSCRIPTOME SEQUENCE ANALYSES REVEALED GLOBAL EXPRESSIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF OVER 600 GENES IN APP-SWEDISH MUTANT-EXPRESSING H4 (H4-SW) CELLS COMPARED TO WILD TYPE H4 CELLS. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3 (IGFBP3) IS ONE GENE THAT SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED MRNA EXPRESSION IN H4-SW CELLS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATED THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF IGFBP3 IN AD PATHOGENESIS AND ELUCIDATED THE MECHANISMS REGULATING ITS EXPRESSION. WE OBSERVED DECREASED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION IN THE H4-SW CELL LINE AS WELL AS THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF AD MODEL TRANSGENIC MICE. TREATMENT WITH EXOGENOUS IGFBP3 PROTEIN INHIBITED ABETA1-42- INDUCED CELL DEATH AND CASPASE-3 ACTIVITY, WHEREAS SIRNA-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF IGFBP3 EXPRESSION INDUCED CELL DEATH AND CASPASE-3 CLEAVAGE. IN PRIMARY HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS, ADMINISTRATION OF IGFBP3 PROTEIN BLOCKED APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH DUE TO ABETA1-42 TOXICITY. THESE DATA IMPLICATE A PROTECTIVE ROLE FOR IGFBP3 AGAINST ABETA1-42-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE INVESTIGATED THE REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF IGFBP3 EXPRESSION IN AD PATHOGENESIS. WE OBSERVED ABNORMAL IGFBP3 HYPERMETHYLATION WITHIN THE PROMOTER CPG ISLAND IN H4-SW CELLS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE RESTORED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION AT BOTH THE MRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ABETA1-42 INDUCED IGFBP3 HYPERMETHYLATION AT CPGS, PARTICULARLY AT LOCI -164 AND -173, AND SUBSEQUENTLY SUPPRESSED IGFBP3 EXPRESSION. THEREFORE, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT EXPRESSION OF ANTI-APOPTOTIC IGFBP3 IS REGULATED BY EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION, SUGGESTING A MECHANISM THAT CONTRIBUTES TO AD PATHOGENESIS.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
12 6012  19 THE APKC-CBP PATHWAY REGULATES POST-STROKE NEUROVASCULAR REMODELING AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS HAVE EMERGED AS ATTRACTIVE MOLECULAR SUBSTRATES THAT INTEGRATE EXTRINSIC CHANGES INTO THE DETERMINATION OF CELL IDENTITY. SINCE STROKE-RELATED BRAIN DAMAGE RELEASES MICRO-ENVIRONMENTAL CUES, WE EXAMINED THE ROLE OF A SIGNALING-INDUCED EPIGENETIC PATHWAY, AN ATYPICAL PROTEIN KINASE C (APKC)-MEDIATED PHOSPHORYLATION OF CREB-BINDING PROTEIN (CBP), IN POST-STROKE NEUROVASCULAR REMODELING. USING A KNOCKIN MOUSE STRAIN (CBPS436A) WHERE THE APKC-CBP PATHWAY WAS DEFECTIVE, WE SHOW THAT DISRUPTION OF THE APKC-CBP PATHWAY IN A MURINE FOCAL ISCHEMIC STROKE MODEL INCREASES THE REPROGRAMMING EFFICIENCY OF ISCHEMIA-ACTIVATED PERICYTES (I-PERICYTES) TO NEURAL PRECURSORS. AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ENHANCED CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING, CBPS436A MICE SHOW AN INCREASED TRANSIENT POPULATION OF LOCALLY DERIVED NEURAL PRECURSORS AFTER STROKE, WHILE DISPLAYING A REDUCED NUMBER OF I-PERICYTES, IMPAIRED VASCULAR REMODELING, AND PERTURBED MOTOR RECOVERY DURING THE CHRONIC PHASE OF STROKE. TOGETHER, THIS STUDY ELUCIDATES THE ROLE OF THE APKC-CBP PATHWAY IN MODULATING NEUROVASCULAR REMODELING AND FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY FOLLOWING FOCAL ISCHEMIC STROKE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
13 5601  24 RORALPHA IS CRUCIAL FOR ATTENUATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO MAINTAIN INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS. RETINOIC ACID-RELATED ORPHAN RECEPTOR ALPHA (RORALPHA) FUNCTIONS AS A TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOR VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, INCLUDING CIRCADIAN RHYTHM, CANCER, AND METABOLISM. HERE, WE GENERATE INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELL (IEC)-SPECIFIC RORALPHA-DEFICIENT (RORALPHA(DELTAIEC)) MICE AND FIND THAT RORALPHA IS CRUCIAL FOR MAINTAINING INTESTINAL HOMEOSTASIS BY ATTENUATING NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPAB (NF-KAPPAB) TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY. RORALPHA(DELTAIEC) MICE EXHIBIT EXCESSIVE INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION AND HIGHLY ACTIVATED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN THE DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS) MOUSE COLITIS MODEL. TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS REVEALS THAT DELETION OF RORALPHA LEADS TO UP-REGULATION OF NF-KAPPAB TARGET GENES IN IECS. CHROMATIN IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ANALYSIS REVEALS CORECRUITMENT OF RORALPHA AND HISTONE DEACETYLASE 3 (HDAC3) ON NF-KAPPAB TARGET PROMOTERS AND SUBSEQUENT DISMISSAL OF CREB BINDING PROTEIN (CBP) AND BROMODOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 4 (BRD4) FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION. TOGETHER, WE DEMONSTRATE THAT RORALPHA/HDAC3-MEDIATED ATTENUATION OF NF-KAPPAB SIGNALING CONTROLS THE BALANCE OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TARGETING THIS EPIGENETIC REGULATION COULD BE BENEFICIAL TO THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, INCLUDING INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD).	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
14 4867  20 OSSIFYING FIBROMA TUMOR STEM CELLS ARE MAINTAINED BY EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF A TSP1/TGF-BETA/SMAD3 AUTOCRINE LOOP. ABNORMAL STEM CELL FUNCTION MAKES A KNOWN CONTRIBUTION TO MANY MALIGNANT TUMORS, BUT THE ROLE OF STEM CELLS IN BENIGN TUMORS IS NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. HERE, WE SHOW THAT OSSIFYING FIBROMA (OF) CONTAINS A STEM CELL POPULATION THAT RESEMBLES MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS (OFMSCS) AND IS CAPABLE OF GENERATING OF-LIKE TUMOR XENOGRAFTS. MECHANISTICALLY, OFMSCS SHOW ENHANCED TGF-BETA SIGNALING THAT INDUCES ABERRANT PROLIFERATION AND DEFICIENT OSTEOGENESIS VIA NOTCH AND BMP SIGNALING PATHWAYS, RESPECTIVELY. THE ELEVATED TGF-BETA ACTIVITY IS TIGHTLY REGULATED BY JHDM1D-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THROMBOSPONDIN-1 (TSP1), FORMING A JHDM1D/TSP1/TGF-BETA/SMAD3 AUTOCRINE LOOP. INHIBITION OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING IN OFMSCS CAN RESCUE THEIR ABNORMAL OSTEOGENIC DIFFERENTIATION AND ELEVATED PROLIFERATION RATE. FURTHERMORE, CHRONIC ACTIVATION OF TGF-BETA CAN CONVERT NORMAL MSCS INTO OF-LIKE MSCS VIA ESTABLISHMENT OF THIS JHDM1D/TSP1/TGF-BETA/SMAD3 AUTOCRINE LOOP. THESE RESULTS REVEAL THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TGF-BETA SIGNALING IN MSCS GOVERNS THE BENIGN TUMOR PHENOTYPE IN OF AND HIGHLIGHT TGF-BETA SIGNALING AS A CANDIDATE THERAPEUTIC TARGET.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 2080  23 EPIGENETIC DNA METHYLATION OF EBI3 MODULATES HUMAN INTERLEUKIN-35 FORMATION VIA NFKB SIGNALING: A PROMISING THERAPEUTIC OPTION IN ULCERATIVE COLITIS. ULCERATIVE COLITIS (UC), A SEVERE CHRONIC DISEASE WITH UNCLEAR ETIOLOGY THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER, IS ACCOMPANIED BY DYSREGULATION OF CYTOKINES. EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-INDUCED GENE 3 (EBI3) ENCODES A SUBUNIT IN THE UNIQUE HETERODIMERIC IL-12 CYTOKINE FAMILY OF EITHER PRO- OR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY FUNCTION. AFTER HAVING RECENTLY DEMONSTRATED THAT UPREGULATION OF EBI3 BY HISTONE ACETYLATION ALLEVIATES DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN A DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS)-TREATED MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC COLITIS, WE NOW AIMED TO EXAMINE A POSSIBLE FURTHER EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF EBI3 BY DNA METHYLATION UNDER INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS. TREATMENT WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR (DNMTI) DECITABINE (DAC) AND TNFALPHA LED TO SYNERGISTIC UPREGULATION OF EBI3 IN HUMAN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS (HCEC). USE OF DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAY INHIBITORS INDICATED NFKAPPAB SIGNALING WAS NECESSARY AND PROPORTIONAL TO THE SYNERGISTIC EBI3 INDUCTION. MALDI-TOF/MS AND HPLC-ESI-MS/MS ANALYSIS OF DAC/TNFALPHA-TREATED HCEC IDENTIFIED IL-12P35 AS THE MOST PROBABLE BINDING PARTNER TO FORM A FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN. EBI3/IL-12P35 HETERODIMERS (IL-35) INDUCE THEIR OWN GENE UPREGULATION, SOMETHING THAT WAS INDEED OBSERVED IN HCEC CULTURED WITH MEDIA FROM PREVIOUSLY DAC/TNFALPHA-TREATED HCEC. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT UNDER INFLAMMATORY AND DEMETHYLATING CONDITIONS THE UPREGULATION OF EBI3 RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY IL-35, WHICH MIGHT BE CONSIDERED AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN COLITIS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
16 4143  18 MECHANISMS OF SCARRING IN FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS. FOCAL SEGMENTAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS (FSGS) PRESENTS WITH SCAR IN PARTS OF SOME GLOMERULI AND OFTEN PROGRESSES TO GLOBAL AND DIFFUSE GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS. PODOCYTE INJURY IS THE INITIAL TARGET IN PRIMARY FSGS, INDUCED BY A CIRCULATING FACTOR. SEVERAL GENE VARIANTS, FOR EXAMPLE, APOL1, ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FSGS. PRIMARY FSGS MAY BE DUE TO GENETIC MUTATION IN KEY PODOCYTE GENES. INCREASED WORK STRESS AFTER LOSS OF NEPHRONS, EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, AND VARIOUS PROFIBROTIC PATHWAYS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO PROGRESSIVE SCLEROSIS, REGARDLESS OF THE INITIAL INJURY. THE PROGRESSION OF FSGS LESIONS ALSO INVOLVES CROSSTALK BETWEEN PODOCYTES AND OTHER KIDNEY CELLS, SUCH AS PARIETAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, GLOMERULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, AND EVEN TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS. NEW INSIGHTS RELATED TO THESE MECHANISMS COULD POTENTIALLY LEAD TO NEW THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES TO PREVENT PROGRESSION OF FSGS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
17 4233  29 METHYLATION OF SEPTIN9 MEDIATED BY DNMT3A ENHANCES HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS ACTIVATION AND LIVER FIBROGENESIS. LIVER FIBROSIS, RESULTING FROM CHRONIC AND PERSISTENT INJURY TO THE LIVER, IS A WORLDWIDE HEALTH PROBLEM. ADVANCED LIVER FIBROSIS RESULTS IN CIRRHOSIS, LIVER FAILURE AND EVEN HEPATOCELLULAR CANCER (HCC), OFTEN EVENTUALLY REQUIRING LIVER TRANSPLANTATION, POSES A HUGE HEALTH BURDEN ON THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY. HOWEVER, THE SPECIFIC PATHOGENESIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS REMAINS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. NUMEROUS BASIC AND CLINICAL STUDIES HAVE PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION, MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE ACTIVATION OF HEPATIC STELLATE CELLS (HSCS), THE PIVOTAL CELL TYPE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIBROUS SCAR IN LIVER. HERE, REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING (RRBS) AND BISULFITE PYROSEQUENCING PCR (BSP) ANALYSIS IDENTIFIED HYPERMETHYLATION STATUS OF SEPTIN9 (SEPT9) GENE IN LIVER FIBROGENESIS. SEPT9 PROTEIN WAS DRAMATICALLY DECREASED IN LIVERS OF CCL4-TREATED MICE AND IMMORTALIZED HSC-T6 CELLS EXPOSED TO TGF-BETA1. NEVERTHELESS, THE SUPPRESSION OF SEPT9 COULD BE BLOCKED BY DNMT3A-SIRNA AND DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR, 5-AZA-2'-DEOXYCYTIDINE (5-AZADC). OVEREXPRESSED SEPT9 ATTENUATED TGF-BETA1-INDUCED EXPRESSION OF MYOFIBROBLAST MARKERS ALPHA-SMA AND COL1A1, ACCOMPANIED BY UP-REGULATION OF CELL APOPTOSIS-RELATED PROTEINS. CONVERSELY, RNAI-MEDIATED SILENCING OF SEPT9 ENHANCED ACCUMULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. THESE OBSERVATIONS SUGGESTED THAT SEPT9 CONTRIBUTED TO ALLEVIATE LIVER FIBROSIS MIGHT PARTIALLY THROUGH PROMOTING ACTIVATED HSCS APOPTOSIS AND THIS ANTI-FIBROGENESIS EFFECT MIGHT BE BLOCKED BY DNMT-3A MEDIATED METHYLATION OF SEPT9. THEREFORE, PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS THAT INHIBIT SEPT9 METHYLATION AND INCREASE ITS EXPRESSION COULD BE CONSIDERED AS VALUABLE TREATMENTS FOR LIVER FIBROSIS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
18  460  21 ARACHIDONIC ACID 15-LIPOXYGENASE: EFFECTS OF ITS EXPRESSION, METABOLITES, AND GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC VARIATIONS ON AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. ARACHIDONIC ACID 15-LIPOXYGENASE (ALOX15) IS AN ENZYME THAT CAN OXIDIZE POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. ALOX15 IS STRONGLY EXPRESSED IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS, WHERE IT CATALYZES THE CONVERSION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID TO 15-HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC ACID (15-HETE) INVOLVED IN VARIOUS AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. INTERLEUKIN (IL)-4 AND IL-13 INDUCE ALOX15 EXPRESSION BY ACTIVATING JAK2 AND TYK2 KINASES AS WELL AS SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND ACTIVATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION (STATS) 1/3/5/6. ALOX15 UP-REGULATION AND SUBSEQUENT ASSOCIATION WITH PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (PEBP1) ACTIVATE THE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (MEK)-EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL-REGULATED KINASE (ERK) PATHWAY, THUS INDUCING EOSINOPHIL-MEDIATED AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. IN ADDITION, ALOX15 PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN PROMOTING THE MIGRATION OF IMMUNE CELLS, SUCH AS IMMATURE DENDRITIC CELLS, ACTIVATED T CELLS, AND MAST CELLS, AND AIRWAY REMODELING, INCLUDING GOBLET CELL DIFFERENTIATION. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE REVEALED MULTIPLE ALOX15 VARIANTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WITH THE RISK OF DEVELOPING AIRWAY DISEASES. THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF THE ALOX15 GENE, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO CLOSELY RELATE WITH AIRWAY INFLAMMATION. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZES THE ROLE OF ALOX15 IN DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES OF ASTHMA, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS, ASPIRIN-EXACERBATED RESPIRATORY DISEASE, AND NASAL POLYPS, SUGGESTING NEW TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR THESE AIRWAY INFLAMMATORY DISEASES WITH COMPLEX ETIOLOGY AND POOR TREATMENT RESPONSE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
19 5504  30 RHEIN REVERSAL OF DNA HYPERMETHYLATION-ASSOCIATED KLOTHO SUPPRESSION AMELIORATES RENAL FIBROSIS IN MICE. RENAL FIBROSIS IS THE HALLMARK OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES (CKD) AND ITS DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION ARE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. RHEIN, A PLANT-DERIVED ANTHRAQUINONE, DISPLAYS STRONG ANTI-FIBROSIS PROPERTIES, BUT ITS PROTECTIVE MODE OF ACTION REMAINS INCOMPLETELY UNDERSTOOD. HERE WE EXPLORE THE MECHANISM OF RHEIN ANTI-RENAL FIBROSIS BY INVESTIGATING ITS REGULATION OF KLOTHO, A KNOWN RENAL ANTI-FIBROTIC PROTEIN WHOSE SUPPRESSION AFTER RENAL INJURY REPORTEDLY INVOLVES ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. WE REPORT THAT RHEIN IS AN IMPRESSIVE UP-REGULATOR OF KLOTHO AND IT MARKEDLY REVERSED KLOTHO DOWN-REGULATION IN UNILATERAL URETERAL OCCLUSION-INDUCED FIBROTIC KIDNEY. FURTHER EXAMINATIONS REVEALED THAT KLOTHO LOSS IN FIBROTIC KIDNEY IS ASSOCIATED WITH KLOTHO PROMOTER HYPERMETHYLATION DUE TO ABERRANT METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 AND 3A EXPRESSIONS. HOWEVER, RHEIN SIGNIFICANTLY CORRECTED ALL THESE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS AND SUBSEQUENTLY ALLEVIATED PRO-FIBROTIC PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND RENAL FIBROSIS, WHEREAS KLOTHO KNOCKDOWN VIA RNA INTERFERENCES LARGELY ABROGATED THE ANTI-RENAL FIBROTIC EFFECTS OF RHEIN, SUGGESTING THAT RHEIN EPIGENETIC REVERSAL OF KLOTHO LOSS REPRESENTS A CRITICAL MODE OF ACTION THAT CONFERS RHEIN'S ANTI- RENAL FIBROTIC FUNCTIONS. ALTOGETHER OUR STUDIES UNCOVER A NOVEL HYPOMETHYLATING CHARACTER OF RHEIN IN PREVENTING KLOTHO LOSS AND RENAL FIBROSIS, AND DEMONSTRATE THE EFFICACY OF KLOTHO-TARGETED EPIGENETIC INTERVENTION IN POTENTIAL TREATMENT OF RENAL FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED KIDNEY DISEASES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
20 2758  24 EXPRESSION OF HORMONAL CARCINOGENESIS GENES AND RELATED REGULATORY MICRORNAS IN UTERUS AND OVARIES OF DDT-TREATED FEMALE RATS. THE INSECTICIDE DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE (DDT) IS A NONMUTAGENIC XENOBIOTIC COMPOUND ABLE TO EXERT ESTROGEN-LIKE EFFECTS RESULTING IN ACTIVATION OF ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-ALPHA (ERALPHA) FOLLOWED BY CHANGED EXPRESSION OF ITS DOWNSTREAM TARGET GENES. IN ADDITION, STUDIES PERFORMED OVER RECENT YEARS SUGGEST THAT DDT MAY ALSO INFLUENCE EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS. HOWEVER, AN IMPACT OF DDT ON EXPRESSION OF ER, MICRORNAS, AND RELATED TARGET GENES HAS NOT BEEN FULLY ELUCIDATED. HERE, USING REAL-TIME PCR, WE ASSESSED CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF KEY GENES INVOLVED IN HORMONAL CARCINOGENESIS AS WELL AS POTENTIALLY RELATED REGULATORY ONCOGENIC/TUMOR SUPPRESSOR MICRORNAS AND THEIR TARGET GENES IN THE UTERUS AND OVARIES OF FEMALE WISTAR RATS DURING SINGLE AND CHRONIC MULTIPLE-DOSE DDT EXPOSURE. WE FOUND THAT APPLYING DDT RESULTS IN ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS-221, -222, -205, -126A, AND -429, THEIR TARGET GENES (PTEN, DICER1), AS WELL AS GENES INVOLVED IN HORMONAL CARCINOGENESIS (ESR1, PGR, CCND1, CYP19A1). NOTABLY, CYP19A1 EXPRESSION SEEMS TO BE ALSO REGULATED BY MICRORNAS-221, -222, AND -205. THE DATA SUGGEST THAT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS INDUCED BY DDT AS A POTENTIAL CARCINOGEN MAY BE BASED ON AT LEAST TWO MECHANISMS: (I) ACTIVATION OF ERALPHA FOLLOWED BY ALTERED EXPRESSION OF THE TARGET GENES ENCODING RECEPTOR PGR AND CCND1 AS WELL AS IMPAIRED EXPRESSION OF CYP19A1, AFFECTING, THEREBY, CELL HORMONE BALANCE; AND (II) CHANGED EXPRESSION OF MICRORNAS RESULTING IN IMPAIRED EXPRESSION OF RELATED TARGET GENES INCLUDING REDUCED LEVEL OF CYP19A1 MRNA.	2017