1 3693 145 INFLAMMATORY CELLS CAN ALTER THE LEVELS OF H3K9AC AND GAMMAH2AX IN DYSPLASTIC CELLS AND FAVOR TUMOR PHENOTYPE. ORAL POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT DISORDERS (OPMD) ARE CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS THAT CARRY AN INCREASED RISK OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT. CURRENTLY, EPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA GRADE IS BASED ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CYTOLOGICAL EPITHELIAL CHANGES AND IS USED TO PREDICT THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF THESE LESIONS. HOWEVER, PREDICTING WHICH OPMD WILL PROGRESS TO A MALIGNANT TUMOR IS VERY CHALLENGING. INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATES CAN FAVOR CANCER DEVELOPMENT, AND RECENT STUDIES SUGGEST THAT THIS ASSOCIATION WITH OPMD LESIONS MAY BE RELATED TO THE ETIOLOGY AND/OR AGGRESSIVE CLINICAL BEHAVIOR OF THESE LESIONS. EPIGENETIC CHANGES SUCH AS HISTONE MODIFICATIONS MAY MEDIATE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND ALSO FAVOR TUMOR CELLS IN IMMUNE RESISTANCE AND EVASION. THIS STUDY AIMED TO EVALUATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTONE ACETYLATION (H3K9AC) AND DNA DAMAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF DYSPLASTIC LESIONS WITH PROMINENT CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF "LOW-RISK" AND "HIGH-RISK" OPMD LESIONS (N = 24) AND INFLAMMATORY FIBROUS HYPERPLASIA (N = 10) AS THE CONTROL GROUP WAS PERFORMED TO ASSESS HISTONE ACETYLATION LEVELS AND DNA DAMAGE THROUGH THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF H2AX (GAMMAH2AX). CELL CO-CULTURE ASSAYS WITH PBMCS AND ORAL KERATINOCYTE CELL LINES (NOK-SI, DOK, AND SCC-25) WERE PERFORMED TO ASSESS PROLIFERATION, ADHESION, MIGRATION, AND EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION (EMT). ORAL DYSPLASTIC LESIONS SHOWED A HYPOACETYLATION OF H3K9 AND LOW LEVELS OF GAMMAH2AX COMPARED TO CONTROL. THE CONTACT OF DYSPLASTIC ORAL KERATINOCYTES WITH PBMCS FAVORED EMT AND THE LOSS OF CELL-CELL ADHESION. ON THE OTHER HAND, P27 LEVELS INCREASED AND CYCLIN E DECREASED IN DOK, INDICATING CELL CYCLE ARREST. WE CONCLUDE THAT THE PRESENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED TO DYSPLASTIC LESIONS IS CAPABLE OF PROMOTING EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, WHICH IN TURN CAN FAVOR THE PROCESS OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION.	2023	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
2 5785  30 SPONTANEOUS NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF WB-F344 RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS. SEVERAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT CULTURED RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELLS TRANSFORM SPONTANEOUSLY AFTER CHRONIC MAINTENANCE IN A CONFLUENT STATE IN VITRO. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT LINEAGES OF LOW-PASSAGE WB-F344 RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL STEM-LIKE CELLS WERE INITIATED AND SUBJECTED IN PARALLEL TO SELECTION FOR SPONTANEOUS TRANSFORMATION TO DETERMINE WHETHER SPONTANEOUS ACQUISITION OF TUMORIGENICITY WAS THE RESULT OF EVENTS (GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC) THAT OCCURRED INDEPENDENTLY AND STOCHASTICALLY, OR REFLECTED THE EXPRESSION OF A PRE-EXISTING ALTERATION WITHIN THE PARENTAL WB-F344 CELL LINE. TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPONTANEOUS ACQUISITION OF TUMORIGENICITY BY WB-F344 CELLS DEMONSTRATED LINEAGE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN THE TIME OF FIRST EXPRESSION OF THE TUMORIGENIC PHENOTYPE, FREQUENCIES AND LATENCIES OF TUMOR FORMATION, AND TUMOR DIFFERENTIATIONS. ALTHOUGH SPONTANEOUSLY TRANSFORMED WB-F344 CELLS PRODUCED DIVERSE TUMOR TYPES (INCLUDING HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMAS, CHOLANGIOCARCINOMAS, HEPATOBLASTOMAS, AND OSTEOGENIC SARCOMAS), INDIVIDUAL LINEAGES YIELDED TUMORS WITH CONSISTENT AND SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF DIFFERENTIATION. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THAT THE STOCHASTIC ACCUMULATION OF INDEPENDENT TRANSFORMING EVENTS DURING THE SELECTION REGIMEN IN VITRO WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR SPONTANEOUS NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF WB-F344 CELLS. FURTHERMORE, CELL LINEAGE COMMITMENT TO A SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAM WAS STABLE WITH TIME IN CULTURE AND WITH SITE OF TRANSPLANTATION. THIS IS THE FIRST REPORT OF A COHORT OF RELATED, BUT INDEPENDENT, RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELL LINES THAT COLLECTIVELY PRODUCE A SPECTRUM OF TUMOR TYPES BUT INDIVIDUALLY REPRODUCE A SPECIFIC TUMOR TYPE. THESE CELL LINES WILL PROVIDE VALUABLE REAGENTS FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HEPATIC STEM-LIKE CELLS AND FOR EXAMINATION OF POTENTIAL CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SPONTANEOUSLY TRANSFORMED RAT LIVER EPITHELIAL CELL LINES BETWEEN MOLECULAR/CELLULAR ALTERATIONS AND THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE TUMORS IN SYNGENEIC ANIMALS.	1998	
                                                                                                                                                                           
3 5491  35 REVIEW ARTICLE: INFLAMMATION-RELATED PROMOTION OF GASTROINTESTINAL CARCINOGENESIS--A PERIGENETIC PATHWAY. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN REPORTED TO ACCELERATE NEOPLASMAS IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. CERTAIN BACTERIA INCLUDING HELICOBACTER PYLORI DIRECTLY INTERACT WITH HOST CELLS, INDUCE PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND STIMULATE PRODUCTION OF FREE RADICALS. FREE RADICALS CAUSE MUTATIONS IN TARGET CELLS SO THAT NEOPLASTIC CLONES ARE ESTABLISHED. ACCUMULATION OF SUCH GENETIC ALTERATIONS MAY CAUSE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF SOME ESTABLISHED CLONES. IN ADDITION, INFLAMMATORY ALTERATIONS MAY PROMOTE GROWTH, EXPANSION AND INVASION OF GASTROINTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS. THE LATTER CHANGES CAUSED BY INFLAMMATION MAY OCCUR EVEN WITHOUT FURTHER GENETIC MUTATIONS OR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, AND THEREFORE MAY BE CATEGORIZED AS 'PERIGENETIC ALTERATIONS' OF NEOPLASTIC CELLS. FOR AN EXAMPLE, TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA (TNF-ALPHA) PLAYS PIVOTAL ROLES NOT ONLY IN THE REDUCTION BUT ALSO IN THE GROWTH, INVASION AND METASTASES OF CERTAIN NEOPLASMAS. OUR STUDIES SHOW THAT TNF-ALPHA INCREASES INTRACELLULAR RADICAL PRODUCTION, DEGRADATES E-CADHERIN / BETA-CATENIN COMPLEX AND PROMOTES DISPERSION AND MIGRATION IN EPITHELIAL CELLS TRANSFORMED WITH AN ACTIVATED SRC ONCOGENE (V-SRC). THESE DATA INDICATE THAT AN INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INDUCES THE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL OF SRC-ACTIVATED NEOPLASTIC CELLS. INTERESTINGLY, TNF-ALPHA ALSO INDUCED THESE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES IN NONMUTATED CELLS WHOSE C-SRC WAS ACTIVATED BY TGF-ALPHA, SUGGESTING THAT THE INVASIVE PROPERTIES OF THE CELL WERE NOT NECESSARILY RELATED TO GENE MUTATION. FURTHERMORE, CERTAIN RADICAL SCAVENGERS SUPPRESSED THE INVASIVE PHENOTYPE OF THE CELLS. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT PERIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE AN IMPORTANT TARGET OF PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTION OF CARCINOGENESIS.	2003	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
4  194  35 ACETYLSHIKONIN SUPPRESSES INVASION OF PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS?INFECTED YD10B ORAL CANCER CELLS BY MODULATING THE INTERLEUKIN-8/MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE AXIS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL AGENTS POSSESSING ANTI?INVASIVE AND ANTI?METASTATIC ABILITIES, AS WELL AS APOPTOTIC ACTIVITY, IS IMPORTANT IN DECREASING THE INCIDENCE AND RECURRENCE OF ORAL CANCER. CANCER CELLS ARE KNOWN TO ACQUIRE INVASIVENESS NOT ONLY THROUGH EPIGENETIC CHANGES, BUT ALSO FROM INFLAMMATORY STIMULI WITHIN THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT. ACCORDINGLY, THE IDENTIFICATION OF AGENTS THAT CAN SUPPRESS THE INFLAMMATION?PROMOTED INVASIVENESS OF CANCER CELLS MAY BE IMPORTANT IN TREATING CANCER AND IMPROVING THE PROGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH CANCER. ACETYLSHIKONIN, A FLAVONOID WITH ANTI?INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY, INHIBITS PROLIFERATION AND INDUCES APOPTOSIS OF ORAL CANCER CELLS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE ANTI?INVASIVE EFFECT OF ACETYLSHIKONIN ON YD10B ORAL CANCER CELLS INFECTED WITH PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS, A MAJOR PATHOGEN OF CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS, AND THE MECHANISMS INVOLVED WERE INVESTIGATED. FIRSTLY, WE EXAMINED WHETHER P. GINGIVALIS INFECTION INCREASED THE INVASIVENESS OF YD10B CELLS. RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT YD10B ORAL CANCER CELLS BECOME MORE AGGRESSIVE WHEN THEY ARE INFECTED WITH P. GINGIVALIS. SECONDLY, ACETYLSHIKONIN SIGNIFICANTLY INHIBITED THE INVASION OF P. GINGIVALIS?INFECTED YD10B CELLS BY SUPPRESSING IL?8 RELEASE AND IL?8?DEPENDENT MMP RELEASE. THESE DATA SUGGEST THAT ACETYLSHIKONIN MAY BE A USEFUL PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC CANDIDATE FOR ORAL CANCER THAT IS CHRONICALLY INFECTED WITH PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
5 3525  36 IL-1BETA, IL-8, AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES-1, -2, AND -10 ARE ENRICHED UPON MONOCYTE-BREAST CANCER CELL COCULTIVATION IN A MATRIGEL-BASED THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM. BREAST CANCER REMAINS THE FIRST CANCER-RELATED CAUSE OF DEATH IN WOMEN WORLDWIDE, PARTICULARLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN WHICH MOST CASES ARE DIAGNOSED IN LATE STAGES. ALTHOUGH MOST CANCER STUDIES ARE BASED IN THE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC CHANGES OF THE TUMOR CELLS, IMMUNE CELLS WITHIN THE TUMOR STROMA OFTEN COOPERATE WITH CANCER PROGRESSION. PARTICULARLY, MONOCYTES ARE ATTRACTED TO THE TUMOR PRIMARY SITE IN WHICH THEY ARE DIFFERENTIATED INTO TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES THAT FACILITATE TUMOR CELL INVASION AND METASTASIS. IN THIS STUDY, WE USED THREE-DIMENSIONAL CULTURES TO FORM ACINI-LIKE STRUCTURES TO ANALYZE THE INFLAMMATORY SECRETION PROFILE OF TUMOR CELLS INDIVIDUALLY OR IN CO-CULTURE WITH MONOCYTES. BREAST CANCER CELL LINES AND PRIMARY ISOLATES FROM EIGHT MEXICAN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER WERE USED. WE FOUND HIGH LEVELS OF RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2, AND G-CSF IN THE BREAST CANCER INDIVIDUAL CULTURES, SUPPORTING AN IMPORTANT RECRUITMENT CAPACITY OF MONOCYTES, BUT ALSO OF NEUTROPHILS. THE CO-CULTURES OF THE TUMOR CELLS AND MONOCYTES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENRICHED WITH THE POTENT PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-8, KNOWN TO SUPPORT MALIGNANT PROGRESSION. WE ALSO FOUND THAT THE INTERACTION OF TUMOR CELLS WITH MONOCYTES PROMOTED HIGH LEVELS OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMP)-1, MMP-2, AND MMP-10. OUR STUDY SUPPORTS THAT A KEY EVENT FOR MALIGNANT PROGRESSION IS THE RECRUITMENT OF DIFFERENT IMMUNE CELL POPULATIONS, WHICH HELP TO SUSTAIN AND ENHANCE A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT THAT HIGHLY FAVORS TUMOR MALIGNANCY.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
6 2926  34 GENERATION OF AN EPIGENETIC SIGNATURE BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN PROSTATE CELLS. INCREASING LEVELS OF TISSUE HYPOXIA HAVE BEEN REPORTED AS A NATURAL FEATURE OF THE AGING PROSTATE GLAND AND MAY BE A RISK FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER. IN THIS STUDY, WE HAVE USED PWR-1E BENIGN PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELLS AND AN EQUIVALENTLY AGED HYPOXIA-ADAPTED PWR-1E SUB-LINE TO IDENTIFY PHENOTYPIC AND EPIGENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN PROSTATE CELLS. WE HAVE IDENTIFIED A SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED CELLULAR PHENOTYPE IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA AS CHARACTERIZED BY INCREASED RECEPTOR-MEDIATED APOPTOTIC RESISTANCE, THE INDUCTION OF CELLULAR SENESCENCE, INCREASED INVASION AND THE INCREASED SECRETION OF IL-1 BETA, IL6, IL8 AND TNFALPHA CYTOKINES. IN ASSOCIATION WITH THESE PHENOTYPIC CHANGES AND THE ABSENCE OF HIF-1 ALPHA PROTEIN EXPRESSION, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN GLOBAL LEVELS OF DNA METHYLATION AND H3K9 HISTONE ACETYLATION IN THESE CELLS, CONCOMITANT WITH THE INCREASED EXPRESSION OF DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE DMNT3B AND GENE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION AT KEY IMPRINTING LOCI. IN CONCLUSION, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED A GENOME-WIDE ADJUSTMENT OF DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE ACETYLATION UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIC CONDITIONS IN THE PROSTATE. THESE EPIGENETIC SIGNATURES MAY REPRESENT AN ADDITIONAL MECHANISM TO PROMOTE AND MAINTAIN A HYPOXIC-ADAPTED CELLULAR PHENOTYPE WITH A POTENTIAL ROLE IN TUMOUR DEVELOPMENT.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
7 1545  32 DNA METHYLATION IN LIVER TUMORIGENESIS IN FISH FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. THE LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, ALTERATION IN DNA METHYLATION AND CANCER HAS BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED IN HUMANS; YET, IT IS UNDER-STUDIED IN UNSEQUENCED NON-MODEL ORGANISMS. THE OCCURRENCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN THE FLATFISH DAB COLLECTED AT CERTAIN UK SAMPLING SITES EXCEEDS 20%, YET THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS AND THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF TUMOR FORMATION ARE NOT KNOWN, ESPECIALLY REGARDING THE BALANCE BETWEEN EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC FACTORS. METHYLATED DNA IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (MEDIP) COMBINED WITH DE NOVO HIGH-THROUGHPUT DNA SEQUENCING WERE USED TO INVESTIGATE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DAB HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA TUMORS FOR THE FIRST TIME IN AN UNSEQUENCED SPECIES. NOVEL CUSTOM-MADE DAB GENE EXPRESSION ARRAYS WERE DESIGNED AND USED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DNA METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION. IN ADDITION, THE CONFIRMATORY TECHNIQUES OF BISULFITE SEQUENCING PCR (BSP) AND RT-PCR WERE APPLIED. GENES INVOLVED IN PATHWAYS RELATED TO CANCER, INCLUDING APOPTOSIS, WNT/BETA-CATENIN SIGNALING AND GENOMIC AND NON-GENOMIC ESTROGEN RESPONSES, WERE ALTERED BOTH IN METHYLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION. GLOBAL METHYLATION WAS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANTLY 1.8-FOLD REDUCED IN HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA AND NON-CANCEROUS SURROUNDING TISSUES COMPARED WITH LIVER FROM NON-CANCER BEARING DAB. BASED ON THE IDENTIFIED CHANGES AND CHEMICAL EXPOSURE DATA, OUR STUDY SUPPORTS THE EPIGENETIC MODEL OF CANCER. WE HYPOTHESIZE THAT CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO A MIXTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS CONTRIBUTES TO A GLOBAL HYPOMETHYLATION FOLLOWED BY FURTHER EPIGENETIC AND GENOMIC CHANGES. THE FINDINGS SUGGEST A LINK BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, EPIGENETICS AND CANCER IN FISH TUMORS IN THE WILD AND SHOW THE UTILITY OF THIS METHODOLOGY FOR STUDIES IN NON-MODEL ORGANISMS.	2011	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
8 2025  29 EPIGENETIC CHANGES DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION IN A MURINE MODEL OF HUMAN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, INCLUDING GAIN OR LOSS OF DNA METHYLATION, ARE A HALLMARK OF NEARLY EVERY MALIGNANCY. CHANGES IN DNA METHYLATION CAN IMPACT EXPRESSION OF CANCER-RELATED GENES INCLUDING APOPTOSIS REGULATORS AND TUMOR SUPPRESSORS. BECAUSE SUCH EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE REVERSIBLE, THEY ARE BEING AGGRESSIVELY INVESTIGATED AS POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS. HERE WE USE THE EMU-TCL1 TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL) TO DETERMINE THE TIMING AND PATTERNS OF ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION, AND TO INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS THAT LEAD TO ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION. WE SHOW THAT CLL CELLS FROM EMU-TCL1 MICE AT VARIOUS STAGES RECAPITULATE EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS SEEN IN HUMAN CLL. ABERRANT METHYLATION OF PROMOTER SEQUENCES IS OBSERVED AS EARLY AS 3 MONTHS OF AGE IN THESE ANIMALS, WELL BEFORE DISEASE ONSET. ABNORMALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS INCLUDE BINDING SITES FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXD3. WE SHOW THAT LOSS OF FOXD3 EXPRESSION DUE TO AN NF-KAPPAB P50/P50:HDAC1 REPRESSOR COMPLEX OCCURS IN TCL1-POSITIVE B CELLS BEFORE METHYLATION. THEREFORE, SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION IS AN EARLY EVENT LEADING TO EPIGENETIC SILENCING OF TARGET GENES IN MURINE AND HUMAN CLL. THESE RESULTS PROVIDE STRONG RATIONALE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES TO TARGET NF-KAPPAB COMPONENTS IN CLL AND POTENTIALLY OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES.	2009	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
9 1584  24 DNA METHYLATION PROFILES OF SELECTED PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE. BY MEANS OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS ANALYSIS, WE RECENTLY DESCRIBED THE MRNA EXPRESSION PROFILES OF VARIOUS GENES INVOLVED IN THE NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN THE BRAINS OF SUBJECTS WITH LATE-ONSET ALZHEIMER DISEASE (LOAD). SOME OF THESE GENES, NAMELY INTERLEUKIN (IL)-1BETA AND IL-6, SHOWED DISTINCT EXPRESSION PROFILES WITH PEAK EXPRESSION DURING THE FIRST STAGES OF THE DISEASE AND CONTROL-LIKE LEVELS AT LATER STAGES. IL-1BETA AND IL-6 GENES ARE MODULATED BY DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENT CHRONIC AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES; IT IS ALSO WELL KNOWN THAT LOAD MAY HAVE AN EPIGENETIC BASIS. INDEED, WE AND OTHERS HAVE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED GENE-SPECIFIC DNA METHYLATION ALTERATIONS IN LOAD AND IN RELATED ANIMAL MODELS. BASED ON THESE DATA, WE STUDIED THE DNA METHYLATION PROFILES, AT SINGLE CYTOSINE RESOLUTION, OF IL-1BETA AND IL-6 5'-FLANKING REGION BY BISULPHITE MODIFICATION IN THE CORTEX OF HEALTHY CONTROLS AND LOAD PATIENTS AT 2 DIFFERENT DISEASE STAGES: BRAAK I-II/A AND BRAAK V-VI/C. OUR ANALYSIS PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT NEUROINFLAMMATION IN LOAD IS ASSOCIATED WITH (AND POSSIBLY MEDIATED BY) EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
10 1567  36 DNA METHYLATION OF THE KLF14 GENE REGION IN WHOLE BLOOD CELLS PROVIDES PREDICTION FOR THE CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE. KRUPPEL-LIKE FACTOR 14 (KLF14) GENE, WHICH APPEARS TO BE A MASTER REGULATOR OF GENE EXPRESSION IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH BMI AND TYPE 2 DIABETES (T2D) BY LARGE GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES. IN ORDER TO FIND PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D, IT IS NECESSARY TO TAKE EPIGENOMIC CHANGES AFFECTED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INTO ACCOUNT. THIS STUDY FOCUSES ON AGEING AND OBESITY, WHICH ARE T2D RISK FACTORS, AND EXAMINES EPIGENETIC CHANGES AND INFLAMMATORY CHANGES. WE INVESTIGATED DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE KLF14 PROMOTER REGION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF MICE FOR COMPARING AGING AND WEIGHT. WE FOUND THAT METHYLATION LEVELS OF THESE SITES WERE INCREASED WITH AGING AND WEIGHT IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE, THE KIDNEY, THE LUNG, THE COLON AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. IN ADDITION, IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD, THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES WERE ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATORY LEVELS. MOREOVER, NOT ONLY KLF14, BUT ALSO EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SOME DOWNSTREAM GENES WERE DECREASED WITH METHYLATION IN THE SPLEEN, THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS. TAKEN TOGETHER, OUR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT METHYLATION CHANGES OF KLF14 IN THOSE TISSUES MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION AND INFLAMMATION ON THE ADIPOSE TISSUE OF OBESITY AND T2D. IN ADDITION, THE METHYLATION CHANGES IN THE WHOLE BLOOD CELLS MAY SERVE AS A PREDICTIVE EPIGENETIC BIOMARKER FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF T2D.	2018	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
11 2637  39 EPIGENOME-WIDE STUDY IDENTIFIES EPIGENETIC OUTLIERS IN NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. NONGENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO COLORECTAL CANCER CONTINUES TO BE DIFFICULT TO MEASURE PRECISELY, HAMPERING EFFORTS IN TARGETED PREVENTION AND SCREENING. EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER CAN SERVE AS A TOOL IN PREDICTING COLORECTAL CANCER OUTCOMES. WE IDENTIFIED EPIGENETIC CHANGES AFFECTING THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER. DNA METHYLATION PROFILING ON NORMAL COLON MUCOSA FROM 77 PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER AND 68 CONTROLS IDENTIFIED A DISTINCT SUBGROUP OF NORMALLY-APPEARING MUCOSA WITH MARKEDLY DISRUPTED DNA METHYLATION AT A LARGE NUMBER OF CPGS, TERMED AS "OUTLIER METHYLATION PHENOTYPE" (OMP) AND ARE PRESENT IN 15 OF 77 PATIENTS WITH CANCER VERSUS 0 OF 68 CONTROLS (P < 0.001). SIMILAR FINDINGS WERE ALSO SEEN IN PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATASETS. COMPARISON OF NORMAL COLON MUCOSA TRANSCRIPTION PROFILES OF PATIENTS WITH OMP CANCER WITH THOSE OF PATIENTS WITH NON-OMP CANCER INDICATES GENES WHOSE PROMOTERS ARE HYPERMETHYLATED IN THE OMP PATIENTS ARE ALSO TRANSCRIPTIONALLY DOWNREGULATED, AND THAT MANY OF THE GENES MOST AFFECTED ARE INVOLVED IN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPITHELIAL CELLS, THE MUCUS LAYER, AND THE MICROBIOME. ANALYSIS OF 16S RRNA PROFILES SUGGESTS THAT NORMAL COLON MUCOSA OF OMPS ARE ENRICHED IN BACTERIAL GENERA ASSOCIATED WITH COLORECTAL CANCER RISK, ADVANCED TUMOR STAGE, CHRONIC INTESTINAL INFLAMMATION, MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION, NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS, AND KRAS MUTATIONS. IN CONCLUSION, OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE WHETHER OMP COULD SERVE AS A BIOMARKER FOR AN ELEVATED EPIGENETIC RISK FOR COLORECTAL CANCER DEVELOPMENT. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: OUR STUDY IDENTIFIES AN EPIGENETICALLY DISTINCT OMP GROUP IN THE NORMAL MUCOSA OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A DISRUPTED METHYLOME, ALTERED GENE EXPRESSION, AND MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS. IDENTIFICATION OF OMPS IN HEALTHY CONTROLS AND PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER WILL LEAD TO PREVENTION AND BETTER PROGNOSIS, RESPECTIVELY.	2022	

12 2957  36 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC IMPACT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ON COLON MUCOSA CELLS. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION INCREASES CANCER RISK, AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT IS CHARACTERIZED BY STEPWISE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. DURING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND INTRINSIC MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES CAN INDUCE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC CHANGES. THIS STUDY TRIED TO EVALUATE BOTH THE GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION ON COLON MUCOSA CELLS. REPETITIVE DEXTRAN SULFATE SODIUM (DSS) TREATMENT INDUCED CHRONIC COLITIS MODEL. WHOLE-EXOME SEQUENCING (WES) (200X COVERAGE) WAS PERFORMED TO DETECT SOMATIC VARIATIONS IN COLON MUCOSA CELLS. WITH THE USE OF WHOLE-GENOME BISULFITE SEQUENCING (BS) AT 34-FOLD COVERAGE (17-FOLD PER STRAND), THE METHYLOME OF BOTH THE COLITIS AND CONTROL TISSUE WAS COMPARATIVELY ANALYZED. BIOINFORMATICS ASSAY SHOWED THAT THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM/INSERTION OR DELETION (SNP/INDEL) MUTATION ACCUMULATION IN COLITIS TISSUE, WHILE IT ACCUMULATED IN AGED MICE. FORTY-EIGHT GENES WITH SNP/INDEL MUTATION WERE OVERLAPPED IN THE THREE COLITIS TISSUES, TWO (WNT3A AND LAMA2) OF WHICH ARE IN THE CANCER DEVELOPMENT-RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAY. DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED REGION (DMR) ASSAY SHOWED THAT MANY GENES IN THE COLITIS TISSUE ARE ENRICHED IN THE CANCER DEVELOPMENT-RELATED SIGNALING PATHWAY, SUCH AS PI3K-AKT, RAS, WNT, TGF-BETA, AND MAPK SIGNALING PATHWAY. TOGETHER, THESE DATA SUGGESTED THAT EVEN THOUGH CHRONIC INFLAMMATION DID NOT OBVIOUSLY INCREASE GENETIC MUTATION ACCUMULATION, IT COULD BOTH GENETICALLY AND EPIGENETICALLY ALTER SOME GENES RELATED TO CANCER DEVELOPMENT.	2021	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
13 3963  35 LONG NONCODING RNA UC.98 STABILIZES ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES BY PROMOTING THE PROLIFERATION AND ADHESIVE CAPACITY IN MURINE AORTIC ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE VULNERABILITY OF PLAQUES AFFECTS OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH ATHEROSCLEROSIS (AS), A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE AND COMMON CAUSE OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE. ALTHOUGH EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES HAVE ENABLED EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF AS WITH HIGH-RISK VULNERABLE PLAQUES, MORE ACCURATE AND NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC METHODS ARE URGENTLY REQUIRED. TO THIS END, MOLECULES INVOLVED IN GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF THE VULNERABILITY OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY STUDIED. HERE, WE EVALUATED LONG NONCODING RNA (LNCRNA) VARIABILITY BY MICROARRAY ASSAY IN MURINE AORTIC ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (MAECS) BEARING VULNERABLE PLAQUES AND IDENTIFIED THE NOVEL FUNCTIONAL LNCRNA UC.98, WHOSE EXPRESSION PATTERN WAS ASSOCIATED WITH THE VULNERABILITY OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES. CONSISTENT WITH THIS, CLINICAL STATISTICS COMPARING THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD SPECIMENS FROM SETS OF PATIENTS WITH AS WITH OR WITHOUT VULNERABLE PLAQUES CONFIRMED THE LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF UC.98 AND PLAQUE INSTABILITY. MOREOVER, MTT ASSAYS AND WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT SILENCING OF INTRINSIC UC.98 IN MAECS NOT ONLY SUPPRESSED CELL PROLIFERATION BUT ALSO DECREASED THE EXPRESSIONS OF VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE-1 AND INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1, THEREBY INACTIVATING THE NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPAB PATHWAY. IN CONCLUSION, OUR RESULTS HIGHLIGHTED THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF UC.98 IN REGULATING THE VULNERABILITY OF PLAQUES DURING AS PROGRESSION AND SUGGESTED THAT UC.98 MAY BE A BIOMARKER OF THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF AS WITH VULNERABLE PLAQUES AND A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR SLOWING AS PROGRESSION.	2020	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
14 4438  30 MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN BARRETT'S EPITHELIUM. BARRETT'S METAPLASIA IS A PREMALIGNANT CONDITION AND REMAINS THE NUMBER ONE RISK FACTOR FOR DEVELOPING ADENOCARCINOMA. THE HISTOLOGIC CHANGES LEADING TO ADENOCARCINOMA ARE ACCOMPANIED BY GENETIC DISTURBANCES OF THE EPITHELIAL CELLS ITSELF AS WELL AS THE SURROUNDING STROMA. GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC EVENTS AFFECT THE CELL CYCLE, LEADING TO GROWTH SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND IGNORATION OF ANTIGROWTH SIGNALS. THE BALANCE OF CELL TURNOVER IS INSTABLE BY AVOIDANCE OF APOPTOSIS AND A GENERAL LIMITLESS OF THE REPLICATIVE POTENTIAL OF THE (MUTATED) STEM CELLS. SUSTAINED ANGIOGENESIS, NOT ONLY A CONSEQUENCE OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MAY PRECEDE INVASION OF GENETICALLY INSTABLE (ANEUPLOID) CELLS. THE PRINCIPAL GENETIC CHANGES IN BARRETT'S CARCINOGENESIS ARE COMPARABLE TO THOSE KNOWN FROM OTHER EPITHELIAL MALIGNANCIES. LOSS OF P16 GENE EXPRESSION (BY DELETION OR HYPERMETHYLATION), THE LOSS OF P53 EXPRESSION (BY MUTATION AND DELETION), THE INCREASE IN CYCLIN EXPRESSION, AND THE LOSSES OF RB, APC AS WELL AS VARIOUS CHROMOSOMAL LOCI HAVE BEEN REPORTED. SINCE THESE GENETIC OR EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS ARE NEITHER TUMOR NOR STAGE SPECIFIC, THEY COULD NOT GAIN DIAGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE AS BIOMARKERS UNTIL NOW.	2004	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
15 1117  30 COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE GENES ALTERED BY CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN HUMAN BRAIN MICROENDOTHELIAL CELLS. BACKGROUND : HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1 ALPHA (HIF1A) IS A MASTER REGULATOR OF ACUTE HYPOXIA; HOWEVER, WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA, HIF1A LEVELS RETURN TO THE NORMOXIC LEVELS. IMPORTANTLY, THE GENES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN THE CELL SURVIVAL AND VIABILITY UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA ARE NOT KNOWN. THEREFORE, WE TESTED THE HYPOTHESIS THAT CHRONIC HYPOXIA LEADS TO THE UPREGULATION OF A CORE GROUP OF GENES WITH ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE PROMOTER DNA METHYLATION THAT MEDIATES THE CELL SURVIVAL UNDER HYPOXIA. RESULTS : WE EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA (3 DAYS; 0.5% OXYGEN) ON HUMAN BRAIN MICRO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (HBMEC) VIABILITY AND APOPTOSIS. HYPOXIA CAUSED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN CELL VIABILITY AND AN INCREASE IN APOPTOSIS. NEXT, WE EXAMINED CHRONIC HYPOXIA ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN TRANSCRIPTOME AND GENOME-WIDE PROMOTER METHYLATION. THE DATA OBTAINED WAS COMPARED WITH 16 OTHER MICROARRAY STUDIES ON CHRONIC HYPOXIA. NINE GENES WERE ALTERED IN RESPONSE TO CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ALL 17 STUDIES. INTERESTINGLY, HIF1A WAS NOT ALTERED WITH CHRONIC HYPOXIA IN ANY OF THE STUDIES. FURTHERMORE, WE COMPARED OUR DATA TO THREE OTHER STUDIES THAT IDENTIFIED HIF-RESPONSIVE GENES BY VARIOUS APPROACHES. ONLY TWO GENES WERE FOUND TO BE HIF DEPENDENT. WE SILENCED EACH OF THESE 9 GENES USING CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM. DOWNREGULATION OF EGLN3 SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE CELL DEATH UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIA, WHEREAS DOWNREGULATION OF ERO1L, ENO2, ADRENOMEDULLIN, AND SPAG4 REDUCED THE CELL DEATH UNDER HYPOXIA. CONCLUSIONS : WE PROVIDE A CORE GROUP OF GENES THAT REGULATES CELLULAR ACCLIMATIZATION UNDER CHRONIC HYPOXIC STRESS, AND MOST OF THEM ARE HIF INDEPENDENT.	2017	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
16 1594  27 DNA METHYLATION PROFILING REVEALS DIFFERENCES IN THE 3 HUMAN MONOCYTE SUBSETS AND IDENTIFIES UREMIA TO INDUCE DNA METHYLATION CHANGES DURING DIFFERENTIATION. HUMAN MONOCYTES ARE A HETEROGENEOUS CELL POPULATION CONSISTING OF 3 SUBSETS: CLASSICAL CD14++CD16-, INTERMEDIATE CD14++CD16+ AND NONCLASSICAL CD14+CD16++ MONOCYTES. VIA POORLY CHARACTERIZED MECHANISMS, INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTE COUNTS RISE IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, AMONG WHICH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IS OF PARTICULAR EPIDEMIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE. DNA METHYLATION IS A CENTRAL EPIGENETIC FEATURE THAT CONTROLS HEMATOPOIESIS. BY APPLYING NEXT-GENERATION METHYL-SEQUENCING WE NOW TESTED HOW FAR THE 3 MONOCYTE SUBSETS DIFFER IN THEIR DNA METHYLOME AND WHETHER UREMIA INDUCES DNA METHYLATION CHANGES IN DIFFERENTIATING MONOCYTES. WE FOUND THAT EACH MONOCYTE SUBSET DISPLAYS A UNIQUE PHENOTYPE WITH REGARDS TO DNA METHYLATION. GENES WITH DIFFERENTIALLY METHYLATED PROMOTER REGIONS IN INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES WERE LINKED TO DISTINCT IMMUNOLOGICAL PROCESSES, WHICH IS IN LINE WITH RESULTS FROM RECENT GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSES. IN VITRO, UREMIA INDUCED DYSREGULATION OF DNA METHYLATION IN DIFFERENTIATING MONOCYTES, WHICH AFFECTED SEVERAL TRANSCRIPTION REGULATORS IMPORTANT FOR MONOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION (E.G., FLT3, HDAC1, MNT) AND LED TO ENHANCED GENERATION OF INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES. AS POTENTIAL MEDIATOR, THE UREMIC TOXIN AND METHYLATION INHIBITOR S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE INDUCED SHIFTS IN MONOCYTE SUBSETS IN VITRO, AND ASSOCIATED WITH MONOCYTE SUBSET COUNTS IN VIVO. OUR DATA SUPPORT THE CONCEPT OF MONOCYTE TRICHOTOMY AND THE DISTINCT ROLE OF INTERMEDIATE MONOCYTES IN HUMAN IMMUNITY. THE SHIFT IN MONOCYTE SUBSETS THAT OCCURS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, A PROINFLAMMATORY CONDITION OF SUBSTANTIAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPACT, MAY BE INDUCED BY ACCUMULATION OF UREMIC TOXINS THAT MEDIATE EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION.	2016	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
17 2653  45 EPIGENOTYPING IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA AND BREAST CANCER RISK: A PROOF OF PRINCIPLE STUDY. BACKGROUND: EPIGENETIC CHANGES ARE EMERGING AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN CARCINOGENESIS. TWO ALTERATIONS IN THE PATTERN OF DNA METHYLATION IN BREAST CANCER (BC) HAVE BEEN PREVIOUSLY REPORTED; ACTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR-ALPHA (ER-ALPHA) IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED METHYLATION OF ER-ALPHA TARGET (ERT) GENES, AND POLYCOMB GROUP TARGET (PCGT) GENES ARE MORE LIKELY THAN OTHER GENES TO HAVE PROMOTER DNA HYPERMETHYLATION IN CANCER. HOWEVER, WHETHER DNA METHYLATION IN NORMAL UNRELATED CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH BC RISK AND WHETHER THESE IMPRINTS CAN BE RELATED TO FACTORS WHICH CAN BE MODIFIED BY THE ENVIRONMENT, IS UNCLEAR. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: USING QUANTITATIVE METHYLATION ANALYSIS IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY (N = 1,083) WE FOUND THAT DNA METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA PROVIDES GOOD PREDICTION OF BC RISK. WE ALSO REPORT THAT INVASIVE DUCTAL AND INVASIVE LOBULAR BC IS CHARACTERIZED BY TWO DIFFERENT SETS OF GENES, THE LATTER PARTICULAR BY GENES INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MESENCHYME (PITX2, TITF1, GDNF AND MYOD1). FINALLY WE DEMONSTRATE THAT ONLY ERT GENES PREDICT ER POSITIVE BC; LACK OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD CELL DNA METHYLATION OF ZNF217 PREDICTED BC INDEPENDENT OF AGE AND FAMILY HISTORY (ODDS RATIO 1.49; 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL 1.12-1.97; P = 0.006) AND WAS ASSOCIATED WITH ER-ALPHA BIOACTIVITY IN THE CORRESPONDING SERUM. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: THIS FIRST LARGE-SCALE EPIGENOTYPING STUDY DEMONSTRATES THAT DNA METHYLATION MAY SERVE AS A LINK BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE GENOME. FACTORS THAT CAN BE MODULATED BY THE ENVIRONMENT (LIKE ESTROGENS) LEAVE AN IMPRINT IN THE DNA OF CELLS THAT ARE UNRELATED TO THE TARGET ORGAN AND INDICATE THE PREDISPOSITION TO DEVELOP A CANCER. FURTHER RESEARCH WILL NEED TO DEMONSTRATE WHETHER DNA METHYLATION PROFILES WILL BE ABLE TO SERVE AS A NEW TOOL TO PREDICT THE RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC DISEASES WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY TO GUIDE PREVENTIVE MEASURES.	2008	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
18  402  25 ANALYSIS OF APOPTOSOME DYSREGULATION IN PANCREATIC CANCER AND OF ITS ROLE IN CHEMORESISTANCE. THE APOPTOSOME IS A MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEX MEDIATING THE MITOCHONDRIAL PATHWAY OF CELL DEATH. ITS IMPORTANCE DURING DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN CLEARLY DEMONSTRATED BY KNOCKING OUT KEY GENES IN MOUSE. APAF1 IS THE CORE PROTEIN OF THE APOPTOSOME AND ITS DOSAGE IS ALSO CRITICAL IN VARIOUS CANCER TYPES, I.E., MELANOMA, GERM LINE TUMOR, GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER AND B-TYPE CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. THIS IS GENERALLY DUE TO INACTIVATION OF THE APAF1 LOCUS BY EPIGENETIC PHENOMENA OR BY ACTIVITY OF PROMOTER REGULATORS. WE INVESTIGATED THE PUTATIVE ROLES OF THE APOPTOSOME IN PANCREATIC DUCTAL ADENOCARCINOMA (PDAC). WE FOUND THAT BOTH APAF1 MRNA AND PROTEIN ARE DYSREGULATED IN HUMAN PDAC SAMPLES. SIMILARLY, SEVERAL PDAC CELL LINES EXHIBITED VARIABLE LEVELS OF BOTH APAF1 PROTEIN AND MRNA. THE RESPONSE TO CELL DEATH INDUCTION AND ITS BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES WERE ASSESSED BY TREATMENT OF EACH LINE WITH COMMONLY USED CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS. WE FOUND THAT THE APOPTOSOME PATHWAY WAS NOT FUNCTIONAL IN MOST CELL LINES UPON CYTOCHROME C RELEASE FROM MITOCHONDRIA. IN ADDITION, WE RESTORED APAF1 AND CASPASE-9 DOSAGE IN PANC-1 CELLS, WHERE THE APOPTOSOME IS DOWNREGULATED, BY OVEREXPRESSING THE MURINE CDNA OF THE TWO MOLECULES, AND WE IMPROVED THE DEATH RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS.	2007	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
19 5292  32 PROSTATIC INFLAMMATION ENHANCES BASAL-TO-LUMINAL DIFFERENTIATION AND ACCELERATES INITIATION OF PROSTATE CANCER WITH A BASAL CELL ORIGIN. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO PROMOTE THE INITIATION AND PROGRESSION OF DIVERSE MALIGNANCIES BY INDUCING GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS. IN THIS STUDY, WE INVESTIGATE AN ALTERNATIVE MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH INFLAMMATION PROMOTES THE INITIATION OF PROSTATE CANCER. ADULT MURINE PROSTATE EPITHELIA ARE COMPOSED PREDOMINANTLY OF BASAL AND LUMINAL CELLS. PREVIOUS STUDIES REVEALED THAT THE TWO LINEAGES ARE LARGELY SELF-SUSTAINED WHEN RESIDING IN THEIR NATIVE MICROENVIRONMENT. TO INTERROGATE WHETHER TISSUE INFLAMMATION ALTERS THE DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAM OF BASAL CELLS, WE CONDUCTED LINEAGE TRACING OF BASAL CELLS USING A K14-CREER;MTMG MODEL IN CONCERT WITH A MURINE MODEL OF PROSTATITIS INDUCED BY INFECTION FROM THE UROPATHOGENIC BACTERIA CP9. WE SHOW THAT ACUTE PROSTATITIS CAUSES TISSUE DAMAGE AND CREATES A TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT THAT INDUCES THE DIFFERENTIATION OF BASAL CELLS INTO LUMINAL CELLS, AN ALTERATION THAT RARELY OCCURS UNDER NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. PREVIOUSLY WE SHOWED THAT A MOUSE MODEL WITH PROSTATE BASAL CELL-SPECIFIC DELETION OF PHOSPHATASE AND TENSIN HOMOLOG (K14-CREER;PTEN(FL/FL)) DEVELOPS PROSTATE CANCER WITH A LONG LATENCY, BECAUSE DISEASE INITIATION IN THIS MODEL REQUIRES AND IS LIMITED BY THE DIFFERENTIATION OF TRANSFORMATION-RESISTANT BASAL CELLS INTO TRANSFORMATION-COMPETENT LUMINAL CELLS. HERE, WE SHOW THAT CP9-INDUCED PROSTATITIS SIGNIFICANTLY ACCELERATES THE INITIATION OF PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA IN THIS MODEL. OUR RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT INFLAMMATION RESULTS IN A TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT THAT ALTERS THE NORMAL PROSTATE EPITHELIAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAM AND THAT THROUGH THIS CELLULAR PROCESS INFLAMMATION ACCELERATES THE INITIATION OF PROSTATE CANCER WITH A BASAL CELL ORIGIN.	2014	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
20 6906  33 [THE ROLE OF GLYCANS IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS]. CHANGES IN GLYCOSYLATION PATTERN OF CELL SURFACE, BODY FLUIDS AND EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX GLYCOCONJUGATES IS A CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE OF TUMOR CELL MALIGNANCY. THESE CHANGES ARE THE RESULT OF MUTATIONS OF TUMOR-ASSOCIATED GENES AS WELL AS EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE TUMOR ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING NUTRIENT INFLUX, HYPOXIA, CYTOKINE EXPRESSION AND STIMULATION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. THE UNIQUE SET OF CELL SURFACE GLYCOANTIGENS ON NEOPLASTIC CELLS IS RECOGNIZED BY ENDOGENOUS LECTINS LOCATED IN THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, ON LEUKOCYTES OR PLATELETS, AND HAS AN IMPACT ON DISRUPTING BASIC CELLULAR PROCESSES, SUCH AS INTERCELLULAR RECOGNITION, CELL-CELL ADHESION OR CELL-ECM INTERACTION. THESE CHANGES HAVE A CRITICAL IMPACT ON THE MIGRATION, INVASIVE AND METASTATIC POTENTIAL OF NEOPLASTIC CELLS AND MODULATE THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. THIS UNIQUE PATTERN OF SUGAR ANTIGENS ON THE CANCER CELLS CAN BE A VAULABLE MARKER TO IDENTIFY THEM, DETERMINE THE STAGE OF THE DISEASE AS WELL AS BE A TARGET OF ANTI-CANCER THERAPY.	2021