1 3925 133 LIQUID BIOPSIES BASED ON DNA METHYLATION AS BIOMARKERS FOR THE DETECTION AND PROGNOSIS OF LUNG CANCER. LUNG CANCER (LC) IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED MORTALITY. MOST LC PATIENTS ARE DIAGNOSED IN AN ADVANCED STAGE WHEN THE SYMPTOMS ARE OBVIOUS, AND THE PROGNOSIS IS QUITE POOR. ALTHOUGH LOW-DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (LDCT) IS A ROUTINE CLINICAL EXAMINATION FOR EARLY DETECTION OF LC, THE FALSE-POSITIVE RATE IS OVER 90%. AS ONE OF THE INTENSELY STUDIED EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS, DNA METHYLATION PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN VARIOUS DISEASES, INCLUDING CANCER AND OTHER DISEASES. HYPERMETHYLATION IN TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OR HYPOMETHYLATION IN ONCOGENES IS AN IMPORTANT EVENT IN TUMORIGENESIS. REMARKABLY, DNA METHYLATION USUALLY OCCURS IN THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF MALIGNANT TUMORS. THUS, DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS MAY PROVIDE SOME USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT THE EARLY DETECTION OF LC. IN RECENT YEARS, LIQUID BIOPSY HAS DEVELOPED RAPIDLY. LIQUID BIOPSY CAN DETECT AND MONITOR BOTH PRIMARY AND METASTATIC MALIGNANT TUMORS AND CAN REFLECT TUMOR HETEROGENEITY. MOREOVER, IT IS A MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURE, AND IT CAUSES LESS PAIN FOR PATIENTS. THIS REVIEW SUMMARIZED VARIOUS LIQUID BIOPSIES BASED ON DNA METHYLATION FOR LC. AT FIRST, WE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED SOME EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DNA METHYLATION ANALYSIS. SUBSEQUENTLY, WE OUTLINED CELL-FREE DNA (CFDNA), SPUTUM, BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID, BRONCHIAL ASPIRATES, AND BRONCHIAL WASHINGS DNA METHYLATION-BASED LIQUID BIOPSY FOR THE EARLY DETECTION OF LC. FINALLY, THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF DNA METHYLATION IN CFDNA AND SPUTUM AND THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF OTHER DNA METHYLATION-BASED LIQUID BIOPSIES FOR LC WERE ALSO ANALYZED.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 1582  30 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS TISSUE AND CANCERS: CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND PROGNOSTICATION BASED ON DNA METHYLATION STATUS. ALTERATIONS IN DNA METHYLATION, WHICH ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE ABNORMALITIES AND RESULT IN SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES AND CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY, ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN PRECANCEROUS CHANGES IN VARIOUS ORGANS. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS ALSO ACCOUNT FOR THE HISTOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HUMAN CANCERS. THEREFORE, WE HAVE ANALYZED DNA METHYLATION ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE IN CLINICAL TISSUE SAMPLES. OUR APPROACH USING THE BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION METHOD HAS REVEALED THAT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS CORRELATED WITH THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS ARE ALREADY ACCUMULATED AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE IN THE KIDNEY, LIVER AND URINARY TRACT. DNA METHYLATION PROFILES AT PRECANCEROUS STAGES ARE BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CANCERS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. SUCH DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS MAY CONFER VULNERABILITY TO FURTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND THUS DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. ON THE BASIS OF BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME ARRAY-BASED METHYLATED CPG ISLAND AMPLIFICATION DATA, INDICATORS FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED USING LIVER TISSUE SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS VIRUS INFECTION, CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS OR HISTOLOGICALLY NORMAL UROTHELIA, AND FOR PROGNOSTICATION USING BIOPSY OR SURGICALLY RESECTED SPECIMENS FROM PATIENTS WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA. SUCH GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING HAS NOW FIRMLY ESTABLISHED THE CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF TRANSLATIONAL EPIGENETICS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
3 2920  31 GENE-SET ANALYSIS IS SEVERELY BIASED WHEN APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION DATA. MOTIVATION: DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MARK THAT CAN STABLY REPRESS GENE EXPRESSION. BECAUSE OF ITS BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE, SEVERAL METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO COMPARE GENOME-WIDE PATTERNS OF METHYLATION BETWEEN GROUPS OF SAMPLES. THE APPLICATION OF GENE SET ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY RELEVANT GROUPS OF GENES THAT ARE ENRICHED FOR DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENES IS OFTEN A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE ANALYSIS OF THESE DATA. THIS CAN BE USED, FOR EXAMPLE, TO IDENTIFY PROCESSES OR PATHWAYS THAT ARE PERTURBED IN DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. WE SHOW THAT GENE-SET ANALYSIS, AS IT IS TYPICALLY APPLIED TO GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION ASSAYS, IS SEVERELY BIASED AS A RESULT OF DIFFERENCES IN THE NUMBERS OF CPG SITES ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT CLASSES OF GENES AND GENE PROMOTERS. RESULTS: WE DEMONSTRATE THIS BIAS USING PUBLISHED DATA FROM A STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL CPG ISLAND METHYLATION IN LUNG CANCER AND A DATASET WE GENERATED TO STUDY METHYLATION CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH LONG-STANDING ULCERATIVE COLITIS. WE SHOW THAT SEVERAL OF THE GENE SETS THAT SEEM ENRICHED WOULD ALSO BE IDENTIFIED WITH RANDOMIZED DATA. WE SUGGEST TWO EXISTING APPROACHES THAT CAN BE ADAPTED TO CORRECT THE BIAS. ACCOUNTING FOR THE BIAS IN THE LUNG CANCER AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS DATASETS PROVIDES NOVEL BIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF METHYLATION IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, RESPECTIVELY. OUR RESULTS HAVE SIGNIFICANT IMPLICATIONS FOR MANY PREVIOUS GENOME-WIDE METHYLATION STUDIES THAT HAVE DRAWN CONCLUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF SUCH STRONGLY BIASED ANALYSIS. CONTACT: CATHAL.SEOIGHE@NUIGALWAY.IE SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ARE AVAILABLE AT BIOINFORMATICS ONLINE.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
4 5787  41 SPUTUM ANALYSIS: NON-INVASIVE EARLY LUNG CANCER DETECTION. LUNG CANCER IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATHS OVER THE WORLD, CHARACTERIZED BY A VERY HIGH MORTALITY RATE. MOLECULAR TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT TRIES TO FOCUS ON EARLY DETECTION OF CANCERS BY STUDYING MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS THAT CHARACTERIZE CANCER CELLS. WORLDWIDE LUNG CANCER RESEARCH HAS FOCUSED ON AN EVER-INCREASING NUMBER OF MOLECULAR ELEMENTS OF CARCINOGENESIS AT GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND PROTEIN LEVELS. THE NON-INVASIVENESS IS THE CHARACTERISTIC THAT ALL CLINICAL TRIALS ON CANCER DETECTION SHOULD HAVE. ABNORMAL CHEST IMAGING AND/OR NON-SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS ARE INITIAL SIGNALS OF LUNG CANCER THAT APPEAR IN AN ADVANCED STAGE OF DISEASE. THIS FACT REPRESENTS THE CAUSE OF THE LOW 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE: OVER 90% OF PATIENTS DYING WITHIN 5 YEARS OF DIAGNOSIS. SINCE SMOKERS HAVE HIGHER QUANTITY OF SPUTUM CONTAINING EXFOLIATED CELLS FROM THE BRONCHIAL TREE, AND THE SPUTUM REPRESENTS THE MOST EASILY ACCESSIBLE BIOLOGICAL FLUID AND ITS COLLECTION IS NON-INVASIVE, ANALYSIS OF THIS SAMPLE REPRESENTS A GOOD AREA OF RESEARCH IN EARLY LUNG CANCER DIAGNOSIS. CONTINUED CIGARETTE SMOKING IS THE CAUSE OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD), WITH AN ESTIMATED ATTRIBUTABLE RISK FACTOR EXCEEDING 80% IN SMOKING AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS. LUNG CANCER IS FOUND IN 40-70% OF PATIENTS WITH COPD, PARTICULARLY IN SEVERE DISEASE, AND IT IS A COMMON CAUSE OF DEATH IN THESE PATIENTS. A LARGE PROSPECTIVE TRIAL OF ALMOST HALF A MILLION NON-SMOKERS SHOWED AS LUNG CANCER IS ALSO COMMON IN PATIENTS WITH COPD WHO HAVE NEVER SMOKED. THIS REVIEW DESCRIBES ISSUES RELATED TO EARLY LUNG CANCER SCREENING USING NON-INVASIVE METHODS.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
5 1519  25 DNA METHYLATION AT ATP11A CG11702988 IS A BIOMARKER OF LUNG DISEASE SEVERITY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY. CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) IS A CHRONIC GENETIC DISEASE THAT MAINLY AFFECTS THE RESPIRATORY AND GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMS. NO CURATIVE TREATMENTS ARE AVAILABLE, BUT THE FOLLOW-UP IN SPECIALIZED CENTERS HAS GREATLY IMPROVED THE PATIENT LIFE EXPECTANCY. ROBUST BIOMARKERS ARE REQUIRED TO MONITOR THE DISEASE, GUIDE TREATMENTS, STRATIFY PATIENTS, AND PROVIDE OUTCOME MEASURES IN CLINICAL TRIALS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, WE OUTLINE A STRATEGY TO SELECT PUTATIVE DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKERS OF LUNG DISEASE SEVERITY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS. IN THE DISCOVERY STEP, WE SELECTED SEVEN POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS USING A GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION DATASET THAT WE GENERATED IN NASAL EPITHELIAL SAMPLES FROM THE METHYLCF COHORT. IN THE REPLICATION STEP, WE ASSESSED THE SAME BIOMARKERS USING SPUTUM CELL SAMPLES FROM THE METHYLBIOMARK COHORT. OF INTEREST, DNA METHYLATION AT THE CG11702988 SITE (ATP11A GENE) POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUNG FUNCTION AND BMI, AND NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH LUNG DISEASE SEVERITY, P. AERUGINOSA CHRONIC INFECTION, AND THE NUMBER OF EXACERBATIONS. THESE RESULTS WERE REPLICATED IN PROSPECTIVE SPUTUM SAMPLES COLLECTED AT FOUR TIME POINTS WITHIN AN 18-MONTH PERIOD AND LONGITUDINALLY. TO CONCLUDE, (I) WE IDENTIFIED A DNA METHYLATION BIOMARKER THAT CORRELATES WITH CF SEVERITY, (II) WE PROVIDED A METHOD TO EASILY ASSESS THIS BIOMARKER, AND (III) WE CARRIED OUT THE FIRST LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION IN CF PATIENTS. THIS NEW EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER COULD BE USED TO STRATIFY CF PATIENTS IN CLINICAL TRIALS.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
6 3503  23 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED GENE-RELATED BIOMARKERS IN ENDOMETRIOSIS. AIM: TO IDENTIFY EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES AND SCREEN OUT TARGETED THERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN ENDOMETRIOSIS. METHODS: BASED ON THE GENE EXPRESSION OMNIBUS DATABASE AND A SERIES OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION ANALYSIS TOOLS, SUPPLEMENTED BY VALIDATION OF CLINICAL SAMPLES, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION-DRIVEN GENES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS WERE EXPLORED, AS WELL AS POSSIBLE TARGETED DRUGS. RESULTS: THIS STUDY SCREENED OUT A RANGE OF DNA METHYLATION-DRIVEN GENES THAT WERE ASSOCIATED WITH POWERFUL PROPERTIES AND CORRESPONDING PATHWAYS. AMONG THEM, BDNF AND CCL2 WERE KEY GENES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOMETRIOSIS. FOUR CHEMICAL AGENTS HAVE BEEN FLAGGED AS POTENTIAL TREATMENTS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS. CONCLUSION: THESE CANDIDATE GENES AND SMALL-MOLECULE AGENTS MAY BE FURTHER EXPLORED AS POTENTIAL TARGETS AND DRUGS FOR ENDOMETRIOSIS DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY, RESPECTIVELY.	2022	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
7 3067  34 GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES IN PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS AND CANCERS. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION, WHICH RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AND SILENCING OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES, ARE AMONG THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES OBSERVED IN HUMAN CANCERS. ANALYSIS OF TISSUE SPECIMENS HAS REVEALED THAT DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS PARTICIPATE IN MULTISTAGE CARCINOGENESIS, EVEN FROM THE EARLY AND PRECANCEROUS STAGES, ESPECIALLY IN ASSOCIATION WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION, SUCH AS CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR LIVER CIRRHOSIS RESULTING FROM INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS. DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE HISTOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY AND CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF HUMAN CANCERS. OVEREXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 IS NOT A SECONDARY RESULT OF INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY, BUT IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH ACCUMULATION OF DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CPG ISLANDS OF TUMOR-RELATED GENES. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B SPLICING MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY THROUGH DNA HYPOMETHYLATION IN PERICENTROMERIC SATELLITE REGIONS. GENOME-WIDE ANALYSIS OF DNA METHYLATION STATUS HAS REVEALED THAT THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILE AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE IS BASICALLY INHERITED BY THE CORRESPONDING CANCERS DEVELOPING IN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS. DNA METHYLATION STATUS IS NOT SIMPLY ALTERED AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE; RATHER, DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS AT THE PRECANCEROUS STAGE MAY CONFER VULNERABILITY TO FURTHER GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS, AND THUS DETERMINE PATIENT OUTCOME. THEREFORE, GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING MAY PROVIDE OPTIMAL INDICATORS FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND PROGNOSTICATION, AND THUS PROVIDE AN AVENUE FOR CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
8 3686  30 INFLAMMATION-RELATED ABERRANT PATTERNS OF DNA METHYLATION: DETECTION AND ROLE IN EPIGENETIC DEREGULATION OF CANCER CELL TRANSCRIPTOME. IT IS NOW APPARENT THAT EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, IN PARTICULAR ALTERED DNA METHYLATION, PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF HUMAN CANCERS. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION AT PROMOTER CPG ISLANDS IS NOW RECOGNIZED AS A THIRD MECHANISM BY WHICH INACTIVATION OF TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES OCCURS. ABERRANT CPG ISLAND HYPERMETHYLATION IS ALSO FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND PRECANCEROUS LESIONS, WHICH SUGGESTS THAT IT IS AN EARLY EVENT IN TUMORIGENESIS THAT COULD SERVE AS A USEFUL TUMOR MARKER. A VARIETY OF SCREENING TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR GENOME-WIDE SCREENING OF METHYLATION STATUS. OF THOSE, TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS COUPLED WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL UNMASKING HAS EMERGED AS A POWERFUL TOOL FOR REVEALING DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS IN CANCER CELLS AND IDENTIFYING NEW TUMOR MARKER CANDIDATES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
9 6013  32 THE APPLICATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION IMPROVES PATIENT SURVIVAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE, LONG-TERM RESULTS ARE HAMPERED BY BOTH IMMUNE- AND NON-IMMUNE-MEDIATED COMPLICATIONS. CURRENT BIOMARKERS OF POST-TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS, SUCH AS ALLOGRAFT REJECTION, CHRONIC RENAL ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION, AND CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, HAVE A SUBOPTIMAL PREDICTIVE VALUE. DNA METHYLATION IS AN EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION THAT DIRECTLY AFFECTS GENE EXPRESSION AND PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PROCESSES SUCH AS ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY, FIBROSIS, AND ALLOREACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE. NOVEL TECHNIQUES CAN QUICKLY ASSESS THE DNA METHYLATION STATUS OF MULTIPLE LOCI IN DIFFERENT CELL TYPES, ALLOWING A DEEP AND INTERESTING STUDY OF CELLS' ACTIVITY AND FUNCTION. THEREFORE, DNA METHYLATION HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME AN IMPORTANT BIOMARKER FOR PREDICTION AND MONITORING IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF DNA METHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER OF GRAFT SURVIVAL AND COMPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SEVERAL DATABASES HAS BEEN CONDUCTED. THE NEWCASTLE-OTTAWA SCALE AND THE JADAD SCALE HAVE BEEN USED TO ASSESS THE RISK OF BIAS FOR OBSERVATIONAL AND RANDOMIZED STUDIES, RESPECTIVELY. RESULTS: TWENTY ARTICLES REPORTING ON DNA METHYLATION AS A BIOMARKER FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION WERE INCLUDED, ALL USING DNA METHYLATION FOR PREDICTION AND MONITORING. DNA METHYLATION PATTERN ALTERATIONS IN CELLS ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT TISSUES, SUCH AS KIDNEY BIOPSIES, URINE, AND BLOOD, HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY AND CHRONIC RENAL ALLOGRAFT DYSFUNCTION. THESE ALTERATIONS OCCURRED IN DIFFERENT AND SPECIFIC LOCI. DNA METHYLATION STATUS HAS ALSO PROVED TO BE IMPORTANT FOR IMMUNE RESPONSE MODULATION, HAVING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN REGULATORY T CELL DEFINITION AND ACTIVITY. RESEARCH ALSO FOCUSED ON A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLE OF THIS EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION ASSESSMENT FOR REGULATORY T CELLS ISOLATION AND EXPANSION FOR FUTURE TOLERANCE INDUCTION-ORIENTED THERAPIES. CONCLUSIONS: STUDIES INCLUDED IN THIS REVIEW ARE HETEROGENEOUS IN STUDY DESIGN, BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES, AND OUTCOME. MORE COORDINATED INVESTIGATIONS ARE NEEDED TO AFFIRM DNA METHYLATION AS A CLINICALLY RELEVANT BIOMARKER IMPORTANT FOR PREVENTION, MONITORING, AND INTERVENTION.	2022	

10 1345  26 DETECTION OF DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS USING BAYES FACTOR FOR ORDINAL GROUP RESPONSES. RESEARCHERS IN GENOMICS ARE INCREASINGLY INTERESTED IN EPIGENETIC FACTORS SUCH AS DNA METHYLATION, BECAUSE THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION WITHOUT CHANGES IN THE DNA SEQUENCE. THERE HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN DEVELOPING STATISTICAL METHODS TO DETECT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGIONS (DMRS) ASSOCIATED WITH BINARY DISEASE STATUS. MOST OF THESE METHODS ARE BEING DEVELOPED FOR DETECTING DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION RATES BETWEEN CASES AND CONTROLS. WE CONSIDER MULTIPLE SEVERITY LEVELS OF DISEASE, AND DEVELOP A BAYESIAN STATISTICAL METHOD TO DETECT THE REGION WITH INCREASING (OR DECREASING) METHYLATION RATES AS THE DISEASE SEVERITY INCREASES. PATIENTS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO MORE THAN TWO GROUPS, BASED ON THE DISEASE SEVERITY (E.G., STAGES OF CANCER), AND DMRS ARE DETECTED BY USING MOVING WINDOWS ALONG THE GENOME. WITHIN EACH WINDOW, THE BAYES FACTOR IS CALCULATED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESIS OF MONOTONIC INCREASE IN METHYLATION RATES CORRESPONDING TO SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE VERSUS NO DIFFERENCE. A MIXED-EFFECT MODEL IS USED TO INCORPORATE THE CORRELATION OF METHYLATION RATES OF NEARBY CPG SITES IN THE REGION. RESULTS FROM EXTENSIVE SIMULATION INDICATE THAT OUR PROPOSED METHOD IS STATISTICALLY VALID AND REASONABLY POWERFUL. WE DEMONSTRATE OUR APPROACH ON A BISULFITE SEQUENCING DATASET FROM A CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) STUDY.	2019	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
11   70  29 A METHOD TO DETECT DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED LOCI WITH NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES, ESPECIALLY DNA METHYLATION AT CPG LOCI HAVE IMPORTANT IMPLICATIONS IN CANCER AND OTHER COMPLEX DISEASES. WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS), IT IS FEASIBLE TO GENERATE DATA TO INTERROGATE THE DIFFERENCE IN METHYLATION STATUS FOR GENOME-WIDE LOCI USING CASE-CONTROL DESIGN. HOWEVER, A PROPER AND EFFICIENT STATISTICAL TEST IS LACKING. THERE ARE SEVERAL CHALLENGES. FIRST, UNLIKE METHYLATION EXPERIMENTS USING MICROARRAYS, WHERE THERE IS ONE MEASURE OF METHYLATION FOR ONE INDIVIDUAL AT A PARTICULAR CPG SITE, HERE WE HAVE THE COUNTS OF METHYLATION ALLELE AND UNMETHYLATION ALLELE FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL. SECOND, DUE TO THE NATURE OF SAMPLE PREPARATION, THE MEASURED METHYLATION REFLECTS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF A MIXTURE OF CELLS INVOLVED IN SAMPLE PREPARATION. THEREFORE, THE UNDERLYING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEASURED METHYLATION LEVEL IS UNKNOWN, AND A ROBUST TEST IS MORE DESIRABLE THAN PARAMETRIC APPROACH. THIRD, CURRENTLY NGS MEASURES METHYLATION AT OVER 2 MILLION CPG SITES. ANY STATISTICAL TESTS HAVE TO BE COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT IN ORDER TO BE APPLIED TO THE NGS DATA. TAKING THESE CHALLENGES INTO ACCOUNT, WE PROPOSE A TEST FOR DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION BASED ON CLUSTERED DATA ANALYSIS BY MODELING THE METHYLATION COUNTS. WE PERFORMED SIMULATIONS TO SHOW THAT IT IS ROBUST UNDER SEVERAL DISTRIBUTIONS FOR THE MEASURED METHYLATION LEVELS. IT HAS GOOD POWER AND IS COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT. FINALLY, WE APPLY THE TEST TO OUR NGS DATA ON CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT IT IS A PROMISING AND PRACTICAL TEST.	2013	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
12 5742  25 SMOKING MOLECULAR DAMAGE IN BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF LUNG CANCER IS ADVANCING RAPIDLY WITH SEVERAL SPECIFIC GENES AND CHROMOSOMAL REGIONS BEING IDENTIFIED. LUNG CANCER APPEARS TO REQUIRE MANY MUTATIONS IN BOTH DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE ONCOGENES TO POSSESS MALIGNANT PHENOTYPES. SEVERAL GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE COMMON TO ALL LUNG CANCER HISTOLOGIC TYPES, WHILE OTHERS APPEAR TO BE CELL TYPE SPECIFIC. HOWEVER, SPECIFIC ROLES OF THE GENES UNDERGOING MUTATIONS AND THE ORDER OF CUMULATIVE MOLECULAR CHANGES THAT LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EACH LUNG TUMOR HISTOLOGIC TYPE REMAIN TO BE FULLY ELUCIDATED. RECENT FINDINGS OF MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN NORMAL APPEARING AND PRENEOPLASTIC BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM FROM PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER AND CHRONIC SMOKERS SUGGEST THAT GENETIC CHANGES MAY SERVE AS BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS, RISK ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING RESPONSE TO CHEMOPREVENTION.	2002	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
13  332  34 ALTERATION OF EPIGENETIC PROFILE IN HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS A COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE AND DEVELOPS AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE. A VARIETY OF HCC-RELATED GENES ARE KNOWN TO BE ALTERED BY GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS. THEREFORE, INFORMATION REGARDING ALTERATION OF THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC PROFILES IN HCC IS ESSENTIAL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGY OF THIS TYPE OF TUMOR. METHYLATION AT CPG SITES IN GENE PROMOTERS IS KNOWN TO AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE CORRESPONDING GENES. ABNORMAL REGIONAL HYPERMETHYLATION IS OBSERVED IN THE 5' REGION OF SEVERAL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES (TSGS) IN HCC, AND THIS HYPERMETHYLATION MAY PROMOTE CARCINOGENESIS THROUGH THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL INACTIVATION OF DOWNSTREAM TSGS. THE DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY OXIDATION IS A TRIGGER OF ABNORMAL DNA METHYLATION AND INACTIVATION OF TSGS THROUGH RECRUITMENT OF THE POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX TO THE PROMOTER SEQUENCE. THUS, OXIDATIVE STRESS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EMERGENCE OF HCC FROM CHRONIC HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS THROUGH THE EPIGENETIC ALTERATION OF TSGS. THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL ATTEMPTS TO APPLY EPIGENETIC INFORMATION TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HCC. THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SELECTED METHYLATION EVENTS ON SURVIVAL IN HCC PATIENTS HAS BEEN REPORTED, AND THE METHYLATION PROFILE OF BACKGROUND LIVER COULD BE ASSOCIATED WITH RECURRENCE-FREE SURVIVAL OF HCC PATIENTS WHO HAVE UNDERGONE HEPATECTOMY. ANOTHER STUDY DETECTED METHYLATED DNA FROM HCC CELLS IN SERUM, AND THE CIRCULATING TUMOR DNA WAS REGARDED AS A POTENTIAL TUMOR MARKER. IN ADDITION, SEVERAL TRIALS OF HCC THERAPY HAVE TARGETED THE EPIGENETIC MACHINERY AND WERE BASED UPON COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES OF DNA METHYLATION OF THIS TYPE OF TUMOR. HERE, WE PRESENT AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH REGARDING DNA METHYLATION STATUS IN HUMAN HCC AND DESCRIBE THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF EPIGENETIC INFORMATION TO HCC.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
14  342  33 ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMALITIES OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES IN HUMAN CANCERS DURING TRANSITION FROM A PRECANCEROUS TO A MALIGNANT STATE. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN CANCERS. HUMAN CANCERS GENERALLY SHOW GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION ACCOMPANIED BY REGION-SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY AS A RESULT OF CHANGES IN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE. DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF CPG ISLANDS SILENCES VARIOUS TUMOR-RELATED GENES. ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR PERSISTENT INFECTION WITH VIRUSES OR OTHER PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS, SUCH AS HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUSES, EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS, HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI, OR WITH CIGARETTE SMOKING. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN THE EARLY AND PRECANCEROUS STAGES. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERS, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH POORER TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION, TUMOR AGGRESSIVENESS AND POOR PROGNOSIS. PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS SHOWING ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION MAY PROGRESS RAPIDLY AND GENERATE MORE MALIGNANT CANCERS. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE (DNMT) 1 OVER-EXPRESSION IS NOT A SECONDARY RESULT OF INCREASED CELL PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY BUT IS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH THE CPG ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE, WHICH IS DEFINED AS FREQUENT DNA HYPERMETHYLATION OF C-TYPE CPG ISLANDS THAT ARE USUALLY METHYLATED IN A CANCER-SPECIFIC (NOT AGE-DEPENDENT) MANNER. SPLICING ALTERATION OF DNMT3B MAY RESULT IN CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY THROUGH DNA HYPOMETHYLATION OF PERICENTROMERIC SATELLITE REGIONS. ALTERATION OF DNA METHYLATION MAY BECOME AN INDICATOR FOR CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION AND EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCERS AND A BIOLOGICAL PREDICTOR OF POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERS. CORRECTION OF DNA METHYLATION STATUS MAY OFFER A NEW STRATEGY FOR PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF CANCERS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
15 2682  26 EVALUATION OF SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION IS ONE OF THE MOST CONSISTENT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN CANCER. DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) MUST BE UNDERSTOOD AS A MULTISTEP PROCESS WITH ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. IN THE LAST DECADES, IN ADDITION TO GENETIC ALTERATIONS, EPIGENETIC CHANGES HAVE BEEN RECOGNIZED AS AN IMPORTANT AND ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM IN TUMOURIGENESIS. WE INVESTIGATED THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION IN THE SERA OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: PCR WAS USED TO ASSESS THE METHYLATION STATUS OF LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEAR ELEMENT TYPE 1 (LINE-1) REPETITIVE SEQUENCES IN GENOMIC DNA DERIVED FROM SERA OF 50 PATIENTS WITH HCC, 20 PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS, 20 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AND 10 HEALTHY SUBJECTS. RESULTS: SERUM GENOME HYPOMETHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN PATIENTS WITH HCC (P<0.001). THE LEVELS OF SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION AT INITIAL PRESENTATION CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH TUMOUR SIZE, TUMOUR NUMBER AND ALPHA-FOETOPROTEIN LEVEL. MOREOVER HIGH SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION CORRELATES SIGNIFICANTLY WITH POOR SURVIVAL. CONCLUSION: SERUM LINE-1 HYPOMETHYLATION MAY SERVE AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR PATIENTS WITH HCC.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
16 4531  37 MULTILAYER-OMICS ANALYSES OF HUMAN CANCERS: EXPLORATION OF BIOMARKERS AND DRUG TARGETS BASED ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN EPIGENOME CONSORTIUM. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS CONSISTING MAINLY OF DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS AND HISTONE MODIFICATION ALTERATIONS ARE FREQUENTLY OBSERVED IN CANCERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND/OR PERSISTENT INFECTION WITH VIRUSES OR OTHER PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS, OR WITH CIGARETTE SMOKING. ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION ARE INVOLVED EVEN IN THE EARLY AND PRECANCEROUS STAGES. ON THE OTHER HAND, IN PATIENTS WITH CANCERS, ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION IS FREQUENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH TUMOR AGGRESSIVENESS AND POOR PATIENT OUTCOME. RECENTLY, EPIGENOME ALTERATIONS HAVE BEEN ATTRACTING A GREAT DEAL OF ATTENTION FROM RESEARCHERS WHO ARE FOCUSING ON NOT ONLY CANCERS BUT ALSO NEURONAL, IMMUNE AND METABOLIC DISORDERS. IN ORDER TO ACCURATELY IDENTIFY DISEASE-SPECIFIC EPIGENOME PROFILES THAT COULD BE POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY, STRICT COMPARISON WITH STANDARD EPIGENOME PROFILES OF NORMAL TISSUES IS INDISPENSABLE. HOWEVER, EPIGENOME MECHANISMS SHOW HETEROGENEITY AMONG TISSUES AND CELL LINEAGES. THEREFORE, IT IS NOT EASY TO OBTAIN A COMPREHENSIVE PICTURE OF STANDARD EPIGENOME PROFILES OF NORMAL TISSUES. IN 2010, THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN EPIGENOME CONSORTIUM (IHEC) WAS ESTABLISHED TO COORDINATE THE PRODUCTION OF REFERENCE MAPS OF HUMAN EPIGENOMES FOR KEY CELLULAR STATES. IN ORDER TO GAIN SUBSTANTIAL COVERAGE OF THE HUMAN EPIGENOME, THE IHEC HAS SET AN AMBITIOUS GOAL TO DECIPHER AT LEAST 1000 EPIGENOMES WITHIN THE NEXT 7-10 YEARS. WE CONSIDER THAT PATHWAY ANALYSIS USING GENES SHOWING MULTILAYER-OMICS ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING GENOME, EPIGENOME, TRANSCRIPTOME, PROTEOME AND METABOLOME ABNORMALITIES, MAY BE USEFUL FOR ELUCIDATING THE MOLECULAR BACKGROUND OF PATHOGENESIS AND FOR EXPLORING POSSIBLE THERAPEUTIC TARGETS FOR EACH DISEASE.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
17 1561  27 DNA METHYLATION OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA WITH DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY. ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO CHEMOTHERAPY IS AN IMPORTANT CLINICAL PROBLEM AND CAN ALSO OCCUR WITHOUT DETECTABLE CYTOGENETIC ABERRATIONS OR GENE MUTATIONS. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) IS MOLECULARLY WELL CHARACTERIZED AND HAS BEEN ELEMENTAL FOR ESTABLISHING CENTRAL PARADIGMS IN ONCOLOGY. THIS PROMPTED US TO CHECK WHETHER SPECIFIC EPIGENETIC CHANGES AT THE LEVEL OF DNA METHYLATION MIGHT UNDERLIE DEVELOPMENT OF TREATMENT RESISTANCE. WE USED ILLUMINA INFINIUM HUMANMETHYLATION450 BEADCHIPS TO OBTAIN DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF 71 CLL PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES. THIRTY-SIX PATIENTS WERE CATEGORIZED AS RELAPSED/REFRACTORY AFTER TREATMENT WITH FLUDARABINE OR BENDAMUSTINE AND 21 OF THEM HAD GENETIC ABERRATIONS OF TP53. THE OTHER 35 PATIENTS WERE UNTREATED AT THE TIME OF SAMPLING AND 15 OF THEM HAD GENETIC ABERRATION OF TP53. ALTHOUGH WE COULD NOT CORRELATE CHEMORESISTANCE WITH EPIGENETIC CHANGES, THE PATIENTS WERE COMPREHENSIVELY CHARACTERIZED REGARDING RELEVANT PROGNOSTIC AND MOLECULAR MARKERS (E.G. IGHV MUTATION STATUS, CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS, TP53 MUTATION STATUS, CLINICAL PARAMETERS), WHICH MAKES OUR DATASET A UNIQUE AND VALUABLE RESOURCE THAT CAN BE USED BY RESEARCHERS TO TEST ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
18  287  24 AGING AND CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE CAUSE DISTINCT EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN HUMAN SKIN. EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE WIDELY CONSIDERED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN AGING, BUT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THIS HYPOTHESIS HAS BEEN SCARCE. WE HAVE USED ARRAY-BASED ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE GENOME-SCALE DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS FROM HUMAN SKIN SAMPLES AND TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF AGING, CHRONIC SUN EXPOSURE, AND TISSUE VARIATION. OUR RESULTS REVEAL A HIGH DEGREE OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN THE METHYLATION PATTERNS AND ALSO SHOWED VERY LITTLE INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIATION WITHIN TISSUES. DATA STRATIFICATION BY AGE REVEALED THAT DNA FROM OLDER INDIVIDUALS WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A SPECIFIC HYPERMETHYLATION PATTERN AFFECTING LESS THAN 1% OF THE MARKERS ANALYZED. INTERESTINGLY, STRATIFICATION BY SUN EXPOSURE PRODUCED A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT PATTERN WITH A SIGNIFICANT TREND TOWARDS HYPOMETHYLATION. OUR RESULTS THUS IDENTIFY DEFINED AGE-RELATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES AND SUGGEST THAT THESE ALTERATIONS MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN AGING.	2010	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
19 5770  33 SPECIFIC MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE MAY PREDICT A RISK OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON HUMAN CANCERS AND A MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER-RELATED DEATH WORLDWIDE. THE BLEAK OUTCOMES OF HCC PATIENTS EVEN AFTER CURATIVE TREATMENT HAVE BEEN, AT LEAST PARTIALLY, ATTRIBUTED TO ITS MULTICENTRIC ORIGIN. THEREFORE, IT IS NECESSARY TO EXAMINE NOT ONLY TUMOR TISSUE BUT ALSO NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE TO INVESTIGATE THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OPERATING DURING HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF "FIELD CANCERIZATION". SEVERAL STUDIES PREVIOUSLY INVESTIGATED THE ASSOCIATION OF MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE WITH CLINICAL FEATURES AND PROGNOSIS IN HCC PATIENTS ON A GENOME-WIDE SCALE. IN PARTICULAR, SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS OF DNA METHYLATION PROFILES HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE. THIS REVIEW FOCUSES ON THE POSSIBLE CLINICAL VALUE OF ARRAY-BASED COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSES OF MOLECULAR ALTERATIONS, ESPECIALLY ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, IN NON-TUMOR LIVER TISSUE TO CLARIFY THE RISK OF HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CARCINOGENETIC RISK ESTIMATION BASED ON SPECIFIC METHYLATION SIGNATURES MAY BE ADVANTAGEOUS FOR CLOSE FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WHO ARE AT HIGH RISK OF HCC DEVELOPMENT. FURTHERMORE, EPIGENETIC THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES MAY BE HELPFUL TO REDUCE THE RISK OF HCC DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE POTENTIALLY REVERSIBLE, AND THUS PROVIDE PROMISING MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
20 6723  32 VITAMIN D RECEPTOR GENE METHYLATION IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. WORLDWIDE, HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) IS THE MAJOR SUBTYPE OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCERS. HCC IS TYPICALLY DIAGNOSED LATE IN ITS COURSE. WITH RESPECT TO CANCER, THE GENOMIC ACTIONS OF VITAMIN D ARE MEDIATED THROUGH BINDING TO THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR (VDR), WHICH ALLOWS IT TO MODULATE THE EXPRESSION OF GENES IN A CELL-AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC MANNER. EPIGENETICS IS A RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF GENETIC STUDY APPLICABLE TO HCC. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS ARE THOUGHT TO BE EARLY EVENTS IN HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS. CURCUMIN HAS GREAT POTENTIAL AS AN EPIGENETIC AGENT. ACCORDINGLY, THE CURRENT STUDY HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO STUDY THE METHYLATION STATUS OF VDR GENE PROMOTER FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HCC AIMING TO FIND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND POTENTIAL SCREENING ROLE IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE (CLD). ADDITIONALLY, WE AIMED TO INVESTIGATE, THE EFFECT OF CURCUMIN ON HCC CELL LINE, AIMING TO DISCOVER NEW THERAPEUTIC TARGETS THROUGH EPIGENETICS. THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED ON 45 FORMALIN-FIXED, PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED LIVER TISSUE BLOCKS INCLUDING 15 HCC SAMPLES (GROUP A), 15 CLD SAMPLES (GROUP B) AND 15 APPARENTLY NORMAL TISSUE TAKEN FROM AROUND BENIGN LESIONS (GROUP C). METHYLATION SPECIFIC RESTRICTION DIGESTION AND QPCR WERE DONE ON ALL SAMPLES AFTER DNA EXTRACTION. THE PERCENTAGE OF VDR GENE PROMOTER METHYLATION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN THE HCC GROUP COMPARED TO BOTH CLD AND CONTROL GROUPS (P < 0.01). VDR PROMOTER METHYLATION BY (MS-QPCR) WAS DECREASED AND THE RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF VDR BY (QRT-PCR) WAS MARKEDLY INCREASED IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT FASHION IN CELLS GROWN IN CURCUMIN-ADEQUATE MEDIUM. IN CONCLUSION, THIS STUDY MAY OPEN A NEW GATE FOR THE USE OF VDR PROMOTER METHYLATION AS A POTENTIAL BIOMARKER IN HCC.	2018