1 4009 131 LOW LEVELS OF CD INDUCE PERSISTING EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND ACCLIMATION MECHANISMS IN THE EARTHWORM LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS. TOXIC EFFECTS OF CADMIUM (CD), A COMMON SOIL POLLUTANT, ARE STILL NOT VERY WELL UNDERSTOOD, PARTICULARLY IN REGARD TO ITS EPIGENETIC IMPACT. THEREFORE, THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASSESS DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND THEIR PERSISTENCE IN THE EARTHWORM LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS UPON CHRONIC LOW DOSE CD EXPOSURE USING METHYLATION SENSITIVE AMPLIFICATION POLYMORPHISM (MSAP). MOREOVER, THE BIOMARKER RESPONSE AND FITNESS OF THE EARTHWORMS, AS WELL AS THE EXPRESSION OF DETOXIFICATION-RELATED GENES (METALLOTHIONEIN (MT) AND PHYTOCHELATIN SYNTHASE (PCS)) WAS EVALUATED. LOW LEVELS OF CD CAUSED AN INCREASE IN GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION, WHICH REMAINED PARTLY MODIFIED, EVEN AFTER SEVERAL MONTHS OF RECOVERY IN UNPOLLUTED SOIL. INCREASED CELLULAR STRESS SEEMED TO DECREASE AFTER TWO WEEKS OF EXPOSURE WHEREAS FITNESS PARAMETERS REMAINED UNAFFECTED BY CD, PROBABLY AS A RESULT FROM THE ACTIVATION OF DETOXIFICATION MECHANISMS LIKE THE EXPRESSION OF MTS. INTERESTINGLY, EVEN THOUGH THE LEVEL OF CD EXPOSURE WAS VERY LOW, MT EXPRESSION LEVELS INDICATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCLIMATION MECHANISMS. TAKEN TOGETHER, THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT ACCLIMATION, AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS CAN OCCUR ALREADY IN MODERATELY POLLUTED ENVIRONMENTS. IN ADDITION, THESE EFFECTS CAN HAVE LONG-LASTING IMPACTS ON KEY SPECIES OF SOIL INVERTEBRATES AND MIGHT PERSIST LONG AFTER THE ACTUAL HEAVY METAL CHALLENGE HAS PASSED.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
2  904  39 CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM INDUCES DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION IN MICE SPERMATOZOA. CADMIUM EXPOSURE IS UBIQUITOUS AND HAS BEEN LINKED TO DISEASES INCLUDING CANCERS AND REPRODUCTIVE DEFECTS. SINCE CADMIUM IS NONMUTAGENIC, IT IS THOUGHT TO EXERT ITS GENE DYSREGULATORY EFFECTS THROUGH EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE IMPLICATED GERMLINE EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM IN DEVELOPMENTAL REPROGRAMMING. HOWEVER, MOST OF THESE STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON MATERNAL EXPOSURE, WHILE THE IMPACT ON SPERM FERTILITY AND DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY HAS RECEIVED LESS ATTENTION. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED REDUCED REPRESENTATION BISULFITE SEQUENCING TO COMPREHENSIVELY INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE ON MOUSE SPERMATOZOA DNA METHYLATION. ADULT MALE C57BL/J6 MICE WERE PROVIDED WATER WITH OR WITHOUT CADMIUM CHLORIDE FOR 9 WEEKS. SPERM, TESTES, LIVER, AND KIDNEY TISSUES WERE COLLECTED AT THE END OF THE TREATMENT PERIOD. CADMIUM EXPOSURE WAS CONFIRMED THROUGH GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF METALLOTHIONEIN-1 AND 2, 2 WELL-KNOWN CADMIUM-INDUCED GENES. ANALYSIS OF SPERM DNA METHYLATION CHANGES REVEALED 1788 DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED SITES PRESENT AT REGULATORY REGIONS IN SPERM OF MICE EXPOSED TO CADMIUM COMPARED WITH VEHICLE (CONTROL) MICE. FURTHERMORE, MOST OF THESE DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION CHANGES POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AT BOTH THE TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION STAGE AS WELL AS THE SPLICING LEVELS. INTERESTINGLY, THE GENES TARGETED BY CADMIUM EXPOSURE ARE INVOLVED IN SEVERAL CRITICAL DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES. OUR RESULTS PRESENT A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SPERM METHYLOME IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC CADMIUM EXPOSURE. THESE DATA, THEREFORE, HIGHLIGHT A FOUNDATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO STUDY GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS THAT MAY AFFECT FERTILITY IN THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUAL AS WELL AS THEIR OFFSPRING, THROUGH PATERNAL INHERITANCE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
3 3042  36 GENOME-WIDE ALTERATION OF HISTONE METHYLATION PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN MICE. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A XENOBIOTIC ENTERING THE BODY PRIMARILY THROUGH CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER AND FOOD. THERE ARE DEFINED MECHANISMS THAT DESCRIBE ARSENIC'S ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED CANCER INCIDENCE, HOWEVER MECHANISMS EXPLAINING ARSENIC EXPOSURE AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OR AGING DISORDERS ARE POORLY DEFINED. IN RECENT YEARS, ARSENIC EFFECTS ON EPIGENOME HAVE BECOME A PARTICULAR FOCUS. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT HUMAN RELEVANT ARSENIC EXPOSURE DURING PARTICULAR DEVELOPMENTAL WINDOWS, OR LONG-TERM EXPOSURE LATER IN LIFE INDUCE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL NEURAL CHANGES THROUGH EPIGENOMIC ALTERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR HISTONE METHYLATION PROFILE, MANIFESTING AS COGNITIVE DECLINE. C57BL/6 WILD-TYPE MICE WERE CONTINUALLY EXPOSED TO SODIUM ARSENITE (100 MICROG/L) IN DRINKING WATER PRIOR TO MATING THROUGH WEANING OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGENY. A SECOND COHORT OF AGED APP/PS MICE WERE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO THE SAME LEVEL OF ARSENIC. COGNITIVE TESTING, HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF BRAINS AND GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION LEVELS OF H3K4ME3 AND H3K27ME3 EXAMINED AFTER CHIP-SEQ WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE. DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE CAUSED SIGNIFICANTLY DIMINISHED COGNITION IN WILD-TYPE MICE. THE ANALYSIS OF CHIP-SEQ DATA AND EXPERIMENTS WITH MOUSE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS DEMONSTRATED THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES INDUCED BY ARSENIC EXPOSURE TRANSLATED INTO GENE EXPRESSION ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE. INCREASED HIPPOCAMPAL AMYLOID PLAQUES LEVELS OF APP/PS MICE AND COGNITIVE DECLINE PROVIDED EVIDENCE THAT ARSENIC EXPOSURE AGGRAVATED AN EXISTING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE PHENOTYPE. WE SHOW DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE SIGNIFICANTLY IMPACTS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN BRAIN WHICH REMAIN PRESENT INTO ADULTHOOD AND PROVIDE A POTENTIAL MECHANISM BY WHICH DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE INFLUENCES COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS. WE ALSO SHOW THAT HUMAN RELEVANT, CHRONIC ARSENIC EXPOSURE HAS DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ON ADULT APP/PS MICE AND EXACERBATES EXISTING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE-LIKE SYMPTOMS. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE HOW DEVELOPMENTAL ARSENIC EXPOSURE IMPACTS THE BRAIN EPIGENOME, LEADING TO ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION LATER IN LIFE.	2022	
                                                                             
4 1885  38 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS IN SOIL: EFFECTS OF BISPHENOL A ON GENE EXPRESSION OF THE EARTHWORM EISENIA FETIDA. XENOBIOTICS SUCH AS BISPHENOL A (BPA), ARE PRESENT IN BIOSOLIDS, WHICH ARE APPLIED AS ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN AGRICULTURAL FIELDS. THEIR EFFECTS ON SOIL LIFE HAVE BEEN POORLY ASSESSED, AND THIS IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN THE CASE OF EARTHWORMS, WHICH REPRESENT THE MAIN ANIMAL BIOMASS IN THIS MEDIUM. IN THE PRESENT WORK WE STUDY THE IMPACTS OF BPA ON GENE EXPRESSION OF EISENIA FETIDA, A WIDELY USED ECOTOXICOLOGICAL MODEL. CHRONIC SOIL TESTS AND ACUTE CONTACT TESTS WERE PERFORMED, AND GENE EXPRESSION WAS ANALYZED IN TOTAL TISSUE AND IN MASCULINE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF THE EARTHWORMS. THE GENES STUDIED IN THIS RESEARCH PLAYED A ROLE IN ENDOCRINE PATHWAYS, DETOXIFICATION MECHANISMS, STRESS RESPONSE, EPIGENETICS, AND GENOTOXICITY. MOST OF THE GENES WERE IDENTIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME, PROVIDING POTENTIALLY USEFUL BIOMARKERS FOR FUTURE ASSESSMENTS. FOR CHRONIC EXPOSURES, NO CHANGES WERE DETECTED IN WHOLE-BODY TISSUE; HOWEVER, MASCULINE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS SHOWED CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES RELATED TO ENDOCRINE FUNCTION (ECR, MAPR, ADIPOR), EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS (DNMTS), GENOTOXICITY (PARP1), AND STRESS RESPONSES (HSC70 4). FOR ACUTE EXPOSURES, THE EXPRESSION OF ONE EPIGENETIC-RELATED GENE WAS ALTERED FOR BOTH WHOLE-BODY TISSUES AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS (PIWI2). FURTHER CHANGES WERE DETECTED FOR WHOLE-BODY TISSUES INVOLVED IN DETOXIFICATION (METALLOTHIONEIN), STRESS (HSC70 4), AND GENOTOXICITY (PARP1) MECHANISMS. ACUTE EXPOSURE EFFECTS WERE ALSO TESTED IN WHOLE-BODY TISSUES OF JUVENILES, SHOWING CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF METALLOTHIONEIN AND PIWI2. THE MOLECULAR CHANGES FOUND IN THE ANALYZED EARTHWORMS INDICATE THAT EXPOSURE TO BPA MAY HAVE NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS IN THEIR POPULATIONS. PARTICULARLY INTERESTING ARE THE ALTERATIONS RELATED TO EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, WHICH SUGGEST THAT FUTURE GENERATIONS MAY BE IMPACTED. THIS STUDY IS THE FIRST TO EVALUATE THE MOLECULAR EFFECTS OF BPA ON SOIL ORGANISMS, AND FURTHER ASSAYS WILL BE NECESSARY TO BETTER CHARACTERIZE THE TRUE ENVIRONMENTAL REPERCUSSIONS. CAPSULE: LEVELS OF GENE EXPRESSION IN TOTAL-BODY TISSUES AND MASCULINE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS WERE ANALYZED IN EARTHWORMS AFTER EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOL A AND WE OBSERVED ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN DETOXIFICATION, ENDOCRINE, EPIGENETIC, GENOTOXIC AND STRESS PATHWAYS.	2018	

5 1817  32 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC METAL EXPOSURE ON WILD FISH POPULATIONS REVEALED BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT CDNA SEQUENCING. GIVEN THE INHERENT VARIABILITY OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS, PREDICTING THE IN SITU EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS ON SUCH ECOSYSTEMS STILL REPRESENTS A MAJOR CHALLENGE FOR ECOTOXICOLOGY. IN THIS CONTEXT, TRANSCRIPTOMIC TOOLS CAN HELP IDENTIFY AND INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY BEYOND THE TRADITIONAL MORPHOMETRIC, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND POPULATION-LEVEL ENDPOINTS. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED THE 454 SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY TO EXAMINE THE IN SITU EFFECTS OF CHRONIC METAL (CD, CU) EXPOSURE ON THE YELLOW PERCH (PERCA FLAVESCENS) TRANSCRIPTOME. TOTAL HEPATIC MRNA FROM FISH SAMPLED ALONG A POLYMETALLIC GRADIENT WAS EXTRACTED, REVERSE TRANSCRIBED, LABELED WITH UNIQUE BARCODE SEQUENCES AND SEQUENCED. THIS APPROACH ALLOWED US TO IDENTIFY CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVEL OF SINGLE GENES AND THE HEPATIC CONCENTRATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL METALS; 71% OF THE CORRELATIONS ESTABLISHED WERE NEGATIVE. CHRONIC METAL EXPOSURE WAS THUS ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASE IN THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF NUMEROUS GENES INVOLVED IN PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS, IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, AND IN LIPID AND ENERGY METABOLISM. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THIS MARKED DECREASE COULD RESULT FROM AN IMPAIRMENT OF BILE ACID METABOLISM BY CD AND ENERGY RESTRICTION BUT ALSO FROM THE RECRUITMENT OF SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONES AND DNA THAT LEAD TO GENE SILENCING.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6 1655  26 DOSE-DEPENDENCE, SEX- AND TISSUE-SPECIFICITY, AND PERSISTENCE OF RADIATION-INDUCED GENOMIC DNA METHYLATION CHANGES. RADIATION IS A WELL-KNOWN GENOTOXIC AGENT AND HUMAN CARCINOGEN THAT GIVES RISE TO A VARIETY OF LONG-TERM EFFECTS. ITS DETRIMENTAL INFLUENCE ON CELLULAR FUNCTION IS ACTIVELY STUDIED NOWADAYS. ONE OF THE MOST ANALYZED, YET LEAST UNDERSTOOD LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION IS TRANSGENERATIONAL GENOMIC INSTABILITY. THE INHERITANCE OF GENOMIC INSTABILITY SUGGESTS THE POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS, SUCH AS CHANGES OF THE METHYLATION OF CYTOSINE RESIDUES LOCATED WITHIN CPG DINUCLEOTIDES. IN THE CURRENT STUDY WE EVALUATED THE DOSE-DEPENDENCE OF THE RADIATION-INDUCED GLOBAL GENOME DNA METHYLATION CHANGES. WE ALSO ANALYZED THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC HIGH DOSE (5GY) EXPOSURE ON DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER, SPLEEN, AND LUNG TISSUES OF MALE AND FEMALE MICE AND EVALUATED THE POSSIBLE PERSISTENCE OF THE RADIATION-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES. HERE WE REPORT THAT RADIATION-INDUCED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES WERE SEX- AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC, DOSE-DEPENDENT, AND PERSISTENT. IN PARALLEL WE HAVE STUDIED THE LEVELS OF DNA DAMAGE IN THE EXPOSED TISSUES. BASED ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION AND DNA DAMAGE WE PROPOSE THAT RADIATION-INDUCED GLOBAL GENOME DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IS DNA REPAIR-RELATED.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
7 4093  31 MATERNAL SEPARATION FOLLOWED BY CHRONIC MILD STRESS IN ADULTHOOD IS ASSOCIATED WITH CONCERTED EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF AP-1 COMPLEX GENES. DEPRESSION IS ONE OF THE MOST PREVALENT MENTAL DISEASES WORLDWIDE. PATIENTS WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES OFTEN HAVE A HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD NEGLECT, INDICATING THAT EARLY-LIFE EXPERIENCES PREDISPOSE TO PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES IN ADULTHOOD. TWO STRONG MODELS WERE USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY: THE MATERNAL SEPARATION/EARLY DEPRIVATION MODEL (MS) AND THE CHRONIC MILD STRESS MODEL (CMS). IN BOTH MODELS, WE FOUND CHANGES IN THE EXPRESSION OF A NUMBER OF GENES SUCH AS CREB AND NPY. STRIKINGLY, THERE WAS A CLEAR REGULATION OF EXPRESSION OF FOUR GENES INVOLVED IN THE AP-1 COMPLEX: C-FOS, C-JUN, FOSB, AND JUN-B. INTERESTINGLY, DIFFERENT EXPRESSION LEVELS WERE OBSERVED DEPENDING ON THE MODEL, WHEREAS THE COMBINATION OF THE MODELS RESULTED IN A NORMAL LEVEL OF GENE EXPRESSION. THE EFFECTS OF MS AND CMS ON GENE EXPRESSION WERE ASSOCIATED WITH DISTINCT HISTONE METHYLATION/ACETYLATION PATTERNS OF ALL FOUR GENES. THE EPIGENETIC CHANGES, LIKE GENE EXPRESSION, WERE ALSO DEPENDENT ON THE SPECIFIC STRESSOR OR THEIR COMBINATION. THE OBTAINED RESULTS SUGGEST THAT SINGLE LIFE EVENTS LEAVE A MARK ON GENE EXPRESSION AND THE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE OF GENE PROMOTERS, BUT A COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT STRESSORS AT DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES CAN FURTHER CHANGE GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH EPIGENETIC FACTORS, POSSIBLY CAUSING THE LONG-LASTING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF STRESS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
8 4528  31 MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON THE LIFESPAN AND FERTILITY OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. ALTHOUGH THE DAMAGE AND TOLERANCE MECHANISMS OF CD STRESS ARE KNOWN, THE DATA ON GENETIC RISK ARE LIMITED. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASSESS THE CHRONIC TOXICITY OF CD, GENETIC RESPONSES, AND MULTIGENERATIONAL EFFECTS IN FIVE GENERATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. FOR EACH GENERATION, LIFESPAN AND FERTILITY WERE STATISTICALLY ANALYSED AND THE EXPRESSION OF APOPTOSIS- (P53 AND CASPASE-3) AND EPIGENESIS-RELATED (DDNMT2 AND DMBD2/3) GENES WAS EXAMINED. LIFESPAN AND FERTILITY SIGNIFICANTLY DECLINED UNDER CD STRESS AND THESE EFFECTS WERE MAINTAINED FOR TWO GENERATIONS AND ONE GENERATION, RESPECTIVELY, WHEN CD STRESS WAS REMOVED. THE EXPRESSION OF P53 AND CASPASE-3 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY UP-REGULATED AFTER EXPOSURE, SUGGESTING THAT APOPTOSIS CONTRIBUTES TO THE RESISTANCE MECHANISM. THEIR ALTERED EXPRESSION WAS RETAINED FOR TWO GENERATIONS. FURTHERMORE, HIGH EXPRESSION OF DDNMT2 AND DMBD2/3 ACCOMPANIED CD EXPOSURE, WHICH WAS PASSED ON TO THREE GENERATIONS, SUGGESTING THAT GENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN APOPTOSIS-RELATED GENES ARE CARRIED TO THE OFFSPRING THROUGH EPIGENETIC REGULATION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
9 5645  31 SEX DEPENDENT ALTERATION OF EPIGENETIC MARKS AFTER CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT IN MICE ORGANS. EPIGENETIC MARKS MAY BE ALSO AFFECTED BY SEVERAL FACTORS, SUCH AS AGE, LIFESTYLE, EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCES AND EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS OR DRUGS, SUCH AS OPIOIDS. PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE FOCUSED ON HOW MORPHINE EPIGENETICALLY REGULATES DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE IMPLICATED IN TOLERANCE, DEPENDENCE AND OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS MORE RELATED TO THE PHYSIO-PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS. NEVERTHELESS, A SIGNIFICANT KNOWLEDGE GAP REMAINS REGARDING THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC TREATMENT ON OTHER ORGANS AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. THEREFORE, THE AIM OF THIS WORK IS TO INCREASE OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC MORPHINE EXPOSURE ON DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION LEVELS IN EACH OF THE ORGANS OF MALE AND FEMALE MODEL MICE IN VIVO. OUR RESULTS REVEAL, FOR THE FIRST TIME, THAT CHRONIC MORPHINE TREATMENT INDUCED CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION/HYDROXYMETHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION IN-VIVO AT THE SYSTEMIC LEVEL, REVEALING A POTENTIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT ON THE REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION. NOTABLY, MORPHINE-INDUCED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION OCCURS IN A SEX-DEPENDENT MANNER, REVEALING THE EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION IN MALE AND FEMALE MICE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
10  712  32 CADMIUM AND ITS EPIGENETIC EFFECTS. CADMIUM (CD) IS A TOXIC, NONESSENTIAL TRANSITION METAL AND CONTRIBUTES A HEALTH RISK TO HUMANS, INCLUDING VARIOUS CANCERS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HOWEVER, UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN. CELLS TRANSMIT INFORMATION TO THE NEXT GENERATION VIA TWO DISTINCT WAYS: GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC. CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS TO DNA OR HISTONE THAT ALTERS THE STRUCTURE OF CHROMATIN WITHOUT CHANGE OF DNA NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE ARE KNOWN AS EPIGENETICS. THESE HERITABLE EPIGENETIC CHANGES INCLUDE DNA METHYLATION, POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF HISTONE TAILS (ACETYLATION, METHYLATION, PHOSPHORYLATION, ETC), AND HIGHER ORDER PACKAGING OF DNA AROUND NUCLEOSOMES. APART FROM DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES, HISTONE MODIFICATION ENZYMES SUCH AS HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AND METHYLTRANSFERASE, AND MICRORNAS (MIRNAS) ALL INVOLVE IN THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES. RECENT STUDIES INDICATE THAT CD IS ABLE TO INDUCE VARIOUS EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN PLANT AND MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO. SINCE ABERRANT EPIGENETICS PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VARIOUS CANCERS AND CHRONIC DISEASES, CD MAY CAUSE THE ABOVE-MENTIONED PATHOGENIC RISKS VIA EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. HERE WE REVIEW THE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVIDENCE OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CD. THE AVAILABLE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT EPIGENETICS OCCURRED IN ASSOCIATION WITH CD INDUCTION OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF CELLS AND PATHOLOGICAL PROLIFERATION OF TISSUES, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC EFFECTS MAY PLAY A ROLE IN CD TOXIC, PARTICULARLY CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS. THE FUTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENOMIC RESEARCH ON CD SHOULD INCLUDE THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN DETERMINING LONG-TERM AND LATE-ONSET HEALTH EFFECTS FOLLOWING CD EXPOSURE.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
11 2119  31 EPIGENETIC HISTONE MODIFICATION REGULATES DEVELOPMENTAL LEAD EXPOSURE INDUCED HYPERACTIVITY IN RATS. LEAD (PB) EXPOSURE WAS COMMONLY CONSIDERED AS A HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD). HOWEVER, THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF THIS PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS STILL REMAINS ELUSIVE. IN LIGHT OF THE ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN MODULATING THE NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE AND THE CAUSATIVE ENVIRONMENT, THE ALTERATIONS OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS EXPOSED BY VARIOUS DOSES OF LEAD, ALONG WITH CONCOMITANT BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS, WERE INVESTIGATED IN THIS STUDY. ACCORDING TO THE FREE AND FORCED OPEN FIELD TEST, THERE SHOWED THAT IN A DOSAGE-DEPENDENT MANNER, LEAD EXPOSURE COULD RESULT IN THE INCREASED LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY OF RATS, THAT IS, HYPERACTIVITY: A SUBTYPE OF ADHD. WESTERN BLOTTING ASSAYS REVEALED THAT THE LEVELS OF HISTONE ACETYLATION INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS BY CHRONIC LEAD EXPOSURE, WHILE NO DRAMATIC CHANGES WERE DETECTED IN TERMS OF EXPRESSION YIELDS OF ADHD-RELATED DOPAMINERGIC PROTEINS, INDICATING THAT HISTONE ACETYLATION PLAYS ESSENTIAL ROLES IN THIS TOXICANT-INVOLVED PATHOGENESIS. IN ADDITION, THE INCREASED LEVEL OF HISTONE ACETYLATION MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF P300, A TYPICAL HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, AS THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL OF P300 WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED UPON HIGHER-DOSE PB EXPOSURE. IN SUMMARY, THIS STUDY FIRST DISCOVERED THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM BRIDGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE (PB) AND THE DISEASE ITSELF (ADHD) IN THE HISTONE MODIFICATION LEVEL, PAVING THE WAY FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF ADHD'S ETIOLOGY AND IN FURTHER STEPS, ESTABLISHING THE THERAPY STRATEGY OF THIS WIDESPREAD NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 1503  26 DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO OR IN VIVO. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA INDICATE THAT CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO HAVE A GREATER RELATIVE RISK OF LOW BIRTH-WEIGHT, MAJOR AND MINOR BIRTH DEFECTS, AND RARE DISORDERS INVOLVING IMPRINTED GENES, SUGGESTING THAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. WE EXAMINED DNA METHYLATION AT MORE THAN 700 GENES (1536 CPG SITES) IN PLACENTA AND CORD BLOOD AND MEASURED GENE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF A SUBSET OF GENES THAT DIFFERED IN METHYLATION LEVELS BETWEEN CHILDREN CONCEIVED IN VITRO VERSUS IN VIVO. OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN PLACENTA AND HIGHER MEAN METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN CORD BLOOD. WE ALSO FIND THAT IN VITRO CONCEPTION-ASSOCIATED DNA METHYLATION DIFFERENCES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH GENE EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES AT BOTH IMPRINTED AND NON-IMPRINTED GENES. THE RANGE OF INTER-INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN GENE EXPRESSION OF THE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO GROUPS OVERLAPS SUBSTANTIALLY BUT SOME INDIVIDUALS FROM THE IN VITRO GROUP DIFFER FROM THE IN VIVO GROUP MEAN BY MORE THAN TWO STANDARD DEVIATIONS. SEVERAL OF THE GENES WHOSE EXPRESSION DIFFERS BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN CHRONIC METABOLIC DISORDERS, SUCH AS OBESITY AND TYPE II DIABETES. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THERE MAY BE EPIGENETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE GAMETES OR EARLY EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM COUPLES UNDERGOING TREATMENT FOR INFERTILITY. ALTERNATIVELY, ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY MAY HAVE AN EFFECT ON GLOBAL PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN EITHER CASE, THESE DIFFERENCES OR CHANGES MAY AFFECT LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
13 1511  41 DNA METHYLATION AND POTENTIAL MULTIGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC EFFECTS LINKED TO URANIUM CHRONIC LOW-DOSE EXPOSURE IN GONADS OF MALES AND FEMALES RATS. INTRODUCTION: AN INCREASED HEALTH PROBLEM IN INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES IS THE CONTEMPORARY CONCERN OF PUBLIC AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY AS WELL. THIS HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED IN PART TO ACCUMULATED ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ESPECIALLY RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS WORLDWIDE. HOWEVER, THE OUTCOME OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF A RADIONUCLIDE SUCH AS URANIUM REMAINS UNKNOWN. RECENTLY, A PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE PERCEPTION OF RISK OF RADIOTOXICOLOGY HAS EMERGED THROUGH INVESTIGATING THE POSSIBILITY OF TRANSMISSION OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OVER GENERATIONS, IN PARTICULAR BY EPIGENETIC PATHWAYS. THESE PROCESSES ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR CRUCIAL ROLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL DISEASES. OBJECTIVE: THE CURRENT WORK INVESTIGATES THE EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM AND ITS INHERITANCE ACROSS GENERATIONS. MATERIALS AND METHODS TO TEST THIS PROPOSITION, A RODENT MULTIGENERATIONAL MODEL, MALES AND FEMALES, WERE EXPOSED TO A NON-TOXIC CONCENTRATION OF URANIUM (40MGL(-1) DRINKING WATER) FOR NINE MONTHS. THE URANIUM EFFECTS ON WERE EVALUATED OVER THREE GENERATIONS (F0, F1 AND F2) BY ANALYSING THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AND DNMT GENES EXPRESSION IN OVARIES AND TESTES TISSUES. RESULTS: HERE WE REPORT A SIGNIFICANT HYPERMETHYLATION OF TESTES DNA (P <0.005) WHEREAS OVARIES SHOWED HYPOMETHYLATED DNA (P <0.005). INTERESTINGLY, THIS DNA METHYLATION PROFILE WAS SIGNIFICANTLY MAINTAINED ACROSS GENERATIONS F0, F1 AND F2. FURTHERMORE, QPCR RESULTS OF BOTH TISSUES IMPLY A SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN THE EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE GENES (DNMT 1 AND DNMT3A/B) AS WELL. CONCLUSION: ALTOGETHER, OUR WORK DEMONSTRATES FOR THE FIRST TIME A SEX-DEPENDANCE AND INHERITANCE OF EPIGENETIC MARKS, DNA METHYLATION, AS A BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF URANIUM. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT CLEAR WHICH TYPE OF REPRODUCTIVE CELL TYPE IS MORE RESPONSIVE IN THIS CONTEXT.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 1815  36 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ON EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES EXPRESSION AND EPIGENETIC CODE IN HUMAN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS. CHRONIC EXPOSURES TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ARE KNOWN RISK FACTORS FOR PROSTATE CANCER. THOUGH THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC OR ESTROGENS CAN DISRUPT NORMAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS, THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH THESE CHEMICALS INDUCE EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD. MOREOVER, THE EPIGENETIC EFFECTS OF CO-EXPOSURE TO THESE TWO CHEMICALS ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN, BOTH ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, ON THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES, THEIR CONSEQUENCES ON DNA METHYLATION, AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS. HUMAN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS, RWPE-1, CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WERE USED FOR ANALYSIS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES EXPRESSION, GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION CHANGES, AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS AT PROTEIN LEVEL. THE RESULT OF THIS STUDY REVEALED THAT EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC, ESTROGEN, AND THEIR COMBINATION ALTERS THE EXPRESSION OF EPIGENETIC REGULATORY GENES AND CHANGES GLOBAL DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATION PATTERNS IN RWPE-1 CELLS. THESE CHANGES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER IN ARSENIC AND ESTROGEN COMBINATION TREATED GROUP THAN INDIVIDUALLY TREATED GROUP. THE FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY WILL HELP EXPLAIN THE EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF ARSENIC- AND/OR ESTROGEN-INDUCED PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS.	2012	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
15 3210  31 HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PRE- AND PERINATAL EXPOSURE TO ARSENIC. INORGANIC ARSENIC IS A WELL-ESTABLISHED HUMAN CARCINOGEN, ABLE TO INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. MORE THAN 200 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE ARE EXPOSED TO ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN DRINKING WATER EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED WHO THRESHOLD (10MUG/L). ADDITIONALLY, CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LEVELS BELOW THIS THRESHOLD IS KNOWN TO RESULT IN LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS. THE ARSENIC-RELATED HEALTH EFFECTS IN HUMANS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION PROCESS, WHEREBY THE RESULTING METABOLITES CAN INDUCE MOLECULAR DAMAGE THAT ACCUMULATES OVER TIME. THE EFFECTS DERIVED FROM THESE ALTERATIONS INCLUDE GENOMIC INSTABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH OXIDATIVE DAMAGE, ALTERATION OF GENE EXPRESSION (INCLUDING CODING AND NON-CODING RNAS), GLOBAL AND LOCALIZED EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING, AND HISTONE POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS. THESE ALTERATIONS DIRECTLY AFFECT MOLECULAR PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MANY CONDITIONS THAT CAN ARISE EVEN DECADES AFTER THE EXPOSURE OCCURS. IMPORTANTLY, ARSENIC METABOLITES GENERATED DURING ITS BIOTRANSFORMATION CAN ALSO PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTAL BARRIER, RESULTING IN FETAL EXPOSURE TO THIS CARCINOGEN AT SIMILAR LEVELS TO THOSE OF THE MOTHER. AS SUCH, MORE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE ARSENIC-INDUCED MOLECULAR DAMAGE CAN BE OBSERVED AS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT, PREGNANCY, AND BIRTH OUTCOMES. IN THIS REVIEW, WE FOCUS ON THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC DAMAGE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF ARSENIC, PARTICULARLY THOSE AFFECTING EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES. WE ALSO PRESENT HOW THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRING DURING EARLY LIFE CAN IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN DISEASES IN ADULT LIFE.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
16  315  30 ALCOHOL, DNA METHYLATION, AND CANCER. CANCER IS ONE OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, AND CHRONIC DRINKING IS A STRONG RISK FACTOR FOR CANCER, PARTICULARLY OF THE UPPER AERODIGESTIVE TRACT, LIVER, COLORECTUM, AND BREAST. SEVERAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED CANCER DEVELOPMENT (I.E., CARCINOGENESIS), INCLUDING THE ACTIONS OF ACETALDEHYDE, THE FIRST AND PRIMARY METABOLITE OF ETHANOL, AND OXIDATIVE STRESS. HOWEVER, INCREASING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ABERRANT PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION, AN IMPORTANT EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL, ALSO COULD BE PART OF THE PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO ALCOHOL-INDUCED CANCER DEVELOPMENT. THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON GLOBAL AND LOCAL DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS LIKELY ARE MEDIATED BY ITS ABILITY TO INTERFERE WITH THE AVAILABILITY OF THE PRINCIPAL BIOLOGICAL METHYL DONOR, S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE (SAME), AS WELL AS PATHWAYS RELATED TO IT. SEVERAL MECHANISMS MAY MEDIATE THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DNA METHYLATION, INCLUDING REDUCED FOLATE LEVELS AND INHIBITION OF KEY ENZYMES IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM THAT ULTIMATELY LEAD TO LOWER SAME LEVELS, AS WELL AS INHIBITION OF ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION (I.E., DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES). FINALLY, VARIATIONS (I.E., POLYMORPHISMS) OF SEVERAL GENES INVOLVED IN ONE-CARBON METABOLISM ALSO MODULATE THE RISK OF ALCOHOL-ASSOCIATED CARCINOGENESIS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17  301  38 AIR POLLUTION ASSOCIATED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS: TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE AND UNDERLYING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS. AIR POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATHS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES INCLUDING INDIA. EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS AFFECTS VITAL CELLULAR MECHANISMS AND IS INTIMATELY LINKED WITH THE ETIOLOGY OF A NUMBER OF CHRONIC DISEASES. EARLIER WORK FROM OUR LABORATORY HAS SHOWN THAT AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER DISTURBS THE MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY AND CAUSES SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO THE EPIGENOME. MITOCHONDRIAL REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES POSSESS THE ABILITY TO TRIGGER REDOX-SENSITIVE SIGNALING MECHANISMS AND INDUCE IRREVERSIBLE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES. THE ELECTROPHILIC NATURE OF REACTIVE METABOLITES CAN DIRECTLY RESULT IN DEPROTONATION OF CYTOSINE AT C-5 POSITION OR INTERFERE WITH THE DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES ACTIVITY TO CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION. IN ADDITION, IT ALSO PERTURBS LEVEL OF CELLULAR METABOLITES CRITICALLY INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT EPIGENETIC PROCESSES LIKE ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONE CODE AND DNA HYPO OR HYPERMETHYLATION. INTERESTINGLY, THESE MODIFICATIONS MAY PERSIST THROUGH DOWNSTREAM GENERATIONS AND RESULT IN THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENOMIC INHERITANCE. THIS PHENOMENON OF SUBSEQUENT TRANSFER OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IS MAINLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE GERM CELLS AND RELIES ON THE GERMLINE STABILITY OF THE EPIGENETIC STATES. OVERALL, THE RECENT LITERATURE SUPPORTS, AND ARGUABLY STRENGTHENS, THE CONTENTION THAT AIR POLLUTION MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO TRANSMISSION OF EPIMUTATIONS FROM GAMETES TO ZYGOTES BY INVOLVING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, PARENTAL ALLELE IMPRINTING, HISTONE WITHHOLDING AND NON-CODING RNAS. HOWEVER, LARGER PROSPECTIVE STUDIES USING INNOVATIVE, INTEGRATED EPIGENOME-WIDE METABOLOMIC STRATEGY ARE HIGHLY WARRANTED TO ASSESS THE AIR POLLUTION INDUCED TRANSGENERATIONAL EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE AND ASSOCIATED HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
18 3148  40 GLUCOCORTICOID INDUCED LOSS OF OESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA GENE METHYLATION AND RESTORATION OF SENSITIVITY TO FULVESTRANT IN TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER. THE RESPONSE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CAN DIFFER DEPENDING ON THE TYPE AND DURATION OF THE STRESSOR. ACUTE STRESS CAN FACILITATE A "FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE" AND AID SURVIVAL, WHEREAS CHRONIC LONG-TERM STRESS WITH THE PERSISTENT RELEASE OF STRESS HORMONES SUCH AS CORTISOL HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE DETRIMENTAL TO HEALTH. WE ARE NOW BEGINNING TO UNDERSTAND HOW THIS STRESS HORMONE RESPONSE IMPACTS IMPORTANT PROCESSES SUCH AS DNA REPAIR AND CELL PROLIFERATION PROCESSES IN BREAST CANCER. HOWEVER, IT IS NOT KNOWN WHAT EPIGENETIC CHANGES STRESS HORMONES INDUCE IN BREAST CANCER. EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS INCLUDE MODIFICATION OF DNA AND HISTONES WITHIN CHROMATIN THAT MAY BE INVOLVED IN GOVERNING THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESSES IN CANCER CELLS IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES BY ENDOGENOUS STRESS HORMONES. THE CONTRIBUTION OF ENDOGENOUS ACUTE OR LONG-TERM EXPOSURE OF GLUCOCORTICOID STRESS HORMONES, AND EXOGENOUS GLUCOCORTICOIDS TO METHYLATION PATTERNS IN BREAST CANCER TISSUES WITH DIFFERENT AETIOLOGIES REMAINS TO BE EVALUATED. IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS WERE DEVELOPED TO INVESTIGATE THE EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO BREAST CANCER PROGRESSION AND AETIOLOGY. A PANEL OF TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER CELL LINES WERE TREATED WITH THE GLUCOCORTICOID, CORTISOL WHICH RESULTED IN EPIGENETIC ALTERATION CHARACTERISED BY LOSS OF METHYLATION ON PROMOTER REGIONS OF TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES INCLUDING ESR1, AND LOSS OF METHYLATION ON LINE-1 REPETITIVE ELEMENT USED AS A SURROGATE MARKER FOR GLOBAL METHYLATION. THIS WAS VERIFIED IN VIVO IN MDA-MB-231 XENOGRAFTS; THE MODEL VERIFIED THE LOSS OF METHYLATION ON ESR1 PROMOTER, AND SUBSEQUENT INCREASE IN ESR1 EXPRESSION IN PRIMARY TUMOURS IN MICE SUBJECTED TO RESTRAINT STRESS. OUR STUDY HIGHLIGHTS THAT DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE IN BREAST CANCER CAN BE ALTERED IN RESPONSE TO STRESS AND GLUCOCORTICOID TREATMENT.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
19 5193  39 PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANTS INDUCES MITOCHONDRIA-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC CHANGES: A CROSS-SECTIONAL PILOT STUDY. MITOCHONDRIA PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN MAINTAINING CELLULAR AND METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS DURING VITAL DEVELOPMENT CYCLES OF FOETAL GROWTH. OPTIMAL MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS ARE IMPORTANT NOT ONLY TO SUSTAIN ADEQUATE ENERGY PRODUCTION BUT ALSO FOR REGULATED EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING. HOWEVER, THESE ORGANELLES ARE SUBTLE TARGETS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES, AND ANY PERTURBANCE IN THE DEFINED MITOCHONDRIAL MACHINERY DURING THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE CAN LEAD TO THE RE-PROGRAMMING OF THE FOETAL EPIGENETIC LANDSCAPE. AS THESE MODIFICATIONS CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS, WE HEREIN PERFORMED A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO HAVE AN IN-DEPTH UNDERSTANDING OF THIS INTRICATE PHENOMENON. THE STUDY WAS CONDUCTED WITH TWO ARMS: WHEREAS THE FIRST GROUP CONSISTED OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS AND THE SECOND GROUP INCLUDED CONTROLS. OUR RESULTS SHOWED HIGHER LEVELS OF OXIDATIVE MTDNA DAMAGE AND ASSOCIATED INTEGRATED STRESS RESPONSE AMONG THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. THESE DISTURBANCES WERE FOUND TO BE CLOSELY RELATED TO THE OBSERVED DISCREPANCIES IN MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS. THE EXPOSED GROUP SHOWED MTDNA HYPERMETHYLATION AND CHANGES IN ALLIED MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONING. ALTERED EXPRESSION OF MITOMIRS AND THEIR RESPECTIVE TARGET GENES IN THE EXPOSED GROUP INDICATED THE POSSIBILITIES OF A DISTURBED MITOCHONDRIAL-NUCLEAR CROSS TALK. THIS WAS FURTHER CONFIRMED BY THE MODIFIED ACTIVITY OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL STRESS REGULATORS AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS AMONG THE EXPOSED GROUP. IMPORTANTLY, THE DISTURBED DNMT FUNCTIONING, HYPERMETHYLATION OF NUCLEAR DNA, AND HIGHER DEGREE OF POST-TRANSLATIONAL HISTONE MODIFICATIONS ESTABLISHED THE EXISTENCE OF ABERRANT EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN THE EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS. OVERALL, OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE FIRST MOLECULAR INSIGHTS OF IN UTERO PRO-OXIDANT EXPOSURE ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL-EPIGENETIC AXIS. ALTHOUGH, OUR STUDY MIGHT NOT CEMENT AN EXPOSURE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP FOR ANY PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-OXIDANT, BUT SUFFICE TO ESTABLISH A DOGMA OF MITO-EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING AT INTRAUTERINE MILIEU WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS, A HITHERTO UNREPORTED INTERACTION.	2022	
                                                                                                                                      
20 2472  27 EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ACROSS GENERATIONS. BACKGROUND: TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES IN EARLY LIFE ARE RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDERS. SUCH DISORDERS CAN PERSIST THROUGH ADULTHOOD AND HAVE OFTEN BEEN REPORTED TO BE TRANSMITTED ACROSS GENERATIONS. METHODS: TO INVESTIGATE THE TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECT OF EARLY STRESS, MICE WERE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION FROM POSTNATAL DAY 1 TO 14. RESULTS: WE SHOW THAT CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION INDUCES DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIORS AND ALTERS THE BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SEPARATED ANIMALS WHEN ADULT. MOST OF THE BEHAVIORAL ALTERATIONS ARE FURTHER EXPRESSED BY THE OFFSPRING OF MALES SUBJECTED TO MATERNAL SEPARATION, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THESE MALES ARE REARED NORMALLY. CHRONIC AND UNPREDICTABLE MATERNAL SEPARATION ALSO ALTERS THE PROFILE OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE PROMOTER OF SEVERAL CANDIDATE GENES IN THE GERMLINE OF THE SEPARATED MALES. COMPARABLE CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION ARE ALSO PRESENT IN THE BRAIN OF THE OFFSPRING AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION. CONCLUSIONS: THESE FINDINGS HIGHLIGHT THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF EARLY STRESS ON BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES ACROSS GENERATIONS AND ON THE REGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN THE GERMLINE.	2010