1 4085 181 MATERNAL OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES REPROGRAM THE METHYLOME OF OFFSPRING BEYOND BIRTH BY INDUCING EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES IN METABOLIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAYS. BACKGROUND: OBESITY IS A NEGATIVE CHRONIC METABOLIC HEALTH CONDITION THAT REPRESENTS AN ADDITIONAL RISK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE PATHOLOGIES. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN HOW MATERNAL OBESITY OR GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS DURING PREGNANCY CONSTITUTE SERIOUS RISK FACTORS IN RELATION TO THE APPEARANCE OF CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES IN THE OFFSPRING. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC REMODELLING MAY HELP EXPLAIN THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS THAT UNDERLIE THESE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FINDINGS. THUS, IN THIS STUDY WE EXPLORED THE DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE OF CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WITH OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR OF LIFE. METHODS: WE USED ILLUMINA INFINIUM METHYLATIONEPIC BEADCHIP ARRAYS TO PROFILE MORE THAN 770,000 GENOME-WIDE CPG SITES IN BLOOD SAMPLES FROM A PAEDIATRIC LONGITUDINAL COHORT CONSISTING OF 26 CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO SUFFERED FROM OBESITY OR OBESITY WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS DURING PREGNANCY AND 13 HEALTHY CONTROLS (MEASUREMENTS TAKEN AT 0, 6 AND 12 MONTH; TOTAL N = 90). WE CARRIED OUT CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL ANALYSES TO DERIVE DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENTAL AND PATHOLOGY-RELATED EPIGENOMICS. RESULTS: WE IDENTIFIED ABUNDANT DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING CHILD DEVELOPMENT FROM BIRTH TO 6 MONTHS AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, UP TO 12 MONTHS OF AGE. USING CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSES, WE DISCOVERED DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS MAINTAINED ACROSS THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE THAT COULD DISCRIMINATE CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WHO SUFFERED FROM OBESITY OR OBESITY WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES. IMPORTANTLY, ENRICHMENT ANALYSES SUGGESTED THAT THESE ALTERATIONS CONSTITUTE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES THAT AFFECT GENES AND PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE METABOLISM OF FATTY ACIDS, POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES AND MITOCHONDRIAL BIOENERGETICS, SUCH AS CPT1B, SLC38A4, SLC35F3 AND FN3K. FINALLY, WE OBSERVED EVIDENCE OF AN INTERACTION BETWEEN DEVELOPMENTAL DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND MATERNAL METABOLIC CONDITION ALTERATIONS. CONCLUSIONS: OUR OBSERVATIONS HIGHLIGHT THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF DEVELOPMENT AS BEING THE MOST CRUCIAL FOR EPIGENETIC REMODELLING. FURTHERMORE, OUR RESULTS SUPPORT THE EXISTENCE OF SYSTEMIC INTRAUTERINE FOETAL PROGRAMMING LINKED TO OBESITY AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES THAT AFFECTS THE CHILDHOOD METHYLOME BEYOND BIRTH, WHICH INVOLVES ALTERATIONS RELATED TO METABOLIC PATHWAYS, AND WHICH MAY INTERACT WITH ORDINARY POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES.	2023	

2 1439  57 DIFFERENTIAL PLACENTAL CPG METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE OF PREMATURITY. BACKGROUND: CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE (CLD) IS THE MOST COMMON PULMONARY MORBIDITY IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS. IT IS UNCLEAR TO WHAT EXTENT PRENATAL EXPOSURES INFLUENCE THE RISK OF CLD. EPIGENETIC VARIATION IN PLACENTA DNA METHYLATION MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL RISK OF CLD, AND THESE ASSOCIATIONS MAY BE DEPENDENT UPON SEX. METHODS: DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM A MULTI-CENTER COHORT OF INFANTS BORN EXTREMELY PRETERM (<28 WEEKS' GESTATION) AND AN EPIGENOME-WIDE APPROACH WAS USED TO IDENTIFY ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PLACENTAL DNA METHYLATION AND CLD (N = 423). ASSOCIATIONS WERE EVALUATED USING ROBUST LINEAR REGRESSION ADJUSTING FOR COVARIATES, WITH A FALSE DISCOVERY RATE OF 0.05. ANALYSES STRATIFIED BY SEX WERE USED TO ASSESS DIFFERENCES IN METHYLATION-CLD ASSOCIATIONS. RESULTS: CLD WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION AT 49 CPG SITES REPRESENTING 46 GENES IN THE PLACENTA. CLD WAS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF PROBES WITHIN GENES RELATED TO PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN FETAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT, SUCH AS P53 SIGNALING AND MYO-INOSITOL BIOSYNTHESIS. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CPG METHYLATION AND CLD DIFFERED BY SEX. CONCLUSIONS: DIFFERENTIAL PLACENTAL METHYLATION WITHIN GENES WITH KEY ROLES IN FETAL LUNG DEVELOPMENT MAY REFLECT COMPLEX CELL SIGNALING BETWEEN THE PLACENTA AND FETUS WHICH MEDIATE CLD RISK. THESE PATHWAYS APPEAR TO BE DISTINCT BASED ON FETAL SEX. IMPACT: IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS, DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF CPG SITES WITHIN PLACENTAL GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CELL SIGNALING, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND TROPHOBLAST INVASION IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE OF PREMATURITY. DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE WERE DISTINCTLY BASED ON FETAL SEX, SUGGESTING A POTENTIAL MECHANISM UNDERLYING DIMORPHIC PHENOTYPES. MECHANISMS RELATED TO FETAL HYPOXIA AND PLACENTAL MYO-INOSITOL SIGNALING MAY PLAY A ROLE IN FETAL LUNG PROGRAMMING AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. CONTINUED RESEARCH OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PLACENTAL EPIGENOME AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE COULD INFORM EFFORTS TO AMELIORATE OR PREVENT THIS CONDITION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
3 1503  45 DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO OR IN VIVO. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA INDICATE THAT CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO HAVE A GREATER RELATIVE RISK OF LOW BIRTH-WEIGHT, MAJOR AND MINOR BIRTH DEFECTS, AND RARE DISORDERS INVOLVING IMPRINTED GENES, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. WE EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION AT MORE THAN 700 GENES (1536 CPG SITES) IN PLACENTA AND CORD BLOOD AND MEASURED GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF A SUBSET OF GENES THAT DIFFERED IN METHYLATION LEVELS BETWEEN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO VERSUS IN VIVO. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN PLACENTA AND HIGHER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN CORD BLOOD. WE ALSO FIND THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES AT BOTH IMPRINTED AND NON-IMPRINTED GENES. THE RANGE OF INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN GENE EXPRESSION OF THE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO GROUPS OVERLAPS SUBSTANTIALLY BUT SOME INDIVIDUALS FROM THE IN VITRO GROUP DIFFER FROM THE IN VIVO GROUP MEAN BY MORE THAN TWO STANDARD DEVIATIONS. SEVERAL OF THE GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION DIFFERS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS OBESITY AND TYPE II DIABETES. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THERE MAY BE EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE GAMETES OR EARLY EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM COUPLES UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY. ALTERNATIVELY, ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY MAY HAVE AN EFFECT ON GLOBAL PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN EITHER CASE, THESE DIFFERENCES OR CHANGES MAY AFFECT LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
4 5748  46 SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT PREDICT DNA METHYLATION OF INFLAMMATORY GENES IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION CONTRIBUTES TO A WIDE RANGE OF HUMAN DISEASES, AND ENVIRONMENTS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD ARE IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS OF INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES. THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS CONNECTING EARLY ENVIRONMENTS WITH THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION IN ADULTHOOD ARE NOT KNOWN, BUT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES ARE PLAUSIBLE CANDIDATES. WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION (DNAM) IN INFLAMMATORY GENES IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD WOULD BE PREDICTED BY EARLY LIFE NUTRITIONAL, MICROBIAL, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL EXPOSURES PREVIOUSLY ASSOCIATED WITH LEVELS OF INFLAMMATION. DATA COME FROM A POPULATION-BASED LONGITUDINAL BIRTH COHORT STUDY IN METROPOLITAN CEBU, THE PHILIPPINES, AND DNAM WAS CHARACTERIZED IN WHOLE BLOOD SAMPLES FROM 494 PARTICIPANTS (AGE 20-22 Y). ANALYSES FOCUSED ON PROBES IN 114 TARGET GENES INVOLVED IN THE REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION, AND WE IDENTIFIED 10 SITES ACROSS NINE GENES WHERE THE LEVEL OF DNAM WAS SIGNIFICANTLY PREDICTED BY THE FOLLOWING VARIABLES: HOUSEHOLD SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN CHILDHOOD, EXTENDED ABSENCE OF A PARENT IN CHILDHOOD, EXPOSURE TO ANIMAL FECES IN INFANCY, BIRTH IN THE DRY SEASON, OR DURATION OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING. TO EVALUATE THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE SITES, WE TESTED FOR ASSOCIATIONS WITH A PANEL OF INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS MEASURED IN PLASMA OBTAINED AT THE SAME AGE AS DNAM ASSESSMENT. THREE SITES PREDICTED ELEVATED INFLAMMATION, AND ONE SITE PREDICTED LOWER INFLAMMATION, CONSISTENT WITH THE INTERPRETATION THAT LEVELS OF DNAM AT THESE SITES ARE FUNCTIONALLY RELEVANT. THIS PATTERN OF RESULTS POINTS TOWARD DNAM AS A POTENTIALLY IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH DEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS SHAPE INFLAMMATORY PHENOTYPES ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
5 2419  44 EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF CHRONIC MATERNAL STRESS LOAD DURING PREGNANCY MIGHT BE A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH. PRETERM BIRTH IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF MORTALITY IN NEWBORN INFANTS AND CAN LEAD TO SIGNIFICANT NEONATAL MORBIDITIES. SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH ACCOUNTS FOR AT LEAST 50.0% OF ALL PRETERM BIRTHS. WE ARGUE THAT CHRONIC MATERNAL STRESS LOAD, WHICH IS AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH, COULD BE REPRESENTED BY EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF SEVERAL SPECIFIC GENETIC LOCI IN THE MOTHER'S BLOOD. A LITERATURE SEARCH WAS DONE IN PUBMED WITH THE FOLLOWING KEYWORDS: "DNA METHYLATION," "EPIGENETICS," "MATERNAL STRESS" AND "PRETERM BIRTH" FROM YEAR 2000 TO 2017. WE SUGGEST THAT THESE GENETIC LOCI MIGHT BE RELATED TO VULNERABILITY AND HYPERSENSIBILITY OF STRESS RESPONSE DURING PREGNANCY IN WOMEN WITH PRETERM BIRTHS. THE MOTHER'S EPI-GENETIC STRESS BIOPROFILE WAS SUPPOSED TO BE A RESULT OF CHRONIC MATERNAL STRESS LOAD SINCE HER BIRTH. THIS EPIGENETIC BIOPROFILE MIGHT ALSO BE A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER FOR SPONTANEOUS PRETERM BIRTH. DNA METHYLATION CHANGES ARE TISSUE-SPECIFIC AND HUMAN STRESS RESPONSE MANIFESTS MOSTLY THROUGH THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS). NEVERTHELESS, WE FOUND EVIDENCE THAT METHYLATION CHANGES OF DNA ISOLATED FROM BLOOD LEUCOCYTES MIGHT BE A RELIABLE MEASURE OF STRESS-RELATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE CNS. EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMPLE ASSAYS BASED ON EPIGENETIC CHANGES TO MEASURE CHRONIC STRESS LOADS IN EXPECTANT MOTHERS CAN LEAD TO OUR ABILITY TO PREPARE MORE EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF PRETERM BIRTHS, AS WELL AS LEADING TO MORE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR BOTH EXPECTANT MOTHERS AND THEIR NEWBORNS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
6 1583  43 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF BLOOD CELLS ARE DISTINCT BETWEEN EARLY-ONSET OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS. OBESITY IS A HIGHLY PREVALENT, CHRONIC DISORDER THAT HAS BEEN INCREASING IN INCIDENCE IN YOUNG PATIENTS. BOTH EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ABERRATIONS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY. THEREFORE, IN-DEPTH EPIGENOMIC AND GENOMIC ANALYSES WILL ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE DETAILED MOLECULAR MECHANISMS UNDERLYING OBESITY AND AID IN THE SELECTION OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS FOR OBESITY IN YOUTH. HERE, WE PERFORMED MICROARRAY-BASED DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF PERIPHERAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS OBTAINED FROM SIX YOUNG, OBESE INDIVIDUALS AND SIX HEALTHY CONTROLS. WE OBSERVED THAT THE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING OF DNA METHYLATION, BUT NOT GENE EXPRESSION, CLEARLY SEGREGATES THE OBESE INDIVIDUALS FROM THE CONTROLS, SUGGESTING THAT THE METABOLIC DISTURBANCE THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF OBESITY AT A YOUNG AGE MAY AFFECT THE DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELLS WITHOUT ACCOMPANYING TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES. TO EXAMINE THE GENOME-WIDE DIFFERENCES IN THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF YOUNG OBESE AND CONTROL INDIVIDUALS, WE IDENTIFIED DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED CPG SITES AND INVESTIGATED THEIR GENOMIC AND EPIGENOMIC CONTEXTS. THE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS CAN BE SUMMARIZED AS RELATIVE GAINS AND LOSSES OF DNA METHYLATION IN GENE PROMOTERS AND GENE BODIES, RESPECTIVELY. WE ALSO OBSERVED THAT THE CPG ISLANDS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO DNA METHYLATION COMPARED TO CONTROLS. OUR PILOT STUDY SUGGESTS THAT THE GENOME-WIDE ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS OF OBESE INDIVIDUALS MAY ADVANCE NOT ONLY OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE EPIGENOMIC PATHOGENESIS BUT ALSO EARLY SCREENING OF OBESITY IN YOUTH.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
7 2677  37 EVALUATING THE CHALLENGES AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF STUDIES INVESTIGATING DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS. PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CAN INCREASE THE RISK OF A WIDE RANGE OF NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES. STUDIES HAVE BEEN COMPLETED TO DETERMINE IF DNA METHYLATION CHANGES OCCUR IN THE HUMAN BRAIN BECAUSE OF STRESS AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND DISEASE, BUT RESULTS HAVE BEEN INCONSISTENT. HUMAN CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES (150) AND EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES (67) WERE SYSTEMATICALLY EVALUATED TO ASSESS HOW DNA METHYLATION IS IMPACTED BY STRESS DURING THE PRENATAL PERIOD, EARLY CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD. THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION OF NR3C1 EXON 1F AND CHILD MALTREATMENT AND EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY WAS WELL DEMONSTRATED, BUT OTHER GENES DID NOT EXHIBIT A CLEAR ASSOCIATION. THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF INDIVIDUAL CPG SITES IN EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES WAS ALSO POOR. HOWEVER, BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS, INCLUDING STRESS RESPONSE, BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND IMMUNITY, HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED ACROSS DIFFERENT STRESSORS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE SPAN. FUTURE STUDIES WOULD BENEFIT FROM THE INCREASED SAMPLE SIZE, LONGITUDINAL DESIGN, STANDARDIZED METHODOLOGY, OPTIMAL QUALITY CONTROL, AND IMPROVED STATISTICAL PROCEDURES.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
8 6234  42 THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM. PEOPLE WHO WERE SMALL AT BIRTH AND HAD POOR INFANT GROWTH HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF ADULT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, OSTEOPOROSIS, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES, PARTICULARLY IF THEIR RESTRICTED EARLY GROWTH WAS FOLLOWED BY INCREASED CHILDHOOD WEIGHT GAIN. THESE RELATIONS EXTEND ACROSS THE NORMAL RANGE OF BIRTH SIZE IN A GRADED MANNER, SO REDUCED SIZE IS NOT A PREREQUISITE. IN ADDITION, LARGER BIRTH SIZE IS ASSOCIATED WITH RISKS OF OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES. THE ASSOCIATIONS APPEAR TO REFLECT DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTIC RESPONSES MADE BY THE FETUS AND INFANT BASED ON CUES ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT, INFLUENCED BY MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDING DIET, BODY COMPOSITION, STRESS, AND EXERCISE LEVELS. THESE RESPONSES INVOLVE EPIGENETIC PROCESSES THAT MODIFY THE OFFSPRING'S PHENOTYPE. VULNERABILITY TO ILL HEALTH RESULTS IF THE ENVIRONMENT IN INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND LATER LIFE IS MISMATCHED TO THE PHENOTYPE INDUCED IN DEVELOPMENT, INFORMED BY THE DEVELOPMENTAL CUES. THIS MISMATCH MAY ARISE THROUGH UNBALANCED DIET OR BODY COMPOSITION OF THE MOTHER OR A CHANGE IN LIFESTYLE FACTORS BETWEEN GENERATIONS. THESE INSIGHTS OFFER NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASE.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
9  649  52 BIRTHWEIGHT, MATERNAL WEIGHT TRAJECTORIES AND GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION OF LINE-1 REPETITIVE ELEMENTS. LOW BIRTHWEIGHT, PREMATURE BIRTH, INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION, AND MATERNAL MALNUTRITION HAVE BEEN RELATED TO AN INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, OBESITY, AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS LATER IN LIFE. CONVERSELY, HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAS BEEN LINKED TO FUTURE RISK OF CANCER. GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION ESTIMATED BY THE METHYLATION OF REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN THE GENOME IS AN INDICATOR OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASES. WE USED DATA AND BIOSPECIMENS FROM AN EPIGENETIC BIRTH COHORT TO EXPLORE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRAJECTORIES OF FETAL AND MATERNAL WEIGHT AND LINE-1 METHYLATION IN 319 MOTHER-CHILD DYADS. NEWBORNS WITH LOW OR HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN THEIR CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO NORMAL WEIGHT INFANTS AFTER ADJUSTING FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, SEX OF THE CHILD, MATERNAL AGE AT DELIVERY, AND MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY (P = 0.007 AND P = 0.036, RESPECTIVELY), BUT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DIFFERENCE WAS SMALL. INFANTS BORN PREMATURELY ALSO HAD LOWER LINE-1 METHYLATION LEVELS IN CORD BLOOD COMPARED TO TERM INFANTS, AND THIS DIFFERENCE, THOUGH SMALL, WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT (P = 0.004). WE DID NOT FIND IMPORTANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MATERNAL PREPREGNANCY BMI OR GESTATIONAL WEIGHT GAIN AND GLOBAL METHYLATION OF THE CORD BLOOD OR FETAL PLACENTAL TISSUE. IN CONCLUSION, WE FOUND SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN CORD BLOOD LINE-1 METHYLATION AMONG NEWBORNS WITH LOW AND HIGH BIRTHWEIGHT AS WELL AS AMONG PREMATURELY BORN INFANTS. FUTURE STUDIES MAY ELUCIDATE WHETHER CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITIES OR OTHER FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE CHANGES CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASED RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH THESE CHARACTERISTICS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
10 1520  41 DNA METHYLATION AT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS OF IMPRINTED GENES IS RESISTANT TO DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING BY MATERNAL NUTRITION. THE NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE MAMMALIAN FETUS OR INFANT DEVELOP IS RECOGNIZED AS INFLUENCING THE RISK OF CHRONIC DISEASES, SUCH AS TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION, IN A PHENOMENON THAT HAS BECOME KNOWN AS DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING. THE LATE ONSET OF SUCH DISEASES IN RESPONSE TO EARLIER TRANSIENT EXPERIENCES HAS LED TO THE SUGGESTION THAT DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING MAY HAVE AN EPIGENETIC COMPONENT, BECAUSE EPIGENETIC MARKS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION OR HISTONE TAIL MODIFICATIONS COULD PROVIDE A PERSISTENT MEMORY OF EARLIER NUTRITIONAL STATES. ONE CLASS OF GENES THAT HAS BEEN CONSIDERED A POTENTIAL TARGET OR MEDIATOR OF PROGRAMMING EVENTS IS IMPRINTED GENES, BECAUSE THESE GENES CRITICALLY DEPEND UPON EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS FOR CORRECT EXPRESSION AND BECAUSE MANY IMPRINTED GENES HAVE ROLES IN CONTROLLING FETAL GROWTH AS WELL AS NEONATAL AND ADULT METABOLISM. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE USED AN ESTABLISHED MODEL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING-ISOCALORIC PROTEIN RESTRICTION TO FEMALE MICE DURING GESTATION OR LACTATION-TO EXAMINE WHETHER THERE ARE EFFECTS ON EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION OF IMPRINTED GENES IN THE OFFSPRING. WE FIND THAT ALTHOUGH EXPRESSION OF SOME IMPRINTED GENES IN LIVER OF OFFSPRING IS ROBUSTLY AND SUSTAINABLY CHANGED, METHYLATION OF THE DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) THAT CONTROL THEIR MONOALLELIC EXPRESSION REMAINS LARGELY UNALTERED. WE CONCLUDE THAT DEREGULATION OF IMPRINTING THROUGH A GENERAL EFFECT ON DMR METHYLATION IS UNLIKELY TO BE A COMMON FACTOR IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
11  496  55 ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF HIV INFECTION AND ANTI-RETROVIRAL TREATMENT ON THE CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH OF PREGNANT MOTHERS AND THEIR OFFSPRING (ARTMOMSBABES). BACKGROUND: THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVDS) IS BECOMING MORE PREVALENT IN PREGNANT WOMEN THOUGH NOT MUCH DATA IS AVAILABLE FOR PREGNANT WOMEN WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV). FOETOPLACENTAL VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IS THOUGHT TO BE AT THE ORIGIN OF CHRONIC DISEASES SUCH AS DIABETES AND OBESITY LATER ON IN LIFE. BECAUSE HIV AND ANTI-RETROVIRAL TREATMENT (ARTS) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, CHILDREN EXPOSED IN UTERO TO THESE CONDITIONS MAY BE AT GREATER RISK OF DEVELOPING CVDS. DESPITE THE HIGH PREVALENCE OF HIV IN PREGNANT SOUTH AFRICAN WOMEN, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF ART ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH OF THE MOTHER AND OFFSPRING. HENCE, THE PROPOSED STUDY INTENDS TO INVESTIGATE HOW HIV/ARTS MAY AFFECT THE CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH OF THE MOTHER AND OFFSPRING AT DIFFERENT TIME POINTS DURING THE PREGNANCY AND UP TO 2 YEARS AFTER BIRTH. METHODS: A LONGITUDINAL CASE-CONTROL STUDY IN HIV POSITIVE PREGNANT WOMEN ON ART AND HIV NEGATIVE PREGNANT WOMEN WILL BE CONDUCTED. ALL PREGNANT WOMEN WILL BE ASSESSED FOR CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK FACTORS AND MARKERS (LIPIDS, ANTHROPOMETRIC AND GLYCAEMIC INDIES, OXIDATIVE STRESS), HEMODYNAMIC STATUS (BLOOD PRESSURE PARAMETERS) AND VASCULAR FUNCTION (ARTERIAL COMPLIANCE, RETINAL MICROVASCULATURE, UTERINE ARTERY MEAN PULSATILITY INDEX). CHILD HEALTH WILL BE MONITORED IN UTERO AND POSTNATALLY VIA ROUTINE FOETAL HEALTH SCREENING, PLACENTAL INTEGRITY, ANTHROPOMETRY, BLOOD PRESSURE PARAMETERS, MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION IN CORD BLOOD AND CARDIOVASCULAR EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN URINE. DISCUSSION: THERE IS A PAUCITY OF STUDIES IN SOUTH AFRICA AND SUB-SAHARA AFRICA AS A WHOLE THAT UTILISED A LONGITUDINAL STUDY MODEL TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF ARTS ON VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CHANGES IN PREGNANT WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV AND THE CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH OF THEIR OFFSPRING. THIS STUDY WILL THEREFORE HELP TO MONITOR CHANGES IN CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK DURING PREGNANCY AND IN CHILDREN EXPOSED IN UTERO TO HIV-INFECTION AND ART USE. FINDINGS FROM THIS STUDY WILL PROVIDE USEFUL INFORMATION FOR DEVELOPING GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF ARTS IN PREGNANCY AND MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH OF THE OFFSPRING OF HIV POSITIVE MOTHERS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
12 1599  46 DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURE OF CHILDHOOD CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN T CELLS OF BOTH MEN AND WOMEN. BACKGROUND: HIGH FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IS THE CENTRAL FEATURE OF SEVERE CONDUCT DISORDER AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH A WIDE RANGE OF SOCIAL, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT DIFFERENTIAL DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES IN PERIPHERAL T CELLS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A CHRONIC AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY IN MALES. DESPITE THE FACT THAT SEX DIFFERENCES APPEAR TO PLAY A PIVOTAL ROLE IN DETERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT, MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF AGGRESSION, MOST OF PREVIOUS STUDIES FOCUSED ON MALES, SO LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT FEMALE CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION. WE THEREFORE TESTED HERE WHETHER OR NOT THERE IS A SIGNATURE OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN FEMALE DNA METHYLATION AND, IF THERE IS, HOW IT RELATES TO THE SIGNATURE OBSERVED IN MALES. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: METHYLATION PROFILES WERE CREATED USING THE METHOD OF METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) FOLLOWED BY MICROARRAY HYBRIDIZATION AND STATISTICAL AND BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSES ON T CELL DNA OBTAINED FROM ADULT WOMEN WHO WERE FOUND TO BE ON A CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY (CPA) BETWEEN 6 AND 12 YEARS OF AGE COMPARED TO WOMEN WHO FOLLOWED A NORMAL PHYSICAL AGGRESSION TRAJECTORY. WE CONFIRMED THE EXISTENCE OF A WELL-DEFINED, GENOME-WIDE SIGNATURE OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE PERIPHERAL T CELLS OF ADULT FEMALES THAT INCLUDES MANY OF THE GENES SIMILARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN THE SAME CELL TYPES OF ADULT MALES. CONCLUSIONS: THIS STUDY IN A SMALL NUMBER OF WOMEN PRESENTS PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR A GENOME-WIDE VARIATION IN PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT ASSOCIATES WITH CPA IN WOMEN THAT WARRANT LARGER STUDIES FOR FURTHER VERIFICATION. A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS WERE PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED IN MEN WITH CPA SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF EARLY LIFE AGGRESSION IN FEMALES IS COMPOSED OF A COMPONENT SPECIFIC TO FEMALES AND ANOTHER COMMON TO BOTH MALES AND FEMALES.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
13 5294  38 PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL METHYL DONOR SUPPLEMENTATION ON ADULT OFFSPRING OF HIGH FAT DIET-FED DAMS. OBESITY HAS BECOME A GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION AND CHRONIC DISORDERS. IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE RISK OF OBESITY AND THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF THE OFFSPRING CAN BE AFFECTED BY MATERNAL NUTRITION, SUCH AS HIGH-FAT DIET (HFD) CONSUMPTION. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER METABOLIC DYSREGULATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES IN OFFSPRING CAUSED BY MATERNAL HFD CAN BE ALLEVIATED BY THE TREATMENT OF METHYL DONORS DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION OF DAMS. FEMALE C57BL/6 MICE WERE ASSIGNED TO SPECIFIC GROUPS AND GIVEN DIFFERENT NUTRIENTS (CONTROL DIET, CONTROL+MET, HFD AND HFD+MET) THROUGHOUT GESTATION AND LACTATION. OFFSPRING OF EACH GROUP WERE WEANED ONTO A CONTROL DIET AT 3 WEEKS OF AGE. PHYSIOLOGICAL (WEIGHT GAIN AND ADIPOSE COMPOSITION) AND METABOLIC (PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES) OUTCOMES WERE ASSESSED IN MALE AND FEMALE ADULT OFFSPRING. EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF OBESOGENIC-RELATED GENES INCLUDING PPAR GAMMA, FATTY ACID SYNTHASE, LEPTIN AND ADIPONECTIN WERE ALSO DETECTED IN VISCERAL FAT OF OFFSPRING. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH METHYL DONORS CAN PREVENT THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL HFD ON OFFSPRING. CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION AND DNA METHYLATION OF OBESOGENIC-RELATED GENES INDICATED THAT EPIGENETIC REGULATION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL DIETARY FACTORS ON OFFSPRING OUTCOMES.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
14  249  36 ADVANCED AGING PHENOTYPE IS REVEALED BY EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN RAT LIVER AFTER IN UTERO MALNUTRITION. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES OF MOTHERS DURING FETAL PERIOD PREDISPOSE OFFSPRING TO A RANGE OF AGE-RELATED DISEASES EARLIER IN LIFE. HERE, WE SET TO DETERMINE WHETHER A DEREGULATED EPIGENETIC PATTERN IS SIMILAR IN YOUNG ANIMALS WHOSE MOTHERS' NUTRITION WAS MODULATED DURING FETAL GROWTH TO THAT ACQUIRED DURING NORMAL AGING IN ANIMALS. USING A RODENT MODEL OF MATERNAL UNDERNUTRITION (UN) OR OVERNUTRITION (ON), WE EXAMINED CYTOSINE METHYLATION PROFILES OF LIVER FROM YOUNG FEMALE OFFSPRING AND COMPARED THEM TO AGE-MATCHED YOUNG CONTROLS AND AGED (20-MONTH-OLD) ANIMALS. HELP-TAGGING, A GENOMEWIDE RESTRICTION ENZYME AND SEQUENCING ASSAY DEMONSTRATES THAT FETAL EXPOSURE TO TWO DIFFERENT MATERNAL DIETS IS ASSOCIATED WITH NONRANDOM DYSREGULATION OF METHYLATION LEVELS WITH PROFILES SIMILAR TO THOSE SEEN IN NORMAL AGING ANIMALS AND OCCUR IN REGIONS MAPPED TO GENES RELEVANT TO METABOLIC DISEASES AND AGING. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES WERE ASSESSED BY GENE EXPRESSION AT 9 WEEKS OLD WITH MORE SIGNIFICANT CHANGES AT 6 MONTHS OF AGE. EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURES TO UNFAVORABLE MATERNAL DIETS RESULT IN ALTERED METHYLATION PROFILES AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL DYSREGULATION IN PRKCB, PC, NCOR2, AND SMAD3 THAT IS ALSO SEEN WITH NORMAL AGING. THESE NOTCH PATHWAY AND LIPOGENESIS GENES MAY BE USEFUL FOR PREDICTION OF LATER SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC DISEASE.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
15 1014  32 CIGARETTE SMOKING AND DNA METHYLATION. DNA METHYLATION IS THE MOST STUDIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION, CAPABLE OF CONTROLLING GENE EXPRESSION IN THE CONTEXTS OF NORMAL TRAITS OR DISEASES. IT IS HIGHLY DYNAMIC DURING EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS AND REMAINS RELATIVELY STABLE THROUGHOUT LIFE, AND SUCH PATTERNS ARE INTRICATELY RELATED TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. DNA METHYLATION IS A QUANTITATIVE TRAIT DETERMINED BY A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. GENETIC VARIANTS AT A SPECIFIC LOCUS CAN INFLUENCE BOTH REGIONAL AND DISTANT DNA METHYLATION. THE ENVIRONMENT CAN HAVE VARYING EFFECTS ON DNA METHYLATION DEPENDING ON WHEN THE EXPOSURE OCCURS, SUCH AS DURING PRENATAL LIFE OR DURING ADULTHOOD. IN PARTICULAR, CIGARETTE SMOKING IN THE CONTEXT OF BOTH CURRENT SMOKING AND PRENATAL EXPOSURE IS A STRONG MODIFIER OF DNA METHYLATION. EPIGENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES HAVE UNCOVERED CANDIDATE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKING THAT HAVE BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT FUNCTIONS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF SMOKING-RELATED DISEASES. AS SUCH, DNA METHYLATION IS A POTENTIAL MECHANISTIC LINK BETWEEN CURRENT SMOKING AND CANCER, AS WELL AS PRENATAL CIGARETTE-SMOKE EXPOSURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT CHRONIC DISEASES.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
16 4767  40 NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ALTERATIONS IN NEWBORNS WITH PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO CIGARETTE SMOKE. NEWBORNS EXPOSED TO MATERNAL CIGARETTE SMOKE (CS) IN UTERO HAVE AN INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES, CANCER, AND ACQUIRING DECREASED COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN ADULTHOOD. ALTHOUGH THE LITERATURE REPORTS MANY DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL CIGARETTE SMOKING ON THE FETUS, THE MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION ARE NOT YET CLEAR. SMOKING MAY ACT DIRECTLY ON NUCLEAR DNA BY INDUCING MUTATIONS OR EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS. RECENT STUDIES ALSO INDICATE THAT SMOKING MAY ACT ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA BY INDUCING A CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF COPIES TO MAKE UP FOR THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY SMOKING ON THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN AND LACK OF ENERGY. IN ADDITION, INDIVIDUAL GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING DURING DEVELOPMENT. FURTHERMORE, PRIOR EXPOSURE OF PATERNAL AND MATERNAL GAMETES TO CIGARETTE SMOKE MAY AFFECT THE HEALTH OF THE DEVELOPING INDIVIDUAL, NOT ONLY THE IN UTERO EXPOSURE. THIS REVIEW EXAMINES THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKE EXPOSURE DURING THE MOST SENSITIVE PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT (PRIOR TO CONCEPTION, PRENATAL AND EARLY POSTNATAL) AND ASSESSES HOW SUCH CHANGES MAY HAVE CONSEQUENCES FOR BOTH FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
17 3915  41 LINE-1 IN OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES, BY ACTIVATING OR SILENCING THE RELATED-GENES. SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE HAS SUGGESTED THAT LINE-1 METHYLATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH BODY COMPOSITION AND OBESITY-RELATED DISEASES, INCLUDING INSULIN RESISTANCE, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD). IT ALSO HAS BEEN EVALUATED AS PREDICTOR OF WEIGHT LOSS. THE STUDIES' RESULTS ARE STILL CONFLICTING, AND POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASSOCIATIONS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO LINE-1 METHYLATION REGARDING ADIPOSITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC MARKERS. OVERALL, THIS REVIEW PRESENTS OBSERVATIONAL (CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL) STUDIES AND INTERVENTIONS (DIET, EXERCISES, AND BARIATRIC SURGERY) THAT EVALUATED THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE LINE-1 METHYLATION WITH OBESITY, WEIGHT LOSS, DYSLIPIDEMIAS, HYPERTENSION, INSULIN RESISTANCE, CVD, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME. TEACHING POINTS EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ETIOLOGY OF OBESITY AND CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES. MANY STUDIES HAVE RELATED METHYLATION OF LINE-1 WITH CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASES; HOWEVER, THE RESULTS ARE STILL CONTROVERSIAL. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES AND THE METHYLATION OF LINE-1 IS NOT FULLY ELUCIDATED. WITH ADVANCES IN EPIGENETIC STUDIES, RELATED MECHANISMS MAY BE EARLY BIOMARKERS IN WEIGHT CHANGE AND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
18 4496  44 MORE THAN GENES: THE ADVANCED FETAL PROGRAMMING HYPOTHESIS. MANY LINES OF DATA, INITIAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AS WELL AS SUBSEQUENT EXTENSIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, INDICATE THAT EARLY-LIFE EVENTS PLAY A POWERFUL ROLE IN INFLUENCING LATER SUCEPTIBILITY TO CERTAIN CHRONIC DISEASES. SUCH EVENTS MIGHT BE OVER- OR UNDERNUTRITION, EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS, BUT ALSO CHANGES IN HORMONES, IN PARTICULAR STRESS HORMONES. TYPICALLY, THOSE EVENTS ARE TRIGGERED BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF THE MOTHER. HOWEVER, RECENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PATERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL OR NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AFFECT THE PHENOTYPE OF THE OFFSPRING AS WELL. THE MATERNAL AND PATERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ACT ON THE PHENOTYPE OF THE OFFSPRING VIA EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OF ITS GENOME. THE ADVANCED FETAL PROGRAMMING HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES AN ADDITIONAL NON-ENVIRONMENTALLY DRIVEN MECHANISM: MATERNAL AND ALSO PATERNAL GENES MAY INFLUENCE THE MATURATING SPERM, THE OOCYTE, AND LATER THE EMBRYO/FETUS, LEADING TO THEIR EPIGENETIC ALTERATION. THUS, THE OBSERVED PHENOTYPE OF THE OFFSPRING MAY BE ALTERED BY MATERNAL/PATERNAL GENES INDEPENDENT OF THE FETAL GENOME. MEANWHILE, SEVERAL INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN HUMANS DEALING WITH METABOLIC AND NEUROLOGICAL TRAITS ALSO SUGGEST THAT MATERNAL GENES MIGHT AFFECT THE OFFSPRING PHENOTYPE INDEPENDENT OF THE TRANSMISSION OF THAT PARTICULAR GENE TO THE OFFSPRING. CONSIDERING THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS HYPOTHESIS, SOME CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM TRANSGENIC OR KNOCKOUT ANIMAL MODELS AND BASED ON THE CAUSALITY BETWEEN A GENETIC ALTERATION AND A PHENOTYPE, NEED TO BE CHALLENGED. POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPY OF HUMAN GENETIC DISEASES HAVE TO BE INVESTIGATED.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19 6065  52 THE DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF CHRONIC PHYSICAL AGGRESSION: BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS TRIGGERED BY EARLY LIFE ADVERSITY. LONGITUDINAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH BIRTH COHORTS HAVE SHOWN THAT PHYSICAL AGGRESSION IN HUMANS DOES NOT APPEAR SUDDENLY IN ADOLESCENCE AS COMMONLY THOUGHT. IN FACT, PHYSICALLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IS OBSERVED AS EARLY AS 12 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH, ITS FREQUENCY PEAKS AROUND 2-4 YEARS OF AGE AND DECREASES IN FREQUENCY UNTIL EARLY ADULTHOOD. HOWEVER, A MINORITY OF CHILDREN (3-7%) MAINTAIN A HIGH FREQUENCY OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADOLESCENCE AND DEVELOP SERIOUS SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS DURING ADULTHOOD. GENETIC FACTORS AND EARLY SOCIAL EXPERIENCES, AS WELL AS THEIR INTERACTION, HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR. HOWEVER, THE BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THESE ASSOCIATIONS ARE JUST BEGINNING TO BE UNCOVERED. RECENT EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ARE RESPONSIVE TO ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTS AND COULD BE INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC AGGRESSION. USING BOTH GENE CANDIDATE AND GENOMIC APPROACHES, RECENT STUDIES HAVE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC MARKS, SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN GENES INVOLVED IN THE STRESS RESPONSE AND THE SEROTONIN AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS TO BE PARTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF EARLY ADVERSITY. FURTHER LONGITUDINAL STUDIES WITH BIOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL ASSESSMENTS FROM BIRTH ONWARDS ARE NEEDED TO ELUCIDATE THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT LEADS TO THESE LONG-LASTING EPIGENETIC MARKS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY ADVERSITY AND AGGRESSION.	2015	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
20 1578  47 DNA METHYLATION PROFILE OF A RURAL COHORT EXPOSED TO EARLY-ADVERSITY AND MALNUTRITION: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS. BARKER'S HYPOTHESIS AFFIRMS THAT UNDERNOURISHMENT IN EARLY-LIFE INDUCES METABOLIC REPROGRAMMING THAT COMPROMISES ORGANISM FUNCTIONS LATER IN LIFE, LEADING TO AGE-RELATED DISEASES. WE ARE EXPOSED TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS THAT IMPACT OUR LIFE TRAJECTORIES, LEADING TO AGEING PHENOTYPES AS WE GROW. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS CONSTITUTE THE LINK BETWEEN BOTH EXTERNAL STIMULI AND GENETIC PROGRAMMING. STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON DESCRIBING THE EFFECT OF EARLY ADVERSE EVENTS SUCH AS TRAUMA, FAMINES, OR CHILDHOOD LABOR ON EPIGENETIC MARKERS IN ADULTHOOD AND THE ELDERLY. HOWEVER, WE LACK INFORMATION ON EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING IN INDIVIDUALS BORN IN RURAL COMMUNITIES FROM UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES, EXPOSED TO NEGATIVE INFLUENCES DURING FETAL AND POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT, PARTICULARLY CHRONIC MALNUTRITION. HENCE, IN THIS EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS, WE CHARACTERIZE THE EPIGENOME OF INDIVIDUALS AND SOME PARENTS FROM TLALTIZAPAN (A RURAL COMMUNITY IN MEXICO ORIGINALLY STUDIED ALMOST 50 YEARS AGO) AND COLLECT ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL ON THE LIVING CONDITIONS OF THE FAMILIES. OUR RESULTS HELP BUILD A BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESIS INDICATING THAT MOST OF THE EPIGENETIC AGE MEASURES OF THE SUBJECTS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT AMONG THEM. INTERESTINGLY, THE MOST AFFECTED METHYLATED REGIONS CORRESPOND TO PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN NEURONAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR, LEARNING AND MEMORY REGULATION.	2022